History of Mangalorean Catholics

319: 666:. In February 1768, the English captured Mangalore from Hyder. The Portuguese had offered to help Hyder against the English. But when the Portuguese betrayed Hyder, he directed his anger towards the Mangalorean Catholics, who had been converted to Christianity by the Portuguese. Towards the end of 1768, Hyder defeated the English and captured Mangalore fort, where the Mangalorean Catholics were taking refuge. Around 15,675 of them were taken as prisoners to Mysore by Hyder. Only 204 returned; the rest died, were killed, or converted to Islam. After Hyder's death in the 783: 977:. Till 1930 it was boom time when educated young Mangalorean Catholic men were drawn to Bombay from Mangalore in search of lucrative employment. The lower working class received no support from those of the upper class of their community in Bombay, Westernisation of habits and the rejection of the mother tongue was the reason for a sharp cleavage between the two classes. In 1930s, the profession taken up by the lower classes were as taxi drivers and fitters and as domestic service in homes. The men lived in 674:. The Mangalorean Catholics helped the British in the fort by providing them rice, vegetables, and money. Tippu decided to come down heavily upon these Christians for providing aid to the British. On 20 May 1783, Tippu Sultan laid siege to the Mangalore fort, where the Mangalorean Catholics and English army were taking refuge. The fort was finally delivered to Tippu when the British capitulated it on 30 January 1784. More than 5,600 Mangalorean Catholics, who were condemned for treachery, were killed. 456:(holy basil). Those Christians who were not prepared to give up completely their former Hindu practices were declared heretics and apostates and could be condemned to death. But some Christians of Goa were attached to some of their ancient Hindu customs, and refused to abandon them. Consequently, they lived in constant danger for their lives. Those who refused to comply with the rules laid down by the Inquisition were forced to leave Goa and to settle outside the Portuguese dominion. 853: 849:). Seventeen churches which were earlier destroyed by Tippu were rebuilt. After relocation, the community prospered under the British, and the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa commenced again. Regarding the Christians, Stokes mentioned, "They have raised themselves to a name unquestionably the most respectable in every situation in which they move in Kanara, whether as holding high public". The Mangalorean Catholics gradually prospered under the British. 689: 543: 1131:, p. xiii: "Originating, so far as is known, from the banks of the legendary Sarasvati river, some members of this group moved south towards the Konkan coast and Goa, others moved east towards Bengal. Linguistic research provides ample evidence of the common origin of the two groups. It is from these two groups that the ancestry of the modern Mangalorean Catholic community derives." 1026:, p. xiii: "In fact the Aryan inheritance and the Lusitanian legacy may be regarded as the first two of the three major eras in the history of our community, the third and final era being the southward migration to Mangalore and other parts of Kanara between the mid 16th and mid 18th centuries, and the subsequent growth and development of the fledgling community." 909:. The Mangalore Mission was then transferred to the French Carmelites by a Bull dated 3 January 1870. During the regime of Carmelites, the Mangalorean Catholics constantly sent memorandums to the Holy See to send Jesuits to Mangalore to start institutions for higher education, since the youth frequently had to go to Bombay and Madras for educational purposes. The 315:

observations. According to Historian Severine Silva, no concrete evidence has yet been found that there were any permanent settlements of Christians in South Canara before the 16th century. Even if it is assumed that Christianity existed in South Canara before the arrival of the Portuguese, the Christian community must have disappeared by 1498.

829:. He took active part in the re-establishment of their former possessions and recovery of their estates. He constructed a church for them, which was completed in 1806. Their population almost doubled in 1818. According to various parish books existing that time, Mangalorean Catholics numbered 19,068 in South Canara (12,877 in 493:." Later, this was identified as a probable mistake and should have read "8,000". However even this figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa. Christians were also recruited into the armies of the Bednore dynasty. In the 15th and 16th centuries following the migration, local upper-caste Hindus like the 437:

introduced by the Portuguese in 1560 aimed to eradicate all Hindu practices from the lives of the native converts. The Inquisition characterised any vestige of Hinduism as heretical. Christian converts were banned from using Hindu names, attending any Hindu ceremonies including weddings, engaging the

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in Canara, as Krishnadevaraya had granted commercial privileges to the Portuguese on the Canara coast and there was complete freedom of worship, belief and propagation of religious tenets in the Vijaynagara Empire. It was easy for the Portuguese to send re-inforcements of missionaries to the existing

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Michael Lobo, the present Mangalorean Catholic community is descended almost entirely from this small group of survivors. Later, the British took over South Canara. In 1800, they took a census of the region. Of the 396,672 people living in South Canara, 10,877 were Christians. Padre José Miguel

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after his return from Seringapatam, 20,000 of them (one-third) died on the march to Seringapatam due to hunger, disease and ill treatment by the soldiers. Those who resisted were thrown down from the Jamalabad fort route. According to James Scurry, a British officer, who was held captive along

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dated 3 November 1534. The Franciscan friar, Father John of Albuquerque, became the first Bishop of Goa in 1537. In 1534, Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa, where the Portuguese had a strong presence. Missionaries soon arrived and gained converts. The number

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based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay. The bicentenary anniversary of the release from captivity was widely celebrated on 4 May 1999 by the Mangalorean Catholic community. Five Catholics walked from Seringapatam to Mangalore to retrace the

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in 1328. About 1493, a cross was caught in the net by some fishermen off Mangalore. It was made of Olive wood, well finished and one span and a half in length, indicating the possibility of a Christian community in Mangalore. Some crosses painted black and red were discovered by the Portuguese in

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due to sand deposition and river piracy. Due to the harshness in their native environments, several Indo-Aryan groups migrated to various different locations across India. According to Historian Alan Machado Prabhu, the modern Mangalorean Catholic community is mainly descended from two Indo-Aryan

