History of New York City (1898–1945)

1405: 561:, the chief rabbi of the Orthodox community, passed the Hoe factory. They were attacked by workers or boys throwing debris from the factory windows. The Jews fought back and quickly had the factory and its 1,800 men and boys under siege, breaking all its windows. The (mostly Irish) police broke it up and beat many of the men attacking the factory. They arrested 11 of the Jews and 4 of the factory workers. Jewish oral tradition blamed the anti-Semitism of both the Irish factory workers and the police. However, recent historical research shows that the factory workers were mostly Germans, not Irish, and that the police were following standard practice in quelling a riot. On the whole, the police kept a tight lid on inter-group violence. 1733:

were immigrants to the United States, although some immigrants were returning to Europe. Two German companies dominated the immigration traffic to New York from Central and Eastern Europe, the Hamburg-America line and the North German Lloyd. They built elaborate networks of ticket agencies in Europe, offering low-cost one-way packages. Immigrants headed to other cities typically held prepaid tickets paid by their relatives who had already established themselves in the New World. Most new arrivals already had some idea of what they were coming to, from family letters and widely available pamphlet literature. The great majority of travelers from Europe came through New York City, and the immigrants did their paperwork at

694: 1539: 793: 1090:, made the city the model for New Deal welfare and public works programs, and championed immigrants and ethnic minorities. He succeeded with the support of a sympathetic president who was equally hostile to Tammany Hall. He secured his place in history as a tough-minded reform mayor who helped clean out corruption, bring in gifted experts, and fix upon the city a broad sense of responsibility for its own citizens. His administration engaged new groups that had been kept out of the political system, gave New York its modern infrastructure, and raised expectations of new levels of urban possibility. 148: 309: 578:

1930, and then declined a bit. The wide range of schools included elementary, junior high schools, as well as comprehensive, academic, and technical senior high schools. In addition, the system operated training schools in music the arts, science, cooking, the needle trades, printing, and the like, with special schools for handicapped children and a large evening program for adults. The availability of free public education through high school was especially attractive to poor Jewish immigrants who placed a high value on human capital.

604: 1346: 1442:. Over 900,000 New Yorkers served in the war and approximately 63 million tons of supplies and more than 3 million men shipped out from New York Harbor. During the height of the war, a ship left every 15 minutes. Efforts were made to protect New York from attack, during the war famous landmarks such as Times Square and Broadway were dimmed out to protect New York from an air raid. Posters were put up across all public spaces in New York to instruct civilians on how to respond to an air raid or naval strike. 305:

unified; they operated through a complex network of independent civic reform groups, each focusing its lobbying efforts on its own particular reform agenda. Membership included civic-minded, well-educated middle-class men and women, usually with expert skills in a profession or business, who deeply distrusted the corruption of the machines. Consolidation in 1898 multiplied the power of these reform groups, whenever they could agree on a common agenda such as consolidation itself.

249: 1270: 570: 1170: 1613:, establishing a six-day, 54-hour week, writing union contracts that gave preference to ILGWU members applying for a job, and setting up arbitration machinery. The union was much larger and stronger than the hundreds of small shops with which it dealt. However, in the 1920s the ILGWU was torn by battles between the established leadership and communists within the party. By 1928 the establishment won out; Communist members of the 784:, sports, sex and scandal, and features such as comic strips, puzzles, recipes, and advice columns. By 1898, both papers reached the million per day circulation level. Hearst became a leader of the left wing of the Democratic Party and was nearly elected mayor in 1905 and governor in 1906. He had bitter battles with Al Smith over control of the Democratic Party, losing out in 1925. He then moved his headquarters to California. 582:

came in the 1930s, as more of them stayed in school, although at only half the rate of Jewish girls. Some historians argue that the Italians were becoming modernized by American culture; their families became less patriarchal and permitted more individualistic careerism for women. Historian Miriam Cohen, however, says that these more modern attitudes were caused by changing opportunities for all young women in New York.

709: 4177:; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776–1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783–1811). The War of 1812 (1812–1815); period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); Period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island (1876–1909) 1673: 1531: 490: 1598:

nineteenth-century "rag trade" of Jewish tailors, cutters, pressers, peddlers, and shopkeepers. By 1900 it was a largely Jewish owned and operated industry, and most workers were Jewish, although other new immigrants were being hired. The Yiddish-speaking East European Jews were strong supporters of labor unions, which they related to their socialist influences back in Europe.

