History of Lutheranism - Knowledge (XXG)

2815: 2961:, 2007: "Tetzel's experiences as a preacher of indulgences, especially between 1503 and 1510, led to his appointment as general commissioner by Albrecht, archbishop of Mainz, who, deeply in debt to pay for a large accumulation of benefices, had to contribute a considerable sum toward the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Albrecht obtained permission from Pope Leo X to conduct the sale of a special plenary indulgence (i.e., remission of the temporal punishment of sin), half of the proceeds of which Albrecht was to claim to pay the fees of his benefices. In effect, Tetzel became a salesman whose product was to cause a scandal in Germany that evolved into the greatest crisis (the Reformation) in the history of the Western church." 1934: 1322: 1307: 1366:. Hans Hillerbrand writes that Luther had no intention of confronting the church, but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices, and the tone of the writing is accordingly "searching, rather than doctrinaire." Hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses, particularly in Thesis 86, which asks: "Why does the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money?" 1787:, presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table, and asked him if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents. He confirmed he was the author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day: "Unless I shall be convinced by the testimonies of the Scriptures or by clear reason ... I neither can nor will make any retraction, since it is neither safe nor honourable to act against conscience." He is also famously said to have added: " 2471: 1439: 2205: 1231: 2572: 1819: 3368:

with the Eastern Church." Luther expressed his approval of the Church of Ethiopia along with his embrace of Deacon Michael in a letter dated July 4, 1534: "For this reason we ask that good people would demonstrate Christian love also to this visitor." According to Luther, Michael responded positively to his articles of the Christian faith, proclaiming: "This is a good creed, that is, faith" (see Martin Luther, Table-Talk, November 17, 1538 ).

1871: 2887: 2072: 1648: 1370: 2661:, argued that reason was insufficient and pointed out the importance of emotional religious experience. Small groups sprang up, often in universities, which devoted themselves to Bible study, reading devotional writings, and revival meetings. Members of this movement eventually took to restoring the traditional liturgy and doctrine of the Lutheran church in the 39: 2901: 1548: 1806:, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest: "We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic". It also made it a crime for anyone in Germany to give Luther food or shelter. It permitted anyone to kill Luther without legal consequence. The Edict was a divisive move that distressed more moderate men, in particular 1746: 1913:, enacted a divisive programme of reform which exceeded anything envisaged by Luther and provoked disturbances, including a revolt by the Augustinian friars against their prior, the smashing of statues and images in churches, and denunciations of the magistracy. After secretly visiting Wittenberg in early December 1521, Luther wrote 3589:

is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church. In fact, it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church (see

2184:

became the focal point of the church interior and that churches should be designed to allow all to hear and see the minister. The focus was on the preaching of the Word, rather than a sacerdotal emphasis. Holy Communion tables became wood to emphasize that Christ's sacrifice was made once for all and

2003:

and that used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church were in agreement with one another. In their discussion, Michael the Deacon also affirmed Luther's Articles of the Christian Faith as a "good creed". Martin Luther saw that the Ethiopian Orthodox Church practiced elements of faith including "communion in

1958:

and caused considerable civil unrest. Thoroughly opposed to their radical views and fearful of their results, Luther secretly returned to Wittenberg on March 6, 1522. "During my absence," he wrote to the Elector, "Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages which I cannot repair by writing,

3584:

before Emperor Charles V in 1530, they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome. They boldly claim, "This is about the Sum of our

1978:

Do you know what the Devil thinks when he sees men use violence to propagate the gospel? He sits with folded arms behind the fire of hell, and says with malignant looks and frightful grin: "Ah, how wise these madmen are to play my game! Let them go on; I shall reap the benefit. I delight in it." But

3387:

During the summer of 1534, an Ethiopian monk Deacon Michael visited Wittenberg. With great satisfaction Luther recorded that among the Christians in Ethiopia neither the private Mass nor the Mass canon was known, and their order of service generally corresponded to that of evangelical congregations

1197:

The 15th century saw many changes in European society, each of which can be attributed as a contributor to the academic and political climate that allowed for the spread of the Lutheran movement. Many religious movements prior to Martin Luther had promoted ideas that he came to adopt including the

3367:

In that year Luther welcomed a new voice into his ecumenical dialogue: Michael the Deacon, an Ethiopian cleric. Recalling his dialogue with Michael, Luther stated: "We have also learned from him, that the rite which we observe in the use of administration of the Lord's Supper and the Mass, agrees

1533:

53:6). All have sinned and are justified freely, without their own works and merits, by His grace, through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, in His blood (Romans 3:23–25). This is necessary to believe. This cannot be otherwise acquired or grasped by any work, law or merit. Therefore, it is

1385:

that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs," insisting that, since forgiveness was God's alone to grant, those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error. Christians, he said, must not slacken in

1515:

the righteousness of Christ, imputed to Christians (rather than infused into them) through faith. "That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law," he wrote. "Faith is that which brings the Holy Spirit through the merits of Christ." Faith, for Luther, was a gift from God. He

2849:

Europe. At best, the work of local leaders resulted in specific areas with vibrant spiritual renewal, but people in Lutheran areas overall continued to become increasingly distant from church life. Beginning in 1867, confessional and liberal minded German Lutherans joined to form the Common

2837:, but it did not fully succeed in Europe. It partly succeeded in continuing the Pietist movement's drive to right social wrongs and focus on individual conversion. The Neo-Lutheran call to renewal failed to achieve widespread popular acceptance because it was rooted in a lofty, idealistic 2185:

were made more immediate to the congregation to emphasize man's direct access to God through Christ. Therefore, catholic churches were redecorated when they became reformed: Paintings and statues of saints were removed and sometimes the altar table was placed in front of the pulpit, as at

1610:

Finally on 30 May 1518, when the Pope demanded an explanation, Luther wrote a summary and explanation of his theses to the Pope. While the Pope may have conceded some of the points, he did not like the challenge to his authority so he summoned Luther to Rome to answer these. At that point

1867:. In a letter to Melanchthon of 1 August 1521, he wrote: "et your sins be strong, but let your trust in Christ be stronger, and rejoice in Christ who is the victor over sin, death, and the world. We will commit sins while we are here, for this life is not a place where justice resides." 1245:

had created new economic opportunities and mobility among the lower classes of society. New technologies came about to address labor shortages and the need to increase productivity, which in turn created new classes of society to support manufacture and trade. Hans Luther, the father of

2524:. Pietism increased at the expense of orthodoxy, but their emphasis on personal morality and sanctification came at the expense of teaching the doctrine of justification. The Pietisitic focus on stirring up devout emotions was susceptible to the arguments of rationalist philosophy. 1413:. Some scholars have questioned the accuracy of Melanchthon's account, noting that no contemporaneous evidence exists for it. Others have countered that no such evidence is necessary, because this was the customary way of advertising an event on a university campus in Luther's day. 1250:, was a member of this new middle class. Hans Luther made a living leasing and operating copper mines and smelters. The Luther family enjoyed enough income and social status that it was possible for Hans to envision a university education and career as a lawyer for his son. 2168:

of 1532 granted religious liberty to members of the Schmalkaldic League. During this time, Martin Luther used his political influence to prevent war, but recognized the right of rulers to defend their lands in the event of an invasion (see Luther's concept of the

2850:

Evangelical Lutheran Conference against the ever looming prospect of a legally binding union with the Reformed. However, they failed to reach a consensus among themselves on how much agreement in doctrine is necessary for church union. Eventually, the

1483:

by the Roman Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity, the most important of which, for Luther, was the doctrine of

2263:

However, the Lutheran movement was far from defeated. In 1577, the next generation of Lutheran theologians gathered the work of the previous generation to define the doctrine of the persisting Lutheran church. This document is known as the

2219:

started out as a battle between two Lutheran rulers, but soon, Holy Roman Imperial forces joined the battle and conquered the members of the Schmalkaldic League, oppressing and exiling many Lutherans as they enforced the terms of the

1638:

took place in June and July 1519 at Pleissenburg Castle in Leipzig, Germany. Its purpose was to discuss Martin Luther's teachings, and was initiated and conducted in the presence of George, Duke of Saxony, an opponent of Luther.

2008:. For Lutherans, "the Ethiopian Church conferred legitimacy on Luther’s emerging Protestant vision of a church outside the authority of the Roman Catholic papacy" as it was "an ancient church with direct ties to the apostles". 1285:

in wider distribution than ever before. Along with the spread of the book, universities were becoming the centers of a new academic culture that existed outside of the immediate control of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1502,

3585:

Doctrine, in which, as can be seen, there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures, or from the Church Catholic, or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers" (AC XXI Conclusion 1). The underlying thesis of the

2318:

teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church". When the Lutherans presented the

1524:

The first and chief article is this: Jesus Christ, our God and Lord, died for our sins and was raised again for our justification (Romans 3:24–25). He alone is the Lamb of God who takes away the sins of the world

2016:

What had started as a strictly theological and academic debate had now turned into something of a social and political conflict as well, pitting Luther, his German allies and Northern European supporters against

2611:. Instead of faith in God and trust in the promises of the Bible and Christian doctrine, people were taught to trust their own reason and senses. At the most, rationalism left behind a belief in a vague 6061: 2618:

Genuine piety was found almost solely in small Pietist gatherings. However, some of the laity preserved Lutheran orthodoxy from both Pietism and rationalism through reusing old catechisms, hymnbooks,

2512:, a revival movement in Lutheranism that sought to emphasise the importance of personal devotion, morality, emotions, and the study of Scripture. After a century of vitality, the Pietist theologians 1504:. "This one and firm rock, which we call the doctrine of justification," he wrote, "is the chief article of the whole Christian doctrine, which comprehends the understanding of all godliness". 2814: 5263: 6706: 5855: 1241:

At the beginning of the 16th century, the European continent had seen vast changes in the ordering of society and culture in the last 200 years. The dramatic loss of population due to the

447: 1902:. In the introduction to his New Testament—published in September 1522 and selling 5,000 copies in two months—he explained that good works spring from faith; they do not produce it. 6919: 1566:

Luther's writings circulated widely, reaching France, England, and Italy as early as 1519, and students thronged to Wittenberg to hear him speak. He published a short commentary on