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in North Canara. According to Paulo da Trinidade, they appeared to have belonged to a chapel or church of Christians. It is difficult to say whether these findings were Christian crosses or some other objects which looked like crosses and actually were instruments used by Hindus for astronomical

897:. The parishes in South Canara were divided into two groups — one under Goa and the other under Verapoly. Under the leadership of Joachim Pius Noronha, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, and John Joseph Saldanha, a Mangalorean Catholic judge, the Mangalorean Catholics sent a petition to the 760:

with Mangalorean Catholics, 30,000 of them were captured. The young women and girls were forcibly made wives of the Muslims living there. The young men who offered resistance were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears and paraded in the city. According to Mr. Silva of

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It is interesting and instructive, in this light, to view the rituals and practices of Mangalorean Catholics. These Catholics of South fled from Goa (mainly from its northern districts) in successive waves. A large number fled to escape the scrutiny of the Inquisition. Among them the ritual

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and the Canara coast in the 13th century. It can be surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting the coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce and possibly some Christian priests might have accompanied them for evangelistic work. In April 1321, the French

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missionaries. These missionaries under the leadership of Henrique Soares de Coimbra converted 22 or 23 natives to Christianity in the Mangalore region. On 19 November 1502, some Christians of Mangalore and other interior places went with presents to meet Vasco da Gama, who was in

386:. During the rule of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, a regular mission was established in Mangalore by some Franciscans who came from Goa, where they had been established in 1517. The Portuguese Franciscans slowly started spreading Christianity in Mangalore. On 31 January 1533, the 1838:

of the number succumbed before the party reached Seringapatam. This account of the siege and captivity of the Kanara Catholics is taken from old Kanarese manuscript written by a Catholic of the Barkur Taluka after his return from Seringapatam at the defeat and death of

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was in turmoil, Antonio Feliciano de Santa Rita Carvalho, a Portuguese priest, was appointed Archbishop-elect of Goa in September 1836 without authorization from the Pope. Many Mangalorean Catholics did not accept the leadership of Carvalho but instead submitted to the

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gained possession of Mangalore in January 1784, he issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates, and deport them to Seringapatam. They had to suffer extreme hardships, torture, death by execution, and other kinds of persecution during the

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Hindus of the same castes as them, who like the Christians were refugees from Goa. The Christians would invite these Hindu relatives and neighbours to festivities and ceremonies such as births, weddings& funerals, and the Hindus used to accept such invitations.

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wrested control of the Confederacy. The onslaught of Sambhaji, along the northern parts of Goa drove many Christians from their hometowns and villages, most of them migrated to South Canara. This migration is referred as the "Third Wave of Migration". From the

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area of Goa, Jesuit priests estimated that 12,000 Christians emigrated from Goa between 1710 and 1712, most of them going southward. A Portuguese era annul of 1747 presently in the Panjim archives recorded that around 5,000 Christians fled from the Bardes and

949:, which is considered to be an important landmark in the community's history. In 1901, Mangalorean Catholics accounted for 76,000 of the total 84,103 Christians in South Canara., while in 1962, they numbered 186,741. During the mid-nineteenth century, 805:, the Mangalorean Catholics were freed from his captivity. Of the 60,000-80,000 Mangalorean Catholics taken captive, only 15,000-20,000 made it out as Christians. After deliverance from captivity, while returning home to South Canara the King of 1425:

A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar: For the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce, the Religion, Manners, and Customs, the History Natural and Civil, and

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Luis de Mendes, a Goan Catholic priest, was appointed Vicar of Our Lady of Rosary at Mangalore on 7 December 1799. He took a lot of interest in the re-establishment of the community from 1799 to 1808. Later, British general

565:. The Bijapur sultans were especially known for their loathing of Christianity. Fearing persecution, many Catholics from Goa migrated to South Canara. This migration is referred as the "Second Wave of Migration". The 2997:

A Gazetteer of the World: Or, Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge, Compiled from the Most Recent Authorities, and Forming a Complete Body of Modern Geography — Physical, Political, Statistical, Historical, and

1117:) and due to river piracy (Yamuna captured Sarasvati at PaontaSaheb and carried her to Prayag, Allahabad to join the Ganga; hence the myth of the sangamam of the three rivers, Sarasvati, Yamuna and Ganga). 411:, the Queen of the Bednore dynasty. The first battle between Abbakka Rani and the Portuguese was fought in 1546, where she emerged victorious, and succeeded in driving the Portuguese out of South Canara. 92:

identity, and the subsequent growth and development of the community. Four centuries of living in South Canara gave these Catholics an identity of their own, distinct from Goans and Bombay East Indians.

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Under the provisional treaties between the Portuguese and the Bednore rulers, the Christians were allowed to build churches and help the growth of Christianity in South Canara. In 1568, the Church of

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in 1784, Tippu gained control of Canara. He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates, and deport them to Seringapatam, the capital of his empire, through the

764:, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, the punishment under the orders of Tipu was the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet and one hand. 465:, areca nuts, rice and flowers, continue to be employed in domestic celebrations and the pattern of ritual practices appears much more resemble forms described in the Inquisitorial edict. 96:

Roman Catholics from Goa migrated to Mangalore in three major waves, the first after 1560, the second after 1570, and the third in about 1683. The first wave of migrants left due to the

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castes, who were largely self-sufficient in South Canara, also never associated themselves with the Christians. More social contacts and cultural exchanges were however maintained with

719:, a Scottish soldier and the first collector of Canara, around 60,000 of them, nearly 92 percent of the entire Christian community of Canara, were captured, only 7,000 escaped. 366:. As it was not possible for the Portuguese to enter Canara with Krishnadevaraya as ruler, a Portuguese alliance with Krishnadevaraya was the only way to enter Canara. Even before 723:

gives the numbers as 70,000 captured, from a population of 80,000, with 10,000 escaping. They were forced to climb nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) through the dense jungles and

