History of Marrakesh

2387:, known by the acronym CMA1. The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change) was established in 1992 when countries adopted the UNFCCC. In recent years, the secretariat also supports the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action, agreed by governments to signal that successful climate action requires strong support from a wide range of actors, including regions, cities, business, investors and all parts of civil society. Commencing six months ahead of the start of the UN Climate Change Conference in Marrakesh, construction work at the Bab Ighli site was launched. The site was composed of two zones. The “Blue Zone”, placed under the authority of the United Nations, and spanning 154,000 m2 and consisting notably of two plenary rooms, 30 conference and meeting rooms for negotiators and 10 meeting rooms reserved for observers. The second zone, the "Green Zone", was reserved for non-state actors, NGOs, private companies, state institutions and organizations, and local authorities within two areas (“civil society” and “innovations”) each measuring 12,000 m2. The area will also include spaces dedicated to exhibitions and restaurants. The total surface of the Bab Ighli site will be 223,647 m2 (more than 80,000 m2 covered by a roof). 2000:

their worth almost immediately, invading the Souss and driving the Hibists out of Taroudannt, forcing them up the mountains. Leopold Justinard organized a French column from Marrakesh in 1917 to put an end to the Hibist threat, but they faced such fierce resistance in the mountains, they were unable to make much headway. The Anti-Atlas, as well as other hard-to-access regions, would remain out of French hands for a while. Upon the death of Madani al-Glawi in 1918, Lyautey ignored the opportunity to chop away at the Glawi clan's power, characterized as increasingly tyrannical and unsavory by many other French officials, and instead promoted Thami's bid at the head of the Glawi clan and the undisputed "Lord of the Atlas", above all others. As rival Atlas qaids al-Mtouggi and al-Gundafi faded, Thami El Glaoui's only real challenger was his own rabidly anti-French nephew, Si Hammu, the son of al-Madani, who had inherited the al-Glawi family mountain holdings in

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al-Hiba's advance and prevent Marrakesh from falling. Through the private channels of the Marrakeshi banker Joshua Corcus, Lyautey entered into communication with the El Glaoui brothers, Madani and Thami. In the political wilderness since their dismissal in early 1911, the El Glaoui brothers sensed their handling of al-Hiba could serve as their ticket back to the top. They were unable to prevent the Hibists from taking Marrakesh and, pressed by them, Thami El Glaoui surrendered five of the six French officials residents in the city over to al-Hiba (retaining one for himself, to serve as a witness of his actions to the French authorities). Nonetheless, the El Glaoui brothers steadily fed the French authorities updates on the situation in Marrakesh and used their personal influence to lure wavering qaids away from the Hibist cause.

1888: 1973:(6 September 1912). Modern French artillery and machine guns practically massacred al-Hiba's poorly equipped army of partisans. Seeing the writing on the wall, most large lords - al-Mtouggi, Driss Menou, al-Goundafi even Haida al Mu'izz - had switched sides and abandoned al-Hiba, some before the battle, others immediately afterwards. As Mangin approached the city, on 7 September, the qaids, led by El Glaoui, pounced inside it, their loyalists overwhelming the Hibist garrisons, seizing hold of the hostages and driving al-Hiba and his remaining partisans out of Marrakesh. Having restored order inside the city, the qaids allowed the French column under Mangin to enter and take possession of Marrakesh, nominally in the name of sultan Yusuf, on 9 September 1912. 2015:, who remained as pasha of Marrakesh throughout nearly the entire French Protectorate period (1912-1956). El Glaoui collaborated intimately with the French authorities and used his formal power over Marrakesh to acquire vast properties in the city and region, accumulating a personal fortune reportedly greater than the sultan's own. El Glaoui's notorious corruption - he received a cut from practically every business in Marrakesh, including prostitution and drug-trafficking - was tolerated and almost even encouraged by the residents-general, for so long as had his hand in the till, El Glaoui had every incentive to maintain and prolong the state of affairs, making him a dependable client of the French authorities. 1768: 1053:. Initially poorly armed, the Saadian sharifs' military organization and strength improved with time. It was they who saved Marrakesh from the Portuguese attack of 1515. In 1518, the Sharifians finally defeated and killed the formidable client Yahya ibn Tafuft, soon followed by two of the Portuguese commanders. Via marabout networks among coastal tribes, from the Sous to Rabat, the Sharifians organized permanent, if loose, sieges around the Portuguese fortresses, cutting off their supplies and hampering their military operations. By the 1520s, the Portuguese had lost their sway over the outlying districts and were reduced to their fortresses. 1067:. He notes how "a great part of this city, lies so desolate and void of inhabitants, that a man cannot without great difficulty pass, by reason of the ruins of many houses lying in the way...scarcely is the third part of this city inhabited", and how the grand palaces, gardens, schools and libraries of Marrakesh were "utterly void and desolate", given over to wildlife. Nonetheless, the Saadian Sharifs deployed the organized networks of Sufi brotherhoods of the south to provide widespread food relief, and as a result attracted hungry migrants from the north. This effort elevated the reputation of the Saadians accordingly. 353:" in English; books "bound in Moroccan leather" are synonymous with high luxury). The "dirty" industries - tanners, potters, tile-makers, dyers - were set up on the east part of town, on the other side of the Issil river, partly because of the stench, partly because of their need for the river's water. Ali's irrigation system allowed a surfeit of new planted orchards, vineyards and olive gardens, which attracted oil presses and related businesses, set up on the north side of town. Wealthy merchants and courtiers would go on to erect stately city homes, with Andalusian-style inner fountained garden courtyards, the 1602: 412: 2202:(Independence Party) in 1943. However, an Istiqlal petition to the Allied powers requesting a commitment to post-war independence for Morocco was used by the Free French authorities to crack down on Istiqlal in 1944. The French swept up and arrested its leaders on trumped-up charges of helping the German war effort, provoking a wave of demonstrations in various cities which were violently suppressed. In 1946, the new resident-general Eirik Labonne, reversed course, released political prisoners, and sought an accommodation with the nationalist parties. In 1947, Muhammad V made a journey to Spanish-controlled 1116: 1467:. Ismail promptly marched south, defeated Ahmad and entered Marrakesh in June 1672. But Ibn Muhriz escaped and fled to the Sous, from whence he would return in 1674, take Marrakesh back and fortify himself there. Ismail was forced to return and lay a two-year siege on the city. Marrakesh finally fell to assault in June 1677, and this time Muley Ismail took his revenge on the city, giving it over to the sack. Ibn Muhriz, however, had escaped to the Sous again and would try a few more times to recover it, until he was finally tracked down and killed in 1687. 1871:

privileges of French expatriates, ratified French administration of the occupied Oujda and Chaouia regions, and even indemnified them for their military expenses. The accords were received with widespread dismay in Morocco. An uprising in Fez had to be put down with the assistance of French troops and Abd al-Hafid was forced to dismiss the El Glaoui brothers from their posts in June 1911. The entry of French troops alarmed other European powers. Spanish troops quickly expanded their territorial enclave in the north, while Germany dispatched a gunboat to

1822:(religious jurists) of Fez and other cities promptly declared Abd al-Aziz unfit to rule and deposed him permanently by January 1908. In June, Abd al-Hafid personally went to Fez to receive the city. Abd al-Aziz finally reacted, gathered his army and marched on Marrakesh in the summer of 1908. But discontent was rife, and much of his army deserted along the way, with the result that Abd al-Aziz was easily and decisively defeated by the Hafidites in a battle at Bou Ajiba outside Marrakesh on 19 August 1908. Abd al-Aziz fled and abdicated two days later. 2067: 498: 113: 1376: 255:), upon which much of its early fortunes rested. The Almoravids are said to have deliberately put the wide plain of Haouz between Marrakesh and the Atlas foothills in order to make it more defensible — by having a clear view of the distant dust clouds kicked up by any attackers coming from the Atlas, the city would have advance warning and time to prepare its defenses. Nonetheless, repeatedly through its history, whoever controlled the High Atlas often ended up controlling Marrakesh as well. 2243: 1182: 557: 2030: 1550: 857: 989: 1178:(religious jurists) and the Ottoman caliph. But the Saadians had no secure tribal basis, their ascendancy had been consistently opposed by the Maliki religious jurists and the rival Qadiri branch of Sufi marabouts, and many questioned their claims of sharifian ancestry and their jihadist credentials (in light of the Spanish alliance). The Saadians responded to these doubts in "the language of monuments", their showpiece: Marrakesh. 30: 1517:("Sidi Bel Abbes", d.1204), by the Bab Taghzout in the north (note: the pilgrimage route from 2 to 3 passes usually outside the eastern city wall, and re-enters at Bab el-Khemis, in order to touch the shrines of Sidi el-Djebbab and Sidi Ghanem along the way, although they are not part of the Seven); from Bab Tahgzhout, the pilgrimage path heads straight south through the middle of the city, visiting in succession the shrines of 4. 1440:, where he quickly managed to carve out a small fief for himself. Muley Muhammad, who had his own ambitions over the country, confronted his brother, but was defeated and killed outside Taza in 1664. Al-Rashid seized the family dominions of Talifalet and the Draa valley (which Muhammad had conquered in 1660). With these amplified bases, Muley al-Rashid had the wherewithal to launch a campaign of conquest over the rest of Morocco. 1478: 721:, the cousin of the Almohad caliph, to conquer it for them. Abu Dabbus captured Marrakesh in 1266, but refused to hand it over to the Marinids, forcing Abu Yusuf Yaqub to come down and lay siege to it himself. The Marinids finally captured the city in September 1269. The Almohad remnant retreated to the Atlas stronghold of Tinmel and continued putting up resistance until they were finally defeated in 1276. 420: 1843:, interested in increasing their influence, had offered their support to Abd al-Hafid to get rid of the French, but direct French pressure made Abd al-Hafid even more dependent. Foiled, the Germans switched their attentions to the southern Morocco, and cultivated their influence there, striking several informal agreements with various southern lords. Notable among these was the Saharan 1989: 1474:, erecting his royal palaces there with materials stripped from the palaces and buildings of Marrakesh. Much of the Kasbah, lovingly built up by the Saadians, was stripped bare and left in ruins, as were most other Saadian palaces in the city. Al-Mansur's great al-Badi palace was practically dismantled and carted off to Meknes, the Abu al-Hasan Madrasa completely so. 2078:, destined as a haven for French diplomats and high officials wintering in Marrakesh (hence its name). It was kept separate from Gueliz by the el Harti gardens and a series of sports fields and complexes. Hivernage was laid out in the palm and olive groves along the road (modern Avenue de La Menara) that connected the old city (at Bab al-Jedid) with the 1541:

In the aftermath, Ismail canceled the experiment and annexed all the lordships back. Chaos returned after Moulay Ismail's death in 1727, and a succession of Alawi sultans followed by a series of coups and counter-coups, engineered by rival army factions, for the next couple of decades. Marrakesh did not play too much of a role in these palace affairs.

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reconquered Marrakesh. The historical record thereafter is obscure, but it seems after a period of tranquility under Abu Abbas until 1393, Marrakesh and the surrounding region became effectively a semi-independent state in the hands of powerful regional governors (probably Hintata chieftains again), only nominally subject to the Marinid sultan in Fez.

2183:, which installed its own residents-general. The sultan Muhammad V was not inclined to his new masters. Although generally powerless, the sultan refused Vichy demands when he could, including reportedly rejecting Vichy demands in 1941 to pass anti-Jewish legislation, claiming them inconsistent with Moroccan law. Muhammad V welcomed the November 1942 653:(descendants of Ibn Tumart), who sought to claw power back from the ruling Almohad family (the descendants of Abd al-Mu'min, who had their power base in Seville). Marrakesh was taken, lost and retaken by force multiple times by a stream of caliphs and pretenders. Among the notable events was the brutal seizure of Marrakesh by the Sevillan caliph 1879:). At the height of the crisis, the dismissed El Glaoui brothers approached German diplomats in Essaouira offering to detach southern Morocco, with Marrakesh as its capital, and turn it into a separate German protectorate. But the offer was rebuffed, as a French-German accord was about to be signed in November 1911 resolving the Agadir crisis. 770:("successor") to denote the office of the governor of Marrakesh, came into usage as a result. But the grandeur of the old imperial capital repeatedly encouraged the young princes to aim higher. The very first trainee, Abu Amir, was barely a year in office before he was encouraged by the Marrakeshis to rebel in 1288 against his father, the emir 330: 1209:, the Saadians revived and embellished Marrakesh into a magnificent imperial city, a monument unto their own royal majesty, to rival the splendor of Ottoman Constantinople. Their great vanity project was the complete reconstruction of the old Almohad Kasbah as their royal city, with new gardens, palaces, barracks, a refurbished 671: 1593:, not a trace remaining of its old Almoravid and Almohad design. Driven out of Fez, Suleiman was defeated just outside Marrakesh in 1819, in an uprising by the Cherarda (an Arab Bedouin army tribe from the Gharb), although his person was preserved and delivered safely. After Suleiman's death in 1822, his successor Muley 1944:

the southern lords, who had previously enjoyed German patronage and balked at the prospect of French-northern dominance, lent their military support to al-Hiba's bid. With the assistance of the qaids Haida ibn Mu'izz of Taroudannt and Abd al-Rahman al-Guellouli of Essaouira, the Hibists quickly gained possession of the

2206:, where he delivered a famous speech omitting any mention of the French, widely interpreted as expressing his desire for independence and aligning his objectives with that of Istiqlal. This infuriated the pasha of Marrakesh, Thami El Gouali, who declared Muhammad V unfit to rule. Intriguing with the French general 1151:

the deposed Saadian brother Ahmad al-Araj to launch a campaign from Tafilalet to recover Marrakesh. Muhammad al-Sheikh rallied and defeated his brother outside of Marrakesh, before turning north and reconquering Fez by September 1554. To keep the Ottomans at bay, the Saadians struck up an alliance with the

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reported that a crackdown by the Moroccan authorities had begun on westerners with long hair. By the mid-1970s, the dope colony which had formed in Morocco had been cleared out. Expatriates with stylistic aspirations, especially from France, have poured investment into the city since this period, and

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all spent significant time in the city; Laurent bought a property here and renovated the Majorelle Gardens. Due to the large number of American drifters arriving in Morocco and visiting Marrakech in the early 1970s, Moroccans were growing increasingly discontent that their country was being used as a

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in 1937, French authorities cracked down on the incipient nationalist movements and exiled their leaders. This period coincided with a series of French military campaigns that finally subdued lingering resistance in the farther corners and highlands of Morocco - the Middle Atlas (1931), the Tafilalet

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The region around Marrakesh was organized as a military district, initially under Mangin, but given the lack of French troops, Lyautey's policy was to rely on the grand qaids - al-Glawi, al-Mtouggi, al-Goundafi, al-Ayadi, Haida, etc. - to hold the south in their name. El Glaoui and al-Goundafi proved