1360:, protesting the sale of indulgences. He enclosed in his letter a copy of his "Disputation of Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences," which came to be known as the 1859:, whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates, and a "Refutation of the argument of Latomus," in which he expounded the principle of justification to 4075: 2110:. Several of the German princes (and later, kings and princes of other countries) signed the document to define "Lutheran" territories. The Roman Catholic response to it was 1534:

clear and certain that this faith alone justifies us ... Nothing of this article can be yielded or surrendered, even though heaven and earth and everything else falls (

1970:, and concluding the following Sunday, Luther preached eight sermons, which became known as the "Invocavit Sermons." In these sermons, he hammered home the primacy of core 2021:, France, the Italian Pope, their territories and other allies. The conflict would erupt into a religious war after Luther's death, fueled by the political climate of the 3604: 2327:, they explained "that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils." 5325: 3938: 481: 1886:, in the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. His essay 2132:. Although this was rejected by the Emperor, Melanchthon improved it as a private document until it was signed at a meeting of the Schmalkaldic League as the 1537 4041: 2180:

and design. According to the ideals of the Protestant reformation, the spoken word, the sermon, should be central act in the church service. This implied that the

6071: 5818: 1591: 2306:. The Lutheran Church traditionally sees itself as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the 5630: 2782:

movement (which was allied with the Old Lutherans against rationalism), he worked to renew the church through the use of the Lutheran Confessions. Neo-Lutheran

2743: 2739: 2289: 193: 6338: 1511:

with God, Luther wrote that Christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves; that righteousness not only comes from Christ but actually

2806:

at Weimar and part of the Inner Mission movement, joined with the Romantic movement with his quest to preserve human emotion and experience from rationalism.

6353: 472: 6802: 1507:

Luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of God. Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in

289: 3417:

For his part, after having Luther's Articles of the Christian Faith interpreted to him, Deacon Michael proclaimed: "This is a good creed, that is, faith."

6375: 5479: 2653:

promoted rationalism and angered German Lutherans, stirring up a desire among the people to preserve Luther's theology from the rationalist threat. This

5681: 1597: 6847: 3456: 6797: 6104: 5717: 6109: 1974:

such as love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change:

1420:

were quickly translated from Latin into German, printed, and widely copied, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the

6954: 6822: 6066: 5974: 5705: 5625: 5573: 5371: 4919: 2719: 562: 5583: 5318: 3626: 3272:. Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, Hilton C. Oswald and Helmut T. Lehmann (eds), Vol. 48: Letters I, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1999, c1963, 48:246. 2762:

prompted thousands to join the Old Lutheran movement. The dispute over ecumenism overshadowed other controversies within German Lutheranism.

1135: 764: 5024: 3931: 2068:. Over time, however, this term came to be used for the religious movements that opposed the Roman Catholic tradition in the 16th century. 1784: 1171:. Lutheranism soon became a wider religious and political movement within the Holy Roman Empire owing to support from key electors and the 3401: 2044:

would not be enforced and each Prince could decide if Lutheran teachings and worship would be allowed in his territories. In 1529, at the

1589:

This early portion of Luther's career was one of his most creative and productive. Three of his best known works were published in 1520:

6555: 5102: 5039: 5029: 4358: 2694: 2146: 1760:

The enforcement of the ban on the 41 sentences fell to the secular authorities. On 18 April 1521, Luther appeared as ordered before the

1282: 1172: 1933: 6153: 6056: 2273: 2134: 164: 4198: 3351: 5171: 5092: 4781: 3776: 3644: 3324: 2771: 6792: 1444: 1398: 6570: 6469: 5928: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5311: 5064: 4163: 2731: 1833: 1777: 1287: 1192: 2692:

reshaped church life throughout Denmark through a reform movement beginning in 1830. He also wrote about 1,500 hymns, including

1798:

Over the next five days, private conferences were held to determine Luther's fate. The Emperor presented the final draft of the

6990: 6655: 6385: 6124: 6081: 5964: 5954: 5764: 5727: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5366: 3924: 3702: 3601: 2803: 2627: 789: 261: 6969: 6937: 6764: 6683: 6360: 6114: 5884: 5800: 5691: 5233: 2037: 634: 499: 489: 427: 392: 3682: 2750:", despite imprisonment and military force, chose to leave the established churches and form independent church bodies, or " 2501:, and almost one third of the population died. This struggle to survive can often be seen in hymns and devotional writings. 2494: 784: 3791: 6959: 6949: 6370: 6168: 6138: 5979: 5830: 5783: 5521: 5288: 5107: 4687: 4664: 4643: 4625: 4333: 4276: 3099: 2783: 2600: 2324: 2095: 2018: 1773: 1620: 1603: 1321: 432: 345: 3120: 6148: 5212: 5117: 5049: 2871: 2854: 2826: 2822: 2153: 1891: 1616: 898: 659: 387: 3075: 2770:

Despite political meddling in church life, local leaders sought to restore and renew Christianity. High school teacher

1306: 6512: 6158: 6143: 6129: 6036: 6026: 5516: 5258: 4851: 4776: 4575: 4190: 3430: 3337: 2650: 2532: 1066: 1021: 769: 397: 298: 2281: 2277: 176: 172: 6163: 6031: 5835: 5146: 5001: 4981: 4504: 2422: 2406: 1753: 1041: 1006: 743: 619: 609: 2189:

in 1524. The pews were turned towards the pulpit. The first newly built Protestant church was the court chapel of

1855:

from Greek into German, and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings, including in October a renewed attack on

6942: 6425: 5889: 5779: 5156: 5151: 4802: 4585: 4544: 4203: 4025: 2862: 2536: 2426: 2000: 1988: 1497: 1128: 733: 694: 494: 442: 412: 377: 220: 2453: 6964: 6932: 6827: 6507: 6320: 5813: 5749: 5283: 5059: 5006: 4986: 4807: 4750: 4745: 4238: 3876: 3764: 2555:. Pietism became a rival of orthodoxy but adopted some orthodox devotional literature, such as those of Arndt, 2520:

warned that Lutheran orthodoxy degenerated life-changing scriptural truth into meaningless intellectualism and

2190: 1722: 1567: 1485: 1472: 1313:, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg, was using part of the indulgence income to pay bribery debts; portrait by 1291: 1168: 751: 624: 582: 382: 229: 1851:

During his stay at Wartburg (May 1521–March 1522), which he referred to as "my Patmos", Luther translated the

1979:

when he sees the Word running and contending alone on the battle-field, then he shudders and shakes for fear.

6175: 6051: 5933: 5732: 5334: 5084: 4991: 4861: 4797: 4659: 4539: 2914: 2858: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2470: 2441: 2418: 1615:, the Saxon Elector, intervened. He did not want one of his subjects to be sent to Rome to be judged by the 1438: 1235: 855: 837: 669: 577: 1844:, where Luther grew a beard and lived incognito for nearly eleven months, pretending to be a knight called 6895: 6782: 6021: 5942: 5350: 5097: 4876: 4866: 4771: 4669: 4638: 4418: 4007: 3987: 3154:, New York, London, Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1908–1914; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1951), 71. 2707: 2521: 2517: 2370: 2049: 1464: 1406: 1374: 1350: 1330: 1176: 1026: 870: 865: 422: 3197:, New York, London, Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1908–1914; Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1951, 72. 6890: 6832: 6723: 6718: 6596: 6590: 6390: 5938: 5903: 5808: 5722: 5504: 4891: 4881: 4600: 4590: 4061: 4012: 4002: 3460: 3434: 3405: 3355: 2045: 1895: 1493: 1489: 1468: 1254: 860: 504: 417: 402: 320: 275: 6016: 1405:

that same day—church doors acting as the bulletin boards of his time—an event now seen as sparking the

918: 1917:; but Wittenberg became more volatile after Christmas when a band of visionary zealots, the so-called 1836:

had him discreetly intercepted on his way home by masked horsemen and escorted to the security of the

1791:" ("Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me. Amen."). This description of the declaration may be 6880: 6837: 6787: 6575: 6527: 6522: 6497: 6333: 6287: 6190: 6180: 6009: 5860: 5774: 5546: 5536: 5499: 4929: 4871: 4633: 4595: 4559: 4554: 4468: 4399: 4328: 4133: 4118: 3612: 3574: 3555: 2579: 2560: 2552: 2513: 2490: 2475: 2430: 2186: 2112: 2033: 1175:. This movement soon spread throughout northern Europe and became the driving force behind the wider 1121: 1051: 1036: 1011: 808: 779: 664: 527: 22: 6904: 6885: 6713: 6625: 6620: 6547: 6348: 6265: 6240: 6119: 6099: 6046: 5947: 5845: 5742: 5710: 5654: 5253: 5034: 4899: 4534: 4292: 4253: 4243: 4113: 4098: 4056: 4046: 4017: 3252: 2919: 2892: 2670: 2540: 2414: 2294: 2269: 2177: 2165: 2161: 2125: 2107: 2103: 1945: 1915:

A Sincere Admonition by Martin Luther to All Christians to Guard Against Insurrection and Rebellion

1583: 1424:. Within two weeks, the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months throughout Europe. 1390: 1207: 1101: 1096: 951: 365: 155: 3623: 2204: 2004:

both kind, vernacular Scriptures, and married clergy" and these practices became customary in the

1925:, Christ's imminent return, and other revolutionary doctrines. Luther decided it was time to act. 774: 6852: 6602: 6532: 6449: 6437: 6414: 6210: 5984: 5825: 5769: 5759: 5561: 5345: 5202: 5054: 4944: 4939: 4914: 4904: 4692: 4483: 4458: 4413: 4343: 4313: 4284: 4208: 4153: 4138: 4093: 4088: 4051: 3981: 3504: 3277: 2715: 2699: 2689: 2575: 2465: 2437: 2365: 2336: 2303: 2265: 2083: 2075: 2029: 1984: 1807: 1612: 1362: 1349:, was sent to Germany by the Roman Catholic Church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild 1215: 1160: 946: 941: 878: 713: 537: 312: 201: 5923: 2599:

philosophers from France and England had an enormous impact, along with the German rationalists

893: 125: 1230: 6777: 6696: 6691: 6645: 6640: 6585: 6454: 6250: 5635: 5556: 5494: 4996: 4735: 4707: 4580: 4348: 4271: 4233: 4158: 3849: 3836: 3823: 3810: 3772: 3751: 3733: 3720: 3640: 3320: 2842: 2631: 2604: 2571: 2556: 2445: 2285: 2229: 2209: 2022: 1906: 1878:

into German. There is an original first edition of the translation under the case on the desk.