535:(St. Francis of Assisi) at Farangipet were also erected by the Portuguese during the same time in South Canara. These three churches were highlighted by the Italian traveller 2213: 475:

The Christians who left Goa were skilled cultivators who abandoned their irrigated fields in search of peace and freedom. At the time of migration, Canara was ruled by the

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King Shivappa Naik (1540–60). He evinced great interest in the development of agriculture in his empire and welcomed these farmers to fertile lands. This was confirmed by

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The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818

1005: 354:. These Christian ambassadors told da Gama that they had their bishops and all of them said mass. They also told him that they undertook pilgrimages to the sepulcher of 983:

mainly in Central and South Bombay. There were about 400 Mangalorean Catholics then in Bombay. The first Mangalorean Catholic to settle down in Madras in the 1940s was

643:, because it kept Sambhaji busy, and some 10,000 Christians returned to Goa. According to Alan Machado Prabhu, the Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by 1765. 141:. Of the 60,000-80,000 Christians taken captive, only 15,000-20,000 made it out alive as Christians. The captivity ended with the defeat and death of Tippu at the 1881:(Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severino da Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74: 2373: 187:, and some came by themselves, while others came with their leaders in search of territorial expansions. The Saraswati river dried up in long stretches around 1500 236: 876:

brought many handicraft and tile-manufacturing industries to the region and led to a large-scale rise in employment. In 1836–7, when the political situation in

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article, written by Joe Lobo, the President of the Goan Catholic Association in Florida. This article has been borrowed mainly from Alan Machado's above book.

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halted the activity of the Portuguese and gradually the Portuguese were unable to send the required number of missionaries to Mangalore. The attacks of the

487:(1807), he stated that "The princes of the house of Ikeri had given great encouragement to the Christians, and had induced 80,000 of them to settle in 894: 318: 497:

ignored the Christians. On account of their change of religion, they refused to associate with them and did not admit them into their houses. The Tulu

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South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta

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Brahmins. It was estimated that during the Maratha raids on Goa, about 60,000 Christians migrated to South Canara. The migration slowed during the

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The Captivity, Sufferings, and Escape of James Scurry, who was Detained a Prisoner During Ten Years, in the Dominions of Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib

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It was only after the advent of the Portuguese in the region that Christianity began to be propagated. In 1498, the Portuguese explorer

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of local converts in South Canara started increasing. During the mid–16th century, the Portuguese faced resistance from

2183: 1995: 1878: 707:, which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history. Soon after the 531: 2730: 562: 2221: 3251: 3180: 822: 801:

on 4 May 1799, the British stormed the fortress, breached the town of Seringapatam, and killed Tippu. After his death in the

2276: 338: 253: 183:. That is the Goud Saraswath Brahmins. Most historians agree that the Aryans descended into India from what is present-day 2738:

Hunter, William Wilson; James Sutherland Cotton; Richard Burn; William Stevenson Meyer; Great Britain India Office (1909).

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278 km route that Tippu Sultan forced the Christians to take in 1784. The commemorative march ended on 11 May at the

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The Indo-Aryans are thought to have first migrated to Goa beginning in 600 BCE, and continuing in several waves until 400

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that caused the drying up of the Sarasvati. Also, the various invasions and the political upheavals that followed in the

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route. It was 210 miles (340 km) from Mangalore to Seringapatam, and the journey took six weeks. According to the

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in 1784. Hence, it is not known when exactly Christianity was introduced in South Canara, although it is possible that

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During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and Mangalore, after introduction of ships by the

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in 1840 to establish Mangalore as a separate Vicariate to ward off the differences. Conceding to their request,

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Konknni Huminnyom (Konkani Riddles): an Anthropological Analysis of the Konkany Riddles of Mangalore Catholics

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Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia: Papers from the Proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable

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offered the Mangalorean Catholics safe stay in their lands and many of them settled in Coorg. British general

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All records of an early existence of Christians in South Canara were lost at the time of their deportation by

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Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times

1004:. Events related to Mangalorean Catholics that took place in Mangalore, and made national headlines were the 2448: 2429: 802: 667: 420: 342: 322: 269: 65: 1810: 2634: 798: 367: 216: 162: 142: 910: 622:

area of Goa, according to one estimate, emigrations were around at the rate of 2,000 annually. From the

172: 613:, a town north of Goa, and began his campaign for Goa. After Shivaji's death on 3 April 1680, his son 1804: 922: 602: 107: 89: 21: 3094: 2161: 2639:

Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat

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played an important role in education, health, and social welfare of the community and built the

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landed on a group of islands in South Canara on his voyage from Portugal to India. He named them

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route. The account of the number of captives differ ranging from 30000 to 80,000. According to

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Hindu and Christian in South-east India: Aspects of Religious Continuity and Change, 1800-1900

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to honour the memory of Mangalorean Catholic martyrs who died on the march and during their

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helped 10,000 of them return to South Canara and resettle on their lands. According to the

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Mangaloreans World-wide: An International Directory of the Mangalorean Catholic Community

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Many of the Goan ancestors of the present Mangalorean Catholics fled Goa because of the

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in December 1782, the British captured the fort again. Hyder was succeeded by his son

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comprises three major eras. The first era consists of the cultural heritage shaped by

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established Mangalore as a separate Vicariate on 17 February 1845 under the Verapoly

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Dimensions of Sociolinguistics in South Asia: Papers in Memory of Gerald B. Kelley

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Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the Struggle with the Musalman Powers of the South

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Pious Society of St. Paul & Catholic Church Bishops' Conference of India 1962

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in 1763. From 1766 to 1772, Hyder Ali took de facto control of the throne of the

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route. Mangalorean Catholics had traveled through this route on their way to

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on Goa, during the mid 17th century, was also a cause of migration. In 1664,

223:. They also claim their origin to the Brahmins who lived on the banks of the 120:& political upheavals. The third and last wave resulted from the violent 3192:

compiled from official and authentic documents by Lieutenant Colonel Gurwood

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converted 22 or 23 natives to Christianity in the Mangalore region in 1500

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A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar

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Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast

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Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources

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Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: An Anthology: Surveys and Poems

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in 1884, and many other institutions and churches. On 25 January 1887,

930: 834: 663: 628: 606: 515:(Our Lady of the Rosary of Mangalore) was erected by the Portuguese at 298: 281: 3134:

Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold; Wright, Playne (2004).