1519: 1780:'s history after 1898 falls into several distinct periods. The first is a boom period during 1898–1929, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression brought a surge of unemployment, especially among the working class, and a slowing of growth. The mid-to-late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 420: 1016: 1762: 1315: 749:, in 1896, it reached an upscale audience with unbiased and detailed news. There were numerous ethnic papers. The ethnic papers played a major role in keeping immigrants in touch with the old country. More important, they taught them how to become Americans and understand the complexity of American popular culture. 680:. After 1900, Columbia had a reputation as heavily academic and was no longer attractive to upper-class young men. Jewish enrollment reached 40% at Columbia College in 1914; a quota system was installed to cut the proportion to 20%. The public universities, City College and Hunter College, were about 80% Jewish. 1002:, and his police commissioner Theodore Roosevelt. Reformers passed laws in the state legislature against any emerging gambling venue. Such laws were enforced in most of the small towns and rural areas, but not in New York's larger cities, where political machines controlled the police and the courts. 964:

At the turn-of-the-century in 1900, gambling was illegal but widespread in New York City. The favorite activities included games of chance such as cards, dice and numbers, and betting on sports events, chiefly horse racing. In the upper class, gambling was handled discreetly in the expensive private

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in 1890 was still primarily an undergraduate school with a strong Protestant flavor. However it began adding graduate programs, a law school and a medical school, as well as a graduate school of education and a business school. It became one of the nation's largest universities, with an enrollment of

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The Harlem Renaissance from 1920 to 1940 brought worldwide attention to African American literature. For many years, especially in the 1920s, Harlem was home to a flourishing of social thought and culture that took place among numerous Black artists, musicians, novelists, poets, and playwrights. The

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Passenger ships flourished before the coming of transatlantic air carriers in the 1960s. One line of business catered to upscale tourists headed in both directions, with American and British lines in competition. Passenger steamships also carried steerage passengers at low rates. The vast majority

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in 1900, as they had been throughout the history of the city. There were 200,000 of them in the city, producing nearly 2,500 short tons (2,300 t) of manure daily. It accumulated in the streets and was swept to the sides like snow. The stench was so strong that urbanites welcomed motor vehicles

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The city's other ethnic groups, most notably the Italians, typically placed a much higher value on home ownership, which required boys and girls to start earning money by age 14 or so. In the Italian community, girls left school as soon as possible to work at home or to take factory jobs. The shift

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from the 1880s and onward built a strong network of local clubs that attracted ambitious middle-class ethnics. In times of crisis however, especially in the severe depressions of the 1890s and the 1930s, the reformers took control of key offices, notably the mayor's office. The reformers were never

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years. The main bases of the economy were construction, ocean shipping, garments, machine tools, and printing. Labor unions rose and fell and rose again. New York boasted the nation's strongest financial system, a large upscale market for luxury goods, and a flourishing high culture based on many

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Violent confrontations between ethnic groups were strikingly common. Local ethnic gangs controlled their neighborhood turfs and beat up boys who wandered across the line. Each ethnic group had violent youth gangs; Irish gangs were especially aggressive. One serious episode took place in 1902, when

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The city went through an enormous growth in population, industry, and wealth. Major achievements included the building of the subway system by commercial companies. The city funded major new bridges between Manhattan and Brooklyn and Queens, which enabled commuting and the rise of an industrial

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New York became the financial center of the United States before the Civil War, specializing in railroad securities. By 1900 it grew even more dominant and was starting to approach London as a world financial center. There were thousands of successful bankers and financiers; a central figure was

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Cleanliness was a heavily promoted virtue, supported by the middle class and led by the public health community of physicians and experts. Street cleaning became a major item of the city budget and produced the sort of jobs that the machines wanted to distribute to their working class clientele.