1579: 1517: 1357: 1314: 1310: 1277:

The spread of books and higher education had an obvious impact on the Lutheran reformers. The

1152: 679: 328: 307: 210: 184: 3534: 1626:

An arrangement was effected, however, whereby that summons was cancelled, and Luther went to

6537: 6477: 5865: 5850: 5551: 5531: 5526: 5509: 5489: 5248: 5243: 5112: 4712: 4702: 4697: 4549: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4478: 4394: 4374: 4353: 4338: 4318: 4248: 4218: 4213: 4148: 4128: 3997: 2774:

turned from rationalism to faith, and in doing so, realized the importance of the unaltered

2402: 2394: 2382: 2353: 2345: 2299: 2252: 2236: 2221: 2216: 2139: 2117: 2091: 1971: 1967: 1918: 1910: 1864: 1818: 1780:, obtained an agreement that Luther would be promised safe passage to and from the meeting. 1690: 1219: 1061: 1056: 1046: 1031: 1001: 986: 971: 903: 827: 817: 689: 654: 532: 135: 38: 6910: 6812: 6750: 6492: 6443: 5989: 5644: 5166: 5044: 5016: 4973: 4964: 4755: 4529: 4473: 4463: 4443: 4435: 4379: 4323: 4228: 4223: 4123: 3686: 3630: 3608: 3103: 3079: 2791: 2779: 2735: 2662: 2612: 2410: 2398: 2390: 2244: 2225: 2194: 2079: 2005: 1860: 1856: 1837: 1822: 1671: 1410: 1342: 1278: 1156: 1081: 1076: 991: 981: 923: 847: 842: 822: 759: 718: 644: 572: 547: 145: 1764:. This was a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire that took place in 3666: 3519: 2634:. Aside from that, however, Lutheranism vanished in the wake of rationalist philosophy. 1870: 6914: 6900: 6875: 6870: 6661: 6635: 6565: 6380: 6282: 6277: 6260: 6200: 6094: 6041: 5870: 5790: 5639: 5238: 5228: 5176: 5161: 4949: 4856: 4846: 4514: 4499: 4103: 3992: 3273: 3244: 3237: 3190: 3147: 2994:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:182; Kittelson, James. 2906: 2846: 2818: 2688:, influenced by both German Neo-Lutheranism and Pietism. Danish pastor and philosopher 2623: 2498: 2378: 2065: 2041: 1799: 1765: 1666: 1653: 1635: 1631: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1421: 1266: 1258: 1016: 996: 956: 888: 832: 803: 723: 674: 649: 604: 266: 251: 234: 3176:

Brecht, Martin. (tr. Wolfgang Katenz) "Luther, Martin," in Hillerbrand, Hans J. (ed.)

1500:

or redemption is a gift of God's grace, attainable only through faith in Jesus as the

1475:. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as 6984: 6817: 6754: 6743: 6630: 6517: 6420: 6408: 6272: 6245: 6235: 6185: 5918: 5664: 5484: 5207: 5131: 4934: 4836: 4740: 4679: 4453: 4448: 4389: 4297: 4266: 4083: 3959: 3480: 2954: 2755: 2747: 2711: 2608: 2544: 2386: 2248: 1996: 1922: 1875: 1852: 1761: 1740: 1480: 1382: 1338: 1247: 1164: 1106: 1091: 937: 738: 708: 684: 567: 557: 437: 105: 100: 69: 59: 2302:, unifying all German Lutherans with identical doctrine and beginning the period of 1261:

in the early part of the century, the controversies surrounding the papacies of the

6842: 6772: 6650: 6459: 6430: 6297: 5994: 5737: 5696: 5197: 5074: 5069: 4841: 4108: 2548: 2157: 1295: 1086: 961: 913: 452: 130: 54: 3771:. Vol. 11 (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 198. 3301: 2857:

movement forced the final national merger of Lutherans and Reformed into a single

2356:" influence. Lutheran theology became more stable in its theoretical definitions. 3679: 3485: 3380: 2485:

Generally, the 17th century was a more difficult time than the earlier period of

1281:

was first printed in 1455, with subsequent editions of the Bible and other books

6482: 6343: 6314: 6255: 6230: 6225: 6089: 6004: 5898: 5879: 5588: 5181: 4924: 4722: 4384: 4143: 3951: 3007: 2937: 2838: 2751: 2685: 2596: 2583: 2505: 2486: 2389:

paradigm in orthodox Lutheranism. Other orthodox Lutheran theologians were e.g.

2349: 2307: 2240: 2071: 2057: 1346: 1265:

era and new pressures brought by the invasions of Christendom by the burgeoning

1262: 1242: 1211: 1203: 1188: 1148: 1071: 976: 966: 883: 813: 728: 629: 407: 280: 244: 64: 30: 3897:

Moving Frontiers: Readings in the History of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod

3220: 3096: 1647: 6862: 6612: 6560: 6365: 6195: 5840: 5669: 5613: 5608: 3904:

Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America

2882: 2449: 2344:

gave inner unity to Lutheranism, which had many controversies, mostly between

2099: 1992: 1955: 1951: 1899: 1717: 1697:, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of 1682: 1661: 1551: 1449: 1402: 798: 794: 639: 614: 2527:

The last prominent orthodox Lutheran theologian before the Enlightenment and

2176:

Martin Luther and the Reformation also brought a period of radical change to

1179:. Today, Lutheranism has spread from Europe to all six populated continents. 6857: 6807: 6733: 6728: 6502: 6487: 6215: 6205: 5908: 5894: 5618: 4954: 4730: 4261: 3072: 2886: 2150: 2053: 1792: 1575: 1453: 1433: 1161:

call for a public debate regarding several issues within the Catholic Church

3137:. (Saint Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 2005, 289, Part two, Article 1. 2833:

The Neo-Lutheran movement managed to slow secularism and counter atheistic

2048:, the decision the previous Diet of Speyer was reversed—despite the strong 1745: 1369: 5303: 2742:. The unification of the two branches of German Protestantism sparked the 2040:

could meet and settle the theological issues raised by Martin Luther, the

6701: 6580: 6220: 5913: 5659: 5649: 5603: 5598: 5593: 3916: 2702:, a lay street preacher, emphasized spiritual discipline and sparked the 2311: 2170: 1841: 1826: 1702: 1627: 1199: 3489:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 3:199–228. 6738: 6668: 6328: 6292: 4909: 4828: 3049:. tr. James L. Schaaf, Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–93, 1:204–05. 2851: 2834: 2759: 2703: 2528: 2509: 2479: 2374: 1686: 1674:

unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the

1555: 1547: 1501: 1476: 552: 542: 5754: 5674: 5541: 3866:

The Lutheran Confessions: History and Theology of the Book of Concord

3281: 2619: 2198: 2181: 2090:

Lutheranism would become known as a separate movement after the 1530

1803: 1694: 1460: 3225:

The Voice: Biblical and Theological Resources for Growing Christians

2825:

propaganda during the Church Council elections on July 23, 1933, at

2373:

developed gradually, especially for the purpose of arguing with the

1574:. At the same time, he received deputations from Italy and from the 3572:

Ludwig, Alan (12 September 2016). "Luther's Catholic Reformation".

3032:

Junghans, Helmer. "Luther's Wittenberg," in McKim, Donald K. (ed.)

2032:

failed to accomplish the goal of arresting Luther, in 1526, at the

6302: 3382:

Luther Digest: An Annual Abridgment of Luther Studies, Volumes 2-4

2813: 2666: 2570: 2469: 2203: 2070: 1869: 1817: 1795:, as only the last four words appear in contemporaneous accounts. 1769: 1744: 1646: 1546: 1437: 1368: 1305: 1229: 908: 115: 90: 2973:

Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Indulgences and salvation,"

1783:

Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the

5999: 2778:

and the other Lutheran Confessions of faith. An advocate of the

2138:, but the Catholic side did not respond to it until the 1545–63 1963: 5307: 3920: 2563:, which have often been later mixed with Pietistic literature. 3338:"Let Your Sins Be Strong," a Letter From Luther to Melanchthon 2224:

until religious freedom was secured for Lutherans through the

1940:, painted by Inès Lee and commissioned by Sir John Das (2018). 3352:"Martin Luther and Ethiopian Christianity: Historical Traces" 3189:

Macauley Jackson, Samuel and Gilmore, George William. (eds.)

3146:

Macauley Jackson, Samuel and Gilmore, George William. (eds.)

2998:. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishing House, 1986, 104. 2673:, became famous for countering rationalism and advancing the 1151:

as a religious movement originated in the early 16th century

3340:, August 1521, Project Wittenberg, retrieved 1 October 2006. 1789:

Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen.

3073:"The Doctrine of Justification in the Lutheran Confessions" 2106:

presented a written summary of Lutheran beliefs called the

1832:

Luther's disappearance during his return trip was planned.

1623:, who needed Frederick's support, to arrange a compromise. 2255:

raged within Lutheranism during a series of controversies

1938:

Michael the Deacon and Martin Luther convene in Wittenberg

3402:"Martin Luther's fascination with Ethiopian Christianity" 3195:

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

3152:

The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

3110:: Volume 2 Number 3, Summer 2000. Retrieved 13 July 2007. 1705:

at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520, an act he defended in

2969: 2967: 2920:

The Reformation and its influence on church architecture

2539:, took part in a controversy against Pietism. Mediaeval 1772:. It was conducted from 28 January to 25 May 1521, with 3637:

The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History, 1300–1850

2722:

when he took to preaching about repentance and prayer.

2298:. This doctrinal standard replaced earlier, incomplete 1529:

1:29), and God has laid on Him the iniquity of us all (

6920:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

2622:, and devotional writings, including those written by 2292:. Together they were distributed in a volume entitled 2064:

was used politically for the states that resisted the

1634:. The argument was long but nothing was resolved. The 1386:

following Christ on account of such false assurances.

