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left in the
Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.
1087:
loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through
Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.
1570:
that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from
Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.
1203:, as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as
775:, has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words. It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages.
1053:... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.
40:
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Indo-European family of languages. According to Dr Gian Chand Jain, Indo-Aryan languages had three phases of evolution beginning around 1,500 BC and passing through the stages of Vedic
Sanskrit, classical Sanskrit and Pali. They developed into Prakrit and Apbhransh, which served as the basis for the formation of later local dialects.
1320:
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Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.
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forms from
Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic
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On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad
Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates
1706:
kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the
Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to
1516:
Whilst the
Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new
1634:
Urdu nouns and adjective can have a variety of origins, such as Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pushtu and even
Portuguese, but ninety-nine per cent of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit/Prakrit. So it is an Indo-Aryan language which is a branch of Indo-Iranian family, which in turn is a branch of
973:
The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the
1081:
The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and
English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are
793:
established Hindustani as a medium of poetic expression in the imperial city. Hindustani soon gained distinction as the preferred language in courts of India and eventually replaced Persian among the nobles. To this day, Rekhta retains an important place in literary and cultural spheres. Many
685:
from Central Asia who spoke Chagatai as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also Chagatai, but later adopted Persian. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the Indian subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and
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is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It twas compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with
1218:
Dar, Kamran Shaukat, Ahmad Bin Shafat, and Muhammad Umair Hassan. "An efficient stop word elimination algorithm for Urdu language." 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE,
1701:
Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh
745:, when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native
681:, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as their language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the official language of religion was Arabic. Most of the sultans and the nobility of the sultanate period were
405:
with regards to their formal aspects, such as modern technical vocabulary, they continue to be all but indistinguishable in their vernacular form. From the colonial era onwards, Hindustani has also taken in many words from English, with an urban
1031:
Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and
493:. The introduced words were primarily nouns and were employed for cultural, legal and political concepts. These Persian and Arabic loanwords form 25% of Urdu's vocabulary. As a form of Hindustani and a member of the
1119:
Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one
756:
British rule of India introduced some English words into Hindustani; further influences occurred over time as English became a world language, with a new variety of Hindustani emerging known as Hinglish.
1446:
It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.
753:
in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the independence of India and Pakistan after the withdrawal of the British.
524:
dialect. In these cities, the language continued to be called "Hindi" as well as "Urdu". While Urdu retained the grammar and core vocabulary of the local Hindi dialect, it adopted the
957:
1517:
language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.
813:
couplets are read to this day in the subcontinent. Persian has sometimes been termed an adopted classical language of South Asia alongside Sanskrit due to this role.
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came to both influence and be affected by Indian culture, producing a distinct melding of Middle Eastern and South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was
39:
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of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. However, the armies, merchants, preachers,
520:, the latter of which is in an Awadhi-speaking area; and thus, modern Hindustani has a noticeable Awadhi influence even though it is primarily based on
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All verbs in Urdu are of Sanskrit origin. According to lexicographers, only about 25 percent words in Urdu diction have Persian or Arabic origin.
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and independence this collection of dialects became the basis for modern standard Hindi and Urdu. Although these official languages are distinct
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dialect. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The non-communal nature of the language lasted until the
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of the Mughal army. The language spread from the interaction of Persian-speaking Muslim soldiers to the local people who spoke
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in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.
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system. A large number of Persian words were adopted in Hindustani, as were even grammatical elements such as the enclitic
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737:, they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the
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Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-century Muslim India, By Annemarie Schimmel, BRILL, 1976
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Smith, Ian (2008). "Pidgins, Creoles, and Bazaar Hindi". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.).
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733:, for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi Sultanate expanded south to the
702:, and later the court, also incorporated the local people and elements of the medieval Hindu literary language,
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331:. It is also one of the most widely spoken languages in the world by total number of speakers. It developed in
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in long form, was thus created. This form was elevated to the status of a literary language, and after the
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539:, the Persian-origin name for the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The works of the 13th century scholar
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1996:
1207:, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Persian.