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Jewish boys and young men thrived in the New York public schools. The problem came with girls attending high school. Jewish men still had doubts about educating girls, and poor families needed the money they could earn in full-time jobs. Those who came to America as young girls picked up English

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Progressive Era reformers strongly promoted free public schooling through high school, on the assumption that ignorance was a waste and that learning developed the personality as well as skills needed in a modernizing society. Public school enrollment rose from 553,000 in 1900, to 1.1 million in

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system grew from an enrollment of 79,000 in 1900, to 286,000 in 1930, peaking at 332,000 in 1960. Upscale private schools also flourished, as well as training schools for adults, such as the Arthur Murray School of Dancing and many music schools. Tens of thousands of adults took correspondence

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Immigrant families continued establishing themselves, and more started moving into the neighborhoods outside of Manhattan; in a sign of municipal maturation, the 1920 census showed Brooklyn for the first time overtaking Manhattan as the most populous borough. But the great period of European

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at the helm. Generally referred to as "the boss", he ran the political machine like a business executive, paying particular attention to choosing top lieutenants, and providing services to grateful voters. In sharp contrast to the leaders of Tammany, he cooperated very smoothly with Franklin

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card games, and the omnipresent policy shops where poor folks could bet a few pennies on the daily numbers, and be quickly paid off so they could gamble again. Betting on horse racing was allowed only at the tracks themselves, where the controls were tight. The most famous racing venue was

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There was no citywide machine. Instead, Democratic machines flourished in each of the boroughs, with Tammany Hall in Manhattan the most prominent. They typically had strong neighborhood organizations, known as "political clubs", as well as one prominent leader often called "the boss".

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The garment industry involved the manufacture of ready-to-wear clothing for men and women, as well as the wholesaling of these products to stores around the country. New York City dominated the national industry, with Chicago and Los Angeles trailing far behind. It originated in the

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and anti-Semitism between 1880 and 1914. Over one million lived in New York, where by 1910 they comprised a fourth of the city's population. Many became entrepreneurs setting up small shops; the majority operated sewing machines and worked in the city's many small clothing factories.

952:, an often fatal disease that struck thousands of children annually. Researchers applied laboratory-based advances in bacteriology and immunology to the treatment and prevention of this disease, thereby eradicating it as a major threat. A few tens of thousands of people died in the " 1085:

in place of patronage jobs. La Guardia was a domineering leader who verged on authoritarianism but whose reform politics were carefully tailored to address the sentiments of his diverse constituency. He defeated a corrupt Democratic machine, presided during the Depression and

353:, and bribery. The Irish remained in control of Tammany, and the leadership had many opportunities for what Alderman George Washington Plunkett called "honest graft" such as an inside track to lucrative construction contracts without any stealing or committing illegal acts. 1632:

was a more radical breakaway group that formed in 1914. It focused on ready-made clothing for men, and provided banks, recreation, medical care, and even restaurants and housing for the membership. It expelled its communist members in the 1920s. Under the leadership of

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was created in 1921, under the supervision of the governors of New York and New Jersey. By issuing its own bonds, it was financially independent of either state; the bonds were paid off from tolls and fees, and not from taxes. It became one of the major agencies of the

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v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812–1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815–1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842–1860). The Civil War (1861–1865); period of political and social development (1865–1876). The modern city and island

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took the lives of 145 mostly Italian and Jewish female garment workers. The stunning event ignited the progressive forces, who greatly improved the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations. Reaction to the disaster spurred the growth of the

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I cannot describe the feeling with words, but it was unbelievably beautiful and great...I would have given away a kingdom for this moment if I had one. We were the first to be here, and for the first time in this war a German soldier looked upon the coast of the

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quickly, but the older they were on arrival, the harder the language appeared. Many young Jewish women nevertheless tried, opening their way to clerical and white-collar jobs. Probably most saw their dreams realized in their children rather than themselves.

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infused New York politics, energizing the reformers with a condemnation of inefficiency, waste, and corruption. An emphasis was placed on expertise and scientific organization of large scale projects. Tammany Hall went along, under the new leadership of

1330:. The recently completed Empire State Building would be known as the "Empty State Building" for many years because it could not attract sufficient tenants in the bleak business climate. When New York Governor Franklin Roosevelt became president, the 178:, opened in 1904, bound together the new metropolis. Increased immigration of Catholic and Jewish workers from Southern and Eastern Europe expanded the labor force until the World War ended immigration in 1914. Labor shortages during the war attracted 1305:

also occurred during this time, becoming one of the largest-ever private development projects at the time. The city grew outward, too, with residential development replacing most of the farmland of eastern Brooklyn, eastern Bronx, and much of Queens.