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of al-Mamoun, al-Hassan, Moussa and Abdelsalam. Muhammad III also expanded the walls of Marrakesh the north by the Bab Taghzut, to include the formerly suburban mosque and shrine of patron Sidi Bel Abbas al-Sabti, incorporating it as a new city district. Much of the modern medina of Marrakesh is owed

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in 1612, and was restored only in 1614 with the assistance of another religious leader, Yahya ibn Abdallah, a Sufi marabout from the High Atlas, who subsequently tried to exert his own power over the city from 1618 until his death in 1626. Zidan somehow found the time and resources during all this to

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and had been seeking to extend their influence further west. When the Saadian sharif proved deaf to their overtures, the Ottomans threw their considerable weight behind his enemies. With Ottoman assistance, in early 1554, the exiled Wattasid vizier Abu Hassan was installed in Fez. They also persuaded

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Rogerson (2009: p.221) dates it after the sieges. Levtzion (1977: p.402) and Abun-Nasr (1987:p.211) suggest the fraternal conflict broke out earlier, in 1539/40. The quarrel was probably a fallout of the 1537 agreement — it was agreed to by Ahmad al-Araj, who sought to maintain good relations

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with the town hall, banks, and major commercial buildings concentrated there, while Hivernage has sprouted ever more hotels and apartment complexes, displacing the exclusive luxury villas to the Palmerie east of the city. The Dar al-Makhzen (Palais Royal) in the Kasbah, profoundly overhauled by King

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in November 1955. The restored Muhammad V returned to Morocco that same month, where he was received with near-hysterical joy. On March 2, 1956, France officially cancelled the 1912 treaty of Fez (Spain cancelled her own treaty a month later), and Morocco recovered her independence. Thami El Glaoui,

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soon spilled over into the French Protectorate, threatening Fez. Lyuautey was critical of the counter-insurgency strategy directed by Madrid and Paris, feeling it important to reinforce the sultan's authority through native institutions. Lyautey resigned in 1925, and was replaced by a series of more

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arrived in 1914 at Lyautey's invitation, and upon his instructions, set about planning a new modern city in the outskirts of Marrakesh, primarily for French colonists. Taking the Koutoubia mosque and the Jemaa el-Fnaa as the central point for the whole, Prost directed the development of the new city

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The rise of a new sultan in Marrakesh alarmed Lyautey. Although Paris contemplated a power-sharing arrangement that might allow al-Hiba to remain sultan of Marrakesh and the south, Lyautey was sufficiently aware of Moroccan history to consider that unsustainable. Lyautey tried what he could to delay

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valley. Proclaiming the Alawites had failed in their duty, al-Hiba proposed to cross over the Atlas and establish a new southern state based in Marrakesh, from which he would go on to drive the French out of the north. Despite al-Hiba's denunciation of the quasi-feudal system of grand qaids, some of

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Arabs, who held much of the lowland plain of Haouz and the upper Tensift, and constituted as much as a third of the population of Marrakesh itself. The High Atlas lords exerted their influence over the Rehamna tribe via their two major chieftains, the El Glaoui-allied al-Ayadi ibn al-Hashimi and the

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seized Marrakesh in 1750, placing it under his son Muhammad as viceroy, who ruled it with remarkable stability while chronic anarchy reigned in the north. In 1752, the army offered Muhammad the crown of the whole in place of Abdallah, but he refused, letting his father reign until his death in 1757.

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between the Wattasids of Fez in the north and the Saadians of Marrakesh in the south. This arrangement did not last long - the truce broke down in 1530 and again in 1536 and another major battle was fought near Tadla, this time the Saadians coming off the better of it. However, mediation by the Sufi

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means 'lake', referring to the irrigatated orchard gardens east of the city, where the battle took place). Nonetheless, the Almoravid victory was short-lived, and the Almohads would reorganize and capture the rest of Morocco, eventually returning to take the final piece, Marrakesh, in 1146. After an

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Following the death of El Glaoui in 1956, his vast family properties in and around Marrakesh were seized by the Moroccan state. The urban development of Marrakesh continued primarily to the west. The modern downtown has been built primarily along Avenue Muhammad V connecting the Medina with Gueliz,

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In 1699–1700, Ismail partitioned Morocco into lordships to be governed by his many sons. The experiment did not turn out too well, as several used their fiefs as a basis of revolt. One of these sons, Mulay Muhammed al-Alem, rose up in the Sous and seized Marrakesh, which had to be taken back again.

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Al-Rashid started his campaign from Taza in the north and entered Fez in 1666, where he was proclaimed sultan. Two years later, he defeated the Dili marabouts that controlled the Middle Atlas. Muley al-Rashid proceeded south to capture Marrakesh in 1669, massacring the Shabana Arabs in the process.

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and soon encroaching on Marrakesh. By 1514, the Portuguese and their clients had reached the outskirts of Marrakesh and forced Nasir ibn Chentaf, the Hintata ruler of the city, to agree to tribute and allow the Portuguese to erect a fortress in Marrakesh. However, the agreement was not carried out,

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In 1458, Marinid emir Abd al-Haqq II finally cleared out his powerful Wattasid viziers, who had dominated the palace of Fez for nearly forty years. The Hintata chiefs of Marrakesh promptly broke off into open revolt and the country took a decided turn towards the Sufi marabouts. It is reported that

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in July, 1912. Although the High Atlas lords considered stopping him, Hibist fever had gripped the rank-and-file of their tribes, and they did not dare oppose al-Hiba or risk being overthrown themselves. Al-Hiba's passage over the High Atlas was facilitated by the qaid al-Mtouggi. In August, 1912,

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title of 'al-Mansur', and emulated the ornate ceremonial magnificence of the Ottoman court (including speaking to courtiers only from behind a curtain). Al-Mansur initially financed his extravagances with the ransoms of Portuguese prisoners and heavy taxation. When these wore out, and the populace

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Marrakesh, like many other Moroccan cities, suffered greatly during this period, and it is reported that much of the city was depopulated as a result of the famines of 1514 and 1515, provoked by the military disorders in the countryside, the drought of 1517 and a series of failed harvests in 1520,

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all over the country, a score of them in Marrakesh alone. The assassination of Imam al-Jazuli in 1465 by Marinid agents led to an uprising in Fez which finally brought the Marinid sultanate to an ignominious end. A new wave of anarchy followed. The prospects of turning Morocco into a Sufi republic

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tribes). Al-Hintati dominated the surrounding region, brought the Marinid heir in Marrakesh under his thumb, and arranged a modus vivendi with the sultan Abu Inan. Al-Hintati remained master of the south after the death of Abi Inan in 1358, when the Marinid state fell into chaos, and the power was

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Marrakesh did not accept its eclipse gracefully, and repeatedly lent itself as a base for rebellions against the Marinid rulers in Fez. The harbinger was the great 1279 revolt of the Sufyanid Arabs who had recently arrived in the region, which was crushed with difficulty by the Marrakesh governor,

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tried to handle matters himself. But the teenage sultan, who preferred to surround himself with European advisors, was unduly susceptible to their influence and soon alienated the population. The country careened into the throes of anarchy, tribal revolts and plots of feudal lords, not to mention

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capital. Neglected since Ismail's pillaging spree, Muhammad found much of the city, particularly the Kasbah, in ruins and reportedly had to live in his tent when he arrived. But he soon set to work. He rebuilt the Kasbah almost from scratch, erecting the royal palace Dar al-Makhzen (Palais Royal,

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With the arrival of increasing European influence - cultural as well as political - in the Alawi court in Fez, Marrakesh assumed its role as opposition center to Westernization. Until 1867, individual Europeans were not permitted to enter the city unless they acquired special permission from the

218:("Marrakesh the Red"). The layout of the buildings was still along the lines of the original encampment, with the result that early Marrakesh was an unusual-looking city, a sprawling medieval urban center evocative of desert life, with occasional tents, planted palm trees and an oasis-like feel. 169:

tribes, it was finally decided that the Almoravids would set up their new base on neutral territory, between the Bani Haylana and the Bani Hazmira tribes. The Almoravids rode out of Aghmat and pitched their desert tents on the west bank of the small Issil river, which marked the boundary between

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Facing financial difficulties and foreign debt problems, Abd al-Hafid and El Glaoui imposed new heavy taxes, which set the country simmering. In return for a new French loan, Abd al-Hafid was forced to capitulate to the Franco-Moroccan accords in March, 1911, which enlarged the tax and property

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reopened trade with foreign nations. Marrakesh hosted numerous foreign embassies seeking out trade treaties with the new Alawi sultan - e.g. Portugal in 1823, Britain in 1824, France and Sardinia in 1825. Abd al-Rahman is principally responsible for reforesting the gardens outside of Marrakesh.

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in 1226, which was followed up by a massacre of the Almohad tribal sheikhs and their families and a public denunciation of Ibn Tumart's doctrines by the caliph from the pulpit of the Kasbah mosque. After al-Ma'mun's death in 1232, his widow tried to install her son, acquiring the support of the

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erupted. A new column of French troops managed to occupy Fez in May, but events were already in motion - the tribesmen of the north were set aflame and the French colonial forces were spread out and besieged along the thin line from Casablanca to Oujda. Changing course, the sultan Abd al-Hafid

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took over the Saadian leadership. He moved to Marrakesh at the invitation of the Hintata ruler Muhammad ibn Nasir, to better direct operations. Tiring of his host (and father-in-law), al-Araj seized the Kasbah and killed the Hintata emir in 1524. Al-Araj made Marrakesh the new Saadian capital,

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in 1558. The vulnerability of Fez to incursions from Ottoman Algeria prompted the Saadians to retain their court in safer Marrakesh rather than relocate to Fez. Thus, after over two centuries of interlude, Marrakesh was restored as the imperial capital of unified Morocco, and Fez demoted to a

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in the hills northwest of Marrakesh. The church of St. Anne, the first proper Christian church in Marrakesh, was one of the first buildings erected in Gueliz. Prost laid out a great road from Gueliz to Koutoubia, which became what is now Avenue Muhammad V, entering the Medina by Bab el-Nkob.

1582:, whose cruel reputation preceded him, was disputed and Marrakeshis instead acclaimed his brother Hisham. Yazid marched on and recovered Marrakesh, putting it through a violent sack, but he was killed by Hisham's counterattack. Fez declined to recognize Hisham, and opted for another brother, 812:

Chaos returned after the death of Abd al-Aziz I in 1372. The Marinid empire was effectively partitioned in 1374 between Abu al-Abbas ibn Abi Salim in Fez and his cousin Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Ifellusen in Marrakesh. But the two rulers quarreled and by 1382, Abu al-Abbas defeated his rival and

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In the course of its history, Marrakesh achieved periods of great splendor, interrupted by repeated political struggles, military disorders, famine, plagues and a couple of sacks. Much of it was rebuilt in the 19th century. It was conquered by French troops in 1912, and became part of the

3027:, it has since been determined they were quite distinct and separate institutions; the outline of the ruins of the Abu al-Hasan Madrasa are just north of Kasbah mosque, while the Ben Yussef Madrasa is by the namesake mosque. See Cenival (1913-36: p.305); Bloom & Blair (2009:p.466). 2363:

organized its First World Water Forum in Marrakech, attended by some 500 people internationally. In the 21st century property and real estate development in the city has boomed, with a dramatic increase of new hotels and shopping centres, fuelled by the policies of the Moroccan King

920:, who seized power in Fez by 1472, this time installing themselves as sultans, but they were unable to exert their power much beyond the environs of Fez. The Hintata emirs in Marrakesh were similarly confined, the bulk of the south crumbling into the hands of local Sufi marabouts. 1586:(or Slimane) while Marrakesh itself divided its loyalties, part of it opting for Hisham, another part acclaiming another brother Hussein. Suleiman bided his time, while Hisham and Hussein fought each other to exhaustion. Marrakesh finally slipped into Suleiman's hands in 1795. 1854:

in the early 1900s. He had moved north and was part of the coalition that brought Abd al-Hafid to power in 1909. Encouraged by the Germans, the very next year, al-Aynayn proclaimed his intent to drive the French out of Morocco but he was defeated by French general Moinier at

967:) in 1514. From Safi and Azemmour, the Portuguese cultivated the alliance of local Arab and Berber client tribes in the surrounding region, notably a certain powerful Yahya ibn Tafuft. The Portuguese and their allies dispatched armed columns inland, subjugating the region of 728:

in the north. Toppled from its high perch, Marrakesh ceased to be an imperial capital, and thereafter served merely as a regional capital of the south. It suffered from relative neglect, as the Marinids expended their energies on embellishing Fez and other northern cities.

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in the 1210s. The Marinids ascended by sponsoring different Almohad pretenders against each other, while gradually accumulating power and conquering the north for themselves. By the 1260s, the Marinids had reduced the Almohads to the southern districts around Marrakesh.

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asserts that it was founded in 1070. A probable reconciliation is that Marrakesh started in the 1060s, when Abu Bakr and the Almoravid chieftains first pitched their tents there, and that it remained a desert-style military encampment until the first stone building, the

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directly in 1844, and forced a humiliating defeat on Abd al-Rahman. By this time, the internal situation in Morocco was already unstable, with army units across the north and east basically ungovernable, famine once again rocked Morocco. Abd al-Rahman's successor,

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revenues in Moroccan ports to colonial powers after 1860. Initially a centralizing move, these appointed qaids, once ensconced in their tribal fiefs, proved to be more difficult to control than the old elected tribal leaders had been. In the late 19th century,

1349:

revolted in the north, and soon Zidan was reduced to Marrakesh. As Saadian power buckled, Morocco fell into anarchy and fragmented into smaller pieces for much of the next century. Zidan was driven out of Marrakesh by a religious leader, the self-proclaimed

483:, and a series of inconclusive battles outside the city, in April 1147, the Almohads scaled the walls with ladders, opening the gates of Bab Dukkala and Bab Aylan, seizing the city and hunting down the last Almoravid emir in his palace. The Almohad Caliph 3393:

with the Sufi marabouts who urged peace with Fez, while Muhammad al-Sheikh, who tended to be more autocratic, thought the military initiative had been squandered cheaply. Rogerson (2009) suggests the confrontation happened only after the siege of Agadir.

2022:. European colonists soon began arriving in Marrakesh - some 350 had already taken residence in the city by March 1913 - and El Glaoui facilitated their entry with apportionments of land in the area. However, not all European visitors were thrilled. 828:

by expansionary Portugal into Morocco that would mark much of the next century. Although effectively independent under Hintata emirs, Marrakesh is known to have participated in campaigns led by the sultans of Fez against the Portuguese invaders at

1642:

of 1859-60 and yet another humiliating treaty. While the sultan was busy dealing with the Spaniards in Ceuta, the Rehamna tribe in the south rebelled and laid a tight siege on the city of Marrakesh, which was broken by Muhammad IV only in 1862.

