452:
890:
1112:
1579:
811:
800:
380:
472:
1028:
404:
1056:
704:
308:
948:
1014:
1177:
901:
866:
728:
1559:
748:
916:
2433:
2439:
962:
1599:
1726:
1042:
927:
986:
492:
1619:
428:
852:
838:
562:
1000:
1643:
650:. However, the government of George III did not recognize the French annexation (being at war continuously with France through the entire period) and Hanoverian ministers continued to operate from London. The Hanoverian government maintained its own separate diplomatic service, which maintained links to countries such as
569:
The
Electorate was legally bound to be indivisible: it could add to its territory, but not alienate territory or be split up among several heirs; and its succession was to follow male primogeniture. The territory assigned to the Electorate included the Brunswick-Lüneburg principalities of Calenberg,
135:
family who ruled several small territories in northwest
Germany. These holdings did not have all of the formal characteristics of a state, being neither compact nor indivisible. When several sons of a Duke competed for power, the lands were often divided between them; when a branch of the family
136:
lost power or became extinct, the lands were reallocated among surviving members of the family; different dukes might also exchange territories. The territories were named after notable towns where the dukes had (or had had at one time) their residences, e.g.
250:
In 1648, the Duke of
Calenberg inherited Lüneburg from his uncle Frederick, the last survivor of William's five sons. From 1648 to 1705, Lüneburg (the larger territory) was held by the senior of the Lüneburg line, and Calenberg by the next junior.
788:
766:
224:, who ruled the territories of Wolfenbüttel and Calenberg, died in 1634. After some dispute, his territories were divided in 1635 between the Dannenberg and Celle branches of the Lüneburg line. Henry III's son
1437:
1691:
1078:
781:
69:, which was the principal town of the region from 1636. In contemporary usage, the name is used only for the city. Most of the historical territory of Hanover forms the greater part of the
774:
565:
Sketch map of
Hanover, c.1720, showing the relative locations of Hanover, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück. Hanover acquired Bremen-Verden in 1719.
105:, as in Hanover, a woman could not rule if there was a male descendant. Until 1803, when it was occupied by French and Prussian troops, Hanover was a constituent state of the
247:
in the
Calenberg territory. This was the nucleus of the state of Hanover, though the territory would have to wait until 1814 before receiving "Hanover" as its official name.
2177:
225:
527:
477:
1684:
451:
221:
1176:
409:
457:
433:
677:
was dissolved in 1806, George III's government did not consider the dissolution to be final, and he continued to be styled "Elector of
Hanover" down to 1814.
1100:
2375:
1677:
505:
Son of preceding. Inherited the territory of Lüneburg and the duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg from his uncle George
William in 1705. Installed as Elector in 1708.
206:
182:
who had jointly ruled a united Duchy of
Brunswick since 1388, but who partitioned the territory in 1428 and 1432. Bernard received the territory of
1166:
761:
Grandson of preceding. Became King of the United
Kingdom (including Ireland) in 1801. Abandoned Electoral title and became King of Hanover in 1814.
198:
179:
214:
666:. The KGL was the only German army to fight continually throughout the Napoleonic wars against the French. They played an important part in the
313:
385:
236:
157:
1402:
2516:
628:
1578:
2401:
1812:
1807:
259:
1700:
2497:
1852:
2474:
2007:
1624:
1604:
1564:
1459:
1093:
753:
609:
538:. There were protests against the addition of a new Elector, and the elevation did not become official (with the approval of the
2368:
1584:
581:
471:
570:
Grubenhagen, and Lüneburg (even though at the time Lüneburg was ruled by Ernest
Augustus's older brother) and the counties of
379:
2251:
1510:
1146:
1136:
102:
2311:
1198:
1272:
1267:
1161:
1151:
539:
523:
267:
255:
1031:
403:
394:
145:
2073:
1218:
1086:
239:
received the territories of Calenberg and Göttingen in 1635. In 1636 he moved the seat of the Dukes of Calenberg from
161:
1213:
418:
284:
183:
173:
2321:
1725:
703:
2415:
2361:
2060:
1279:
1156:
1017:
989:
733:
632:
624:
620:
601:
2409:
2142:
1760:
1228:
1208:
930:
709:
543:
535:
497:
274:
2493:
2114:
2022:
1817:
1427:
1245:
1141:
643:
585:
307:
235:
William's first four sons ruled Lüneburg in sequence from their father's death in 1592 to 1648. The fifth son,
2272:
2247:
2243:
1487:
1475:
663:
2307:
2167:
2137:
2104:
1322:
1262:
1240:
1003:
727:
156:. The unifying element of all these territories was that they were ruled by male-line descendants of Duke
1517:
succession laws in Hanover prevented a female from inheriting the throne if there was a male descendant.