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of Severac (in south-western France) with four other friars landed at

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Kanjamala, Augustine; Commission for Proclamation and Communication (

996: 970: 926: 846: 756: 744: 724: 636: 623: 590: 555: 483:, a Scottish physician, when he visited Canara in 1801. In his book, 351: 306: 280:

recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the

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The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein

2352:"Mangalorean Catholics commemorate bicentenary of their liberation" 470:

Popular Christianity: A Case Study among the Catholics of Mangalore

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1505 while digging up for laying the foundation for a fortress at

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are believed to have migrated to Goa later around 300 CE from the

2447:. Karnataka State Gazetteer. Vol. 12. Gazetteer Department ( 2428:. Karnataka State Gazetteer. Vol. 12. Gazetteer Department ( 1971:"Mangalore Catholics commemorate bicentenary of their liberation" 358:. During the early part of the 16th century, Canara was ruled by 3056:"The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara (India)" 550:, one of the oldest churches in South Canara, was built in 1680. 184: 166: 893:, while some of them continued to be under the jurisdiction of 375:

trading posts in Canara to advance the work of evangelisation.

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between the mid-16th and mid-18th centuries, forming a unique

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The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India

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Shastry, Bhagamandala Seetharama; Borges, Charles J. (2000).

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Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians

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Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians

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The river dried up in long stretches due to sand deposition (

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Kelley, Gerald B.; Edward C. Dimock; Braj B. Kachru (1992).

1355:(2, reprint, illustrated ed.). JHU Press. p. 188. 128:'s regime, the community had flourished. Soon after his son 929:, who reached Mangalore on 31 December 1878. The Italian 345:, a Portuguese explorer, arrived at Anjediva with eight 2708:

Minorities on India's West Coast: History & Society

2374:"Mangalore shut as Christians protest attack on church" 1879:

Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangolim

1380:. Xavier Centre of historical research studies series. 2725:

Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture (1983).

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The Portuguese empire, 1415-1808: a world on the move