1159:

was not smooth. Ottoman agents intrigued with his brothers - who were driven into exile. The Turks went on the offensive, capturing Tlemcen and invading the Fez valley in 1557. Al-Ghalib only just managed to fend off the Turkish attack at the

1818:. The French intervention pushed the revolt forward, and Marrakeshis acclaimed Abd al-Hafid as the new sultan on 16 August 1907. Alarmed, Abd al-Aziz sought out the assistance from the French in Casablanca, but that only sealed his fate. The 1391:

While the rest of Morocco was parcelled out to other parties, Marrakesh remained practically the sole citadel of a succession of irrelevant Saadian sultans, their small southern dominion extending only from the foot of the High Atlas to the

1400:, Sous and Draa valleys were in the hands of rivals and marabouts, and the Atlantic coast in the hands of various local warlords and companies of Morisco corsairs. In 1659, the Shabana (Chebana, Shibanna, Shbanat), an Arab Bedouin tribe of 1488:

Nonetheless, Ismail's legacy in Marrakesh was not purely destructive. Ismail translated many tombs of Sufi saints in the region to Marrakesh, and erected several new shrines for them. Seeking to replicate the great pilgrimage festivals of

292:(gravity-driven underground canals) designed by his engineer Abd Allah ibn Yunus al-Muhandis, that could supply the entire city with plenty of water and thus support a larger urban population. Ibn Yusuf also built several monumental 1099:

Relations between the Saadian brothers began to splinter shortly after, and in 1540-41 they led two separate sieges - Ahmad al-Araj against Azemmour, Muhammad al-Sheikh against Agadir. Al-Araj's siege failed, but Muhammad al-Sheikh

2159:, and placing the former under the jurisdiction of French courts. This led to an eruption of anti-French nationalist feeling and led to the establishment of the Hizb el-Watani (Parti National) by young nationalist leaders like 544:

gate connecting them. The Kasbah would serve as the government center of Marrakesh for centuries to come, enclosing the royal palaces, harems, treasuries, armories and barracks. It also included the a main mosque known as the

3373:

Some sources (e.g. Julien, 1931: p.202; Levtzion, 1977: p.401-02; Abu Nasr, 1987: p.211) suggest the formal partitioning treaty of Tadla was completed only 1537, and that the 1527 campaign had merely resulted in a temporary

1368:. However, there were not enough resources to complete a grand Saadian mosque begun by Ahmed al-Mansur, slated to be called the Jemaa al-Hana ("Mosque of Prosperity"); local people soon began to call the unfinished site the 487:

refused to enter the city because (he claimed) the mosques were oriented incorrectly. The Almohads promptly demolished and razed all the Almoravid mosques so Abd al-Mu'min could make his entry. Only the ablution fountain of

2371:

In 2010 a major gas explosion occurred in the city. On April 28, 2011, a bomb attack took place in the Djemaa el-Fna square of the old city, killing 15 people, mainly foreigners. The blast destroyed the nearby Argana Cafe.

80:

sharifs captured Marrakesh in 1669. Although it served frequently as the residence of the Alawi sultans, Marrakesh was not their definitive capital, as Alawi sultans moved their courts frequently between various cities.

1086:

of Fez was not pleased by the turn of events, and in 1526 led a large army south to conquer Marrakesh. But the effort failed and the Wattasid attacks were repulsed. After an inconclusive battle, they agreed to the 1527

516:, in the High Atlas, they made Marrakesh the new administrative capital of their empire, and erected much monumental architecture. On top of ruins of the Almoravid palace to the west, Abd al-Mu'min erected the (first) 2506:

Messier (2010: p.53-56), Lamzah (2008: p.57). Some modern texts erroneously suggest Yusuf ibn Tasfhin founded Marrakesh; this is usually a result of mistaken local legend and a careless misstatement in Ibn Khaldun's

2195:

in January 1943, in the course of which Churchill lured Roosevelt on a side excursion to Marrakesh. The Allied presence in Morocco encouraged the nationalist movements, who were brought under a new umbrella party,

2289:

Marrakesh certainly continued to thrive as a tourist destination, initially as a luxury wintering spot for wealthy Westerners, but soon drawing a wider clientele. The city became a trendy location to visit for

1134:

marabouts, strong in Fez, refused him entry into the city. Muhammad al-Sheikh was forced to lay siege and finally conquered the city by force in September 1549. The Saadians proceeded to advance east and annex

206:("castle of stone", the Almoravid treasury and armory fort), was erected in May, 1070. In early 1071, Abu Bakr was recalled to the Sahara to put down a rebellion, and it was his cousin (and eventual successor) 75:

sharifs in 1525, and resumed its status as imperial capital for a unified Morocco after they captured Fez in 1549. Marrakesh reached its epic grandeur under the Saadians, who greatly embellished the city. The

2294:

in the 1960s, a "hippie mecca", attracting numerous western rock stars and musicians, artists, film directors and actors, models, and fashion divas. Tourism revenues doubled in Morocco between 1965 and 1970.

1964:

Deeming it the priority threat to the French protectorate, Lyautey peeled away French colonial soldiers from their hard-pressed positions in the north to assemble a new column, under the command of Colonel

1570:) and the Dar al-Baida ("White Palace") nearby, both on the ruins of old Saadian palaces. Muhammad established four estates within Marrakesh for each of his sons, as a gift for when they came of age - the 1801:

was urged by the powerful southern qaids of the High Atlas to lead a revolt against his brother Abd al-Aziz (then based in Rabat, Fez being divided). The unrest had been accompanied by a spasm of violent

1625:, which they considered part of their traditional sphere, but the French captured Tlemcen in 1832 and drove the Moroccans out. Abd al-Rahman supported the continued guerilla resistance in Algeria led by 766:

Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Muhalli, a Marinid client chieftain. The Marinids subsequently used Marrakesh as a training ground for the heirs to the throne, to hone their governing skills. The use of the title

214:. More buildings were erected soon afterwards, mud-brick houses gradually replacing the tents. The red earth used for the bricks gave Marrakesh its distinctive red color, and its popular appellation 2026:, who visited Marrakesh in 1917 as Lyautey's guest, found the city "dark, fierce and fanatical" and while fond of its fine palaces, denounced the "megalomania of the southern chiefs" of Marrakech. 2693:

Wilbaux (1999: p.108); Rogerson (2000:p.115). Interestingly, Gottereich (2007: p.115-6) suggests Yusuf ibn Ali may have been a Jew, or certainly adopted by Marrakeshi Jews as a saint of their own.

1281:

Following the death of al-Ghalib in 1574, the Saadians entered into a dynastic succession conflict, provoking Portuguese intervention. After a celebrated victory over the Portuguese king at a

449:

movement became more influential. 6 metres (20 ft) tall, with twelve gates and numerous towers, the walls were finished just on time for the first attack on the city by the Almohads. The

341:

The new construction boom and availability of water began to finally attract merchants and craftsmen from elsewhere, gradually turning Marrakesh into a real city. The first to arrive were the

2145:

Moulay Driss, the eldest son of Youssef. Young and powerless, Muhammad V offered little resistance to the French protectorate authorities at first. He put his signature to the notorious 1930

1104:

in 1541, an event which provoked Portuguese evacuation elsewhere, and the Saadian recovery of Safi and Azemmour the very next year (1542). The victory elevated the prestige and ambitions of

5479: 1662:. Nonetheless, Marrakesh was still visited periodically, and numerous new buildings were erected, most notably the late 19th-century palaces of various leading courtiers and officials. The 1448:, conquering it by 1670, thereby reunifying Morocco (save for the coastal areas, which would take a little longer). Al-Rashid is usually credited for the erecting the shrine and mosque of 662:. Hearing of the terms, the people of Marrakesh hurried to strike their own deal with the military captains and saved the city from destruction with a hefty cash payoff of 500,000 dinars. 170:

them. The location was open and barren, it had "no living thing except gazelles and ostriches and nothing growing except lotus trees and colocynths". A few kilometres to the north was the

1810:, a French doctor suspected of spying for his country, was murdered in Marrakech by a mob in March 1907. This gave France the pretext for more direct intervention. French troops occupied 927:, 1471), but also seizing more southerly enclaves, along the Atlantic coast of Morocco, directly threatening the putative kingdom of Marrakesh. The Portuguese established themselves in 792:'s own son and heir, al-Mu'tamid ruled Marrakesh practically independently - or, more accurately, Marrakesh was effectively ruled by Amir ibn Muhammad al-Hintati, the high chief of the 2082:

in the west. The avenue was set parallel to the High Atlas to maximize the panoramic view of its peaks. With the help of the architect Antoine Marchisio, Prost erected the luxurious

310:), were set to form the center of urban life. The rest of the fledgling city was organized into neighborhoods, cut across by two grand street axes, connecting four monumental gates: 100:

as the leading city in Morocco, and the country often fragmented politically into two halves, with Fez the capital of the north and Marrakesh the capital of the south. The choice of

1225:

in 1564–65, the largest in the Maghreb at the time (and not a mere refurbishment of the old Marinid madrasa of Abu al-Hasan). The Saadians erected several new mosques, notably the

4963:

Lamzah, Assia (2008) "The Impact of the French Protectorate on Cultural Heritage Management in Morocco: The Case of Marrakesh", Ph.D dissertation, Urbana: University of Illinois.

2376: 1589:

The plague hit Marrakesh again in 1799, heavily depopulating the city. Nonetheless, it was maintained by Suleiman as his primary residence and capital. He completely rebuilt the

2659:

Messier (2010: p.126); the closest city with Jewish quarter was eight miles to the southeast in 'Aghmat Aylana', twin of Aghmat proper ('Aghmat Ourika') (Gottreich, 1987: p.13)

2122:. The old Atlas qaid, Thami El Glaoui welcomed the stream of celebrity guests, hosting parties for them in his palaces that are said to have been dripping with lavish excess. 1505:) of Marrakesh, and arranged a new pilgrimage festival. For one week in late March, the pilgrims have to visit all seven shrines in required order (roughly anticlockwise): 1. 286:

design, on the western side of the city, connected by a corridor to the old Qasr al-Hajar armory. More importantly, he introduced a new system of waterworks, via cisterns and

2783: 615:

of Rabat are usually twinned with Koutobuia. It was also under the Almohads that Marrakesh temporarily surged as an intellectual center, attracting scholars from afar, like

4549: 520:, although he promptly had it torn down shortly after its completion c. 1157 because of an orientation error. The second Koutoubia mosque was probably finished by his son 4989:(1977) "The western Maghreb and Sudan" in R. Oliver, editor, Cambridge History of Africa. v.3, c. 1050-c. 1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 331-462 5599: 274:). Because of the barrenness of its surroundings, Marrakesh remained merely a political and administrative capital under the Almoravids, never quite displacing bustling 71:, leaving Marrakesh as a regional capital of the south. During this period, it often broke off in rebellion into a semi-autonomous state. Marrakesh was captured by the 4070:

Porch (1982: p.266-67); Hoisington (1995: p.46); Katz (2006:p.253). For a detailed account of the operation and battle from the French perspective, see Cornet (1914:

3214:

Julien (1931: p.201-02); Levtzion (1977: p.398), Rogerson (2009: p.205ff). For a survey of operations from the Portuguese point of view, see Paiva Manso (1872: vol.1 (

4592:

470:. They descended from the mountains in early 1130 and besieged newly fortified Marrakesh for over a month, until they were defeated by the Almoravids in the great 1709:" (Alawi sultan's government) and the semi-autonomous rural tribes. To extract more taxes and troops from them, the Alawi sultan began directly appointing lords ( 5142: 2380: 2325:

and palaces. Old buildings were renovated in the Old Medina, new residences and commuter villages were built in the suburbs, and new hotels began to spring up.

853:, but their authority did not really extend much beyond Fez, and Marrakesh remained virtually independent (certainly after 1430) in the hands of Hintata emirs. 5563: 433:

Curiously, Marrakesh was originally unenclosed, and the first walls were erected only in the 1120s. Heeding the advice of Abu Walid Ibn Rushd (grandfather of

2125:

Marrakesh, the launchpad of so many revolts in the past, was kept uncharacteristically subdued under El Glaoui's thumb. It was the north that simmered. The

1887: 1736:

and was soon exerting his dominance on the lowlands around the city of Marrakesh, half-in-alliance, half-in-rivalry, with two other great High Atlas qaids,

282:(r.1106-1142) ("Ben Youssef"), who launched a construction program to give Marrakesh a grander feel. Ali ibn Yusuf erected a new magnificent palace, along 2210:, the new resident general since 1951, Thami El Glaoui engineered the deposition and exile of Muhammad V on 13 August 1953, replacing him with his uncle 1920:

entered into contact with the rebels, prompting the French general Lyautey to force him to abdicate on 11 August, in favor of his more amenable brother,

1022:

against the Portuguese intruders. Al-Qaim led a celebrated campaign against the advanced posts of Portuguese Agadir and was soon recognized as leader in

376:

were not allowed to live within Marrakesh by decree of the Almoravid emir, but Jewish merchants from Aghmat visited Marrakesh routinely, usually via the

1254:

in the early 17th century led to the establishment of a dedicated quarter of Orgiba Jadida. The Saadians erected pilgrimage shrines to two of the major

165:, the Almoravids searched for a new location in the region that was more consonant with their customary lifestyle. After consultation with allied local 1221:

on the south side of the mosque. They refurbished the Ben Youssef Mosque and, to raise their own stable of jurists to rival Fez, founded the great new

3402:

Abun-Nasr (1987: p.212); Cenival (1913-36: p.302) confusingly suggests that Marrakesh remained in the hands of Ahmad al-Araj all the way down to 1554.

2234:

long-time pillar and symbol of the French colonial order, had died only a few months earlier, bringing an end to his despotic rule over Marrakesh.

879:(strong in Marrakesh, the Sous, the Rif and Tlemcen), was more radical and oppositional to the established Marinid-Wattasid authorities, while the 6060: 5744: 1259: 2141:. Thami El Glaoui had a critical role in this selection, and maintained his absolute control over Marrakesh, which was now nominally under a new 2106:

was soon added. Hivernage, covered by grand villas and hotels, would become a winter destination for many French music-hall celebrities, such as

1953:

hearing of the abdication of Abd al-Hafid, al-Hiba declared the throne vacant and was acclaimed by his followers as the new sultan of Morocco at

1042:

branch of the Sufi marabout movement. That same year, al-Qaim's jihad received the blessings (and a white banner) from the Wattasid emir of Fez.