3431:"Martin Luther's 'dream' church? It wasn't in Europe" 3206:

Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther: Diet of Worms,"

2352:, in Roman Catholic outward pressure and in alleged " 1298:

friar as a "Professor of Bible" named Martin Luther.

3062:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 88–94. 2790:

both sent young men overseas to serve as Pastors to

2714:

that emphasized moral reform. In Finland, a farmer,

2337:

Lutheran orthodoxy § Early orthodoxy: 1580–1600

2082:

activity during the controversies leading up to the

6763: 6682: 6611: 6546: 6468: 6399: 6313: 6080: 5963: 5799: 5690: 5572: 5470: 5359: 5276: 5221: 5190: 5139: 5130: 5083: 5015: 4972: 4963: 4890: 4827: 4820: 4790: 4764: 4721: 4678: 4652: 4624: 4613: 4568: 4492: 4428: 4412: 4367: 4306: 4183: 4176: 4074: 4034: 3969: 3958: 3167:, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1987, 338. 2466:

Lutheran orthodoxy § Late orthodoxy: 1685–1730

2366:

Lutheran orthodoxy § High orthodoxy: 1600–1685

1959:but only by my personal presence and living word." 1630:in October 1518 to meet the papal legate, Cardinal 1253:The 14th century had also produced upheaval in the 3501:Sør-Fron kirke. Lokal bakgrunn og impulser utenfra 2201:, consecrated by Martin Luther on 5 October 1544. 2056:territories. These states quickly became known as 3180:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 2:463. 3097:Justification as Healing: The Little-Known Luther 3036:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 26. 1892:Roman Catholic Church's requirement of confession 1874:The room in Wartburg where Luther translated the 1660:On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the 3911:Dictionary of Luther and the Lutheran Traditions 3881:Brauer, James Leonard and Fred L. Precht, eds. 2738:churches in his territory to unite, forming the 2615:. Morality and church-going plummeted together. 1586:offered to place Luther under their protection. 1516:explained his concept of "justification" in the 3303:History of the Christian Church, Vol VII, Ch IV 3257:Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490–1700, 2990:. New York: Penguin, 1995, 60; Brecht, Martin. 2756:others left for the United States and Australia 2145:In turn several Lutheran states led by Elector 1976: 1716:As a consequence, Luther was excommunicated by 1522: 1393:, writing in 1546, Luther nailed a copy of the 1701:in October, publicly set fire to the bull and 1592:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation 1488:—God's act of declaring a sinner righteous—by 5319: 3932: 3909:Wengert, Timothy J. and Mark Granquist, eds. 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3567: 3565: 2290:Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope 1210:. Importantly, the conditions created by the 1129: 194:Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope 8: 3852:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 185. 3839:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 188. 3826:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 187. 3813:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 184. 3754:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 183. 3736:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 182. 3723:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002. p. 180. 3503:(Dissertation, Art History) (in Norwegian). 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3133:Luther, Martin. "The Smalcald Articles," in 1894:, although he affirmed the value of private 1409:, and celebrated each year on 31 October as 3023:. Toronto: Saunders of Toronto, Ltd., 1966. 2504:Late Orthodoxy was torn by influences from 1707:Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned 1452:to which Luther is said to have nailed his 1358:Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz and Magdeburg 6396: 5326: 5312: 5304: 5136: 4969: 4824: 4621: 4425: 4180: 3973: 3966: 3939: 3925: 3917: 3539:. Boschen & Wefer Company. p. 12. 2841:that did not connect with an increasingly 1459:From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the 1381:Luther objected to a saying attributed to 1136: 1122: 86: 17: 3590:AC XXIII 13, XXVIII 72 and other places). 3165:The Renaissance and Reformation Movements 2193:in 1543, followed by the court chapel of 1921:, arrived preaching the equality of man, 1598:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church 1173:widespread adoption of the printing press 1167:, then a professor of Bible at the young 3864:Arand, Charles P, and Robert Kolb, eds. 3670:Concordia Publishing House. 1927. p. 426 3660: 3658: 3656: 3523:Concordia Publishing House. 1927. p. 425 3058:Wriedt, Markus. "Luther's Theology," in 3034:The Cambridge Companion to Martin Luther 2798:focused on renewing the situation home. 2740:Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union 2025:and strong personalities on both sides. 1932: 1909:, later supported by the ex-Augustinian 1752:. Photogravure based on the painting by 1320: 1294:, a university that would house a young 6744:Fostering of early experimental science 3873:The encyclopedia of the Lutheran Church 3457:"Honor the Reformation's African roots" 2930: 2595:Into this complicated religious scene, 1218:to question the role and nature of the 337: 209: 144: 114: 89: 29: 6848:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 4249:Council of Trent § Protestant response 3883:Lutheran Worship: History and Practice 3624:History of Finland. Finland chronology 3178:Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation 2582:. During the 1700s, Germany turned to 5264:Synodical Conference of North America 3792:Christian Cyclopedia article on Brünn 3455:Daniels, David D. (21 October 2017). 3429:Daniels, David D. (28 October 2017). 3400:Daniels, David D. (31 October 2017). 3385:. Luther Academy. 1994. p. 146. 3350:Daniels, David D. (2 November 2017). 2988:Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther 2268:. In 1580, it was published with the 1884:On the Abrogation of the Private Mass 1802:on May 25, 1521, declaring Luther an 7: 4272:Controversy on the Descent into Hell 3533:Junius Benjamin Remensnyder (1893). 2786:and Old Lutheran free church leader 2543:tradition continued in the works of 2452:. Another theological issue was the 2377:, and it was finally established by 2078:around 1600. Jena was the center of 1356:On 31 October 1517, Luther wrote to 3890:Lutherans in America: A New History 3767:, ed. (1974). "Lutheran Churches". 3315:Martin Brecht and James F. Schaaf, 3280:, had been exiled on the island of 3135:Concordia: The Lutheran Confessions 3008:"Luther's lavatory thrills experts" 2578:at 1770, no longer a stronghold of 1373:Tetzel's coffer, on display at the 1183:Roots of Reformation (15th century) 1159:. The movement originated with the 4262:Adiaphoristic controversies (first 2508:, philosophy based on reason, and 2497:as part of what is now called the 2444:and especially in the theology of 2274:Apology of the Augsburg Confession 2215:Luther died in 1546. In 1547, the 2135:Apology of the Augsburg Confession 1711:Assertions Concerning All Articles 165:Apology of the Augsburg Confession 14: 4782:Wilhelm Martin Leberecht de Wette 3580:When the Lutherans presented the 3552:Is One Church as Good as Another? 3259:London: Allen Lane, 2003, p. 132. 3060:The Cambridge Companion to Luther 2869:was re-founded with the new name 2865:in 1933. After World War II, the 2772:August Friedrich Christian Vilmar 2758:. A similar legislated merger in 1325:The sale of indulgences shown in 1311:Cardinal Albrecht of Hohenzollern 3388:of Germany (WA Tr 5:450, #6045). 3268:Luther, Martin. "Letter 82," in 3086:, November 26, 1955, No. 11:801. 2899: 2885: 2732:Frederick William III of Prussia 2695:God's Word Is Our Great Heritage 2050:protests of the Lutheran princes 2012:Political and religious conflict 1834:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony 1778:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony 1375:St. Nicholaus church in Jüterbog 1288:Frederick III, Elector of Saxony 1193:Christianity in the 16th century 211:Distinctive theological concepts 37: 5191:Australia / New Guinea 3703:South Wisconsin District (LCMS) 2535:. A later orthodox theologian, 2235:Religious disputes between the 1999:, both of whom agreed that the 1750:Luther Before the Diet of Worms 1720:on 3 January 1521, in the bull 6707:Separation of church and state 6376:Formal and material principles 6361:Separation of church and state 3319:, Fortress Press, 1993, p. 7. 3251:London: Fontana, 1963, p. 53; 3249:Reformation Europe: 1517–1559, 3121:"Luther's Definition of Faith" 2651:Napoleon's invasion of Germany 2474:Historic Pietist orphanage in 635:John Christian Frederick Heyer 490:International Lutheran Council 1: 6371:Hymnody of continental Europe 5522:Apostles in the New Testament 4688:Christoph Friedrich von Ammon 4199:Colloquy of Worms (1540–1541) 3680:Devotional Literature Project 3084:Concordia Theological Monthly 3010:, BBC News, October 22, 2004. 