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Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān
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script. This literary standard, called simply Hindi, replaced Urdu as the official register of
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was established as the capital, the imperial court and concomitant immigration infused the
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1978:
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Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920
767:, in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', also known as
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arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a
3248:
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and the Mughal Empire in India, where Persian was adopted as the official language and
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23:
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resulted in the core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the Indian dialect of Hindi spoken in
3055:
2344:
2207:
1647:
991:
Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari
784:
320:
93:
88:
1821:
1341:
1247:...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).
3192:
2112:
802:
742:
703:
540:
509:, and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit.
443:
332:
1321:
Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent.
1009:
Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims.
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2180:
2057:
1554:
746:
613:
316:
120:
1932:
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958:"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation"
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536:
525:
474:
447:
356:
1983:
1912:
1924:
1791:
Alam, Muzaffar. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics." In
1342:"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti"
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1379:
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On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population.
1180:
Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia
707:
667:
621:
502:
411:
311:
respectively. It is widely spoken and understood as a second language in
300:
109:
1851:. Essential grammars (1. publ ed.). London: Routledge. p. 05.
1023:
The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis
3083:
1327:. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
738:
718:. By 1800, Delhi dialect had become the dominant base of the language.
678:
517:
506:
382:
126:
1583:
1464:
706:. This new contact language soon incorporated other dialects, such as
3103:
3098:
2190:
1364:"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact"
901:"Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, Language contact and change"
789:
762:
730:
361:
136:
131:
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form was adopted, with additional letters to accommodate the Indian
1876:(in enghinurd). New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. p. 09.
587:
Calling for my beloved all day, not a moment of happiness or peace.
2019:
873:
856:
750:
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built a new walled city in Delhi in 1639 that came to be known as
521:
513:
470:
462:
451:
366:
352:
312:
304:
296:
280:
65:
638:("the language of the army/camp") derives. This was shortened to
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877:
860:
796:
699:
374:
308:
284:
70:
2982:
2374:
1992:
497:
category of Indo-Aryan languages, 75% of Urdu words have their
2967:
1771:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
1721:
Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach
1535:. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. 1995. p. 23.
794:
distinctly Persian forms of literature, such as ghazals and
714:, and in the 17th century the dialect of the new capital at
365:, or "mixed" speech, which came to be known as Hindustani,
1155:
Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending
787:(1667–1707) visited Delhi in 1700. His Rekhta or Hindavi
1988:
442:
dialects were elevated to literary languages, including
2978:
908:
Sadaf Munshi, Doctor of Philosophy, University of Texas
18:
This article is about the history and evolution of the
577:
piyā piyā ma͠i karat hū̃ pahrõ, pal bhar sukh nā cain.
1346:
International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter
1228:
Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."
650:
or "camp language" (cognate with the English word, "
549:سیج وہ سُونی دیکھ کے روؤں میں دن رَین پِیا پِیا مَیں
543:
are typical of the Hindustani language of the time:
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2419:
2412:
2317:
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2280:
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2189:
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2096:
634:, "army"), and it may be from this that the phrase
592:The language went by several names over the years:
512:The new court language developed simultaneously in
485:words from the court; this occurred as a result of
1917:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
1653:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
1368:ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
1913:"The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu"
1723:. Concept Publishing Company, 2009. p. 120.
1245:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.
489:in Hindustan and became the fruit of a composite
26:. For the history of the Hindustani culture, see
22:. For the history of the Hindustani people, see
1469:The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1325:International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH
1265:Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish
565:पिया पिया मैं करत हूँ पहरों, पल भर सुख ना चैन ॥
2994:
2386:
2004:
984:
982:
432:medieval Indo-Aryan language of central India
349:contact between the Hindu and Muslim cultures
255:
8:
1744:Bhatia, Tej K.; Ritchie, William C. (2006).
1492:
1490:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1130:
1128:
952:
950:
1826:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 120.
1820:Parthasarathy, R.; Kumar, Swargesh (2012).
1795:, vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.
1614:"Urdu's origin: it's not a "camp language""
1588:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1432:History Of Printing And Publishing In India
1236:
1234:
487:cultural contact between Hindus and Muslims
3068:
3001:
2987:
2979:
2416:
2393:
2379:
2371:
2100:
2011:
1997:
1989:
1979:An introduction to the Hindustani language
1874:Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a common reader
1659:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22.
1527:
1525:
1434:. National Book Trust, India. p. 31.