549:

or El Mansouria Mosque (named after its founder) near Bab Agnaou. Nothing, however, remains of the original Almohad palaces or al-Mansur's great

233:

range south of the city was and has always been of vital concern to Marrakesh and a great determinant of its fate. Inimical control of the Atlas

1108:, who promptly challenged and defeated his brother, taking over the leadership of the Sharifian movement, and driving Ahmad al-Araj to exile in 972:

so the next year (1515) the Portuguese and their Moorish allies returned at the head of a strong army, aiming to seize Marrakesh directly, but

3132:

Contrary to what is occasionally claimed (e.g. Park and Boum, 1996: p.239), Marrakesh's participation is listed in Portuguese chronicles e.g.

1767: 1293:(r.1578-1603), continued al-Ghalib's building program in Marrakesh, and took Saadian pretensions to a new height, earning him the appellation 4702: 4681: 4660: 4639: 4618: 4493: 2546: 1432:

in 1640, his son Muley Muhammad became the head of the family and expanded their dominance locally. Around 1659, one of Muhammed's brothers,

1278:(c. 1605), the patron saint of Marrakesh (other Sufi shrines were built later, and most were restored or modified several times after this). 1112:. Upon seizing Marrakesh, the autocratic-minded Muhammad al-Sheikh expelled the Sufi sheikhs, his brother's erstwhile allies, from the city. 2018:

In 1912, Marrakesh had 75,000 inhabitants, compactly contained in the Medina, the Kasbah and the Mellah, with city life centered around the

1639: 1456:, stem of the Alawi dynasty, were translated. Two later Alawi rulers (Moulay Suleiman and Muhammad IV) would choose be buried here as well. 923:

The Portuguese availed themselves of the fragmentation to increase their encroachments on Morocco territory, not only in the north (e.g. in

5159: 4214:

as "gueliz". However, there are references to the Gueliz Rock ("Jebel Geeliz") long before any church existed, e.g. Bensusan (1904: p.79).

1835:(governor) of Marrakesh. Despite his victory, Abd al-Hafid's position was hardly enviable, given the French military and financial noose. 4359:

McKenna (2010: p. 117); Van Hulle (1994: p. 52); See El Glaoui (2004) for an attempted explanation of his actions in the 1953–54 crisis.

3144: 2552: 2222:

that had erupted next door. At length, El Glaoui changed his mind, and in October 1954, declared that Muhammad V ought to be reinstated.

1079:. It was al-Araj who arranged for the translation of the remains of his father al-Qaim and the imam al-Jazuli from Afughal to Marrakesh. 580:), bringing water down from the High Atlas mountains through the Haouz plain. These new canals allowed them to establish the magnificent 5202: 2259:, continues to serve as a secondary royal residence. The Mellah, heavily depleted of its Jewish population since the mass emigration of 186:, virtually non-existent in Morocco north of the desert line, were planted around the encampment to supply the staple of Lamtuna diets. 2838:

Only the trace of the original Koutoubia remains, but the original look can be deduced from the contemporary still-standing mosques of

494:

remains of Almoravid architecture today, in addition to city's main walls and gates (though the latter have been modified many times).

2476:(writing 1313) has Marrakesh founded in 1070, and dates the campaign against Fez in 1072-73. Ibn Abi Zar's chronology was followed by 5504: 4793:

Borghi, Rachele and Monica Camuffo (2010) "Differencity: postcolonalism e construzione della identita urbane" in P. Barberi, editor,

1404:

descent, once part of the Saadian army, seized control of Marrakesh and put the last Saadian sultan, Abdul al-Abbas, to death. Their

4723: 3496: 1957:, in the outskirts of Marrakesh. The Mtouggi-allied pasha of Marrakesh, Driss Mennou handed Marrakesh over to al-Hiba on 15 August. 1063: 875:

arose to fill the vacuum of declining Marinid central power. At least two main branches of Sufi maraboutism can be identified:- the

3140:), reports that the Marinid host at Tangier in 1437 included the rulers of Fez, Velez, Tafilelt and "El Rei de Marrocos". (c. 1500 2771: 104:

as the capital of modern Morocco can be seen as a compromise that afforded neither of the two rival cities primacy over the other.

5112: 1601: 5499: 2977:

Bloom and Blair (2009: p.466); Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.34); Levtzion (1977: p.360); Julien (1931: pp.187-90, 193)

2472:(writing 1315) has Marrakesh founded c. 1061, just before the Almoravid campaign against Maghrawa-held Fez, which he dates 1063. 1815: 774:. After Abu Yaqub's death in 1307, the new Marrakesh governor, Yusuf ibn Abi Iyad, rebelled against his cousin, the Marinid emir 638:

form "Maroch" or "Marrochio", and the Almohad caliphate was usually referred to in Latin sources as the "Kingdom of Marrakesh" (

5939: 3879: 714: 4527: 2007:

As the French authorities deemed Marrakesh and Fez dangerously prone to revolt, the Moroccan capital was moved permanently to

1915:

of Morocco. The news was received with indignation, the Moroccan army mutinied in mid-April and a violent popular uprising in

6029: 5427: 2187:

in Morocco, refusing Vichy instructions to move his court inland. Muhammad V hosted the Allied leaders Winston Churchill and

1904: 150:

times). The Almoravids conquered Aghmat in 1058, bringing their dominance over southern Morocco. However, the Almoravid emir

86: 2102:, who first visited Marrakesh in 1935 and stayed at La Mamounia, considered it to be one of the best hotels in the world. A 837:(1437). Following the failure to recover Ceuta, the Marinid emir was assassinated in 1420 and Morocco fragmented again. The 411: 400:, the walled village of El Hara, was established then or sometime after, to the northwest of the city. The city's earliest 6050: 5036:

Montalbano, Calogero (2008) "Dar al-Ma: the Architecture of Water in the Islamic world", in S.K. Jayyusi et al., editors,

2331:

agencies became active in Marrakech from the 1970s and its political presence internationally has grown with it. In 1982,

2296: 1566:

also known as the Qasr al-Akhdar, or "Green Palace", on account of its internal garden, the Arsat al-Nil, named after the

1115: 825: 1948:

valley and the Haha region. Al-Hiba promptly gathered up his Saharan and Soussian tribesmen and began his march over the

1790:

European intrigues. Unrest mounted with the devastating famine in 1905–1907, and the humiliating concessions at the 1906

5719: 2229:

in Morocco, the French government, facing deepening crises elsewhere overseas, finally agreed and signed the accords of

1773: 1346: 380:

gate and a makeshift Jewish quarter was erected outside the city limits. Intellectual life was more tentative. Although

1436:

was expelled from Tafilalet (or left on his own accord) and proceeded to wander around Morocco, eventually settling in

1155:

in 1555. Nonetheless, Ottoman agents assassinated Muhammad al-Sheikh in 1557. The transition to his son and successor,

1096:

brotherhoods and religious jurists of Fez restored the partition and turned attention back on the Portuguese enclaves.

5150: 5016: 2037:

Lyautey had grand plans for urban development, but he also wanted to conserve the artistic heritage and not touch the

783: 747: 480: 5149:. Istanbul: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture. Archived from 3169:

Levtzion (1977:p.400), Julien (1931: p.197-98). See Cornell (1997: 123ff) for more details Sufism under the Marinids.

1626: 1282: 2480:(wr. 1374-78), and thus given the popularity of Ibn Khaldoun, the c. 1061 date is often cited in Western texts. But 1236:

The city's layout was redesigned: the city center refocused away from the Ben Youssef Mosque and re-centered at the

5755: 5749: 5542: 5458: 2336: 1618: 1190: 905:, whose popular cult had recently been revived, partly as a contradistinction to the unpopular Marinids-Wattasids. 786:, when the heir Abu Inan rebelled in Fez in 1349, and the ruling sultan fled to Marrakesh, and made that his base. 278:, just thirty kilometres away, as a commercial or scholarly center. This began to change under the Almoravid emir 5812: 5731: 5661: 5453: 5391: 5353: 5219: 3304: 2188: 1970: 1732:

cannon (given to him by sultan Hassan I in 1893), managed to impose his authority over neighboring tribes of the

1498: 1494: 1365: 1251: 1210: 546: 521: 2066: 1617:

The 19th century saw increasing instability and the progressive encroachment of European powers on Morocco. The

1337:

enveloped Morocco in 1598–1607, weakening the country tremendously, and taking al-Mansur in 1603. His successor

1130:

Fez in September 1544/5, defeating and capturing the sultan Ahmad al-Wattasi. But the religious jurists and the

670: 5739: 5558: 5448: 5363: 2356: 1481: 1271: 973: 834: 718: 646: 4881:

Ewert, Christian (1992) "The Architectural Heritage of Islamic Spain in North Africa", in J.D. Dodds, editor,

2118:, and soon morph into the playground of American and European movie stars and a routine stop for the post-war 1506: 497: 405: 229:

to connect Marrakesh to northern Morocco, but the city's life was tied to and oriented towards the south. The

4969:

Larui, A. (1985) "African initiatives and resistance in North Africa and the Sahara", in Adu Boahen, editor,

4575: 3709: 1737: 649:

in 1224 began a period of instability. Marrakesh became the stronghold of the Almohad tribal sheikhs and the

6003: 5691: 5195: 4893:

The Encyclopedia of Islam: a dictionary of the geography, ethnogropy and biography of the Mohammaden peoples

4822:

The Encyclopedia of Islam: a dictionary of the geography, ethnogropy and biography of the Mohammaden peoples

1606: 1594: 1533:

then exiting the city again, through the Bab al-Robb gate (west of the Kasbah) to reach the final shrine 7.

1161: 809:, al-Hintati went into open rebellion in 1367 but was eventually defeated in 1370 and Marrakesh re-annexed. 771: 2488:(wr.1381) follows Ibn Idhari's 1070 date. For more details on the dating problem, see Messier (2010: p.201) 1375: 112: 5618: 5537: 5358: 2999: 2396: 2365: 2340: 1694:. The late 19th century also saw the erection of many new religious buildings, such as the Sufi shrine of 1635: 779: 603:(which they raised from scratch). Artisans who worked on these edifices were drawn from both sides of the 4368:

Hoisington (2004: p. 109); Park and Boum (1996: p.lxvii); McKenna (2010: p. 117); van Hulle (1994: p. 52)

5474: 5338: 5285: 4747: 3007: 2401: 2286:

the intellectual or traditional capital, Marrakesh remains the cultural and tourist capital of Morocco.

2192: 2138: 1798: 1741: 1558: 1514: 1356: 1275: 830: 372:

were struck in Marrakesh already in 1092, announcing its debut as a city. Unlike other Moroccan cities,

5249: 4810:

Casamar Pérez, Manuel (1992) "The Almoravids and the Almohads: An introduction" in J.D. Dodds, editor,

1459:

On al-Rashid's death in April 1672, Marrakesh refused to swear allegiance to his brother and successor

762:

jurisprudence to the position of prominence in Morocco it had previously enjoyed under the Almoravids.

576:

The Almohads also expanded the waterworks with a wider irrigation system, introducing open-air canals (

388:

outside the palace, thus scholars were naturally more attracted to the vibrant intellectual centers of

3520:

Cenival (1913-36, p.299; 2007: p.322-3); Gottreich (1987); Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.40)

3023:

Although it is sometimes said the Abu al-Hasan Madrasa was later refurbished by the Saadians into the

1683: 1464: 1083: 909:

al-Jazuli, at the head of 13,000 followers from the Sous, crossed over the Atlas and established Sufi

724:

The Marinids decided against moving their court to Marrakesh and instead established their capital at

5944: 5761: 5489: 5343: 5254: 4210:

It is sometimes claimed that "Gueliz" was named after the church, the locals hearing the French term

3003: 2368:

who has the goal of increasing the number of tourists visiting Morocco to 20 million a year by 2020.

2256: 2230: 1791: 1786: 1651: 1526: 1433: 1009: 911: 604: 471: 2179:

in 1940, during World War II, the French Protectorate of Morocco came under the jurisdiction of the

658:

Almohad army chiefs and Spanish mercenaries with the promise to hand Marrakesh over to them for the

6008: 5993: 5853: 5676: 5494: 5484: 5432: 5348: 5275: 5270: 3024: 2846:, which were very similar (Julien, 1931: p.126-27)). For a description of Tinmel, see Ewert (1992). 2360: 2352: 2211: 1687: 1647: 1630: 1610: 1542: 1311: 1226: 1222: 1186: 1105: 1076: 817: 806: 679: 529: 384:

jurists and theologians closely connected to the Almoravid court moved to Marrakesh, there were no

342: 246: 4788: 4465: 3553:

Levtzion (1977: p.409); Abun-Nasr (1987: p.214); El Fasi (1992: p.107-09); Julien (1931: p.210-11)

2497:

Ibn Idhari, as quoted in Levtzion and Hopkins (1981: p.226-27). Messier (2010: pp. xii, 41-42; 53)

6055: 5998: 5830: 5784: 5656: 5594: 5578: 5188: 2304: 2207: 1806:, which saw the lynching of several European residents in Tangier, Casablanca and Marrakesh. Dr. 1695: 1679: 1590: 1583: 1522: 1518: 1338: 1263: 1206: 1156: 1057:

1521 and 1522. The state of Marrakesh around this time was described by the eyewitness traveller

952: 924: 884: 861: 304:), the largest mosque built in the Almoravid empire. The new mosque and the surrounding markets ( 301: 90: 5163: 1698:

and the mosques of Sidi Ishaq, Darb al-Badi, Darb al-Shtuka, Dar al-Makzhen and Ali ibn Sharif.

1181: 179: 4834:

Cenival Pierre de (2007) "Marrakesh", new edition of 1913-36 article, in C.E. Bosworth, editor,

2379:(UNFCCC), known as the 22nd Session of the Conference of the Parties, or COP 22. Also known as 2029: 1666:("the Brilliant") was built in the 1860s as the residence of Si Musa, a palace slave and grand 1297:("the Golden"). He abandoned the Kasbah and erected a new sumptuous residence for himself, the 1246:, literally the "salted place") was established c. 1558 just east of the Kasbah. The influx of 59:

as the capital of their empire, Marrakesh went on to also serve as the imperial capital of the

5686: 5532: 5234: 5011: 4981: 4900: 4866: 4839: 4829: 4798: 4758: 4719: 4698: 4677: 4656: 4635: 4614: 4489: 3875: 3492: 3325: 3312: 3141: 2998:

Bloom and Blair (2009: p.466). Some sources suggest Ben Saleh mosque it was built earlier, by

2913: 2542: 2536: 2107: 2099: 2060: 1807: 1460: 1453: 1429: 1092: 821: 446: 207: 151: 131:

farmers since Neolithic times, and numerous stone implements have been unearthed in the area.