2385:represents the climax of the 2325:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 2160:, where they established the 1699:On the Freedom of a Christian 1604:On the Freedom of a Christian 5213:Lutheran Church of Australia 3602:Lutheran Theology after 1580 2872:Protestant Church in Germany 2493:. Finland suffered a severe 2436:The theological heritage of 2259:Concordia: doctrinal harmony 2036:it was decided that until a 1857:Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz 1621:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1302:The start of the Reformation 1155:as an attempt to reform the 899:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder 660:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder 5819:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4777:Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider 4193:Augsburg Confession Variata 4042:Denmark–Norway and Holstein 2744:Schism of the Old Lutherans 2098:to try to stop the growing 1345:and papal commissioner for 1257:with the resolution of the 1226:Societal upheaval in Europe 299:Priesthood of all believers 7007: 5836:Art patronage of Julius II 4955:Zillertal Valley expulsion 4665:Friedrich Gottlieb Süskind 4644:Johann Christoph Döderlein 3021:The Theses Were Not Posted 2784:Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe 2746:. Many Lutherans, called " 2463: 2460:Late Orthodoxy (1685–1730) 2454:Crypto-Kenotic Controversy 2423:Johannes Andreas Quenstedt 2407:Jesper Rasmussen Brochmand 2363: 2334: 2331:Early Orthodoxy: 1580–1600 2147:John Frederick I of Saxony 1943: 1738: 1431: 1283:quickly becoming available 1234:Luther's father, Hans, by 1186: 1042:Charles Porterfield Krauth 1007:Johannes Andreas Quenstedt 620:Johann Heinrich Callenberg 6928: 6339:Calvinist–Arminian debate 5341: 4803:Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi 4279:Greek Augsburg Confession 4026:Nuremberg Religious Peace 3976: 3227:. Retrieved 13 July 2007. 3221:The Edict of Worms (1521) 2827:St. Mary's Church, Berlin 2734:ordered the Lutheran and 2360:High Orthodoxy: 1600–1685 2166:Nuremberg Religious Peace 1989:Ethiopian Orthodox Church 1496:. He began to teach that 1327:A Question to a Mintmaker 1214:allowed thinkers such as 495:Lutheran World Federation 482:Global Confessional & 221:Theology of Martin Luther 6828:Christian existentialism 5284:Confessional Lutheranism 4808:Friedrich Schleiermacher 4751:Richard Adelbert Lipsius 4746:Ferdinand Christian Baur 4239:Colloquy of Worms (1557) 3871:Bodensieck, Julius, ed. 3850:A History of Lutheranism 3837:A History of Lutheranism 3824:A History of Lutheranism 3811:A History of Lutheranism 3752:A History of Lutheranism 3734:A History of Lutheranism 3721:A History of Lutheranism 3635:Fagan, Brian M. (2001). 2867:German Protestant Church 2863:German Protestant Church 2567:Rationalism and revivals 2450:Syncretistic Controversy 2314:fell away. As such, the 2094:, which was convened by 1966:, beginning on 9 March, 1814:Exile at Wartburg Castle 1723:Decet Romanum Pontificem 1292:University of Wittenberg 1169:University of Wittenberg 752:Johann Phillip Fabricius 625:Johann Phillip Fabricius 583:Confessional Lutheranism 484:Missional Lutheran Forum 473:Confessional Evangelical 290:Two states of the Church 60:Start of the Reformation 5335:History of Christianity 4798:Johann Gottfried Herder 4660:Gottlob Christian Storr 3877:vol 1 and 3 online free 3769:Encyclopædia Britannica 3208:Encyclopædia Britannica 2975:Encyclopædia Britannica 2959:Encyclopædia Britannica 2942:Encyclopædia Britannica 2915:High Church Lutheranism 2800:Johann Gottfried Herder 2478:, Germany, a center of 2419:Johann Conrad Dannhauer 2300:collections of doctrine 2164:in 1531. At first, the 2102:movement. At the Diet, 2052:, free cities and some 1950:Around Christmas 1521, 1685:proclaimed the bull in 1619:so he prevailed on the 1236:Lucas Cranach the Elder 856:Norwegian Bible Society 838:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen 744:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg 670:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen 610:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg 6991:History of Lutheranism 6896:Fourth Great Awakening 6783:Second Great Awakening 6022:Fall of Constantinople 5814:Development of primacy 4772:Franz Volkmar Reinhard 4670:Johann Friedrich Flatt 4639:Johann David Michaelis 4449:Colloquy of Mumpelgart 4008:Protestation at Speyer 3988:Heidelberg Disputation 3071:Bouman, Herbert J. A. 2830: 2788:Friedrich August Brünn 2587: 2537:Valentin Ernst Löscher 2518:August Hermann Francke 2482: 2427:Johann Friedrich König 2371:Lutheran scholasticism 2284:of Martin Luther, the 2212: 2087: 2060:. At first, this term 1981: 1941: 1879: 1829: 1757: 1657: 1558: 1543:Response of the papacy 1540: 1456: 1428:Justification by faith 1407:Protestant Reformation 1378: 1334: 1318: 1238: 1177:Protestant Reformation 1027:August Hermann Francke 871:Stanislovas Rapolionis 866:Samuel Ludwik Zasadius 734:Kristian Osvald Viderø 523:History of Lutheranism 6891:Reformed epistemology 6833:Third Great Awakening 6803:Seventh-day Adventist 6724:First Great Awakening 6597:Book of Common Prayer 6391:Protestant work ethic 5934:Independent Catholics 5885:Monastery dissolution 4191:Dissemination of the 4013:Articles of Schwabach 4003:Diet of Speyer (1529) 3699:Walking With Wise Men 3461:The Commercial Appeal 3435:Religion News Service 3406:The Christian Century 3356:University of Chicago 2817: 2706:movement. In Sweden, 2574: 2489:, due in part to the 2473: 2440:rose up again in the 2207: 2120:. In response to the 2074: 2046:Second Diet of Speyer 1954:from Zwickau entered 1936: 1888:Concerning Confession 1873: 1863:, a philosopher from 1821: 1748: 1650: 1550: 1441: 1372: 1324: 1309: 1255:Roman Catholic Church 1233: 861:Swedish Bible Society 785:Guðbrandur Þorláksson 578:High church Lutherans 505:Lutheranism by region 403:Anointing of the Sick 338:Other relevant topics 321:Theology of the Cross 83:Doctrine and theology 6714:Edicts of toleration 6523:Three Forms of Unity 6288:Bohemian Reformation 5861:Catholic Reformation 5718:Roman state religion 5537:Council of Jerusalem 5040:J. C. K. von Hofmann 5025:G. C. A. von Harless 4930:Lars Levi Laestadius 4634:Johann Salomo Semler 4596:Salzburg Protestants 4469:Matthias Hafenreffer 4359:John the Magnanimous 4329:Cyriacus Spangenberg 4277:Presentation of the 4134:Nicolaus von Amsdorf 4018:Presentation of the 3667:Concordia Cyclopedia 3613:Christian Cyclopedia 3575:The Lutheran Witness 3556:The Lutheran Witness 3520:Concordia Cyclopedia 3499:Hosar, Kåre (1988). 2580:orthodox Lutheranism 2514:Philipp Jakob Spener 2431:Johann Wilhelm Baier 2187:Strasbourg Cathedral 2113:Confutatio Augustana 2034:First Diet of Speyer 1929:Return to Wittenberg 1492:alone through God's 1377:(article in German). 1333:of Augsburg, c. 1530 1037:Lars Levi Laestadius 1012:Johann Wilhelm Baier 809:Nils Vibe Stockfleth 780:Johannes Avetaranian 665:Lars Olsen Skrefsrud 443:Lutheran hymnwriters 6886:Liberation theology 6793:Jehovah's Witnesses 6626:Radical Reformation 6354:Resistance theories 6241:Christian mysticism 6236:Early Scholasticism 5948:Ecclesial community 5846:Counter-Reformation 5711:Constantinian shift 5147:Old Lutheran schism 5103:A. F. O. Münchmeyer 5035:Gottfried Thomasius 4653:Old Tübingen school 4293:Liturgical struggle 4256:Magdeburg Centuries 4254:Publication of the 4244:Counter-Reformation 4114:Argula von Grumbach 4099:Johannes Bugenhagen 4020:Augsburg Confession 3587:Augsburg Confession 3582:Augsburg Confession 3536:The Lutheran Manual 3253:Diarmaid MacCulloch 3219:Bratcher, Dennis. " 2996:Luther The Reformer 2940:. "Martin Luther," 2893:Christianity portal 2776:Augsburg Confession 2712:Laestadian movement 2708:Lars Levi Læstadius 2684:also swept through 2671:Johann Georg Hamann 2495:famine in 1696–1697 2448:, which caused the 2342:The Book of Concord 2321:Augsburg Confession 2316:Augsburg Confession 2295:The Book of Concord 2270:Augsburg Confession 2178:church architecture 2162:Schmalkaldic League 2156:met at the town of 2126:Philipp Melanchthon 2116:, also at the 1530 2108:Augsburg Confession 2104:Philipp Melanchthon 1946:Radical Reformation 1785:Archbishop of Trier 1584:Franz von Sickingen 1448:(castle church) in 1397:to the door of the 1391:Philipp Melanchthon 1351:St Peter's Basilica 1331:Jörg Breu the Elder 1208:Girolamo Savonarola 1206:, and followers of 1102:Wolfhart Pannenberg 1097:Dietrich Bonhoeffer 952:Johannes Bugenhagen 790:Ludvig Olsen Fossum 475:Lutheran Conference 448:Normative principle 428:Liturgical calendar 156:Augsburg Confession 6960:Oriental Orthodoxy 6603:King James Version 6415:Ninety-five Theses 6211:Apostolic Brethren 5985:Church of the East 5980:Oriental Orthodoxy 5826:Crusading movement 5346:Early Christianity 5203:Gotthard Fritzsche 5065:F. H. R. von Frank 5055:Theodosius Harnack 4982:E. W. Hengstenberg 4945:N. F. S. Grundtvig 4940:Carl Olof Rosenius 4915:Paavo Ruotsalainen 4905:Hans Nielsen Hauge 4693:Julius Wegscheider 4484:Stephan Praetorius 4459:Nikolaus Selnecker 4436:Acceptance of the 4344:Victorinus Strigel 4314:Philip Melanchthon 4287:Formula of Concord 4209:Regensburg Interim 4204:Diet of Regensburg 4164:Frederick the Wise 4154:Stephan Praetorius 4139:Laurentius Andreae 4094:Philip Melanchthon 4089:Katharina von Bora 3982:Ninety-five Theses 3685:2015-09-24 at the 3629:2011-04-27 at the 3607:2009-10-17 at the 3505:University of Oslo 3102:2007-09-23 at the 3078:2008-05-12 at the 2938:Rupp, Ernst Gordon 2831: 2716:Paavo Ruotsalainen 2700:Hans Nielsen Hauge 2690:N. F. S. Grundtvig 2588: 2576:University of Jena 2483: 2438:Philip Melanchthon 2354:crypto-Calvinistic 2304:Lutheran Orthodoxy 2266:Formula of Concord 2213: 2208:Front page of the 2088: 2084:Formula of Concord 2076:University of Jena 2030:Diets of Nuremberg 1985:Michael the Deacon 1962:For eight days in 1942: 1880: 1830: 1808:Desiderius Erasmus 1776:presiding. Prince 1758: 1678:, within 60 days. 1676:Ninety-five Theses 1658: 1613:Frederick the Wise 1572:Work on the Psalms 1559: 1457: 1418:Ninety-five Theses 1395:Ninety-five Theses 1379: 1363:Ninety-five Theses 1335: 1319: 1273:Spread of literacy 1239: 1216:Desiderius Erasmus 947:Philip Melanchthon 942:Katharina von Bora 919:Johann Ernst Glück 879:Laurentius Andreae 770:George Constantine 714:Casiodoro de Reina 538:Lutheran orthodoxy 433:Calendar of saints 202:Formula of Concord 6978: 6977: 6955:Eastern Orthodoxy 6823:Finnish Awakening 6778:Holiness movement 6719:Congregationalism 6678: 6677: 6538:Metrical psalters 5975:Eastern Orthodoxy 5919:Neo-Scholasticism 5626:Canon development 5527:Jewish Christians 5301: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5272: 5271: 5172:H. E. F. Guericke 5126: 5125: 4997:Carl Paul Caspari 4920:Finnish Awakening 4816: 4815: 4736:Philip Marheineke 4708:Adolf von Harnack 4609: 4608: 4581:Christian Scriver 4560:Thirty Years' War 4408: 4407: 4349:Johannes Agricola 4234:Peace of Augsburg 4172: 4171: 4159:Johann Pfeffinger 4119:Petrus Särkilahti 4070: 4069: 3888:Granquist, Mark. 3848:Gritsch, Eric W. 3835:Gritsch, Eric W. 3822:Gritsch, Eric W. 3809:Gritsch, Eric W. 3750:Gritsch, Eric W. 3732:Gritsch, Eric W. 3719:Gritsch, Eric W. 3697:Suelflow, Roy A. 3664:Fuerbringer, L., 3558:. pp. 82–83. 