662:. Soon, the Persian script in the cursive
630:("Army/camp Market", from the Turkic word
620:. The market close to the royal fort (the
554:
548:
295:, with federal status in the republics of
288:
262:
248:
34:
359:, being enriched with Persian loanwords.
1807:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1695:Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005).
583:Seeing the empty bed I cry day and night
1949:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254.
1551:Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories
1498:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
1045:Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4
892:
848:
571:sej vo sūnī dekh ke rovũ ma͠i din rain,
215:
187:
149:
55:
1889:
1823:Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect
1624:from the original on 24 September 2015
1458:
1456:
1454:
1065:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007).
642:around the year 1800. The Mughal term
561:सेज वो सूनी देख के रोवुँ मैं दिन रैन ।
555:کَرَت ہُوں پہروں، پَل بھر سُکھ نہ چَین
457:During the reigns of the Turko-Afghan
1896:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1357:
1355:
1335:
1333:
1315:
1313:
1287:
1285:
1262:Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011).
1257:
1255:
7:
2250:Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal
1748:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 789.
1594:from the original on 7 November 2017
2245:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
1911:King, Robert D. (10 January 2001).
1872:Shackle, C.; Snell, Rupert (1990).
438:. After the tenth century, several
2240:Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka
1475:from the original on 19 April 2010
1362:Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985).
355:, whose earliest form is known as
343:exerted a strong influence on the
14:
1699:. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12.
1049:Tata Institute of Social Sciences
477:) with large numbers of Persian,
3244:Indo-European language histories
1549:Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017).
694:asserts that Persian became the
38:
2288:Department of Official Language
2265:Hindutva boycott of Hindi films
1293:"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head"
1027:University of Wisconsin–Madison
612:("Indian"). The Mughal Emperor
473:(the earliest form is known as
3264:Linguistic history of Pakistan
3218:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
1241:Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008).
833:List of Hindi-language authors
77:Regional or dialectal variants
1:
3213:Progressive Writers' Movement
1847:Agnihotri, Rama Kant (2007).
1804:H. Dua, 2006, "Urdu", in the
1340:Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009).
838:List of Urdu-language writers
677:The official language of the
654:"), was used to describe the
528:writing system from Persian.
303:in its standardized forms of
1746:The Handbook of Bilingualism
1533:India Perspectives, Volume 8
291:) is one of the predominant
3269:Linguistic history of India
1849:Hindi: an essential grammar
823:Linguistic history of India
469:dialect of Hindi spoken in
430:descends directly from the
399:partition of colonial India
389:".), also locally known as
3285:
1401:Alfred C. Woolner (1999).
1021:Dhulipala, Venkat (2000).
646:with the local equivalent
596:("of Hindus or Indians"),
410:variety emerging known as
323:and as such is considered
17:
3016:
2026:
1719:Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009).
1697:Hindi, Urdu & Bengali
1502:Brill Academic Publishers
1141:Brill Academic Publishers
1135:Strnad, Jaroslav (2013).
1099:Kuiper, Kathleen (2010).
962:Google Arts & Culture
941:Columbia University press
385:meaning "language of the
335:, principally during the
1067:The Indo-Aryan Languages
428:vocabulary of Hindustani
2304:World Hindi Secretariat
1430:Kesavan, B. S. (1997).
1403:Introduction to Prakrit
1268:. Penguin Books India.
347:of central India; this
345:Western Hindi languages
293:languages of South Asia
3259:Early modern languages
3157:Hindi-Urdu controversy
2309:World Hindi Conference
2281:National organizations
2260:Hindi–Urdu controversy
1947:Language in South Asia
1504:. 1993. p. 1024.
1182:. Verso. p. 113.
180:Hindustani orthography
160:Hindi–Urdu controversy
2335:Sahitya Akademi Award
2272:Punjabi Suba movement
1984:History of Hindustani
1925:10.1515/ijsl.2001.035
1768:Sigfried J. de Laet.
1178:Ahmad, Aijaz (2002).
1051:. 1943. p. 264.
606:("of Hindustan") and
2297:Global organizations
2203:Andaman Creole Hindi
2171:Caribbean Hindustani
1793:Modern Asian Studies
1620:. 17 December 2011.
1380:10.1075/itl.70.02sin
1101:The Culture of India
989:Farooqi, M. (2012).