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handled 25% of the nation's exports. By the war's end, the Navy Yard was the world's largest shipyard with 75,000 workers. When peace arrived in 1945, New York was clearly pre-eminent in the world, as the only major world city unscathed by the war.

1404: 1435:, meant to mark the end of the Depression. After the start of World War II, though, the theme was changed from "Building the World of Tomorrow" to "For Peace and Freedom", and the shadow of the war underway in Europe dampened the proceedings. 585:

Catholic priests strongly recommended parochial schools at least for elementary students and were rapidly expanding the Catholic high school system, especially for German and Irish youth whose families had been in the city for decades. The

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was boosted by the war effort, but not to the extent of cities with heavy industries such as Pittsburgh, Chicago, Los Angeles or Detroit. The clothing industry produced uniforms, and machine shops focused on war materials. The

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congregations, and took major leadership roles in the city's banking, financial, merchandising, and clothing industries. An entirely different group of 1.4 million poor Yiddish-speaking Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe fled

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consolidated. New York City became the capital of national communications, trade, and finance, and of popular culture and high culture. More than one-fourth of the 300 largest corporations in 1920 were headquartered there.

1652:. It ran a ticket only in New York State, where it enthusiastically endorsed Roosevelt's three re-elections. In 1944 a split formed between communist members and the establishment leadership within the party, principally 1061:, a Tammany Democrat, resigned and fled to Europe after state investigations showed he had taken bribes. Coupled with the harshness of the Great Depression, this gave an opening to the reformers. They won in 1933 with a 1784:

from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. An economic and developmental resurgence began in the late 1980s and continued through the 1990s.

990:, a complex of five race courses, a 12,000 seat grandstand and multiple stables, centered around a lavish clubhouse. Middle-class gamblers could frequent the city's race tracks, but the center of middle-class 903:(BRT), so the BRT assigned one of its office workers to be motorman on one train. This particular motorman had almost no training, instead of the usual 20 days minimum of training, and was recovering from the 911:

station. The Malbone Street Wreck killed 93 of the 650 passengers and seriously injured over hundred more. With a statewide election impending, it became a major campaign episode, leading to the election of

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Tammany realized it needed reformers on the ticket, but it had a hard time working with them. It needed McClellan to run for re-election in 1905 to beat off the tremendous challenge by independent publisher

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The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498–1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections

3560: 907:, which had just killed his daughter. During the rush hour, he made a series of bad mistakes, lost control on a downhill slope, and was racing at high speed when he crashed at a sharp curve outside of 1069:. He was a liberal Republican Congressman with strong Italian and Jewish connections who appealed across party lines. La Guardia dominated city politics as mayor, 1934 to 1945. He supported President 1081:

he directed the building of low-cost public housing, public playgrounds, parks, and airports. He reorganized the police force, defeated the still-powerful Tammany Hall machine, and reestablished the

337:. Republican local organizations were much weaker, but they played key roles in forming reform coalitions. Most of the time they looked to Albany and Washington, D.C., for their sphere of influence. 1569:

dominated steel until he sold out to Morgan in 1901. After 1900, Rockefeller and Carnegie largely devoted their interest to philanthropy, as to a certain extent did Morgan. With the creation of the

391:, was elected in 1913. Mitchel had strong support from the progressives, enabling him to reorganize the bureaucracy, crackdown on vice, and make taxation more efficient. Mitchel's support for the 276:. The total population was 3.4 million in 1900, leaping to 5.6 million in 1920 and leveling off at 7.9 million in 1950. The population was highly diverse in ethnicity, race, religion and class. 280:

base there. The city also expanded its port facilities, improved its traffic system, built hundreds of new elementary and high schools, and engaged in large-scale public health programs. Many

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again increased its production of warships. The large printing industry was scarcely affected. The port facilities again played their role in shipping supplies and soldiers to Europe. The

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By the turn of the 20th century, the city had 15 to 20 daily newspapers, and many weeklies. Most newspapers were sold at newsstands or hawked by newsboys, as opposed to subscriptions. The

411:. But in 1906 Tammany cut a deal and supported Hearst for governor, so McClellan broke with the machine. Gaynor proved much more independent than expected and was denied renomination. 1557:

set up national financing programs for the steel, agricultural implements, shipping, and other industries. It also financed much of the British and French war efforts in World War I.