3550:Frey, H. (1918). 3517:Fuerbringer, L., 3108:Quodlibet Journal 3095:Dorman, Ted M., " 2986:Bainton, Roland. 2855:German Christians 2835:Marxist socialism 2823:German Christians 2720:a reform movement 2669:, Luther scholar 2632:Christian Scriver 2605:Gottfried Leibniz 2561:Stephan Prätorius 2557:Christian Scriver 2553:Joachim Lütkemann 2491:Thirty Years' War 2446:Georgius Calixtus 2286:Smalcald Articles 2237:Crypto-Calvinists 2230:Peace of Augsburg 2210:Peace of Augsburg 2195:Hartenfels Castle 2154:Philip I of Hesse 2023:Holy Roman Empire 2006:Lutheran Churches 1907:Andreas Karlstadt 1774:Emperor Charles V 1689:and other towns. 1651:First edition of 1580:Ulrich von Hutten 1518:Smalcald Articles 1153:Holy Roman Empire 1146: 1145: 1052:Søren Kierkegaard 702:Bible Translators 680:Paul Olaf Bodding 563:Finnish Awakening 353: 352: 329:Sacramental Union 308:Divine Providence 185:Smalcald Articles 6998: 6397: 5784:Non-Chalcedonian 5765:Constantinople I 5557:General epistles 5552:Pauline epistles 5532:Paul the Apostle 5510:Great Commission 5328: 5321: 5314: 5305: 5249:C. F. W. Walther 5244:F. C. D. Wyneken 5177:G. P. E. Huschke 5137: 5113:Theodor Kliefoth 5030:J. W. F. Höfling 4970: 4825: 4713:Wilhelm Herrmann 4703:Albrecht Ritschl 4698:Wilhelm Gesenius 4622: 4550:Johannes Musaeus 4535:Johann Hülsemann 4525:Jesper Brochmand 4520:Nicolaus Hunnius 4510:Abraham Calovius 4479:Aegidius Hunnius 4426: 4400:Crypto-Lutherans 4395:Gnesio-Lutherans 4375:Crypto-Calvinism 4354:Andreas Osiander 4339:Andreas Musculus 4334:Joachim Westphal 4319:Matthias Flacius 4219:Augsburg Interim 4214:Schmalkaldic War 4181: 4149:Laurentius Petri 4129:Stephan Agricola 3998:Marburg Colloquy 3974: 3967: 3941: 3934: 3927: 3918: 3895:Meyer, Carl S. 3853: 3846: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3761: 3755: 3748: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3717: 3706: 3695: 3689: 3677: 3671: 3662: 3651: 3650: 3621: 3615: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3569: 3560: 3559: 3554:. Vol. 37. 3547: 3541: 3540: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3496: 3490: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3364: 3362: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3328: 3313: 3307: 3300:Schaff, Philip, 3298: 3285: 3266: 3260: 3234: 3228: 3217: 3211: 3204: 3198: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3168: 3163:Spitz, Lewis W. 3161: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3117: 3111: 3093: 3087: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3045:Brecht, Martin. 3043: 3037: 3030: 3024: 3019:Iserloh, Erwin. 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2962: 2951: 2945: 2944:, accessed 2006. 2935: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2792:German Americans 2442:Helmstedt School 2415:Johann Hülsemann 2403:Nicolaus Hunnius 2395:Aegidius Hunnius 2383:Abraham Calovius 2346:Gnesio-Lutherans 2282:Small Catechisms 2253:Gnesio-Lutherans 2228:of 1552 and the 2222:Augsburg Interim 2217:Schmalkaldic War 2140:Council of Trent 2130:Prima delineatio 2118:Diet of Augsburg 2092:Diet of Augsburg 1972:Christian values 1968:Invocavit Sunday 1919:Zwickau prophets 1911:Gabriel Zwilling 1768:, a town on the 1754:Anton von Werner 1691:Karl von Miltitz 1138: 1131: 1124: 1062:Wilhelm Herrmann 1057:Albrecht Ritschl 1047:C. F. W. Walther 1032:Henry Muhlenberg 1002:Abraham Calovius 987:Matthias Flacius 972:Laurentius Petri 909:Mikołaj Jakubica 904:Antonio Brucioli 818:Laurentius Petri 695:Jens Christensen 690:Christian Keyser 655:F. C. D. Wyneken 533:Gnesio-Lutherans 528:Crypto-Lutherans 136:Athanasian Creed 87: 41: 18: 7006: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6924: 6911:Christian right 6813:Oxford Movement 6788:Restorationists 6759: 6674: 6607: 6542: 6493:Presbyterianism 6464: 6444:Book of Concord 6395: 6319: 6317: 6309: 6076: 5966: 5959: 5795: 5694: 5686: 5645:Clement of Rome 5575: 5568: 5472: 5466: 5355: 5337: 5332: 5302: 5293: 5268: 5259:F. W. Stellhorn 5234:J. A. A. Grabau 5217: 5186: 5167:Henrik Steffens 5122: 5118:Heinrich Hansen 5093:A. F. C. Vilmar 5079: 5050:K. F. A. Kahnis 5045:Franz Delitzsch 5011: 4959: 4886: 4812: 4786: 4760: 4756:Otto Pfleiderer 4717: 4674: 4648: 4605: 4564: 4540:J. C. Dannhauer 4530:Salomo Glassius 4505:J. A. Quenstedt 4488: 4474:Leonhard Hutter 4464:David Chytraeus 4444:Martin Chemnitz 4438:Book of Concord 4421: 4417: 4404: 4380:Sacramentarians 4363: 4324:Nicolaus Gallus 4302: 4285:Signing of the 4229:Peace of Passau 4224:Leipzig Interim 4168: 4124:Mikael Agricola 4066: 4030: 3961: 3954: 3945: 3861: 3859:Further reading 3856: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3830: 3821: 3817: 3808: 3797: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3765:Benton, William 3763: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3696: 3692: 3687:Wayback Machine 3678: 3674: 3663: 3654: 3647: 3639:. Basic Books. 3634: 3631:Wayback Machine 3622: 3618: 3609:Wayback Machine 3600: 3596: 3571: 3570: 3563: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3516: 3512: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3360: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3336:Martin Luther, 3335: 3331: 3314: 3310: 3299: 3288: 3267: 3263: 3236:Schaff-Herzog, 3235: 3231: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3201: 3191:"Martin Luther" 3188: 3184: 3175: 3171: 3162: 3158: 3148:"Martin Luther" 3145: 3141: 3132: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104:Wayback Machine 3094: 3090: 3080:Wayback Machine 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2891: 2884: 2881: 2812: 2768: 2728: 2648: 2640: 2628:Heinrich Müller 2613:supernaturalism 2601:Christian Wolff 2593: 2569: 2468: 2462: 2411:Salomo Glassius 2399:Leonhard Hutter 2391:Martin Chemnitz 2368: 2362: 2339: 2333: 2261: 2245:Sacramentarians 2226:Peace of Passau 2080:Gnesio-Lutheran 2038:General Council 2014: 1948: 1931: 1905:In Wittenberg, 1861:Jacobus Latomus 1838:Wartburg Castle 1823:Wartburg Castle 1816: 1743: 1737: 1732: 1672:excommunication 1670:that he risked 1645: 1643:Excommunication 1617:Catholic clergy 1564: 1562:Widening breach 1545: 1463:, the books of 1436: 1430: 1411:Reformation Day 1343:Dominican friar 1304: 1279:Gutenberg Bible 1275: 1228: 1195: 1185: 1157:Catholic Church 1142: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1082:Rudolf Bultmann 1077:Ernst Troeltsch 1067:F. W. Stellhorn 992:Martin Chemnitz 982:Mikael Agricola 928: 924:William F. Beck 894:Jonas Bretkūnas 852: 848:Mikael Agricola 843:Sebastian Krelj 823:Martti Rautanen 760:William Tyndale 748: 719:Kjell Magne Yri 699: 645:Martti Rautanen 596: 588: 587: 548:Radical Pietism 518: 510: 509: 486: 483: 477: 474: 467: 459: 458: 457: 372: 371: 355: 354: 333: 317: 313:Marian theology 303: 294: 285: 271: 257: 239: 225: 205: 198: 189: 177:Large Catechism 169: 160: 146:Book of Concord 140: 126:Apostles' Creed 110: 84: 76: 75: 74: 49: 12: 11: 5: 7004: 7002: 6994: 6993: 6983: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6908: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6876:Pentecostalism 6873: 6871:Jesus movement 6868: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6699: 6694: 6688: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6665: 6662:Martyrs Mirror 6658: 6653: 6648: 6646:Martyrs' Synod 6643: 6638: 6636:Swiss Brethren 6633: 6628: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6405: 6403: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6381:Law and Gospel 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6062:Ottoman Empire 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5805: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5791:Biblical canon 5788: 5787: 5786: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5702: 5700: 5692:Late antiquity 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5640:Church Fathers 5633: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5580: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5299: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5239:Wilhelm Sihler 5236: 5231: 5229:Martin Stephan 5225: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5162:Eduard Huschke 5159: 5157:J. G. Scheibel 5154: 5149: 5143: 5141: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5060:C. E. Luthardt 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4987:F. A. Philippi 4984: 4978: 4976: 4974:Repristination 4967: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4950:August Tholuck 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4862:J. W. Petersen 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4619: 4611: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4515:Georg Calixtus 4512: 4507: 4502: 4500:Johann Gerhard 4496: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4423: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4282: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4187: 4185: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4104:Johannes Brenz 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4036: 4035:Reformation in 4032: 4031: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3993:Leipzig Debate 3990: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3902:Roeber, A. G. 3900: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3869: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3854: 3841: 3828: 3815: 3795: 3784: 3777: 3756: 3738: 3725: 3707: 3705:, 1967. p. 10. 