917:on 21 September 2016
828:Hindustani etymology
743:British Raj in India
491:Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
236:Phonological history
3239:Hindustani language
1582:Taj, Afroz (1997).
1463:Taj, Afroz (1997).
1407:Motilal Banarsidass
1319:Salwathura, A. N. "
1297:read.dukeupress.edu
943:. encyclopedia.com.
329:Indian subcontinent
57:Hindustani language
20:Hindustani language
1676:on 10 October 2014
1584:"About Hindi-Urdu"
1465:"About Hindi-Urdu"
723:Wali Mohammed Wali
660:varieties of Hindi
499:etymological roots
436:Shauraseni Prakrit
408:English-influenced
217:Linguistic history
3226:
3225:
3138:
3137:
2976:
2975:
2691:
2690:
2406:world's languages
2368:
2367:
2232:Language politics
2226:
2225:
1883:978-81-7026-162-9
1858:978-0-415-35671-8
1833:978-8-180-69799-9
1666:978-0-19-906313-0
1441:978-81-237-2120-0
1416:978-81-208-0189-9
1275:978-0-14-341639-5
1196:Farhang-e-Asafiya
1150:978-90-04-25489-3
1114:978-1-61530-149-2
1076:978-1-135-79711-9
1004:978-1-137-02692-7
859:: बोलचाल हिन्दी,
272:
271:
3276:
3069:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2866:Standard Chinese
2417:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2372:
2255:Hindi imposition
2101:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1669:. Archived from
1658:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1494:
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1460:
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1427:
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1337:
1328:
1317:
1308:
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1289:
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1259:
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1238:
1229:
1226:
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1216:
1210:
1209:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1105:Rosen Publishing
1096:
1090:
1089:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1011:
986:
977:
976:
970:
968:
954:
945:
944:
933:
927:
926:
924:
922:
916:
910:. Archived from
905:
897:
881:
870:
864:
853:
769:Colloquial Hindi
588:
584:
579:
573:
566:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
535:is derived from
341:Persian language
327:in the northern
290:
283:: हिन्दुस्तानी,
264:
257:
250:
170:Hindi literature
165:Persian and Urdu
42:
35:
28:culture of India
3284:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3161:
3134:
3120:Aurangabad Urdu
3108:
3060:
3012:
3007:
2977:
2972:
2941:
2920:
2904:
2888:
2872:
2844:
2806:
2790:
2759:
2733:
2717:
2687:
2666:
2640:
2574:
2553:
2497:
2476:
2408:
2399:
2369:
2364:
2313:
2292:
2276:
2222:
2185:
2147:
2092:
2022:
2017:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1627:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1565:
1557:. p. 310.
1548:
1547:
1543:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1512:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1462:
1461:
1452:
1442:
1429:
1428:
1424:
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1399:
1395:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1318:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1190:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1151:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1115:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1005:
988:
987:
980:
966:
964:
956:
955:
948:
935:
934:
930:
920:
918:
914:
903:
899:
898:
894:
889:
884:
871:
867:
863:: بول چال ہندی)
854:
850:
846:
819:
781:
773:Simplified Urdu
656:common language
590:
586:
585:
582:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
558:
553:
552:
547:
459:Delhi Sultanate
420:
325:a lingua franca
268:
175:Urdu literature
143:
142:
125:
114:
98:
31:
12:
11:
5:
3282:
3280:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
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3086:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3066:
3062:
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3043:
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3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
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2896:
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2874:
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2843:
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2837:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
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2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2722:Other European
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
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2674:
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2654:
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2646:
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2639:
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2469:
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2454:
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2423:
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2414:
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2398:
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2390:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Jnanpith Award
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1973:External links
1971:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1938:
1903:
1882:
1864:
1857:
1839:
1832:
1812:
1810:, 2nd edition.
1797:
1784:
1774:UNESCO, 1994.
1761:
1754:
1736:
1730:978-8180695681
1729:
1711:
1687:
1665:
1639:
1605:
1574:
1563:
1541:
1521:
1510:
1486:
1450:
1440:
1422:
1415:
1393:
1351:
1329:
1309:
1281:
1274:
1251:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1188:
1163:
1149:
1124:
1113:
1091:
1075:
1057:
1036:
1029:. p. 27.