2393:
2228:
2096:
2002:
1944:
1332:
1223:
1203:
965:
951:
869:
718:
647:
517:
50:
1462:
was restored to his Hanoverian territories, and in October 1814 they were erected into the independent
124:
118:
90:
2220:
2129:
1952:
1936:
1822:
1797:
1792:
1398:
1317:
1284:
1257:
919:
904:
605:
1558:
747:
639:
counter-attacked and drove the French from the Electorate. Subsequent French attacks were repulsed.
178:
The line that would lead to the House of Hanover was that of Bernard, one of the three sons of Duke
2480:
2292:
2282:
2267:
2206:
1960:
1776:
1661:
1648:
1529:
1521:
1307:
1059:
1045:
855:
841:
636:
616:
109:; when it regained independence in 1814, Hanover was raised to a kingdom, which lasted until 1866.
58:
32:
2448:
2224:
1842:
1755:
1745:
1740:
1669:
1657:
1525:
1491:
1467:
1453:
1423:
1299:
1250:
1116:
893:
667:
571:
441:
Brother of preceding. Ruled in Calenberg to 1665, and Lüneburg thereafter. Acquired the Duchy of
229:
94:
62:
54:
2234:
In 1946, the British military administration made the Province of Hanover the main part of the
2235:
1920:
1847:
1750:
1598:
1419:
1406:
1235:
1120:
1111:
674:
194:
106:
70:
46:
2339:
2317:
2277:
2040:
1907:
1875:
1636:
separated the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover, and the latter passed to her uncle.
662:
was dissolved, but many of the officers and soldiers went to England, where they formed the
589:
137:
2287:
2050:
2030:
2012:
1891:
1883:
1860:
1715:
1415:
1390:
659:
597:
153:
1572:
George III was mentally unfit during these years, and power was exercised by a regency.
2162:
1968:
1928:
1865:
1633:
1506:
1394:
1289:
804:
575:
531:
442:
263:
98:
2510:
2081:
1997:
1992:
1899:
1327:
1193:
1128:
132:
2239:
592:). The influence of the electors in Germany grew also: they inherited the formerly
74:
2334:
491:
141:
17:
1612:
Brother of preceding. Last monarch to rule both Hanover and the United Kingdom.
1479:
149:
1470:. The Congress of Vienna instituted a territorial exchange between Hanover and
485:
Brother of preceding. Ruled in Calenberg. Awarded the rank of Elector in 1692.
2468:
2456:
2421:
1802:
1618:
1514:
2462:
240:
427:
101:
with the United Kingdom, which terminated upon the accession in Britain of
266:. This promotion did not become effective until it was recognized by the
1185:
244:
86:
561:
2255:
2172:
1499:
1471:
655:
651:
197:, was partitioned from Lüneburg. In 1569, Lüneburg was divided between
66:
28:
277:, inherited Lüneburg from his uncle in 1705, doubling Hanover's size.
1483:
1312:
593:
321:
Ruled with his brother Henry to 1569, and alone Lüneburg thereafter.
45:) is a territory that was at various times a principality within the
2353:
642:
In 1803, the Electorate of Hanover was occupied by France after the
417:
Son of preceding. Ruled in Calenberg to 1648, when he inherited the
1642:
658:, with whom the United Kingdom itself was technically at war. The
560:
187:
1474:, in which Hanover increased its area substantially, gaining the
1495:
2357:
1673:
1082:
770:
646:. From 1807 to 1813, the Hanoverian territory was part of the
631:
with large parts of the Electorate occupied by French forces.
232:
and his descendants eventually ruled the Duchy of Brunswick.
193:
From 1527 until 1642 the Principality of Harburg, seated in
1509:
with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 on the accession of
65:. The territory was named after its capital, the city of
2347:
635:
subsequently revoked the convention, and the re-formed
542:) until 1708, in the person of Ernest Augustus's son,
421:
from his uncle Frederick and ruled there thereafter.