1619:"Jubilee celebrations at Milagres Church on Tuesday" 3017:A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 2339:Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture 1983 684:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 953:, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, erected a large 921:handed over the Mangalore mission to the Italian 305:, a port town on the coastal route from Thana to 2152:"College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary" 276:, a state south of Canara. The Italian traveler 221:Saraswati River settlement in present-day Bengal 56:might be responsible for migration to Konkan in 3163:Wellesley, Arthur (Arthur Wellesley Wellington) 1006:attacks on Christian churches in September 2008 438:services of a Hindu doctor or midwife, wearing 370:'s conquest of Goa in 1510, the Portuguese had 256:in South Canara, where the Portuguese explorer 237:Ancient Christianity in the Indian Subcontinent 171:Traditional accounts of the ancestral roots of 76:, and the final era being the migration of the 1428:. Asian Educational Services. pp. 23–24. 609:, the founder of the Maratha empire, attacked 1293: 1223: 1208: 1103:. Sarasvati Sindhu Research Centre. p. 3 789:, a British officer, discovering the body of 461:substances banned by the Inquisition such as 175:have taught that they are descended from the 8: 2623:Catholic Church Bishops' Conference of India 1572:. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 864:in 1884, during the Mangalore Mission (1878) 272:settled in South Canara just as they did in 2514:. 2. Vol. 24. Asian Folklore Studies, 2354:. Union of Catholic Asian News. 26 May 1999 1973:. Union of Catholic Asian News. 26 May 1999 1789: 1787: 1376:Borges, Charles J.; Stubbe, Hannes (2000). 1098:"Sarasvati RIver (circa 3000 to 1500 B.C.)" 137:, in which many were forcibly converted to 2484:Goa-Kanara Portuguese relations, 1498-1763 860:in Mangalore, built by the Italian Jesuit 703:The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at 179:who lived on the banks of the now extinct 2876:. Mangalore: Asian Educational Services. 2848:. Mangalore: Asian Educational Services. 2681:Rural Industrialisation in Backward Areas 1378:Goa and Portugal: history and development 2562:Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology 2451:). 1973. pp. 86–125. Archived from 1893: 1891: 1702: 1700: 1687: 1685: 1447: 1445: 1277: 1275: 1219: 1217: 1204: 1202: 631:areas of Goa during the invasion of the 204:region; and the group which migrated to 200:groups: the group which migrated to the 3199:"Sufferings of the Canarese Christians" 2870:Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (2001). 2842:Maffei, Angelus Francis Xavier (2003). 2757:James Scurry; William Whiteway (1824). 1801:Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd. 1162: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1016: 106:, a punishable offence for converts to 2413:. Church History Association of India. 2326: 2314: 2273:The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2078: 1831: 1771: 1769: 1617:Raviprasad Kamila (30 November 2005). 1583: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1476:Raviprasad Kamila (27 November 2004). 1403: 1401: 1266: 1262: 1260: 1189: 1187: 1079: 1077: 1035: 991:Independent India (1947–present) 2248:Catholic Bishops' Conference of India 2017: 2015: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1054:Catholic Bishops' Conference of India 868:The opening of the Protestant German 512:Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore 66:conversion of their Konkani ancestors 7: 3205:. Vol. CIII. F. Jefferies. 1833 2545:. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. 2411:The Christian Impact in South Kanara 2091:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 1719:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 1707:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 1692:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 1452:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 1382:Xavier Centre of Historical Research 1282:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 1167:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973 957:at former outskirts of Mangalore in 382:, the Portuguese took possession of 112:The second wave left Goa because of 2579:Baptista, Elsie Wilhelmina (1967). 2382:. 15 September 2008. Archived from 1915:"Canara Catholics In Freedom Quest" 122:Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay 60:. The second era was the legacy of 40:) and other prominent areas of the 1919:Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore 1913:John B Monteiro (15 August 2006). 429:Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein 378:In 1526, under the viceroyship of 337:, which later came to be known as 241:pre-Portuguese Christianity in Goa 14: 3119:History of Christianity in Canara 3014:Saradesaya, Manohararaya (2000). 2583:. Bombay East Indian Association. 1947:. Indian Catholic. Archived from 1883:History of Christianity in Canara 1096:Kalyanaraman, S. (October 1997). 967:15-year captivity at Seringapatam 539:, who visited Mangalore in 1623. 522:Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala 3257:History of Christianity in India 2656:. Vol. I. Sahitya Akademi. 2627:The Catholic Directory for India 2218:St. Aloysius College (Mangalore) 2188:St. Aloysius College (Mangalore) 2160:. 8 January 2004. Archived from 1627:. Chennai, India. Archived from 1486:. Chennai, India. Archived from 1328:. Chennai, India. Archived from 1320:"Abbakka's legacy being revived" 1236:Kamath, J. (16 September 2002). 569:, one of the oldest churches in 18:History of Mangalorean Catholics 2982:Pai, C. C. A.; Supriya (1981). 2741:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 2445:South Kanara District Gazetteer 2426:South Kanara District Gazetteer 1794:Pereira, Maxwell (3 May 1999). 1351:Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1998). 1318:Raghuram, M (23 October 2007). 1058:Paths of mission in India today 755:by a Mangalorean Catholic from 519:in Mangalore. The Churches of 3171:. Vol. 1 (New ed.). 3140:. Asian Educational Services. 3039:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2486:. Concept Publishing Company. 823:John Goldsborough Ravenshaw II 573:, was built in 1680 by Bishop 362:(1509–1529), the ruler of the 1: 2731:St. Xavier's College (Bombay) 2594:. IDARAH-I ADABIYAT-I DELLI. 2463:Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). 2034:The Gentleman's Magazine 1833 1992:A Gazetteer of the World 1856 1898:Wellington & Gurwood 1834 1746:The Gentleman's Magazine 1833 1522:Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). 