116: 60: 4910: 4886: 4856: 4815: 4483: 4093: 4071: 3215: 1935:, nicknamed the "Blue Sultan", son of the late al-Aynan, whose forces were still gathered at 1745: 1674:, who served as the grand vizier of Abd al-Aziz. Other Alawi palaces of this era include the 1031: 758:

in 1343/9 This was part of a general effort by the Marinids to reimpose Sunnism and restore

178:, pastureland suitable for their great herds. About a day's ride to the west was the fertile 5967: 5929: 5924: 5914: 5878: 5873: 5714: 5671: 5666: 5651: 5527: 5244: 5239: 5129: 5102: 5085: 5077: 5072: 5055: 4986: 4964: 4951: 4934: 4876: 3308: 2917: 2344: 2242: 2056: 2051: 1982: 1921: 1912: 1847: 1836: 1579: 1530: 1334: 1237: 1230: 1152: 1127: 988: 751: 517: 502: 490: 484: 350: 4931:

The Assassination of Jacques Lemaigre Dubreuil: A Frenchman between France and North Africa

1825:

In reward for their assistance, sultan Abd al-Hafid appointed Madani al-Glawi as his grand

856: 642:). Down to the 19th century, Marrakesh was often called "Morocco city" in foreign sources. 556: 52:, stretches back nearly a thousand years. The country of Morocco itself is named after it. 5988: 5573: 3148: 2384: 2308: 2184: 2130: 2115: 2012: 1992: 1974: 1721: 1705:

The colonial encroachment had led to a shift in the traditional relationship between the "

1691: 1345:

instead. Zidan managed to prevail and entered Marrakesh in 1609. But now another brother,

1290: 1088: 775: 717:

laid his first siege of Marrakesh in 1262, but it failed. He thereupon struck a deal with

654: 569: 425: 29: 5893: 5162:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from 2826:

Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269

1549: 5962: 5883: 5848: 5802: 5681: 5604: 5119:

Commander of the Faithful: the Moroccan political elite - a study in segmented politics

5024: 4770: 4553: 2328: 2198: 2176: 2160: 2074:

In 1928, south of Gueliz, Henri Prost began laying out the more exclusive quarter of l'

2038: 1966: 1908: 1892: 1840: 1670:

of Muhammad IV and Hassan I. It was used as a residence by Si Musa's son and successor

1384: 1380: 1342: 1319: 1315: 1298: 1143: 1101: 936: 850: 789: 415:

The outline of the ramparts of Marrakesh today, including Almohad and later expansions.

393: 251: 3178:

Julien (1931: p.198). For more on al-Jazuli, see Cornell (1997: ch. 6, esp. pp.167ff.)

2339:, raising international awareness of the cultural heritage of the city. In the 1980s, 1969:, and promptly set them out to take Marrakesh. Mangin's column met the Hibist army at 1470:

Ismail's punishment of Marrakesh did not end there. Ismail established his capital at

1026:

in 1511, receiving the allegiance of the tribes of the Sous. At the invitation of the

976:

in the outskirts by a new force that had rather suddenly appeared from the south: the

778:, and declared independence. In 1320, it was the turn of Abu Ali, the son and heir of 154:

soon decided Aghmat was overcrowded and unsuitable as their capital. Being originally

6044: 5972: 5709: 5633: 5386: 4142: 3011: 2321: 2260: 2215: 2152: 2079: 2023: 2019: 1932: 1924:(at the time, the pasha of Fez), who was promptly escorted to the relative safety of 1900: 1876: 1678:(now the Museum of Moroccan Art), built by Ba Ahmed's brother, Si Said ibn Musa, the 1417: 1369: 1361: 1286: 1218: 1119: 1071: 1058: 1046: 944: 732:

Although the Almohads were extinguished as a political and military force, their old

585: 581: 561: 373: 354: 279: 234: 226: 222: 171: 162: 128: 124: 77: 4996:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2000 reprint, Princeton: Markus Wiener. 4891:

Funck-Brentano, C. (1913-136) "Al-Mansur, Ahmad b. Muhammad" in T. Houtsma, editor,

4550:"MARRAKECH: Dozens of heads of State and Government to attend UN climate conference" 1408:, Abd al-Karim ibn Abu Bakr al-Shbani declared himself the new sultan of Marrakesh. 17: 5934: 5863: 5858: 5807: 4519: 2477: 2283: 2219: 2180: 2147: 1916: 1663: 1655: 1397: 1027: 883:(influential in Fez, Touat, Algiers and Bougie) was more moderate and cooperative. 725: 634:

received its name in foreign sources. Marrakesh was known in western Europe in its

612: 528:

that dominated the city's skyline. Al-Mansur also built the fortified citadel, the

397: 389: 97: 68: 4805:

Prelude to Protectorate in Morocco: Pre-colonial protest and resistance, 1860-1912

1509:("Sidi Yussef Ben Ali", d.1197), just outside the Bab Aghmat in the southeast, 2. 1477: 5170: 4713: 4692: 4671: 4650: 4629: 4608: 4341:

McKenna (2010:p. 115–16); Park and Boum (1996:p.lxviii); Abun-Nasr (1987: p. 391)

3383:

Rogerson (2009:p.221) reports two sieges. Other sources usually neglect Azemmour.

3006:

of the saint "Muhammad ibn Salih". Identification uncertain, possibly related to

2712: 1372:(Mosque of the Ruins), what would become the future central square of Marrakesh. 782:, who rebelled and seized Marrakesh. Roles were reversed during the sultanate of 270:

empire, which stretched over all of Morocco, western Algeria and southern Spain (

5919: 5898: 5888: 5868: 5822: 5407: 5311: 5301: 4778: 3133: 2742:

Messier (2010: p.143-44). Lamzah (2008: p.56-57) dates their completion to 1126.

2684:

For descriptions of El Hara, see Meakin (1901: p.291-92); Bensusan (1904: 94-95)

2469: 2348: 2300: 2095: 2083: 2042: 1675: 1401: 876: 690: 591:

Much of the Almohad architecture in Marrakesh had counterparts in the cities of

419: 361: 194: 190: 4296:

Howe (2005: p.x). McKenna (2010: p.115). For more details, see Assaraf (1997)

1463:, who had served as vice-roy in Fez. Instead, Marrakeshis opted for his nephew 1045:

From Afughal, al-Qaim and his sons directed operations against Portuguese-held

5797: 5792: 5774: 5768: 5306: 2473: 2444: 2375:

From November 7 to 18, 2016, the city of Marrakesh was host to the meeting of

2314: 2279: 2268: 2169: 2111: 1988: 1949: 1851: 1803: 1733: 1534: 1393: 1214: 1023: 686: 616: 596: 541: 467: 459: 442: 438: 369: 365: 283: 271: 230: 198: 56: 4278:

Park and Boum (1996: p.lxvii); McKenna (2010: p.114); Abun-Nasr (1987: p.388)

3562:

Levtzion (1977:p.409-10); Abun-Nasr (1987:p.215-16); Julien (1931: p.212-13).

1715:) over the tribes - a process that accelerated in the 1870s with the loss of 1525:("Sidi Abdel Aziz el-Harrar", 1508), just west of the Ben Youssef Mosque, 6. 1038:), the shrine of the late sharif al-Jazuli and spiritual headquarters of the 357:

for which Marrakesh is famous, and splendid colonnaded villas outside of it.

5817: 5280: 5211: 4488:. Academie De Droit, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 30 June 2002. p. 71. 3829:

Abun-Nasr (1987: p.309); Park and Boum (1996: p.138); El Glaoui (2004: p.14)

2247: 2075: 1954: 1510: 1490: 1449: 1425: 1131: 964: 880: 624: 565: 334: 267: 263: 183: 135: 44: 34: 4141:

Pennell (2000:p.184) The definitive book on El Glaoui's career is probably

4026:

Porch (1982: p.264); Hoisington (1995: p.45), Park and Boum (199: p.153-54)

3307:. Original account of Marrakesh in original Italian (1550: Seconda Parte, 3002:, between 1318 and 1321. Cenival (1913-36 p.301, 303) identifies it as the 1327: 4610:

Berbers And Blacks: Impressions Of Morocco, Timbuktu And The Western Sudan

4395:

Gottereich (2007: p.132-37); Pennell (2000: p.310-11); Sales (2007: p.87).

2484:(wr. 1067-67) does not mention Marrakesh, and the anonymous writer of the 1744:(al-Gundafi), to the northeast of him. The largest regional tribe was the 1301:(meaning "the Splendid" or "the Incomparable", an enlarged version of the 5316: 5092:

The Last Crusaders: East, West and the Battle for the Center of the World

3571:

Levtzion (1977:410ff.); Abun-Nasr (1987: p.216ff); Julien (1931: p.213ff)

2481: 2218:

over the border into the French zone began soon after, encouraged by the

2091: 1844: 1782: 1771:

Murder of Dr. Émile Mauchamp in Marrakesh, as envisioned in French paper

1762: 1682:(now the Musée de Marrakech) built by the Tangier noble and war minister 1671: 1323: 1302: 1267: 1109: 1050: 1039: 997: 968: 917: 898: 872: 838: 759: 702: 694: 620: 550: 450: 434: 381: 288: 139: 3250:

Levtzion (1977: p.398-99); Paiva Manso (1872:p.xx); Julien (1931: p.206)

2351:; which is now part of Polo Club de la Palmarie. On April 15, 1994, the 1578:

Crisis followed Muhammad III's death in 1790. The succession of his son

1513:("Cadi Ayyad ben Moussa", d.1149), inside the Bab Aylan in the east, 3. 1341:

was acclaimed in Marrakesh, but the jurists of Fez elevated his brother

5568: 5001:

Lords of the Atlas: the rise and fall of the House of Glaoua, 1893-1956

3241:

Paiva Manso (1872:p.xxii); Julien (1931: p.202); Rogerson (2009:p.215).

2203: 2126: 2119: 2001: 1725: 1716: 1706: 1622: 1247: 1198: 1147: 1136: 1035: 977: 902: 797: 793: 755: 659: 631: 608: 592: 525: 509: 463: 385: 166: 158: 155: 147: 72: 64: 49: 4917:

The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish And Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City

4201:

Van Hulle (1994: p.53-54); Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.72)

3420:

Levtzion (1977: p.405); Abun-Nasr (1987: p.156); Al-Fasi (1992: p.106)

2451:, quoted in Levtzion and Hopkins (1981:p.226-27); Messier (2010: p.41) 453:

were a new religious movement erected by preacher and self-proclaimed

329: 4948:

Murder in Marrakesh: Émile Mauchamp and the French Colonial Adventure

3447:

Levtzion (1977: p.407); Abun-Nasr (1987: p.213); Julien (1931: p.208)

2839: 2332: 2291: 2264: 2164: 2103: 1936: 1872: 1860: 1826: 1667: 1658:, demoting Marrakesh once again to a regional capital under a family 1471: 1421: 1306: 1270:

Sufi brotherhood whose remains were translated from Afughal, and the

1242: 1194: 1169: 1001: 928: 893: 846: 842: 805:

in Fez. After central powers was recovered by the new Marinid sultan

802: 739: 698: 513: 275: 211: 143: 96:

Throughout its history, Marrakesh has maintained a keen rivalry with

4386:

van Hulle (1994: p.122); Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.77)

2163:, with cells in various cities, including Marrakesh. After riots in 901:), al-Jazuli rode a wave of nostalgia for the 9th-century sharifian 245:

valleys, and seal off access to the Sahara Desert and the lucrative

4958:

Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, vol. 2 - De la conquête arabe à 1830

1859:(northeast of Marrakesh) in June 1910 and was forced to retreat to 345:, arguably Marrakesh's most famous industry. (Goatskin tanned with 2275: 2156: 2028: 2008: 1987: 1940: 1925: 1886: 1864: 1856: 1831: 1819: 1811: 1766: 1749: 1729: 1600: 1548: 1476: 1374: 1352: 1180: 1174: 1114: 1018: 855: 743: 734: 669: 635: 600: 496: 455: 418: 410: 346: 328: 175: 146:(which had served as a regional capital of southern Morocco since 111: 101: 28: 4149:. But see also the memoirs of El Glaoui's son (El Glaoui, 2004). 3699:

Julien (1931: p.229); Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.60)

3187:

Julien (1931: p.199); Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.36)

2538:

Water Engineering inAncient Civilizations: 5,000 Years of History

2383:

it also served as the first meeting of the governing body of the

2274:

Since independence, it has become commonplace to hear that while

1305:

in Granada). He raised a professional standing army, adopted the

1189:, erected by Saadians in the 1560s. Its walls are decorated with 738:

religious doctrines lingered, and Marrakesh remained a hotbed of

4820:

Cenival, Pierre de (1913-36) "Marrakush" in T. Houtsma, editor,

2843: 1945: 1740:(al-Mtugi), who held the Atlas range southwest of al-Glawi, and 1711: 1567: 1537:("Sidi es-Souheli", d.1185), outside the city to the southwest. 1445: 1437: 1255: 1013: 1005: 888: 868: 706: 401: 306: 293: 242: 238: 189:

There is a dispute about the exact foundation date: chroniclers

5184: 4976:

Levi-Provençal, E. (1913–36) "Maghrawa" in T. Houtsma, editor,

2732:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. pp. 108–109. 1895:

decorates the El Glaoui brothers after the capture of Marrakesh

1785:("Ba Ahmed"), the empire's true regent, the young Alawi sultan 360:

Although the bulk of Almoravid coinage was still struck by the

4795:È successo qualcosa alla città. Manuale di antropologia urbana 4649:

Hardy, Paula; Vorhees, Mara; Edsall, Heidi (1 February 2005).

4523: 3014:, who were favored by the Marinids. (See Cornell, 1997: p.140) 1452:("Cadi Ayyad") in Marrakesh, where the remains of his father, 4576:"Construction Begins on Venue of COP22 in Marrakech | UNFCCC" 3597: 3595: 2959:

Julien (1931:p.167-68); Cenival (1913-36: p.301; 2007: p.325)

1030:

Berbers of the western High Altas, in 1514, al-Qaim moved to

607:, and follow similar designs and decorative themes, e.g. the 5180: 4853:

A la conquête du Maroc Sud avec la colonne Mangin, 1912-1913

3438:

Levtzion (1977: p.406-07); Abun-Nasr (1987: p.157; p.212-13)

2525:

Messier (2010, pp.42, 59, 85); Julien (1931 (1961 ed): p.82)

1899:

The resolution of the Agadir crisis cleared the way for the

1314:

routes and went on to invade and plunder the gold-saturated

1168:

The Saadians faced difficulties legitimizing their rule. As

891:, catapulted to prominence in the mid-15th century. Being a 3036:

Julien (1931: p.172); Cenival (1913-38: p.301; 2007: p.325)

2882:

Julien (1931: p.126-29); Casamar Pérez (1992); Ewert (1992)

1521:("Sidi Ben Slimane", d. 1465), just south the previous, 5. 1172:, descendants of Muhammad, they claimed to stand above the 841:, a related noble family, seized power in Fez and ruled as 182:

river valley, which would serve as the city's breadbasket.