2446:
2391:
2155:
2128:
2095:
2021:
1981:
1919:
1874:
1831:
1785:
1769:
1733:
1708:
1298:
1184:
1127:
270:in 1708, ten years after Ernest Augustus's death.
131:) was held, from 1235, by various members of the
615:The Electorate became a battleground during the
2316:(25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.,
717:George Louis, son of Ernest Augustus I. Became
534:of the Empire as a reward for aid given in the
465:Brother of preceding. Ruled in Calenberg only.
2369:
2350:, the official homepage of the House of Welf.
1685:
1094:
782:
721:in 1714. Acquired Bremen and Verden in 1719.
393:Fifth son of William. Ruled in Calenberg and
8:
546:. Though the Elector's titles were properly
397:, moved his ducal seat to Hannover in 1636.
807:of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806
260:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
85:Hanover was formed by the union of several
2376:
2362:
2354:
1985:
1835:
1692:
1678:
1670:
1656:Son of preceding. Lost his territories to
1101:
1087:
1079:
821:
789:
775:
767:
220:A distant cousin of the line of Lüneburg,
258:promised to raise the Duke of Calenberg,
1534:
679:
279:
97:. From 1714 to 1837, it was joined in a
27:For history of the city of Hanover, see
1632:Brother of preceding. The accession of
347:Second son of William, ruled Lüneburg.
334:Eldest son of William, ruled Lüneburg.
373:Fourth son of William, ruled Lüneburg
627:it was agreed that Hanover should be
608:of 1803, the Electorate received the
360:Third son of William, ruled Lüneburg
7:
2340:Succession laws in the House of Welf
1592:Son of preceding. Regent 1811–1820.
554:, he is commonly referred to as the
283:Dukes of Brunswick and Lüneburg in
129:Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg
1701:States of the German Confederation
217:, Bernard's great-great-grandson.
158:Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
25:
2498:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale
2258:as the capital of the new state.
522:In 1692, the Holy Roman Emperor,
2437:
2431:
1724:
1641:
1617:
1597:
1577:
1557:
1524:of 1866, Hanover was annexed by
1175:
1110:
1054:
1040:
1026:
1012:
998:
984:
960:
946:
925:
914:
899:
888:
864:
850:
836:
809:
798:
746:
726:
702:
552:Elector of the Holy Roman Empire
490:
470:
450:
426:
402:
378:
306:
53:within the same, an independent
512:Electorate of Hanover 1708–1814
113:Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg
2051:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
526:, elevated George's son, Duke
125:Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg
1:
2322:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t41r6xh8t
2201:Province of Hanover 1866–1946
1486:and the northern part of the
610:Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück
93:, with the sole exception of
1448:Kingdom of Hanover 1814–1866
77:but excludes certain areas.
2517:History of Hanover (region)
2313:Haydn's Dictionary of Dates
2242:, along with the states of
1490:. It lost the parts of the
186:, whose principal town was
2533:
2204:
1451:
625:Convention of Klosterzeven
548:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
515:
273:In the meantime, his son,
171:
162:Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV
116:
89:divisions of the Duchy of
26:
2490:
2429:
2306:Benjamin Vincent (1910),
2186:
1988:
1838:
1722:
1537:
1403:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
1341:
1173:
980:Added in the 19th century
942:Added in the 17th century
819:
682:
536:War of the Grand Alliance
282:
2335:Map of Lower Saxony 1789
644:Convention of Artlenburg
604:in 1719. As part of the
419:Principality of Lüneburg
174:Principality of Lüneburg
168:Principality of Lüneburg
1476:Bishopric of Hildesheim
1438:Unencircled territories
1199:Brunswick and Lunenburg
2216:
1482:, the Lower County of
1229:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
566:
230:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
128:
95:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
42:
29:Hanover § History
2229:Free State of Prussia
719:King of Great Britain
648:Kingdom of Westphalia
619:following the French
564:
558:after his residence.
518:Electorate of Hanover
2273:King's German Legion
1813:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1808:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1494:to the right of the
1488:Bishopric of Münster
683:Electors of Hanover
664:King's German Legion
606:German Mediatisation
215:Ernest the Confessor
57:, and a subordinate
2405:(Elector-designate)
2293:Timeline of Hanover
2268:Province of Hanover
2254:, with the city of
2231:from 1868 to 1946.