1013:
1003:
978:
946:
928:
891:
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:
876:: आसान उर्दू,
865:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
818:
815:
780:
777:
735:Deccan Plateau
683:Turkic peoples
602:("of Delhi"),
545:
419:
416:
395:Lashkari Zaban
377:(derived from
270:
269:
267:
266:
259:
252:
244:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
220:
219:
213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
200:
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191:
185:
184:
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177:
172:
167:
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154:
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145:
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141:
140:
134:
129:
123:
118:
112:
107:
102:
96:
91:
86:
79:
75:
73:
68:
60:
59:
53:
52:
44:
43:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3281:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3152:Urdu movement
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Standard Urdu
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:Austroasiatic
2793:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:Indo-European
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Haflong Hindi
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:Chhattisgarhi
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Kinship terms
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1755:9780631227359
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1655:
1654:
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1648:Rahman, Tariq
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1409:. p. 5.
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1069:. Routledge.
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696:lingua franca
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624:) was called
623:
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46:
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41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
24:Indian people
21:
16:
3125:British Urdu
2849:Sino–Tibetan
2811:Austronesian
2645:Indo-Iranian
2345:Hindi cinema
2208:Bombay Hindi
1961:
1946:
1941:
1916:
1906:
1873:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1770:
1764:
1745:
1739:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1652:
1642:
1633:
1626:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1515:
1497:
1477:. Retrieved
1445:
1431:
1425:
1402:
1396:
1374:(1): 33–60.
1371:
1367:
1348:(50): 16–17.
1345:
1324:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:
1264:
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1224:
1214:
1195:
1193:
1179:
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1154:
1136:
1118:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1082:replaced by
1080:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1008:
990:
972:
965:. Retrieved
940:
937:"Hindustani"
931:
919:. Retrieved
912:the original
907:
895:
880:: آسان اردو)
868:
851:
795:
788:
785:Wali Deccani
782:
772:
768:
761:
759:
755:
720:
676:
671:
647:
643:
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636:Zaban-e-Urdu
635:
631:
625:
608:
603:
597:
593:
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570:
546:
532:
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511:
456:
439:
422:Most of the
421:
394:
390:
378:
360:
321:Persian Gulf
274:
273:
150:
32:
15:
3183:Informatics
2963:Interlingue
2958:Interlingua
2946:constructed
2861:Gan Chinese
2738:Afroasiatic
967:25 February
803:Amir Khusro
704:Braj Bhasha
690:dynasties.
541:Amir Khusro
444:Braj Bhasha
434:, known as
339:, when the
333:north India
3233:Categories
3178:Literature
3130:Roman Urdu
3094:Hyderabadi
3046:Vocabulary
3021:Hindustani
2802:Vietnamese
2652:Hindustani
2620:in Ukraine
2606:Macedonian
2586:Belarusian
2570:Lithuanian
2539:Portuguese
2325:Literature
2181:Fiji Hindi
2143:Sansi Boli
2128:Hindustani
2088:Hindustani
2058:Devanagari
2036:Declension
1955:1139465503
1780:9231028138
1555:SUNY Press
1302:29 October
887:References
765:Hindustani
747:Devanagari
627:Urdu Bazar
614:Shah Jahan
604:Hindustani
533:Hindustani
467:Indo-Aryan
448:Khari Boli
426:and basic
319:, and the
317:Bangladesh
276:Hindustani
226:Vocabulary
203:Declension
121:Judeo-Urdu
116:Hyderabadi
3065:Varieties
3041:Phonology
2953:Esperanto
2909:Iroquoian
2835:Sundanese
2776:Malayalam
2764:Dravidian
2713:Hungarian
2636:Ukrainian
2596:Bulgarian
2457:Norwegian
2452:Icelandic
2427:Afrikaans
2402:Histories
2097:Varieties
2083:Etymology
2053:Phonology
1933:0165-2516
1892:cite book
1680:7 October
1388:0019-0829
1120:language.