3690: 3672: 3652: 3645: 3616: 3594: 3561: 3542: 3525: 3510: 3491: 3481:Brecht, Martin 3473: 3447: 3421: 3392: 3372: 3342: 3329: 3308: 3286: 3270:Luther's Works 3261: 3245:Geoffrey Elton 3240:Luther, Martin 3229: 3212: 3199: 3182: 3169: 3156: 3139: 3126: 3112: 3088: 3064: 3051: 3038: 3025: 3012: 3000: 2979: 2963: 2946: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2907:History portal 2896: 2880: 2877: 2843:industrialized 2811: 2808: 2804:superintendent 2767: 2764: 2727: 2724: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2624:Johann Gerhard 2592: 2589: 2568: 2565: 2499:Little Ice Age 2461: 2458: 2379:Johann Gerhard 2361: 2358: 2332: 2329: 2312:Church of Rome 2260: 2257: 2191:Neuburg Castle 2066:Edict of Worms 2042:Edict of Worms 2013: 2010: 1930: 1927: 1815: 1812: 1800:Edict of Worms 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1667:Exsurge Domine 1654:Exsurge Domine 1644: 1641: 1636:Leipzig Debate 1632:Thomas Cajetan 1563: 1560: 1544: 1541: 1432:Main article: 1429: 1426: 1422:printing press 1315:Albrecht Dürer 1303: 1300: 1290:, founded the 1274: 1271: 1267:Ottoman Empire 1259:Western Schism 1227: 1224: 1184: 1181: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1126: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1017:Philipp Spener 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 997:Johann Gerhard 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 957:Johannes Brenz 954: 949: 944: 934: 927: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 889:Olaf M. Norlie 886: 881: 875: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 851: 850: 845: 840: 835: 833:Jurij Dalmatin 830: 825: 820: 811: 806: 804:Otto Fabricius 801: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 756: 755: 754: 747: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 724:Onesimos Nesib 721: 716: 711: 705: 698: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 675:Onesimos Nesib 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 650:Wilhelm Sihler 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 605:John Campanius 601: 597: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 480: 478: 471: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 456: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 413:Divine Service 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 380: 374: 373: 370: 369: 362: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 350: 349: 348: 340: 339: 335: 334: 332: 331: 325: 324: 323: 316: 315: 310: 304: 302: 301: 295: 293: 292: 286: 284: 283: 278: 272: 270: 269: 267:Sanctification 264: 258: 256: 255: 252:Sola scriptura 248: 240: 238: 237: 235:Law and Gospel 232: 226: 224: 223: 217: 214: 213: 207: 206: 204: 199: 197: 196: 190: 188: 187: 181: 180: 179: 173:Luther's Small 168: 167: 161: 159: 158: 152: 149: 148: 142: 141: 139: 138: 133: 128: 122: 119: 118: 112: 111: 109: 108: 103: 97: 94: 93: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 73: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 50: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7003: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965:Protestantism 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6838:Azusa Revival 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6818:Laestadianism 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6755:Old Lutherans 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6681: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421:Diet of Worms 6419: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6321:Protestantism 6316: 6312: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6072:North America 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5682:Early African 5680: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5665:Justin Martyr 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5485:Life of Jesus 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473:Apostolic Age 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5290: 5289:Homosexuality 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222:United States 5220: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:Johann Flierl 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5182:Free churches 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5108:J. K. W. Löhe 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5007:L .A. Gotwald 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992:F. G. Hedberg 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4935:Laestadianism 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4872:J. F. Buddeus 4870: 4868: 4867:A. H. Francke 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:J. V. Andreae 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837:Martin Moller 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4741:David Strauss 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4616:or critical 4614:Speculative 4612: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:V. E. Löscher 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4576:David Hollatz 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4454:Jakob Andreae 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Ubiquitarians 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4298:Uppsala Synod 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4177:Early turmoil 4175: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084:Martin Luther 4082: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3875:(3 vol 1965) 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3778:0-85229-290-2 3774: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3701:. Milwaukee: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3646:0-465-02272-3 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3486:Martin Luther 3482: 3477: 3474: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3448: 3436: 3432: 3425: 3422: 3418: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3325:0-8006-2814-4 3322: 3318: 3317:Martin Luther 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047:Martin Luther 3042: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2992:Martin Luther 2989: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955:Johann Tetzel 2950: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819:Stormtroopers 2816: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:Inner Mission 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766:Neo-Lutherans 2765: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:free churches 2749: 2748:Old Lutherans 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726:Old Lutherans 2725: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698:. In Norway, 2697: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2609:Immanuel Kant 2606: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545:Martin Moller 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:David Hollatz 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2249:Ubiquitarians 2246: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2128:prepared the 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2002: 2001:Lutheran Mass 1998: 1997:Martin Luther 1995:to meet with 1994: 1991:travelled to 1990: 1986: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1923:adult baptism 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1890:rejected the 1889: 1885: 1877: 1876:New Testament 1872: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1853:New Testament 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Diet of Worms 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1741:Diet of Worms 1735:Diet of Worms 1734: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681:That autumn, 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:justification 1482: 1481:righteousness 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1445:Schlosskirche 1440: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399:Castle Church 1396: 1392: 1389:According to 1387: 1384: 1383:Johann Tetzel 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339:Johann Tetzel 1332: 1329:, woodcut by 1328: 1323: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1248:Martin Luther 1244: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:Martin Luther 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1108: 1107:Robert Jenson 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1092:Hermann Sasse 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 939: 938:Martin Luther 936: 935: 933: 932: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 853: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 828:Primož Trubar 826: 824: 821: 819: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 775:Jozef Roháček 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 757: 753: 750: 749: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 709:Martin Luther 707: 706: 704: 703: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 685:Johann Flierl 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 602: 600: 592: 591: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 573:Neo-Lutherans 571: 569: 568:Old Lutherans 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 514: 513: 506: 503: 501: 500:Denominations 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 485: 479: 476: 470: 469: 463: 462: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 438:Lutheran hymn 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 367: 364: 363: 359: 358: 347: 346:Homosexuality 344: 343: 342: 341: 336: 330: 327: 326: 322: 319: 318: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 300: 297: 296: 291: 288: 287: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 268: 265: 263: 260: 259: 254: 253: 249: 247: 246: 242: 241: 236: 233: 231: 230:Justification 228: 227: 222: 219: 218: 216: 215: 212: 208: 203: 200: 195: 192: 191: 186: 183: 182: 178: 174: 171: 170: 166: 163: 162: 157: 154: 153: 151: 