1060:. St Pauls BYB. p. 160. 768:British era (1799–1947) 641:Moghul-Mahratta War in Konkan 532:São Francisco de Assis Igreja 54:northwest Indian subcontinent 3035:Sen, Colleen Taylor (2004). 2926:Nair, P. Thankappan (2004). 2901:Theory and Practice of Tabla 2898:Naimpalli, Sadanand (2005). 2780:. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. 2560:Ayyappapanicker, K. (1997). 2184:"About St. Aloysius College" 1002:Rosario Cathedral, Mangalore 581:priest who was appointed by 74:Portuguese in Goa and Bombay 2973:Oddie, Geoffrey A. (1991). 2945:Oddie, Geoffrey A. (1991). 2645:: Government Central Press. 2621:Pious Society of St. Paul; 1566:"Christianity in Mangalore" 825:was appointed collector of 394:, and confirmed in 1534 by 3273: 2992:Royal Geographical Society 2873:English-konkani Dictionary 2588:Bowring, Lewin B. (1893). 2299: 1864:Scurry & Whiteway 1824 1849:Scurry & Whiteway 1824 951:Bishop Victor R. Fernandes 919:Brief of 27 September 1878 913:studied the situation and 771: 731:mountain ranges along the 681: 595:English East India Company 418: 234: 152: 32:), later the migration to 2250:(C.B.C.I). Archived from 1590:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1294:Shastry & Borges 2000 1238:"Where rocks tell a tale" 1224:Shastry & Borges 2000 1209:Shastry & Borges 2000 774:British occupation of Goa 678:Captivity at Seringapatam 390:was created by a bull of 372:factories (trading posts) 191:, when its source in the 3203:The Gentleman's Magazine 3117:Silva, Severine (1961). 2994:(Great Britain) (1856). 2801:. Multilingual Matters. 2710:. Kalinga Publications. 2706:Gupta, Anirudha (1991). 2629:. St. Paul Publications. 2432:). 1973. pp. 33–85. 2338: 2287: 2272: 2064:The Oriental Herald 1824 2049:The Oriental Herald 1824 2006: 1991: 1945:"The Konkani Christians" 1897: 1863: 1848: 1776:The Oriental Herald 1824 1760: 1718: 1706: 1691: 1676: 1661: 1649: 1305: 1281: 1193: 1178: 1128: 1083: 1023: 599:Dutch East India company 335:El Padron de Santa Maria 245:Persian Crosses in India 3165:; John Gurwood (1834). 3129:: Star of Kanara Press. 2795:Kurzon, Dennis (2003). 2467:. I.J.A. Publications. 2449:Government of Karnataka 2430:Government of Karnataka 2409:Farias, Kranti (1999). 2090: 2063: 2048: 2033: 2021: 1775: 1745: 1526:. I.J.A. Publications. 1451: 1243:The Hindu Business Line 1166: 979: 803:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 668:Second Anglo-Mysore War 421:Christianisation of Goa 297:. He then travelled to 72:in the colonies of the 3063:Asian Folklore Studies 2827:. Camelot Publishers. 2823:Lobo, Michael (1999). 2650:George, K. M. (1992). 2007:Pai & Supriya 1981 1730: 1605:Silva & Fuchs 1965 1604: 1464:Silva & Fuchs 1965 1463: 1408:Silva & Fuchs 1965 1407: 1148:Silva & Fuchs 1965 1147: 865: 799:Battle of Seringapatam 794: 700: 551: 525:(Our Lady of Mercy of 473: 368:Alfonso de Albuquerque 326: 261: 217:Goud Saraswat Brahmins 195:got diverted into the 163:Gaud Saraswat Brahmins 143:Battle of Seringapatam 78:Roman Catholics in Goa 3252:Mangalorean Catholics 3054:D'Sa, Victor (1972). 3037:Food Culture in India 2904:. Popular Prakashan. 2678:Giriappa, S. (1994). 1796:"We the Mangaloreans" 1040:Mangalorean Catholics 911:Roman Catholic Church 855: 785: 691: 593:. The arrival of the 545: 458: 321: 252: 173:Mangalorean Catholics 3247:History of Mangalore 2386:on 17 September 2008 1834:, p. 74: "More than 1805:Indian Express Group 1570:Diocese of Mangalore 1540:Sarasvati's Children 1538:Contents taken from 947:Diocese of Mangalore 935:St. Aloysius College 603:Mahratta Confederacy 563:attacked Goa in 1571 343:Pedro Álvares Cabral 323:Pedro Álvares Cabral 124:. Until the time of 108:Western Christianity 90:Mangalorean Catholic 44:, possibly due to a 22:Indo-Aryan migration 3223:. Vol. 3. 1824 3220:The Oriental Herald 3020:. Sahitya Akademi. 2986:. Satabdi Prakasan. 2564:. Sahitya Akademi. 2244:"Mangalore Diocese" 2224:on 28 December 2008 1478:"The holy heritage" 1332:on 26 February 2012 709:Treaty of Mangalore 415:Migrations from Goa 380:Lopo Vaz de Sampaio 364:Vijayanagara Empire 84:and other parts of 2635:Forrest, George W. 2254:on 23 October 2008 1631:on 3 November 2012 1490:on 3 November 2012 939:St Aloysius Chapel 866: 858:St Aloysius Chapel 795: 701: 577:, a Goan Catholic 552: 537:Pietro Della Valle 468:— A.P.L. D'Souza, 327: 262: 159:Christian Cxatrias 155:Christian Brahmins 62:Lusitanian culture 3071:Nanzan University 2958:978-0-913215-55-5 2930:. Punthi Pustak. 2855:978-81-206-0087-4 2845:A Konkani Grammar 2787:978-81-204-0573-8 2744:. Clarendon Press 2663:978-81-7201-324-0 2608:on 17 August 2011 2601:978-81-206-1299-0 2552:978-81-208-1765-4 2529:on 20 March 2012. 2522:). Archived from 2516:Nanzan University 2501:Silva, Severine; 2493:978-81-7022-848-6 2474:978-81-86778-25-8 2458:on 25 March 2009. 2164:on 20 August 2009 1951:on 15 August 2009 1925:on 25 August 2009 1813:on 15 August 2009 1533:978-81-86778-25-8 1421:Buchanan, Francis 1391:978-81-7022-867-7 1362:978-0-8018-5955-7 1067:978-81-7109-286-4 749:Barkur Manuscript 339:St Mary's Islands 291:Jordanus Catalani 270:Syrian Christians 254:St Mary's Islands 231:Pre-migration era 70:Roman Catholicism 3264: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3194: 3189: 3187: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3130: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3103: 3093:. Archived from 3060: 3050: 3031: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2941: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2838: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2791: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2734: 2729:. Vol. 20. 2721: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2646: 2630: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2604:. Archived from 2584: 2575: 2556: 2530: 2528: 2513: 2497: 2478: 2459: 2457: 2442: 2433: 2423: 2414: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2279: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2220:. Archived from 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2190:. Archived from 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2061: 2055: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1921:. Archived from 1910: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1876: 1870: 1861: 1855: 1846: 1840: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1809:. Archived from 1791: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1689: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1562: 1543: 1537: 1519: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1473: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1396: 1395: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1270: 