869: 1077:; in turn Roosevelt heavily funded the city and cut off patronage for La Guardia's enemies. La Guardia revitalized New York and restored public faith in City Hall. With the help of 981:. These elite establishments were illegal, and paid off the police and politicians as needed. The working-class was served by hundreds of neighborhood gambling parlors, featuring 296:

and the reformers. In the quiet times, the machines had a solid core of supporters and usually exercised control of city and borough affairs; they also played a major role in the

1737:. A small percentage were rejected because of obvious disease; the steamship companies had to pay their fare back, so they screened for sick passengers ahead of time in Europe. 654: 1621:. ILGWU membership had dropped to 40,000 (the great majority of whom were women). The early years of the Great Depression further undermined the union. Under the leadership of 1125:

brought in blacks to fill more jobs at a time when immigration was suspended. Harlem became the political capital of black America, with highly controversial leadership from

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arrived and was met by some 40,000 onlookers. Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women's Relief Committee, the

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was the largest American port by far, serving both passenger and merchant vessels. The port was the main point of embarkation for U.S. troops traveling to Europe during

1581:. By 1917, New York was funding the world war efforts of Britain, France and for other Allies. By the 1920s, New York had surpassed London as a world banking center. The 1648:

With the Democratic Party in the city largely controlled by the conservative Irish. Dubinsky and Hillman and their unions formed a new political party in 1936, the

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embraced reform in the 1910s and 1920s, especially to the benefit of their core constituency, the working class. Smith became governor in the 1920s but lost the

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took charge of building many bridges, parks, public housing units, and parkways with mainly federal money. Moses was a great proponent of automobile-centered

977:. The chief competitor to Canfield was the "Bronze Door," operated 1891–1917 by syndicate of gamblers closely linked to the Democratic machine represented by 3562:

National War Labor Board; A History of Its Formation and Activities, Together with Its Awards and the Documents of Importance in the Record of Its Development

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provided considerable employment on an equal basis. Much of the organized protest was a demand for jobs and stores owned and operated by whites in Harlem.

1133:, who was elected to the United States Congress in 1942. Unemployment was a major problem in the Depression years, but New Deal relief agencies such as the 70: 3750: 1706: 1338:

and the Works Progress Administration. There were massive building projects including highways, bridges, public housing, new schools, and expansion of the

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The modern five boroughs, comprising the city of New York, were united in 1898. In that year, the cities of New York—which then consisted of present-day

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shut down the port for weeks. It started on January 9 and paused on January 13 for arbitration. The strike resumed March 4 after workers rejected the

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were years of glamour and wealth, highlighted by a construction boom, with skyscrapers built higher and higher in the famous skyline. New York's

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in the boroughs generally controlled politics. However, they were finally overthrown in 1933 by reformers who elected and repeatedly re-elected

4425: 1302: 443: 127: 3456: 3429: 2640: 2600: 2531: 2251: 2224: 587: 210: 478: 423: 1638: 1625:, the ILGWU became a major supporter of Roosevelt's New Deal, and it grew rapidly in membership in the late 1930s and during World War II. 693: 792: 4161: 2868:

A Battle for the Soul of New York: Tammany Hall, Police Corruption, Vice and Reverend Charles Parkhurst's Crusade Against Them,1892-1895

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declared a public emergency near its end, deploying 1,000 sanitation trucks for city supplies. In part due to the city being hit by the

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developed an international reputation as a major research center in a wide range of the arts, sciences, humanities, and medical fields.