67:, who captured Marrakesh in 1269, relocated the capital to 4846:

Realm of the Saint: Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism

2903:

Cenival (1913-36: p.298; 2007: p.321), Lamzah (2008: p.59)

2137:

Sultan Youssef died in 1927, and was succeeded by his son

1575:

to how Muhammad III re-built it in the late 18th century.

1075:

assigning Taroudannt and the Sous to his younger brother,

4424: 4422: 4057: 4055: 3465:

Cenival (1913-36: p.305); Bloom & Blair (2009:p.466).

2271:), has become less distinct from the rest of the Medina. 2055:

Development of the new city took place in the 1920s. The

1012:, was invited c. 1509-10 by the Sufi brotherhoods of the 4785:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture

3874:

Katz (2006). Pennell (2000: p.135). See also entry for '

1621:

began in 1830. Moroccan troops were rushed up to defend

1428:(Sijilmassa region). After the death of the Alawi scion 1146:

Turks who had recently established themselves in nearby

959:) in 1513 and erected a new fortress nearby at Mazagan ( 4994:

Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History

4873:

Le Ralliement: le Glaoui, mon père, récit et témoignage

4765:

Mohammed V et les Juifs du Maroc `a l' ́epoque de Vichy

2312:"sort of countercultural waterhole". A 1973 article in 595:(which the Almohads chose as their regional capital in 4520:"Morocco: Marrakesh bomb strikes Djemaa el-Fna square" 4350:

McKenna (2010: p.116-17); Abun-Nasr (1987: p. 391–92)

4132:

Park and Baum (1996: p.136-37); Pennell (2000: p.184)

4114:

Hoisington (1995: p.100); Park and Boum (1996: p.153)

3936:

Pennell (2000: p.147); Park and Boum (1996: p.133-34)

2377:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

2172:(1934) were subjugated by French military campaigns. 138:

in the mid-11th century, the region was ruled by the

5480:École nationale des sciences appliquées de Marrakech 5071:. 2005 edition, New York: Farrar Straus and Giraux. 4941:

Morocco: The Islamist Awakening and Other Challenges

4017:

Hoisington (1995: p.94); Park and Boum (1996: p.153)

1985:

by Lyautey, who visited Marrakesh in October, 1912.

1091:, whereby Morocco was partitioned roughly along the 887:("Sidi Ben Slimane"), a Sufi Shadhili imam from the 754:(1331). Abu al-Hasan also erected Marrakesh's first 6021: 5981: 5953: 5907: 5839: 5783: 5728: 5700: 5642: 5626: 5617: 5587: 5551: 5520: 5513: 5467: 5441: 5420: 5400: 5379: 5372: 5329: 5294: 5263: 5227: 5218: 5050:Paiva Manso, Levy Maria Jordão, Visconde de (1872) 4863:

Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century

4035:

Park and Boum (1996: p.153); Cornet (1914: p.1, 11)

2702:

Bosworth (1989: p.592); Park and Boum (1996: p.238)