1264: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1212: 1206: 1197: 1191: 1182: 1176: 1170: 1164: 1151: 1145: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1049: 1043: 1033: 1027: 1021: 982: 945:established the 903:Pope Gregory XVI 862:Antonio Moscheni 811:Arthur Wellesley 721:Francis Buchanan 575:Thomas de Castro 481:Francis Buchanan 400:Aequum Reputamus 392:Pope Clement VII 111: 102:made the use of 98:Goan Inquisition 46:natural disaster 3272: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3226: 3224: 3217: 3208: 3206: 3197: 3185: 3183: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3133: 3121:. Vol. I. 3116: 3107: 3105: 3104:on 22 July 2011 3097: 3083:10.2307/1177538 3058: 3053: 3047: 3034: 3028: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2869: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2835: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2788: 2775: 2766: 2764: 2756: 2747: 2745: 2737: 2724: 2718: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2641:. Vol. 2. 2633: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2602: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2559: 2553: 2537:; R. S. Gupta; 2533: 2526: 2511: 2500: 2494: 2481: 2475: 2462: 2455: 2440: 2436: 2421: 2417: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2325: 2321: 2313: 2309: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2282: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2242: 2241: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2062: 2058: 2047: 2043: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1954: 1952: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1896: 1889: 1877: 1873: 1862: 1858: 1847: 1843: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1793: 1792: 1785: 1774: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1740: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1698: 1690: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1546: 1534: 1521: 1520: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1475: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1443: 1436: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1384:. p. 314. 1375: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1304: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1273: 1265: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1200: 1192: 1185: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1154: 1146: 1135: 1127: 1123: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1034: 1030: 1022: 1018: 1014: 993: 883:Vicar Apostolic 780: 772:Main articles: 770: 686: 680: 664:Wodeyar dynasty 649: 587:Vicar Apostolic 567:Milagres Church 548:Milagres Church 450:, and planting 435:Goa Inquisition 431: 425:Goa Inquisition 419:Main articles: 417: 360:Krishnadevaraya 247: 235:Main articles: 233: 225:Saraswati River 181:Saraswati River 169: 153:Main articles: 151: 149:Ancestral roots 101: 30:Sarasvati river 12: 11: 5: 3270: 3268: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3215: 3195: 3159: 3146: 3131: 3114: 3051: 3045: 3032: 3026: 3011: 3001:. A. Fullarton 2998:Ethnographical 2988: 2979: 2970: 2957: 2942: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2895: 2882: 2867: 2854: 2839: 2833: 2820: 2807: 2792: 2786: 2773: 2754: 2735: 2722: 2716: 2703: 2690: 2684:. Daya books. 2675: 2662: 2647: 2631: 2618: 2600: 2585: 2576: 2570: 2557: 2551: 2531: 2503:Fuchs, Stephen 2498: 2492: 2479: 2473: 2460: 2434: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2397: 2365: 2343: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2292: 2280: 2265: 2235: 2214:"About Chapel" 2205: 2194:on 27 May 2008 2175: 2143: 2131: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2056: 2041: 2026: 2011: 1999: 1984: 1962: 1936: 1905: 1887: 1871: 1856: 1841: 1824: 1783: 1765: 1753: 1738: 1723: 1711: 1696: 1681: 1669: 1654: 1642: 1609: 1597: 1544: 1532: 1501: 1468: 1456: 1441: 1434: 1412: 1397: 1390: 1368: 1361: 1343: 1310: 1298: 1286: 1271: 1256: 1228: 1213: 1198: 1183: 1171: 1152: 1133: 1121: 1088: 1073: 1066: 1044: 1028: 1015: 1013: 1010: 992: 989: 987:Alexio Pinto. 778:British Bombay 769: 766: 713:Jamalabad fort 694:Jamalabad fort 682:Main article: 679: 676: 660:Mysore Kingdom 648: 645: 583:Pope Clement X 416: 413: 388:Diocese of Goa 260:landed in 1498 232: 229: 150: 147: 38:Portuguese Goa 28:(banks of the 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3269: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3222: 3221: 3216: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3182: 3178: 3177:Great Britain 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3149: 3147:81-206-1344-9 3143: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3046:0-313-32487-5 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3027:81-7201-664-6 3023: 3019: 3018: 3012: 3000: 2999: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2960: 2954: 2951:. Routledge. 2950: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2937:81-86791-50-7 2933: 2929: 2924: 2913: 2911:81-7991-149-7 2907: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2885: 2883:81-206-0626-4 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2857: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2834:81-87609-00-1 2830: 2826: 2821: 2810: 2808:1-85359-673-6 2804: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2762: 2761: 2755: 2743: 2742: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2717:81-85163-22-7 2713: 2709: 2704: 2693: 2691:81-7035-125-1 2687: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2665: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2571:81-260-0365-0 2567: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2539:Ayesha Kidwai 2536: 2532: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2401: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2379:Deccan Herald 2375: 2369: 2366: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2341:, p. 113 2340: 2335: 2332: 2329:, p. 295 2328: 2323: 2320: 2317:, p. 290 2316: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2290:, p. 127 2289: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2163: 2159: 2158: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2141:, p. 113 2140: 2135: 2132: 2129:, p. 108 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2093:, p. 103 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2024:, p. 165 2023: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2009:, p. 217 2008: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1763:, p. 231 1762: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679:, p. 167 1678: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1652:, p. 132 1651: 1646: 1643: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1525: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1454:, p. 