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was strongly opposed to all forms of gambling. The reform movement was strongest in the 1890s. It was led by men such as the Reverend

439: 187: 4420: 3940: 3887: 3712: 3080:"MAYOR PROCLAIMS TRUCK EMERGENCY; USES CITY FLEET; Sanitation Vehicles Manned by Strikers After Employers Reject City Hall Proposal" 2851: 2808: 2033:"Traditional Reform, Municipal Populism, and Progressivism Challenges to Machine Politics in Early-Twentieth-Century New York City." 1585:

was the national focus of wealth making and speculation until its shares suddenly collapsed late in 1929, setting off the worldwide

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had a national reputation. Fordham became coeducational in 1964. In addition there were many smaller specialized schools such as

369: 4147: 1301:—during the late 1920s. These two skyscrapers were not topped off until their soaring heights seemed rather overoptimistic. The 1684: 1523: 1499: 1334:

shacks named after his predecessor dotted city parks. The city became a showcase for New Deal spending, especially through the

1289:, including notably the skyscrapers which transformed the skyline. The race to the sky culminated in the dueling spires of two 509:-speaking Jews from Eastern Europe. There were smaller but steady streams of "Old immigration" sources in Ireland, Britain and 435: 368:

that won the mayor's race in 1902. Low lacked the common touch and lost much of his working class support when he listened to

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to supervise the extremely complex system of bridges, highways, subways, and port facilities in the New York-New Jersey area.

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European immigration increased rapidly during the early 20th century and suddenly stopped in 1914 due to World War I and the

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Jackson, Kenneth T. "The capital of capitalism: The New York metropolitan region, 1890–1940." in Anthony Sutcliffe, editor,

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Czitrom, Daniel. "The politics of performance: from theater licensing to movie censorship in turn-of-the-century New York."

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was en route in the North Atlantic to New York when it sank, killing 1,500 of the 2,200 people. On April 18 the rescue ship

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Torsten Feys, "Where All Passenger Liners Meet: New York as a Nodal Point for the Transatlantic Migrant Trade, 1885–1895,"

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alienated Germans, and the working classes were alarmed at his plans for vocational education. He was defeated in 1917 by

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Miriam Cohen, "Changing education strategies among immigrant generations: New York Italians in comparative perspective."

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Marvin G. Weinbaum, "New York County Republican Politics, 1897–1922: The Quarter-Century After Municipal Consolidation."

927:, killing dozens of people and injuring hundreds. Officials blamed anarchist and communist elements, fueling the ongoing 481:, a similarly large and grand railway station several blocks to the west that was torn down in 1963, had opened in 1910. 4074:

Wesser, Robert F. A Response to Progressivism: The Democratic Party and New York Politics, 1902-1918 (New York UP, 1986)

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took the lead in Catholic higher education, adding a medical school, a law school, a business school, and other units.

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labor ruling and ended on April 20, 1919; After new terms had been offered by both public and private port employers.

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in the early 1920s. Sustained civil rights activism took place in the 1930s and 1940s, often led by Baptists minister

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allowing new residents to assimilate in American life. The new arrivals were Italian and Polish Catholics, as well as

151: 4111: 1749:, as well as producing uniforms and warships. There was fear of German sabotage, especially in the aftermath of the 700: 543:

In 1850 about a third of the 50,000 American Jews lived in New York; they spoke German (not Yiddish), were active in

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Kenneth T. Jackson, and Hillary Ballon, eds. Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York (2007)

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system in the United States, occurred on November 1, 1918. Many unionized subway workers went on strike against the

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The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and JP Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy

998:, the leading Presbyterian pastor and president of the New York Society for the Prevention of Crime; reform mayor 308: 4354: 3771:

Czitrom, Daniel. "Underworlds and underdogs: Big Tim Sullivan and metropolitan politics in New York, 1889–1913,"

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Hell's Kitchen and the Battle for Urban Space: Class Struggle and Progressive Reform in New York City, 1894–1914

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September 1938: The most powerful hurricane on record to ever impact the region makes landfall near Fire Island.

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Sydney Stahl Weinberg, "Longing To Learn: The Education of Jewish Immigrant Women in New York City, 1900–1934,"

1989:

Daniel Czitrom, "Underworlds and underdogs: Big Tim Sullivan and metropolitan politics in New York, 1889–1913,"

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The municipal consolidation precipitated greater physical connections between the boroughs. The building of the

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Huthmacher, J. Joseph. "Charles Evans Hughes and Charles Francis Murphy: The Metamorphosis of Progressivism."

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J. Joseph Huthmacher, "Charles Evans Hughes and Charles Francis Murphy: The Metamorphosis of Progressivism."

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David C. Hammack, "Reflections on the Creation of the Greater City of New York and Its First Charter, 1898."