2213:Province of Hanover
2207:Province of Hanover
2013:Waldeck and Pyrmont
1662:Austro-Prussian war
1530:Province of Hanover
1522:Austro-Prussian War
1414:Circles est. 1512:
1389:Circles est. 1500:
1119:(1500–1806) of the
637:Army of Observation
621:Invasion of Hanover
33:Timeline of Hanover
2475:Ernest Augustus II
2225:Kingdom of Prussia
1498:and several small
1492:Duchy of Lauenburg
1468:Congress of Vienna
1464:Kingdom of Hanover
1454:Kingdom of Hanover
1435:
1431:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1117:Lower Saxon Circle
825:
741:Son of preceding.
668:Battle of Waterloo
567:
556:Elector of Hanover
203:line of Dannenberg
119:Brunswick-Lüneburg
91:Brunswick-Lüneburg
63:Kingdom of Prussia
18:History of Hanover
2504:
2503:
2402:Ernest Augustus I
2385:Rulers of Hanover
2197:
2196:
2151:
2150:
2077:
2064:
1977:
1976:
1921:Ernestine duchies
1668:
1667:
1538:Kings of Hanover
1444:
1443:
1428:Electoral Rhenish
1121:Holy Roman Empire
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
910:(until 1777)
765:
764:
675:Holy Roman Empire
509:
508:
478:Ernest Augustus I
107:Holy Roman Empire
47:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
2524:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2324:
2283:Ernst zu Münster
2278:House of Hanover
2252:Schaumburg-Lippe
2217:Provinz Hannover
2121:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2088:
2087:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2041:Reuss-Lobenstein
2037:
2036:
2008:Schaumburg-Lippe
1986:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1876:Anhalt (Ascania)
1857:
1836:
1728:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1645:
1621:
1601:
1581:
1561:
1535:
1436:
1432:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1179:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1080:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
995:
992:
988:
987:
971:
968:
964:
963:
957:
954:
950:
949:
933:
929:
928:
922:
918:
917:
911:
907:
903:
902:
896:
892:
891:
875:
872:
868:
867:
861:
858:
854:
853:
847:
844:
840:
839:
822:
814:
813:
812:
803:
802:
801:
791:
784:
777:
768:
750:
730:
706:
680:
617:Seven Years' War
590:House of Hanover
494:
474:
454:
430:
406:
382:
310:
280:
222:Frederick Ulrich
211:line of Lüneburg
160:, nephew of the
21:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2494:British monarch
2486:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2387:
2382:
2344:
2331:
2305:
2302:
2300:Further reading
2288:German Chancery
2264:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2182:
2147:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2031:Reuss-Ebersdorf
2017:
1973:
1963:
1955:
1953:Gotha-Altenburg
1947:
1939:
1937:Coburg-Saalfeld
1931:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1870:
1855:
1827:
1823:Weimar-Eisenach
1798:Hesse-Darmstadt
1781:
1765:
1729:
1720:
1704:
1698:
1625:Ernest Augustus
1528:and became the
1456:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1294:
1180:
1171:
1123:
1109:
1107:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
996:
993:
985:
983:
982:
973:
972:
969:
961:
959:
958:
955:
947:
945:
944:
935:
934:
926:
924:
923:
915:
913:
912:
909:
900:
898:
897:
889:
887:
886:
877:
876:
873:
865:
863:
862:
859:
851:
849:
848:
845:
837:
835:
834:
815:
810:
808:
799:
797:
795:
754:George III
660:Hanoverian Army
596:territories of
584:became king of
530:to the rank of
528:Ernest Augustus
520:
514:
410:Christian Louis
262:to the rank of
243:to the town of
228:became Duke of
213:), the sons of
176:
170:
121:
115:
83:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2410:George I Louis
2407:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2329:External links
2327:
2326:
2325:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2205:Main article:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2101:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2071:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:Principalities
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:Hildburghausen
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1638:
1637:
1634:Queen Victoria
1630:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1511:Queen Victoria
1507:personal union
1452:Main article:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1290:Saxe-Lauenburg
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1129:Ecclesiastical
1125:
1124:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1068:
978:
977:
976:
974:
940:
939:
938:
936:
882:
881:
880:
878:
830:
829:
828:
826:
820:
817:
816:
796:
794:
793:
786:
779:
771:
763:
762:
759:
756:
751:
743:
742:
739:
736:
731:
723:
722:
715:
712:
707:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
685:
684:
516:Main article:
513:
510:
507:
506:
503:
500:
495:
487:
486:
483:
480:
475:
467:
466:
463:
460:
458:John Frederick
455:
447:
446:
443:Saxe-Lauenburg
439:
436:
434:George William
431:
423:
422:
415:
412:
407:
399:
398:
391:
388:
383:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
311:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
289:
288:
287:and Calenberg
172:Main article:
169:
166:
117:Main article:
114:
111:
103:Queen Victoria
99:personal union
82:
79:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2529:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2445:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2143:Sondershausen
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2116:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2083:
2082:Reuss-Schleiz
2080:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2063:(Junior Line)
2059:
2052:
2049:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:Liechtenstein
1996:
1994:
1993:Hesse-Homburg
1991:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:Grand duchies
1784:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1502:in the east.