2267:after 1948 or to booming districts elsewhere (esp. 2168:(1932), the Jebal Saghro (1933–34) and finally the 1142:The Saadian success roused the intervention of the 5099:Time Out Marrakech, Essaouira & the High Atlas 5021:The Land of the Moors: a comprehensive description 4440: 3346:Levtzion (1977: p.401); Paiva Manso (1872: p.xxiv) 2086:hotel in 1929, in the gardens of the 18th-century 524:c. 1195, with a grandiose and elaborately-adorned 4992:Levtzion, N. and J.F.P. Hopkins, editors, (1981) 4919:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. 3196:Levtzion (1977:p.397-98); Abun-Nasr (1987: p.207) 3160:Julien (1931: p.199); Park and Boum (1996: p.239) 3123:Julien (1931: p.185); Park and Boum (1996: p.239) 2214:. Nationalists fled into the Spanish zone, and a 1529:("Sidi Mouley el-Ksour", d.1528), just below the 1310:began simmering, al-Mansur seized control of the 685:The internal Almohad struggle led to the loss of 4861:El Fasi, M. (1992) "Morocco" in B.Ogot, editor, 4323:McKenna (2010: p.115); van Hulle (1994: p. 50). 4083:Hoisington (1995: p.96); Cornet (1914: p.50, 53) 3981:Burke (1976: p.190-93); Pennell (2000: p.155-56) 2985: 2983: 1977:was promptly restored to his former position as 1781:After the death in May 1900 of the grand vizier 588:to the west and south of the city respectively. 237:could sever Marrakesh's communications with the 123:The region of Marrakesh, the plain south of the 5505:The Superior School of Visual Arts of Marrakech 4287:Waterbury (1970: pp.36-37); Larui (1985: p.112) 630:It was during Almoravid and Almohad times that 5010:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing 4755:A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period 4332:Pennell (2000:p.268); Abun-Nasr (1987: p. 389) 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3628:Julien (1931: p.224-25); El Fasi (1992: p.112) 3337:Rogerson (2009: p.216); Levtzion (1977: p.401) 3096:Julien (1931: p.183-84); Cornell (1998: p.163) 2432:Messier (2010: p.35); Levi-Provençal (1913-38) 2004:and defied all attempts to bring him to heel. 1561:retained Marrakesh as preferred residence and 5196: 5126:Marrakesh: The Secret of Its Courtyard Houses 4905:Ghachem-Benkirane, N. and P. Saharoff (1990) 4757:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 4224: 4222: 4220: 3945:Pennell (2000: 149-51); El Glaoui (2004:p.11) 3918:Pennell (2000: p.139); Burke (1976: p.120-22) 3655:Julien (1931: p.228-9); El Fasi (1992: p.114) 3543:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. 3228: 3226: 3224: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 2937: 2935: 2717:(in Arabic). مطبعة التقدم،. 1811. p. 71. 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2619: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2381:2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference 2041:of Moroccan cities. The French urban planner 1333:Things soon began to fall apart. A nine-year 750:erected a couple of new mosques, notably the 441:into bolstering the city's fortifications as 408:("Sidi Yussef Ben Ali", d.1197) was a leper. 8: 4045: 4043: 4041: 3010:of the Magiriyya strand of Sufism, based in 2641:Messier (2010: p.126), Wilbaux et al. (1999) 2225:Despite vigorous opposition from the French 1850:, who had led the anti-French resistance in 693:attacks, and the rise of a new dynasty, the 4971:Africa Under Colonial Domination, 1880-1935 4514: 4512: 4466:"Understanding the WTO - The Uruguay Round" 4305:Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.76) 4228:Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.74) 3990:Porch (1982: p.261); Pennell (2000: p.157). 3690:Julien (1931: p.229); El Fasi (1992: p.114) 3637:Julien (1931: p.226); El Fasi (1992: p.113) 3489:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650 3411:Julien (1931:p.207); Levtzion (1977: p.403) 3355:Ghachem-Benkirane and Saharoff (1990: p.39) 3311:); English 1600 translation (1896 ed., v.2 3299:was first published in the 1550 collection 2989:Julien (1931: p.188); Cornell (1997: p.128) 2714:كتاب الحلل الموشية في ذكر الأخبار المراكشية 2440: 2438: 396:, and even nearby Aghmat and Sijilmassa. A 5623: 5517: 5376: 5224: 5203: 5189: 5181: 4924:Lyautey and the French Conquest of Morocco 4783:Bloom, J.M. and S.S. Blair editors, 2009, 4413: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 3999:Burke (1976: p.200); Pennell (2000: p.157) 3972:Burke (1976: p.190); Pennell (2000: p.156) 2770:Allain, Charles; Deverdun, Gaston (1957). 2335:declared the old town area of Marrakech a 871:had arrived in the Maghreb and local Sufi 796:of the High Atlas (one of the old Almohad 249:in salt and gold with sub-Saharan Africa ( 4748:Timeline of Marrakesh § Bibliography 4008:Maxwell (1966:p.298); Burke (1976: p.177) 2516:Meakin (1901: p.289); Lamzah (2008: p.36) 2011:, leaving Marrakesh in the tight grip of 1753:Mtouggi-allied Abd al-Salam al-Barbushi. 1609:by the walls of Marrakesh, as painted by 1497:to select seven of them to serve as the " 1165:secondary regional capital of the north. 174:, to the south the vast sloping plain of 5031:The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad 4452: 4428: 2855:Julien (1931: p.126); Lamzah (2008:p.58) 2420: 2241: 2065: 1931:Discontent in the south gathered around 1829:, and his brother Thami al-Glawi as the 992:Map of Morocco in the early 16th century 987: 555: 337:of Marrakesh are still operational today 5745:Zawiya of Muhammad Ben Sliman al-Jazuli 4980:. Leiden: Brill. 1987 edition, vol. 5, 4865:, 1999 abridged edition, Paris: UNESCO 4807:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4694:Atlas of Travel and Tourism Development 4607:Barrows, David Prescott (31 May 2004). 3589:Julien (1931: p.217-18); El Fasi (1992) 3232:Cenival (1913-36: p.302; 2007: p.326-7) 3060:Cenival (1913-36: p.301; 2007: p.325-6) 2891: 2413: 1416:In the course of the 17th century, the 1266:(c. 1554), founder of the 15th-century 1240:further west. The Jewish district (the 1126:Muhammad al-Sheikh proceeded to invade 801:fought over between a series of palace 5662:Kasbah Mosque (Moulay al-Yazid Mosque) 5064:. New York: New York University Press. 4950:Bloomington: Indiana University Press 4943:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 4933:. Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge-Curzon. 4907:Marrakech: demeures et jardins secrets 2819: 2817: 2815: 2355:was signed here which established the 1995:, Pasha of Marrakech from 1912 to 1956 1424:family, had established themselves in 1330:temporarily into the Moroccan empire. 897:(i.e. a descendant from the family of 849:on behalf of the Marinid child-sultan 512:maintained their spiritual capital at 296:fountains and a grand new mosque, the 127:in southern Morocco, was inhabited by 5038:The City in the Islamic World, vol. 2 4485:Water Resources and International Law 3757:Cenival (1913-36: p.304, 2007: p.330) 3681:Cenival (1913-36: p.303; 2007: p.328) 3529:Cenival (1913-36: p.298; 2007: p.321) 3482: 3480: 2941:Cenival (1913-38: p.300; 2007: p.324) 2751:Cenival (1913-36: p.296; 2007: p.324) 2675:Cenival (1913-36: p.298; 2007: p.322) 2623:Cenival (1913-36: p.297; 2007: p.321) 1867:valley, where he died shortly after. 1686:and the early 20th-century palace of 916:was interrupted by the return of the 7: 5935:Museum of Confluences (Dar el Bacha) 5828:For city walls and other gates, see: 5175:Bulletin de la société de géographie 4883:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 4848:. Austin: University of Texas Press. 4836:Historic Cities of the Islamic World 4812:Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain 2535:Viollet, Pierre-Louis (2017-10-02). 1814:in March 1907, and, in August 1907, 1654:moved the court and capital back to 5925:Berber Museum (in Majorelle Garden) 4787:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4670:Searight, Susan (1 November 1999). 4628:Christiani, Kerry (15 March 2010). 4242:Borghi and Camuffo (2010: p.139-49) 2772:"Les portes anciennes de Marrakech" 1493:, Ismail requested the Sufi sheikh 210:who erected the city's first brick 5147:Islamic Cultural Heritage Database 5121:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 5052:Historia Ecclesiastica Ultramarina 5040:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 679–730. 4897:E.J. Brill's Encyclopedia of Islam 4826:E.J. Brill's Encyclopedia of Islam 3295:Finished c. 1526, Leo Africanus's 1638:was confronted immediately by the 1070:Al-Qaim died in 1517, and his son 349:is still commonly referred to as " 266:served as the capital of the vast 25: 5033:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. 4973:. Paris: UNESCO, pp. 87–113. 4885:. New York: Metropolitan Museum. 4814:. New York: Metropolitan Museum. 3580:Funck-Brentano (1913-1936: p.253) 2806:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires 1816:bombarded and occupied Casablanca 1482:Shrine of Sidi Bel Abbas al-Sabti 225:laid the first bridge across the 5045:Historical Dictionary of Morocco 4530:from the original on 20 May 2020 4441:Hardy, Vorhees & Edsall 2005 4404:Borghi and Camuffo (2010: p.139) 2134:conventional residents-general. 2090:of al-Mamoun, elegantly melding 1444:He then proceeded down into the 1008:valley. The head of the family, 611:of Seville and the (unfinished) 5124:Wilbaux, Quentin et al. (1999) 4946:Katz, Jonathan Glustrom (2006) 2786:from the original on 2020-01-14 2555:from the original on 2020-09-30 1911:was appointed the first French 1646:Muhammad IV and his successors 1519:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli 1231:Mouassine or al-Muwassin Mosque 885:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli 820:launched a surprise attack and 6061:Histories of cities in Morocco 6030:Category:People from Marrakesh 5428:Ibn Tofail University Hospital 5107:Van Hulle, Jean-Claude (1994) 5043:Park, T.K. and A. Boum (1996) 5008:The History of Northern Africa 4956:Julien, Charles-André. (1931) 4929:Hoisington, William A. (2005) 4922:Hoisington, William A. (1995) 4691:Shackley, Myra (23 May 2012). 4631:Frommer's Marrakech Day by Day 3541:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 2730:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 2278:may be the political capital, 1903:on March 30, 1912, imposing a 951:), in 1508. They subsequently 87:French protectorate of Morocco 1: 5854:Royal Palace (Dar al-Makhzen) 5062:Morocco since 1830: a history 5054:. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional. 5023:. London: Swan Sonnenschein. 5006:McKenna, Amy, editor, (2010) 4899:, Leiden: E.J. Brill., vol.5 4871:El Glaoui, Abdessadeq (2004) 4828:, Leiden: E.J. Brill., vol.5 4715:Hedonist's Guide To Marrakech 3820:Park and Boum (1996:p.138-39) 3766:Bloom and Blair (2009: p.456) 3474:Blair and Bloom (2009: p.466) 2808:. Edinburgh University Press. 1981:of Marrakesh and awarded the 4960:, 1961 edition, Paris: Payot 3880:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 2033:Koutoubia Mosque - Marrakech 1347:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun 742:in the eyes of the orthodox 197:give it as c. 1061-62 while 93:after independence in 1956. 5101:. London: Time out Guides. 4875:2nd edition, Rabat: Marsam 4377:Park and Boum (1996: p.137) 3963:Park and Boum (1996: p.131) 3601:Park and Boum (1996: p.240) 3205:Park and Boum (1996: p.239) 2804:Bennison, Amira K. (2016). 1724:("El Glaoui"), the qaid of 1672:Ahmed ibn Musa ("Ba Ahmed") 1484:, patron saint of Marrakesh 784:Abu Al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman 536:), just south of the city ( 6077: 5750:Zawiya of Sidi Abd el-Aziz 5543:Chez Ali Club de Marrakech 5029:Messier, Ronald A. (2010) 4745: 3856:Park and Boum (1996:p.8-9) 3802:Bloom and Blair (2009:466) 3429:Abun-Nasr (1987: p.155-56) 2337:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1760: 1728:, armed with a single 77m 1619:French conquest of Algeria 1264:Sidi Ben Slimane al-Jazuli 1191:Islamic geometric patterns 705:, the Marinids arrived in 89:. It remained part of the 5762:Sidi Abdallah al-Ghazwani 5454:Marrakesh Railway Station 5354:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman 5090:Rogerson, Barnaby (2009) 4926:. New York: St. Martin's. 4915:Gottreich, Emily (2007). 4838:, Leiden: Brill p.319-32 4777:. London: A and C Black. 4673:Maverick Guide to Morocco 4634:. John Wiley & Sons. 4192:Van Hulle (1994: p.52-53) 3539:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 3324:Leo Africanus (1892 ed., 3305:Giovanni Battista Ramusio 3277:Paiva Manso (1872: p.xxv) 2929:e.g. Meakin (1901: p.199) 2873:Montalbano (2008: p.711). 2728:Deverdun, Gaston (1959). 2359:, and in March 1997, the 2189:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1971:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman 1690:, residence of the pasha 1559:Muhammad III ibn Abdallah 1495:Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi 1289:, the new Saadian ruler, 1064:Descrittione dell’ Africa 933:Santa Cruz no Cabo do Gué 655:Abd al-Wahid II al-Ma'mun 540:) of Marrakesh, with the 522:Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur 223:Ali ibn Yusuf ibn Tashfin 134:Before the advent of the 5740:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes 5600:Marrakech Street Circuit 5559:FIA WTCR Race of Morocco 5449:Marrakesh Menara Airport 5364:2023 Al Haouz earthquake 4613:. Kessinger Publishing. 4314:Abun-Nasr (1987: p. 389) 3954:Pennell (2000: p.150-51) 3838:Gottereich (2007: p.124) 2632:Messier (2010: p.125-26) 2599:Messier (2010, p.123-24) 2590:Messier (2010, p.122-23) 2581:Messier (2010: p.85, 87) 2357:World Trade Organization 2129:that erupted in 1919 in 2059:in Gueliz was set up by 1627:Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri 1553:Map of Marrakesh in 1830 1535:Abd al-Rahman al-Suhayli 1507:Yusuf ibn Ali al-Sanhaji 1082:The new Wattasid sultan 1000:were a widely respected 974:their army were defeated 697:in northeast Morocco. A 674:Depiction of Marrakesh ( 560:Amohad walls around the 406:Yusuf ibn Ali al-Sanhaji 6004:Shrob ou Shouf Fountain 5692:Slat al-Azama Synagogue 5117:Waterbury, John (1970) 5094:. Boston: Little Brown. 5069:The Conquest of Morocco 5047:, Lanham, Md: Scarecrow 4763:Assaraf, Robert (1997) 4753:Abun-Nasr, J.M. (1987) 4712:Sullivan, Paul (2007). 4061:Abun-Nasr (1987: p.371) 3927:Abun-Nasr (1987: p.370) 3878:' in Chisholm, editor, 3730:Julien (1931: p.240-41) 3610:El Fasi (1992:p.111-12) 3487:Salmon, Xavier (2016). 2950:Julien (1931: p.163-64) 2824:Salmon, Xavier (2018). 2572:Messier (2010: p.41-42) 2070:Entrance to La Mamounia 1738:Abd al-Malik al-Mtouggi 1276:Sidi Bel Abbas al-Sabti 1162:Battle of Wadi al-Laban 816:In 1415, the Christian 746:Marinids. Marinid emir 437:), Ali invested 70,000 55:Founded c. 1070 by the 5764:(Sidi Moulay el Ksour) 5715:Koubba of Fatima Zohra 5538:Mouloudia de Marrakech 5359:2011 Marrakesh bombing 5067:Porch, Douglas (1982) 4999:Maxwell, Gavin (1966) 4855:. Paris: Plon-Nourit. 4851:Cornet, C.J.A. (1914) 4676:. Pelican Publishing. 4269:El Glaoui (2004: p.15) 4251:van Hulle (1994: p.50) 4105:Abun-Nasr (1987:p.371) 3811:Gottreich (2007: p.10) 3646:Rogerson (2000: p.116) 3286:Rogerson (2009: p.216) 3268:Levtzion (1977: p.399) 3259:Levtzion (1977:p.400). 2460:van Hulle (1994: p.10) 2397:Landmarks of Marrakesh 2366:Mohammed VI of Morocco 2343:purchased the 30-acre 2341:Patrick Guerand-Hermes 2319:developed many of the 2282:the economic capital, 2251: 2071: 2034: 1996: 1896: 1778: 1636:Mohammed IV of Morocco 1614: 1554: 1485: 1388: 1379:View of Marrakech and 1202: 1123: 993: 865: 701:clan originating from 682: 573: 505: 430: 416: 338: 120: 119:, founder of Marrakesh 38: 5940:Museum of Photography 5475:Cadi Ayyad University 5109:Bienvenue à Marrakech 4978:Encyclopedia of Islam 4939:Howe, Marvine (2005) 4844:Cornell, V.J. (1998) 4803:Burke, Edmund (1976) 4718:. Images Publishing. 4260:McKenna (2010: p.114) 4158:Van Hulle (1994:p.52) 4123:Pennell (2000: p.184) 3900:Katz (2006: p.223-34) 3891:Pennell (2000: p.136) 3865:Pennell (2000: p.134) 3619:El-Fasi (1992: p.112) 3456:Lamzah (2008:p.53-54) 3364:El Fasi (1992: p.104) 3138:Chronica de D. Duarte 2760:Messier (2010: p.168) 2650:Messier (2010: p.87). 2611:Messier (2010: p.126) 2486:al-Hulal al-mawshiyya 2402:Timeline of Marrakesh 2245: 2193:Casablanca Conference 2139:Mohammed V of Morocco 2098:-Marrakeshi designs. 2069: 2032: 1991: 1890: 1770: 1748:, an offshoot of the 1604: 1552: 1515:Abu al-Abbas al-Sabti 1480: 1378: 1357:Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli 1322:in 1590–91, bringing 1184: 1118: 1016:valley to lead their 991: 859: 673: 559: 500: 422: 414: 332: 115: 48:, a city in southern 32: 6051:History of Marrakesh 5874:Douiria of Mouassine 5785:City walls and gates 5756:Sidi Youssef Ben Ali 5344:Battle of al-Buhayra 5255:Sidi Youssef Ben Ali 5177:Gallica, BnF, Paris. 5082:Marrakesh, Fez Rabat 4895:. Reprinted 1987 as 4824:. Reprinted 1987 as 3909:Pennell (2000:p.139) 3793:Pennell (2000: p.24) 3784:Pennell (2000: p.30) 3775:Julien (1931: p.245) 3748:Julien (1931: p.243) 3739:Julien (1931: p.241) 3721:El Fasi (1992:p.118) 3301:Navigatoni et viaggi 3114:Julien (1931: p.185) 3105:Julien (1931: p.184) 3087:Julien (1931: p.181) 3078:Julien (1931: p.177) 2864:Julien (1931: p.127) 2257:Hassan II of Morocco 2231:La Celle-Saint-Cloud 1928:under French guard. 1907:on Morocco. General 1792:Algeciras Conference 1557:Upon his ascension, 1527:Abdallah al-Ghazwani 1523:Abd al-Aziz al-Tabba 1252:expulsion from Spain 1229:(1557–1571) and the 1010:Abu Abdallah al-Qaim 826:series of incursions 472:Battle of al-Buhayra 18:History of Marrakech 6009:Oued Tensift Bridge 5994:Ben Youssef Madrasa 5677:Bab Doukkala Mosque 5495:Ben Youssef Madrasa 5485:Sup de Co Marrakech 5433:Ibn Nafess Hospital 5349:Battle of Marrakesh 5060:Pennell, C. (2000) 5003:. New York: Century 4049:Burke (1976: p.204) 3847:Burke (1976: p.203) 3511:Lamzah (2008: p.60) 3025:Ben Youssef Madrasa 3000:Abu Sa'id Uthman II 2968:Julien (1931:p.170) 2361:World Water Council 2353:Marrakech Agreement 2063:in the late 1920s. 1905:French Protectorate 1883:French protectorate 1543:Abdallah ibn Ismail 1531:al-Mouassine Mosque 1312:trans-Saharan trade 1227:Bab Doukkala Mosque 1223:Ben Youssef Madrasa 1187:Ben Youssef Madrasa 818:Kingdom of Portugal 780:Abu Sa'id Uthman II 680:Mecia de Viladestes 640:Regnum Marrochiorum 462:among the highland 247:trans-Saharan trade 161:tribesmen from the 5999:Mouassine Fountain 5920:Dar Si Saïd Museum 5831:Walls of Marrakesh 5657:Ben Youssef Mosque 5595:Stade de Marrakech 5579:Marrakech Marathon 5459:Avenue Mohammed VI 5097:Sales, Ros (2007) 4556:. 13 November 2016 4183:Howe (2005: p.46). 4167:Katz (2006: p.255) 4147:Lords of the Atlas 3708:Gottereich (2007: 3491:. Paris: LienArt. 3147:2017-03-29 at the 3008:Abu Muhammad Salih 2297:Yves Saint Laurent 2252: 2250:in Marrakesh, 1966 2212:Mohammed ibn Arafa 2208:Augustin Guillaume 2072: 2035: 1997: 1897: 1779: 1742:Tayyib al-Goundafi 1615: 1591:Ben Youssef Mosque 1555: 1486: 1396:. The neighboring 1389: 1339:Abu Faris Abdallah 1250:, following their 1213:and (later) their 1211:El-Mansuria Mosque 1207:Abdallah al-Ghalib 1203: 1157:Abdallah al-Ghalib 1124: 1106:Muhammad al-Sheikh 1077:Muhammad al-Sheikh 994: 925:Asilah and Tangier 866: 683: 574: 506: 481:eleven-month siege 431: 417: 339: 302:Ben Youssef Mosque 216:Marrakush al-Hamra 121: 91:Kingdom of Morocco 39: 6038: 6037: 6017: 6016: 5687:Mosque of the Cat 5613: 5612: 5533:Najm de Marrakech 5500:Lycée Victor Hugo 5416: 5415: 5325: 5324: 5295:outlying villages 5084:London: Cardogan 5078:Rogerson, Barnaby 4704:978-1-136-42782-4 4683:978-1-56554-348-5 4662:978-1-74059-678-7 4655:. Lonely Planet. 