921:24 August
783:The poet
760:The term
664:Nasta'liq
537:Hindustan
531:The term
526:Nastaleeq
475:Old Hindi
440:Śauraseni
418:Formation
403:registers
357:Old Hindi
289:ہندوستانی
3144:Politics
3089:Dhakaiya
3072:Dialects
3051:Nastaliq
3031:Alphabet
2916:Cherokee
2893:Koreanic
2884:Japanese
2823:Filipino
2703:Estonian
2678:Albanian
2544:Romanian
2524:Galician
2420:Germanic
2218:Hinglish
2133:Kannauji
2123:Haryanvi
2063:Numerals
2041:Pronouns
1650:(2001).
1622:Archived
1618:dawn.com
1598:27 March
1592:Archived
1473:Archived
995:Springer
817:See also
805:, whose
727:register
708:Haryanvi
668:phonetic
648:Lashkari
622:Red Fort
503:Sanskrit
483:Chagatai
446:and the
412:Hinglish
391:Lashkari
301:Pakistan
198:Numerals
110:Hinglish
105:Dhakaiya
49:a series
47:Part of
3203:Writers
3084:Dakhini
3056:Braille
3036:Grammar
3026:History
2937:Turkish
2877:Japonic
2856:Chinese
2840:Cebuano
2818:Tagalog
2771:Kannada
2750:Aramaic
2708:Finnish
2662:Persian
2631:Slovene
2616:Russian
2591:Bosnian
2565:Latvian
2549:Spanish
2529:Italian
2509:Catalan
2472:Yiddish
2467:Swedish
2442:English
2404:of the
2355:Writers
2195:Creoles
2191:Pidgins
2166:Bagheli
2153:Eastern
2138:Kauravi
2118:Bundeli
2105:Western
2078:History
2073:Braille
2031:Grammar
1919:(150).
1479:30 June
1205:Persian
1201:Persian
1084:tatsama
811:Hindavi
807:Persian
790:ghazals
739:Dakhini
729:called
712:Panjabi
679:Ghurids
599:Dahlavi
594:Hindavi
518:Lucknow
507:Prakrit
424:grammar
383:Mashafi
371:Hindavi
189:Grammar
151:History
127:Kauravi
100:Deccani
84:Andaman
3193:Poetry
3188:Cinema
3173:Awards
3104:Urdish
3099:Rekhta
2925:Turkic
2900:Korean
2786:Telugu
2755:Hebrew
2745:Arabic
2729:Basque
2696:Uralic
2657:Nepali
2626:Slovak
2611:Polish
2579:Slavic
2558:Baltic
2518:Quebec
2514:French
2502:Italic
2481:Celtic
2447:German
2432:Danish
2330:Awards
2161:Awadhi
1953:
1931:
1880:
1855:
1830:
1778:
1752:
1727:
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1628:5 July
1561:
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1438:
1413:
1386:
1272:
1186:
1147:
1111:
1073:
1032:Islam.
1001:
779:Poetry
763:bazaar
731:Rekhta
688:Afghan
481:, and
479:Arabic
373:, and
362:Rekhta
137:Urdish
132:Rekhta
94:Bombay
89:Bihari
51:on the
3249:Hindi
3208:Poets
3198:Music
3113:Forms
2932:Azeri
2830:Malay
2781:Tamil
2683:Greek
2671:other
2601:Czech
2534:Latin
2493:Welsh
2488:Irish
2462:Scots
2437:Dutch
2360:Poets
2350:Music
2046:Verbs
2020:Hindi
1782:p 734
1704:kitne
1674:(PDF)
1657:(PDF)
1219:2017.
915:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
874:Hindi
857:Hindi
844:Notes
797:nazms
751:Bihar
721:When
716:Delhi
700:Sufis
672:ezāfe
652:horde
609:Hindi
522:Delhi
514:Delhi
471:Delhi
463:Delhi
452:Delhi
387:Horde
367:Hindi
353:Delhi
313:Nepal
305:Hindi
297:India
281:Hindi
208:Verbs
66:Hindi
3254:Urdu
3166:Arts
3010:Urdu
2318:Arts
2193:and
2113:Braj
1951:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1898:link
1878:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1682:2014
1661:ISBN
1630:2015
1600:2018
1559:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1481:2019
1436:ISBN
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1384:ISSN
1304:2023
1270:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1071:ISBN
999:ISBN
969:2020
923:2016
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861:Urdu
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640:Urdu
632:ordu
516:and
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