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1411:(Lower) Saxon
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Upper Rhenish
1396:
1392:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1061:
1047:
1033:
1019:
1005:
991:
981:
975:
967:
953:
943:
937:
932:
921:
906:
895:
885:
879:
871:
857:
843:
833:
827:
824:
823:
818:
806:
792:
787:
785:
780:
778:
773:
772:
769:
760:
757:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
740:
737:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
720:
716:
713:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
681:
678:
676:
673:Although the
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:in 1714 (see
587:
586:Great Britain
583:
579:
577:
573:
563:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Imperial Diet
537:
533:
529:
525:
519:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
484:
481:
479:
476:
473:
469:
468:
464:
461:
459:
456:
453:
449:
448:
444:
440:
437:
435:
432:
429:
425:
424:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
405:
401:
400:
396:
392:
389:
387:
384:
381:
377:
376:
372:
369:
366:
364:
363:
359:
356:
353:
351:
350:
346:
343:
340:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
325:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
309:
305:
304:
300:
297:
294:
291:
290:
286:
281:
278:
276:
271:
269:
268:Imperial Diet
265:
261:
257:
254:In 1692, the
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
175:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
126:
120:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
34:
30:
19:
2404:
2392:Electors of
2384:
2312:
2240:Lower Saxony
2233:
2212:
2210:
2119:(until 1850)
2109:(until 1850)
2097:Hohenzollern
2086:(until 1848)
2076:(Elder Line)
2074:Reuss-Greiz
2045:(until 1824)
2035:(until 1824)
1964:(until 1826)
1956:(until 1826)
1945:Coburg-Gotha
1940:(until 1826)
1911:(until 1847)
1903:(until 1863)
1895:(until 1863)
1777:Hesse-Kassel
1519:
1513:because the
1504:
1463:
1457:
1410:
1388:
1387:until 1734.
979:
941:
883:
874:(until 1803)
860:(until 1803)
846:(until 1803)
831:
672:
641:
614:
582:George Louis
580:
568:
555:
551:
547:
544:George Louis
521:
498:George Louis
275:George Louis
272:
253:
249:
234:
219:
210:
202:
192:
177:
154:Wolfenbüttel
122:
84:
75:Lower Saxony
71:German state
38:
37:
2345:(in German)
2156:Free cities
2130:Schwarzburg
2115:Sigmaringen
2068:(from 1848)
2061:Reuss-Gera
2055:(1824-1848)
1948:(from 1826)
1932:(from 1826)
1887:(from 1863)
1856:(from 1839)
1770:Electorates
1761:Württemberg
1703:(1815–1866)
1480:East Frisia
1424:Upper Saxon
1379:until 1695.
1375:until 1640.
1371:until 1773.
1363:until 1596.
1359:until 1705.
1355:until 1731.
1347:until 1701.
1343:until 1648.
1258:Mecklenburg
1219:Grubenhagen
1204:Blankenburg
1142:Halberstadt
1063:(1803–1806)
1049:(1803–1806)
1035:(1803–1806)
1032:Württemberg
1021:(1805–1806)
1007:(1803–1805)
994:(1803–1806)
931:Brandenburg
146:Grubenhagen
127:" (German:
123:The title "
61:within the
2457:George III
2422:George III
2348:Die Welfen
2138:Rudolstadt
1803:Luxembourg
1653:1851–1866
1629:1837–1851
1609:1830–1837
1605:William IV
1589:1820–1830
1569:1814–1820
1565:George III
1515:semi-Salic
1460:George III
1420:Burgundian
1407:Franconian
1383:from 1701.