150: 147: 143: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 123: 121: 120: 117: 113: 107: 106:New Testament 104: 102: 101:Old Testament 99: 98: 96: 95: 92: 88: 80: 79: 71: 70:Protestantism 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 6881:Charismatics 6864: 6843:Gospel music 6773:Camp meeting 6765:1789–present 6697:Missionaries 6667: 6660: 6651:Menno Simons 6595: 6591:Church music 6442: 6413: 6400: 6298:Conciliarism 6283:Papal Schism 6125:Scandinavian 6017:Great Schism 5995:Nestorianism 5967:Christianity 5899:priest holes 5780:Chalcedonian 5743:Christianity 5697:Great Church 5505:Resurrection 5198:August Kavel 5132:Old Lutheran 5075:Werner Elert 5070:Paul Althaus 5002:C. P. Krauth 4965:Neo-Lutheran 4900:J. G. Hamann 4877:J. A. Bengel 4857:P. J. Spener 4842:Johann Arndt 4791:Transitional 4615: 4437: 4286: 4278: 4255: 4192: 4109:Justus Jonas 4019: 3980: 3960:Start of the 3947: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3872: 3865: 3844: 3831: 3818: 3787: 3768: 3759: 3728: 3698: 3693: 3675: 3665: 3636: 3619: 3597: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3551: 3545: 3535: 3528: 3518: 3513: 3500: 3494: 3484: 3476: 3464:. Retrieved 3450: 3438:. Retrieved 3424: 3416: 3409:. Retrieved 3395: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3359:. Retrieved 3345: 3332: 3316: 3311: 3302: 3276:, author of 3269: 3264: 3256: 3248: 3239: 3232: 3224: 3215: 3207: 3202: 3194: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3164: 3159: 3151: 3142: 3134: 3129: 3115: 3107: 3091: 3083: 3067: 3059: 3054: 3046: 3041: 3033: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2974: 2958: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2870: 2866: 2859:Reich Church 2832: 2794:, while the 2780:Neo-Lutheran 2775: 2769: 2729: 2693: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2665:movement. A 2663:Neo-Lutheran 2658: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2617: 2594: 2549:Johann Arndt 2526: 2503: 2484: 2435: 2369: 2341: 2340: 2320: 2315: 2293: 2262: 2234: 2214: 2175: 2158:Schmalkalden 2144: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2111: 2089: 2061: 2027: 2015: 1982: 1977: 1961: 1949: 1937: 1914: 1904: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1850: 1845: 1831: 1797: 1788: 1782: 1759: 1749: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1698: 1680: 1675: 1665: 1659: 1652: 1625: 1609: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1578:of Bohemia; 1571: 1565: 1523: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1458: 1443: 1442:Door of the 1417: 1415: 1394: 1388: 1380: 1361: 1355: 1337:In 1516–17, 1336: 1326: 1276: 1252: 1240: 1196: 1147: 1087:Paul Tillich 1022:David Hollaz 962:Justus Jonas 940: / 930: 929: 914:Matthias Bel 816: / 797: / 701: 700: 599:Missionaries 598: 522: 466:Organization 453:Lutheran art 393:Confirmation 276:Two kingdoms 250: 243: 175: / 131:Nicene Creed 55:Christianity 15: 6970:Catholicism 6907:Protestants 6901:Evangelical 6576:39 Articles 6571:Elizabethan 6548:Anglicanism 6528:Westminster 6438:Melanchthon 6401:Lutheranism 6366:Nicodemites 6344:Arminianism 6315:Reformation 6256:Bonaventure 6231:Inquisition 6226:Waldensians 6176:Investiture 6154:Kievan Rus' 6110:Anglo-Saxon 6090:Pelagianism 6082:Middle Ages 6005:Iconodulism 5880:Thomas More 5801:Catholicism 5723:Monasticism 5706:Constantine 5631:Persecution 5589:Adoptionism 5574:Ante-Nicene 5517:Holy Spirit 5500:Crucifixion 5471:Origins and 5372:2nd and 3rd 5254:H. A. Preus 5098:F. J. Stahl 5085:High Church 4925:Claus Harms 4882:G. C. Knapp 4847:Jakob Böhme 4591:J. M. Goeze 4555:J. W. Baier 4545:J. F. König 4385:Philippists 4144:Olaus Petri 3962:Reformation 3952:Lutheranism 3611:article in 2847:secularized 2839:Romanticism 2686:Scandinavia 2597:rationalist 2591:Rationalism 2584:rationalism 2506:rationalism 2487:Reformation 2350:Philippists 2308:Reformation 2241:Philippists 2058:Protestants 1952:Anabaptists 1846:Junker Jörg 1756:(1843–1915) 1509:cooperation 1347:indulgences 1296:Augustinian 1263:Renaissance 1243:Black Death 1212:Renaissance 1204:Waldensians 1189:Reformation 1149:Lutheranism 1072:Rudolf Otto 977:Olaus Petri 967:Hans Tausen 931:Theologians 884:Hans Tausen 814:Olaus Petri 765:John Rogers 729:Aster Ganno 630:Paul Henkel 595:Key figures 558:Laestadians 408:Holy Orders 368:and worship 281:catholicity 262:Christology 245:Sola gratia 65:Reformation 31:Lutheranism 6692:Revivalism 6613:Anabaptism 6561:Henry VIII 6386:Literature 6010:Iconoclasm 5990:Chrysostom 5943:Vatican II 5909:Jansenists 5895:Mass rocks 5831:Lateran IV 5750:Athanasius 5670:Tertullian 5614:Marcionism 5609:Gnosticism 5562:Revelation 5480:Background 5152:Background 4910:Haugeanism 4618:theologies 4419:Scholastic 3278:Revelation 2926:References 2718:, started 2710:began the 2464:See also: 2387:scholastic 2364:See also: 2335:See also: 2251:, and the 2122:Confutatio 2100:Protestant 2062:Protestant 2028:After the 1993:Wittenberg 1956:Wittenberg 1944:See also: 1900:absolution 1896:confession 1793:apocryphal 1693:, a papal 1683:Johann Eck 1662:papal bull 1576:Utraquists 1552:Pope Leo X 1450:Wittenberg 1403:Wittenberg 1187:See also: 799:Paul Egede 795:Hans Egede 739:Jákup Dahl 640:Karl Graul 615:Hans Egede 388:Confession 366:Sacraments 48:Background 6858:Ecumenism 6808:Adventism 6798:Mormonism 6734:Millerism 6729:Methodism 6684:1640–1789 6586:Civil War 6533:Orthodoxy 6488:Huguenots 6470:Calvinism 6455:Eucharist 6450:Orthodoxy 6334:Eucharist 6266:Five Ways 6216:Dulcinian 6169:Pomerania 6095:Gregory I 5939:Vatican I 5929:Modernism 5914:Molinists 5904:Guadalupe 5775:Chalcedon 5770:Ephesus I 5760:Augustine 5636:Apostolic 5619:Montanism 5584:Diversity 5360:Centuries 4892:Awakening 4731:Karl Daub 4076:Reformers 2730:In 1817, 2682:Awakening 2675:Awakening 2659:Awakening 2655:Erweckung 2645:Awakening 2522:Formalism 2232:of 1555. 2151:Landgrave 2096:Charles V 2054:Zwinglian 2019:Charles V 1983:In 1534, 1703:decretals 1568:Galatians 1498:salvation 1473:Galatians 1454:95 Theses 1434:Sola fide 1353:in Rome. 517:Movements 398:Matrimony 383:Eucharist 6985:Category 6950:Theology 6938:Missions 6933:Timeline 6905:Mainline 6853:Pacifism 6702:Baptists 6621:Theology 6581:Puritans 6556:Timeline 6498:Scotland 6426:Theology 6273:Wycliffe 6221:Crusades 6196:Bogomils 6149:Bulgaria 6105:Germanic 6057:Ethiopia 5955:Timeline 5733:Nicaea I 5728:Councils 5660:Irenaeus 5655:Ignatius 5650:Polycarp 5604:Donatism 5599:Docetism 5594:Arianism 5495:Ministry 5017:Erlangen 4821:Revivals 4765:Moderate 4723:Hegelian 4626:Wolffian 4601:Landlers 4414:Orthodox 4368:Factions 3683:Archived 3627:Archived 3605:Archived 3100:Archived 3076:Archived 2879:See also 2821:holding 2754:" while 2736:Reformed 2638:Revivals 2541:mystical 2288:and the 2173:ruler). 2171:Beerwolf 1842:Eisenach 1827:Eisenach 1664:(edict) 1628:Augsburg 1570:and his 1222:itself. 1200:Hussites 553:Haugeans 543:Pietists 23:a series 21:Part of 6943:Martyrs 6739:Pietism 6669:Ausbund 6641:Müntzer 6566:Cranmer 6513:Baptism 6478:Zwingli 6329:Erasmus 6278:Avignon 6261:Aquinas 6251:Francis 6246:Dominic 6206:Cathars 6201:Bosnian 6191:Bernard 6186:Abelard 6159:Moravia 6144:Bohemia 6130:Iceland 6052:Serbian 6032:Georgia 6027:Armenia 5965:Eastern 5866:Jesuits 5542:Gospels 5490:Baptism 5277:Present 5140:Germany 4829:Pietist 4680:Kantian 4422:periods 4267:second) 4057:Iceland 4052:Germany 4047:Finland 3948:History 3466:9 April 3440:9 April 3411:9 April 3361:9 April 3243:," 72; 3210:, 2007. 2977:, 2007. 2852:fascist 2810:Results 2760:Silesia 2704:Haugean 2620:postils 2529:Neology 2510:Pietism 2480:Pietism 2375:Jesuits 1987:of the 1865:Louvain 1687:Meissen 1556:Raphael 1538:13:31). 1502:messiah 1477:penance 1465:Hebrews 423:Vespers 378:Baptism 6631:Grebel 6483:Calvin 6409:Luther 6303:Synods 6181:Anselm 6164:Poland 6120:Gothic 6115:Franks 6100:Celtic 6067:Russia 6047:Syriac 6037:Greece 5924:Teresa 5871:Xavier 5809:Papacy 5755:Jerome 5675:Origen 5576:period 5351:Spread 4307:People 4184:Events 4062:Sweden 3970:Events 3913:(2017) 3906:(1998) 3899:(1986) 3892:(2015) 3885:(1993) 3868:(2012) 3775: 3643: 3323: 3282:Patmos 3223:," in 2861:, the 2667:layman 2630:, and 2310:, the 2276:, the 2272:, the 2199:Torgau 2182:pulpit 1804:outlaw 1695:nuncio 1601:, and 1531:Isaiah 1471:, and 1469:Romans 1461:Psalms 1317:, 1519 1220:Church 418:Matins 116:Creeds 6865:solae 6863:Five 6656:Smyth 6508:TULIP 6431:Bible 6139:Slavs 6042:Egypt 6000:Icons 5851:Trent 5841:Leo X 5738:Creed 4429:Early 2680:This 2657:, or 2476:Halle 2278:Large 1770:Rhine 1766:Worms 1730:Exile 1718:Leo X 1494:grace 1490:faith 91:Bible 6915:left 6913:and 6903:and 6753:and 6751:Neo- 6518:Dort 6503:Knox 6349:Wars 5941:and 5897:and 5890:Wars 5547:Acts 5462:21st 5457:20th 5452:19th 5447:18th 5442:17th 5437:16th 5432:15th 5427:14th 5422:13th 5417:12th 5412:11th 5407:10th 4569:Late 4493:High 3773:ISBN 3641:ISBN 3468:2018 3442:2018 3413:2018 3363:2018 3321:ISBN 3274:John 2845:and 2643:The 2607:and 2559:and 2551:and 2531:was 2516:and 2429:and 2348:and 2280:and 2149:and 1964:Lent 1898:and 1709:and 1582:and 1536:Mark 1527:John 1479:and 1416:The 1341:, a 1191:and 6460:Art 6318:and 6293:Hus 5856:Art 5402:9th 5397:8th 5392:7th 5387:6th 5382:5th 5377:4th 5367:1st 4416:and 3950:of 3106:," 2957:," 2323:to 2197:in 1882:In 1840:at 1554:by 1401:in 1163:by 6987:: 5782:/ 5638:/ 3798:^ 3741:^ 3710:^ 3655:^ 3633:, 3578:. 3564:^ 3483:. 3459:. 3433:. 3415:. 3404:. 3365:. 3354:. 3289:^ 3255:, 3247:, 3193:, 3150:, 3082:, 2966:^ 2875:. 2802:, 2677:. 2626:, 2603:, 2547:, 2456:. 2433:. 2425:, 2421:, 2417:, 2413:, 2409:, 2405:, 2401:, 2397:, 2393:, 2381:. 2247:, 2243:, 2239:, 2142:. 2124:, 1848:. 1825:, 1810:. 1726:. 1713:. 1607:. 1595:, 1520:: 1513:is 1467:, 1269:. 1202:, 25:on 5699:) 5695:( 5327:e 5320:t 5313:v 3940:e 3933:t 3926:v 3781:. 3649:. 3507:. 3470:. 3444:. 3327:. 3306:. 3284:. 3238:" 3123:. 2953:" 2829:. 2586:. 2086:. 1525:( 1137:e 1130:t 1123:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index