4641:978-0-470-71711-0 4620:978-1-4179-1742-6 4526:. 28 April 2011. 4495:978-90-411-1864-6 2828:. Paris: LienArt. 2548:978-0-203-37531-0 2108:Maurice Chevalier 2100:Winston Churchill 2061:Jacques Majorelle 2050:) at what is now 1461:Ismail Ibn Sharif 1093:Oum Er-Rbia River 824:, the first of a 713:The Marinid emir 678:) in 1413 map of 368:and Aghmat, gold 208:Yusuf ibn Tashfin 152:Abu Bakr ibn Umar 142:from the city of 117:Abu Bakr ibn Umar 61:Almohad Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 6068: 5989:Almoravid Koubba 5968:Majorelle Garden 5930:Mouassine Museum 5915:Marrakech Museum 5701:Mausoleums & 5672:Mouassine Mosque 5667:Ben Salah Mosque 5652:Kutubiyya Mosque 5624: 5528:Kawkab Marrakech 5518: 5377: 5245:Marrakech-Medina 5225: 5205: 5198: 5191: 5182: 5171:Map of Marrakesh 5167: 5154: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4708: 4687: 4666: 4645: 4624: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4288: 4285: 4279: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4229: 4226: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4168: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4050: 4047: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4009: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3982: 3979: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3767: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3484: 3475: 3472: 3466: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3242: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3167: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3130: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3015: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918:Pope Innocent IV 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2673: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2449:Bayan al-Mughrib 2442: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2345:Ain el Quassimou 2199:Hizb al-Istiqlāl 2057:Majorelle Garden 2039:historic centers 1983:Legion of Honour 1913:Resident-General 1837:Imperial Germany 1794:. The Marrakesh 1774:Le Petit Journal 1696:Sidi Abd al-Aziz 1684:Mehdi el-Menebbi 1631:attacked Morocco 1611:Eugène Delacroix 1465:Ahmad ibn Muhriz 1238:Koutoubia Mosque 1153:Kingdom of Spain 1084:Ahmad al-Wattasi 752:Ben Saleh Mosque 666:Regional capital 518:Koutoubia Mosque 503:Koutoubia Mosque 491:Koubba Ba'adiyin 351:Moroccan leather 298:Masjid al-Siqaya 259:Imperial capital 21: 6076: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6013: 5982:Other landmarks 5977: 5955: 5949: 5945:Tiskiwin Museum 5903: 5841: 5835: 5779: 5769:Sidi es-Suhayli 5730: 5724: 5720:Jewish Cemetery 5702: 5696: 5644: 5638: 5609: 5583: 5574:Marrakesh ePrix 5547: 5509: 5490:Lycée Hassan II 5463: 5437: 5412: 5396: 5368: 5321: 5290: 5259: 5228:arrondissements 5214: 5209: 5157: 5141: 5138: 5017:Meakin, Budgett 4797:Rome: Donzelli 4771:Bensusan, S. L. 4750: 4744: 4739: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4690: 4684: 4669: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4559: 4557: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4533: 4531: 4518: 4517: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4482: 4481: 4477: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4420: 4414:Christiani 2010 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4232: 4227: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3486: 3485: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3149:Wayback Machine 3131: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3018: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2837: 2833: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2789: 2787: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2558: 2556: 2549: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2443: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2393: 2385:Paris Agreement 2347:, built by the 2309:Jean-Paul Getty 2240: 2185:Allied landings 2131:Spanish Morocco 2116:Josephine Baker 2013:Thami El Glaoui 1993:Thami El Glaoui 1975:Thami El Glaoui 1885: 1765: 1759: 1722:Madani al-Glawi 1692:Thami El Glaoui 1605:Alawite sultan 1434:Muley al-Rashid 1414: 1291:Ahmad al-Mansur 1102:captured Agadir 1089:Treaty of Tadla 986: 984:Saadian capital 953:seized Azemmour 860:Shrine of Imam 776:Abu Thabit Amir 772:Abu Yaqub Yusuf 715:Abu Yusuf Yaqub 668: 570:Atlas Mountains 426:Koubba Ba'adiyn 261: 235:mountain passes 110: 63:from 1147. The 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6074: 6072: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6043: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5963:Menara gardens 5959: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5899:Mamounia Hotel 5896: 5891: 5886: 5884:Dar Moulay Ali 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5849:El Badi Palace 5845: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5758: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5734: 5729:Shrines of the 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5682:Barrima Mosque 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5628: 5627:Public squares 5621: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5605:Stade El Harti 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5392:Souk el-Khemis 5389: 5383: 5381: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5335: 5333: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5264:neighbourhoods 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5231: 5229: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5166:on 2013-10-05. 5155: 5153:on 2013-04-27. 5137: 5136:External links 5134: 5133: 5132: 5122: 5115: 5111:. Paris: ACR. 5105: 5095: 5088: 5075: 5065: 5058: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5014: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4984: 4974: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4944: 4937: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4903: 4889: 4879: 4869: 4859: 4849: 4842: 4832: 4818: 4808: 4801: 4791: 4781: 4768: 4761: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4724: 4709: 4703: 4688: 4682: 4667: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4567: 4554:United Nations 4541: 4508: 4494: 4475: 4457: 4445: 4443:, p. 146. 4433: 4418: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4334: 4325: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4230: 4216: 4203: 4194: 4185: 4169: 4160: 4151: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4092:Cornet (1914: 4085: 4076: 4063: 4051: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4010: 4001: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3714: 3701: 3692: 3683: 3657: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 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Palace 1343:Zidan al-Nasir 1320:Songhai Empire 1299:El Badi Palace 1205:Starting with 1004:family of the 985: 982: 943:) in 1507 and 937:Souira Guedima 851:Abd al-Haqq II 667: 664: 572:on the horizon 423:The Almoravid 260: 257: 109: 106: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6073: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6031: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5973:Agdal Gardens 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5840:Palaces & 5838: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Bab el-Khemis 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5773:Mausoleum of 5772: 5770: 5767:Mausoleum of 5766: 5763: 5759: 5757: 5753: 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Routledge. 4696: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4582:. 12 May 2016 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4497: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4455:, p. 43. 4454: 4453:Shackley 2012 4449: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4429:Sullivan 2007 4425: 4423: 4419: 4416:, p. 38. 4415: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4207: 4204: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4143:Gavin Maxwell 4138: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3924: 3921: 3915: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3498:9782359061826 3494: 3490: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3462: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3265: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2894:, p. 85. 2893: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2541:. CRC Press. 2540: 2539: 2531: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2421:Searight 1999 2417: 2414: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Moroccan Jews 2258: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2216:guerrilla war 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2151:, separating 2150: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:Menara Garden 2077: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2024:Edith Wharton 2021: 2020:Jemaa el-Fnaa 2016: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:Ahmed al-Hiba 1929: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:Treaty of Fez 1894: 1889: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1877:Agadir Crisis 1874: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1848:Ma al-'Aynayn 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688:Dar el Glaoui 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1629:. The French 1628: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1607:Abd al-Rahman 1603: 1599: 1596: 1595:Abd al-Rahman 1592: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Sab'atu Rijal 1500: 1496: 1492: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1454:Ali al-Sharif 1451: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Ali al-Sharif 1427: 1423: 1419: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1371: 1370:Jemaa el-Fnaa 1367: 1366:Kasbah Mosque 1363: 1362:Saadian Tombs 1360:complete the 1358: 1355: 1354: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1318:realm of the 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:Ksar el-Kebir 1284: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1258:saints - the 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Saadian Tombs 1216: 1212: 1208: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1121: 1120:Saadian Tombs 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1072:Ahmad al-Araj 1068: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1059:Leo Africanus 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 990: 983: 981: 979: 975: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 914: 913: 906: 904: 900: 896: 895: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 863: 858: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 823: 819: 814: 810: 808: 807:Abd al-Aziz I 804: 799: 795: 791: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 736: 730: 727: 722: 720: 716: 711: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689:to Christian 688: 681: 677: 672: 665: 663: 661: 656: 652: 648: 645:The death of 643: 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 586:Agdal Gardens 583: 582:Menara Garden 579: 571: 567: 563: 562:Agdal Gardens 558: 554: 552: 548: 547:Kasbah Mosque 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 508:Although the 504: 499: 495: 493: 492: 486: 485:Abd al-Mu'min 482: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 458: 457: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 428: 427: 421: 413: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 358: 356: 352: 348: 344: 336: 331: 327: 325: 322:(NW) and the 321: 317: 313: 312:Bab al-Khamis 309: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 280:Ali ibn Yusuf 277: 273: 269: 265: 258: 256: 254: 253: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 227:Tensift River 224: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 204:Qasr al-Hajar 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 172:Tensift River 168: 164: 163:Sahara Desert 160: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 125:Tensift River 118: 114: 107: 105: 103: 99: 94: 92: 88: 82: 79: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 53: 51: 47: 46: 36: 31: 27: 19: 5894:Aïn Kassimou 5864:Dar el Bacha 5859:Bahia Palace 5827: 5808:Bab Doukkala 5732:Seven Saints 5588:sport venues 5552:competitions 5330: 5220:Subdivisions 5174: 5164:the original 5151:the original 5146: 5128:Paris: ACR. 5125: 5118: 5108: 5098: 5091: 5081: 5068: 5061: 5051: 5044: 5037: 5030: 5020: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4987:Levtzion, N. 4977: 4970: 4957: 4947: 4940: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4845: 4835: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4804: 4794: 4784: 4774: 4764: 4754: 4729:. 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250: 220: 215: 203: 188: 133: 122: 95: 83: 54: 42: 40: 26: 5954:Parks & 5889:Dar Cherifa 5869:Dar Si Said 5823:Bab er Robb 5803:Bab Debbagh 5564:Formula Two 5408:Menara Mall 5312:Lahebichate 5302:Douar Lahna 5160:"Marrakech" 5143:"Marrakesh" 4909:Paris: ACR 4767:Paris: Plon 4600:Works cited 4470:www.wto.org 3134:Ruy de Pina 2914:1246 letter 2470:Ibn Abi Zar 2301:The Beatles 2096:Orientalist 2084:La Mamounia 2043:Henri Prost 1787:Abd al-Aziz 1680:Dar Menebbi 1676:Dar Si Said 1652:Abd al-Aziz 1640:Spanish War 1283:1578 battle 1233:(1562–72). 1122:, Marrakesh 935:) in 1505, 877:Shadhiliyya 833:(1419) and 691:Reconquista 439:gold dinars 333:The famous 324:Bab al-Nfis 320:Bab Dukkala 300:(the first 195:Ibn Khaldun 191:Ibn Abi Zar 43:history of 6045:Categories 5879:Dar Mnebhi 5798:Bab Agnaou 5793:Bab Aghmat 5775:Qadi Ayyad 5760:Zawiya of 5754:Zawiya of 5703:Cemeteries 5643:Places of 5307:Lagouassem 4982:pp.106-08. 4746:See also: 4742:References 4731:17 October 4580:unfccc.int 4534:28 October 4501:28 October 3303:edited by 2790:2020-05-25 2782:: 85–126. 2559:2020-06-26 2474:Ibn Idhari 2445:Ibn Idhari 2315:The Nation 2305:The Stones 2280:Casablanca 2269:Casablanca 2170:Anti-Atlas 2112:Edith Piaf 1950:High Atlas 1852:Mauritania 1804:xenophobia 1734:High Atlas 1420:, another 1412:Alawi city 1394:Bou Regreg 1295:al-Dhahabi 1215:necropolis 1024:Taroudannt 719:Abu Dabbus 687:al-Andalus 651:ahl ad-dar 617:Ibn Tufayl 597:al-Andalus 542:Bab Agnaou 476:al-buhayra 468:High Atlas 460:Ibn Tumart 443:Ibn Tumart 366:Sijilmassa 316:Bab Aghmat 284:Andalusian 272:al-Andalus 231:High Atlas 199:Ibn Idhari 184:Date palms 136:Almoravids 108:Foundation 57:Almoravids 6056:Marrakesh 5818:Bab Ksiba 5619:Landmarks 5468:Education 5442:Transport 5421:Hospitals 5286:Palmeraie 5281:Mouassine 5212:Marrakesh 4830:p.296-306 4789:pp.465-66 3876:Marrakesh 2248:Hassan II 2175:With the 2076:Hivernage 1955:Chichaoua 1863:, in the 1511:Qadi Iyad 1491:Essaouira 1450:Qadi Iyad 1426:Tafilalet 1422:sharifian 1402:Hillalian 1248:Moriscoes 1201:tilework. 1139:in 1550. 1002:sharifian 980:sharifs. 965:al-Jadida 918:Wattasids 881:Qadiriyya 873:marabouts 862:al-Jazuli 839:Wattasids 636:Latinized 625:Ibn Rushd 378:Bab Aylan 335:tanneries 318:(SE) and 314:(north), 289:khettaras 268:Almoravid 264:Marrakesh 45:Marrakesh 35:Marrakesh 5842:mansions 5339:Timeline 5317:Touggana 5235:Annakhil 4901:p.250-53 4887:pp.85-97 4816:pp.75-84 4799:p.117-50 4528:Archived 4145:'s 1966 3328:, p.270) 3145:Archived 2784:Archived 2776:Hespéris 2553:Archived 2507:account. 2482:al-Bakri 2391:See also 2092:Art Deco 1891:General 1845:marabout 1763:Hafidiya 1757:Hafidiya 1702:sultan. 1648:Hassan I 1584:Suleiman 1563:de facto 1324:Timbuktu 1316:Sudanese 1307:caliphal 1303:Alhambra 1268:Shadhili 1128:Wattasid 1110:Tafilelt 1051:Azemmour 1040:Shadhili 998:Saadians 969:Doukkala 903:Idrisids 899:Muhammad 790:Abu Inan 760:Malikite 703:Ifriqiya 695:Marinids 647:Yusuf II 621:Ibn Zuhr 568:and the 551:hospital 510:Almohads 451:Almohads 445:and the 435:Averroes 429:fountain 386:madrasas 382:Malikite 294:ablution 252:al-sudan 140:Maghrawa 65:Marinids 33:Gate of 5956:gardens 5908:Museums 5645:worship 5569:Auto GP 5373:Economy 5331:History 5173:, 1868 5130:preview 5113:preview 5103:preview 5086:preview 5080:(2000) 5073:preview 5019:(1901) 5012:preview 4952:preview 4935:preview 4911:preview 4877:preview 4867:preview 4840:preview 4775:Morocco 4773:(1904) 4759:preview 4652:Morocco 3309:fl. 18r 3216:p.xvff. 2292:hippies 2204:Tangier 2191:at the 2153:Berbers 2143:khalifa 2127:Rif War 2120:jet set 2002:Telouet 1939:in the 1796:khalifa 1746:Rehamna 1726:Telouet 1717:customs 1707:Makhzen 1660:khalifa 1623:Tlemcen 1387:, 1640. 1364:at the 1199:zellige 1170:sharifs 1148:Algiers 1144:Ottoman 1137:Tlemcen 1061:in his 1036:Tamanar 1032:Afughal 978:Saadian 961:Magazão 847:viziers 843:regents 835:Tangier 803:viziers 798:Masmuda 794:Hintata 768:khalifa 756:madrasa 735:mahdist 632:Morocco 627:, etc. 609:Giralda 605:straits 593:Seville 578:seguias 564:, with 526:minaret 466:of the 464:Masmuda 447:Almohad 404:saint, 394:Cordoba 343:tanners 221:Sultan 167:Masmuda 159:Lamtuna 156:Sanhaja 148:Idrisid 73:Saadian 50:Morocco 6022:People 5514:Sports 5276:Mellah 5271:Kasbah 5250:Menara 5240:Gueliz 5025:online 4965:online 4857:online 4779:online 4722: 4701: 4680: 4659: 4638: 4617: 4586:14 May 4560:14 May 4492: 4212:eglise 4072:p.35ff 3495: 3374:truce. 3004:zawiya 2840:Tinmel 2545: 2333:UNESCO 2265:Israel 2227:colons 2165:Meknes 2104:casino 2052:Gueliz 1937:Tiznit 1873:Agadir 1861:Tiznit 1827:vizier 1777:, 1907 1668:vizier 1613:, 1845 1572:arsats 1472:Meknes 1418:Alawis 1335:plague 1328:Djenné 1272:Zawiya 1260:Zawiya 1243:Mellah 1217:, the 1195:stucco 1132:Qadiri 1034:(near 963:, now 957:Azamor 929:Agadir 912:zawiya 894:sharif 869:Sufism 740:heresy 699:Zenata 676:Maroch 599:) and 538:medina 530:Kasbah 514:Tinmel 370:dinars 326:(SW). 276:Aghmat 212:mosque 144:Aghmat 129:Berber 37:, 1919 5521:clubs 5401:malls 5380:souks 3710:p.117 3326:p.264 3313:p.262 3142:p.111 2916:from 2912:e.g. 2408:Notes 2322:riads 2276:Rabat 2246:King 2157:Arabs 2155:from 2148:Dahir 2088:arsat 2009:Rabat 1979:pasha 1941:Souss 1926:Rabat 1922:Yusuf 1875:(see 1865:Souss 1857:Tadla 1832:pasha 1820:ulama 1812:Oujda 1750:Maqil 1730:Krupp 1712:qaids 1580:Yazid 1383:, by 1353:mahdi 1175:ulama 1019:jihad 949:Safim 831:Ceuta 744:Sunni 601:Rabat 566:palms 534:qasba 456:Mahdi 362:mints 355:riads 347:sumac 307:souqs 176:Haouz 102:Rabat 78:Alawi 6028:See 4733:2012 4720:ISBN 4699:ISBN 4678:ISBN 4657:ISBN 4636:ISBN 4615:ISBN 4588:2019 4562:2019 4536:2012 4503:2012 4490:ISBN 4094:p.55 3493:ISBN 3012:Safi 2844:Taza 2842:and 2543:ISBN 2307:and 2114:and 2094:and 1946:Sous 1839:and 1650:and 1568:Nile 1446:Sous 1438:Taza 1406:qaid 1326:and 1256:Sufi 1197:and 1185:The 1049:and 1047:Safi 1028:Haha 1014:Sous 1006:Draa 996:The 945:Safi 941:Aguz 889:Sous 845:and 707:Taza 660:sack 584:and 402:Sufi 392:and 374:Jews 243:Draa 241:and 239:Sous 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Knowledge

History of Marrakesh

Index