1367:from 1708.
1351:from 1648.
1333:Nordhausen
1328:Mühlhausen
1285:Regenstein
1241:Glückstadt
1147:Hildesheim
990:Regensburg
905:Palatinate
758:1760–1814
738:1727–1760
714:1708–1727
502:1698–1708
482:1679–1698
462:1665–1679
438:1648–1705
414:1641–1665
390:1635–1641
370:1636–1648
367:Frederick
357:1633–1636
344:1611–1633
341:Christian
331:1592–1611
328:Ernest II
318:1559–1592
207:William VI
51:Electorate
2463:George IV
2447:Kings of
2416:George II
2308:"Hanover"
2248:Brunswick
2244:Oldenburg
2215:(German:
2190:partially
2168:Frankfurt
2105:Hechingen
1969:Meiningen
1929:Altenburg
1866:Lauenburg
1843:Brunswick
1818:Oldenburg
1585:George IV
1458:In 1813,
1251:Pinneberg
1209:Calenberg
1162:Ratzeburg
1157:Magdeburg
832:Spiritual
734:George II
670:in 1815.
633:George II
623:. In the
524:Leopold I
445:in 1689.
395:Göttingen
354:Augustus
241:Pattensen
199:Henry III
180:Magnus II
142:Göttingen
138:Calenberg
81:Formation
41:(German:
2511:Category
2481:George V
2262:See also
2227:and the
2221:province
2219:) was a
1892:Bernburg
1848:Holstein
1734:Kingdoms
1649:George V
1500:exclaves
1416:Austrian
1391:Bavarian
1273:Strelitz
1268:Schwerin
1236:Holstein
1167:Schwerin
1018:Würzburg
1004:Salzburg
805:Electors
710:George I
572:Diepholz
285:Lüneburg
245:Hannover
226:Augustus
184:Lüneburg
150:Lüneburg
87:dynastic
59:Province
43:Hannover
2496:**also
2492:* also
2469:William
2449:Hanover
2394:Hanover
2256:Hanover
2223:of the
2173:Hamburg
1853:Limburg
1832:Duchies
1756:Hanover
1746:Bavaria
1741:Prussia
1716:Austria
1709:Empires
1660:in the
1658:Prussia
1526:Prussia
1520:In the
1472:Prussia
1466:at the
1395:Swabian
1318:Hamburg
1280:Rantzau
1263:Güstrow
1246:Gottorp
1224:Hanover
1186:Secular
966:Hanover
952:Bavaria
894:Bohemia
884:Secular
870:Cologne
656:Prussia
652:Austria
629:neutral
594:Swedish
532:Elector
314:William
264:Elector
256:Emperor
195:Harburg
67:Hanover
55:Kingdom
39:Hanover
2250:, and
2178:Lübeck
2163:Bremen
1908:Köthen
1900:Dessau
1884:Anhalt
1861:Nassau
1751:Saxony
1552:Notes
1543:Image
1484:Lingen
1323:Lübeck
1313:Goslar
1308:Bremen
1300:Cities
1194:Bremen
1152:Lübeck
1137:Bremen
970:(1692)
956:(1623)
920:Saxony
908:
697:Notes
688:Image
602:Verden
598:Bremen
386:George
301:Notes
292:Image
237:George
205:) and
31:, and
2023:Reuss
2003:Lippe
1793:Baden
1549:Date
1546:Name
1214:Celle
1060:Hesse
1046:Baden
856:Trier
842:Mainz
694:Date
691:Name
298:Date
295:Name
188:Celle
49:, an
2295:city
2236:land
2211:The
1505:The
1496:Elbe
654:and
600:and
576:Hoya
574:and
550:and
133:Welf
2318:hdl
2238:of
73:of
2513::
2483:**
2477:**
2310:,
2246:,
1664:.
1532:.
1478:,
1433:·
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1409:,
1405:,
1401:,
1397:,
1393:,
612:.
578:.
190:.
164:.
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
2471:*
2465:*
2459:*
2424:*
2418:*
2412:*
2377:e
2370:t
2363:v
2320::
1693:e
1686:t
1679:v
1102:e
1095:t
1088:v
790:e
783:t
776:v
209:(
201:(
35:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.