102 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435:81-206-0386-9 1431: 1427: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1369: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1344: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1296:, p. 256 1295: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1229: 1226:, p. 255 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1211:, p. 254 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1169:, p. 101 1168: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1086:, p. xiv 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1007: 1003: 998: 990: 988: 986: 985:Dewan Bahadur 981: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943:Pope Leo XIII 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Pope Leo XIII 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 875: 871: 870:Basel Mission 863: 859: 854: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 793:on 4 May 1799 792: 788: 784: 779: 775: 767: 765: 763: 758: 754: 751:, written in 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 699: 695: 690: 685: 677: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 646: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 561: 557: 549: 544: 540: 538: 534: 533: 528: 524: 523: 518: 514: 513: 507: 504: 500: 496: 495:Tulu Brahmins 492: 491: 486: 482: 478: 472: 471: 466: 464: 457: 455: 454: 449: 448: 443: 442: 436: 430: 426: 422: 414: 412: 410: 406: 401: 397: 396:Pope Paul III 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331:Vasco Da Gama 324: 320: 316: 313: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 259: 258:Vasco Da Gama 255: 251: 246: 242: 238: 230: 228: 226: 222: 218: 214: 209: 207: 203: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 168: 164: 160: 156: 148: 146: 144: 140: 136: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 109: 105: 99: 94: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 58:Western India 55: 51: 50:pre-Partition 47: 43: 42:Konkan region 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 3225:. 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Fisher 2669:17 November 2535:Anvita Abbi 2327:Farias 1999 2315:Farias 1999 2302:, pp. 2228:5 September 2198:5 September 2139:Farias 1999 2127:Farias 1999 2115:Farias 1999 2103:Farias 1999 2079:Farias 1999 1832:Farias 1999 1733:, pp. 1662:Kurzon 2003 1607:, p. 9 1466:, p. 6 1426:Antiquities 1410:, p. 5 1267:Farias 1999 1150:, p. 4 1036:Farias 1999 963:Padav hills 872:of 1834 in 841:, 2,273 in 837:, 3,918 in 818:genealogist 815:Mangalorean 791:Tipu Sultan 787:David Baird 341:. In 1500, 177:Indo-Aryans 139:Sunni Islam 64:, from the 3241:Categories 3227:15 October 3209:15 October 3077:): 71–87. 3005:20 January 2977:. Manohar. 2964:15 October 2861:22 January 2814:5 December 2767:18 January 2697:31 January 2358:2 November 2288:Oddie 1991 2275:, p. 2258:5 December 2168:30 October 2066:, p. 2051:, p. 2036:, p. 2022:Silva 1961 1994:, p. 1977:2 November 1900:, p. 1866:, p. 1851:, p. 1778:, p. 1748:, p. 1664:, p. 1056:) (1997). 1012:References 907:Carmelites 891:Travancore 356:St. Thomas 347:Franciscan 278:Marco Polo 3108:11 August 2889:24 August 2748:7 January 2419:"History" 2157:The Hindu 1836:one third 1624:The Hindu 1494:23 August 1483:The Hindu 1423:(1988) . 1336:24 August 1325:The Hindu 975:Bangalore 937:in 1880, 874:Mangalore 843:Cundapore 831:Mangalore 733:Kulshekar 656:Mangalore 654:occupied 652:Hyder Ali 647:Hyder Ali 633:Mahrattas 384:Mangalore 287:Dominican 193:Himalayas 135:captivity 126:Hyder Ali 118:epidemics 82:Mangalore 24:into the 2637:(1887). 2625:(1972). 2541:(1997). 2505:(1965). 2438:"People" 1586:cite web 959:Nanthoor 899:Holy See 887:Verapoly 878:Portugal 762:Gangolim 753:Canarese 737:Virajpet 620:Salcette 615:Sambhaji 597:and the 579:theatine 312:Anjediva 145:(1799). 34:Govapuri 3153:18 June 3123:Coompta 3091:1177538 1955:1 March 1929:22 June 1885:(1965)) 1735:314–316 1635:1 March 1576:30 July 931:Jesuits 917:by the 847:Barcoor 835:Bantwal 797:In the 727:of the 629:Tiswadi 607:Shivaji 585:as the 560:Bijapur 503:Konkani 477:Bednore 299:Bhatkal 282:Red Sea 215:. The 114:famines 104:Konknni 3186:1 July 3173:London 3144: 3089: 3043: 3024: 2955: 2934: 2908: 2880: 2852: 2831: 2805: 2784: 2727:Indica 2714: 2688: 2660: 2643:Bombay 2612:20 May 2598: 2568: 2549: 2490: 2471: 1839:Tipu." 1817:1 June 1530: 1432: 1388: 1359: 1249:8 July 1107:8 July 1064: 997:London 971:Bombay 927:Naples 923:Jesuit 839:Moolki 757:Barkur 745:Mysore 725:gorges 637:Peshva 624:Bardes 591:Canara 556:Sultan 529:) and 490:Tuluva 447:cholis 441:dhotis 427:, and 352:Cochin 307:Quilon 289:friar 274:Kerala 243:, and 206:Bengal 202:Konkan 165:, and 3087:JSTOR 3075:Japan 3069:(1). 3065:. 1. 3059:(PDF) 2527:(PDF) 2520:Japan 2512:(PDF) 2456:(PDF) 2441:(PDF) 2422:(PDF) 1115:àndhi 1101:(PDF) 980:koods 961:near 955:cross 807:Coorg 741:Coorg 611:Kudal 527:Ullal 517:Bolar 453:tulsi 409:Ullal 295:Thana 100:that 36:(pre- 3229:2008 3211:2008 3188:2009 3155:2008 3142:ISBN 3110:2009 3041:ISBN 3022:ISBN 3007:2009 2966:2008 2953:ISBN 2932:ISBN 2919:2008 2906:ISBN 2891:2008 2878:ISBN 2863:2009 2850:ISBN 2829:ISBN 2816:2008 2803:ISBN 2782:ISBN 2769:2009 2750:2009 2712:ISBN 2699:2009 2686:ISBN 2671:2008 2658:ISBN 2614:2011 2596:ISBN 2566:ISBN 2547:ISBN 2488:ISBN 2469:ISBN 2392:2008 2360:2008 2260:2008 2230:2008 2200:2008 2170:2008 1979:2008 1957:2008 1931:2009 1819:2009 1637:2009 1592:link 1578:2008 1528:ISBN 1496:2008 1430:ISBN 1386:ISBN 1357:ISBN 1338:2008 1251:2008 1109:2008 1062:ISBN 973:and 856:The 845:and 833:and 776:and 692:The 635:and 554:The 546:The 499:Bunt 185:Iran 167:Arya 16:The 3100:PDF 3079:doi 2304:191 2277:360 2038:389 1996:254 1868:104 1853:103 1750:388 925:of 895:Goa 889:in 885:of 589:of 558:of 444:or 407:of 301:in 227:. 189:BCE 80:to 68:to 3243:: 3201:. 3190:. 3179:: 3175:, 3125:, 3085:. 3067:31 3061:. 2443:. 2424:. 2376:. 2246:. 2216:. 2186:. 2154:. 2068:16 2053:15 2014:^ 1917:. 1902:39 1890:^ 1798:. 1786:^ 1780:14 1768:^ 1699:^ 1684:^ 1666:77 1621:. 1588:}} 1584:{{ 1568:. 1547:^ 1504:^ 1480:. 1444:^ 1400:^ 1322:. 1274:^ 1259:^ 1240:. 1216:^ 1201:^ 1186:^ 1155:^ 1136:^ 1111:. 1076:^ 1042:." 1008:. 423:, 239:, 213:CE 208:. 161:, 157:, 116:, 3231:. 3213:. 3157:. 3112:. 3098:( 3081:: 3073:( 3049:. 3030:. 3009:. 2968:. 2940:. 2921:. 2893:. 2865:. 2837:. 2818:. 2790:. 2771:. 2752:. 2733:. 2720:. 2701:. 2673:. 2616:. 2574:. 2555:. 2518:( 2496:. 2477:. 2394:. 2362:. 2262:. 2232:. 2202:. 2172:. 1981:. 1959:. 1933:. 1821:. 1807:) 1803:( 1639:. 1594:) 1580:. 1536:. 1498:. 1438:. 1394:. 1365:. 1340:. 1253:. 1070:. 743:- 739:- 735:- 110:.

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