349:. It promoted a reform image itself, sponsored reformers as mayor, and downplayed overt forms of corruption, 4288: 3704: 3405:

Jewish Labor in U.S.A.: An Industrial, Political, and Cultural History of the Jewish Labor Movement (2 vols)

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Harold S. Wechsler, "The Rationale for Restriction: Ethnicity and College Admission in America, 1910–1980,"

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Politics in the borough from 1922 to 1953 was under the tight control of the Democratic organization, with

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New York, long a great American city with many immigrants, became a culturally international city with the

4160:(6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see 4127: 3140:. NYC's Risk Landscape: A Guide to Hazard Mitigation (Report). New York City: City of New York. p. 49 2175:

World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the Eastern European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made

1802: 1570: 1432: 1327: 521:, dispersed to more affluent neighborhoods and were replaced by growing numbers of poor immigrants on the 470: 346: 318: 4320: 4307: 4115: 4062: 3993:(Columbia University Press, 1948); popular essays by scholars on the changes and continuities in the city 4222: 4208: 4167: 4121: 3892: 1298: 1274: 1070: 626: 603: 534: 392: 94: 4246: 3163:"TRUCKMEN RETURN UNDER TRUCE TODAY; Strikers Give Four Days to Settle Row, but Threaten General Tie-Up" 4180: 4174: 2321:

Ileen A. DeVault, "Workshop to Office: Two Generations of Italian Women in New York City, 1900–1950,"

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appealed to immigrants with this April 29, 1906 cover page celebrating their arrival at Ellis Island.

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Joanne Reitano, "Moving Minds and Mountains: African Americans in New York City from 1919 to 1945,"

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Edward T. O'Donnell, "Hibernians Versus Hebrews? A New Look at the 1902 Jacob Joseph Funeral Riot,"

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The historical atlas of New York City: A visual celebration of 400 years of New York City's history

1930:

Martin Shefter, "The electoral foundations of the political machine: New York City, 1884–1897." in

1880:

The historical atlas of New York City: A visual celebration of 400 years of New York City's history

1750: 1578: 1558: 1475: 1389: 1066: 991: 920: 765: 731: 615: 611: 538: 502: 458: 384: 361: 233: 3834:

Gurock, Jeffrey S. "Writing New York's Twentieth Century Jewish History: A Five Borough Journey,"

1035:, though he did very well in Catholic strongholds. Smith won New York City. Wagner served in the 3882: 3509: 3501: 3300:

The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896

2871: 2541: 2157:

Samuel L. Baily, "The Adjustment of Italian Immigrants in Buenos Aires and New York, 1870–1914."

1642: 1495: 1487: 1450: 1339: 1158: 1121:

on Manhattan's Upper Westside. Much larger numbers arrived during the era of World War I as the

1112: 1040: 634: 622: 396: 380: 253: 237: 217: 191: 102: 2441:

George E. Pozzetta, "The Italian Immigrant Press of New York City: The Early Years, 1880–1915."

2401:

The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles

1269: 708: 450:

or IND, to be incorporated in 1925) were separate. They immediately became a force for further

4272: 4252: 3936: 3896: 3795:

From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change Among Italian Immigrants, 1880–1930

3708: 3570: 3535: 3493: 3452: 3446: 3425: 3419: 3170: 3087: 2847: 2841: 2804: 2798: 2779: 2761: 2636: 2596: 2527: 2247: 2220: 1471: 1454: 1362: 1294: 1278: 999: 904: 819: 777: 569: 293: 281: 229: 4093:

Rediscovering Jacob Riis: Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York

2630: 2241: 2214: 1609:. It grew rapidly in its first two decades and took credit for abolishing sewing work in the 1526:, which would become lower Manhattan's tallest building in 1932, is only partially completed. 1419:

of intellectual, musical, and artistic European refugees that started in the late 1930s. The

4360: 4341: 4218: 4042:

Fight the power: African Americans and the long history of police brutality in New York City

3690: 3485: 2769: 2753: 1586: 1323: 1062: 1028: 982: 974: 677: 646: 462: 365: 350: 330: 322: 198: 179: 1445:

New York was infiltrated by Axis forces during the war. On the evening of 14 January 1942,

489: 399:; Hylan was re-elected in 1921 and collaborated closely with Hearst until he was ousted by 4292: 4234: 4030: 3951: 2728:

Childhood's Deadly Scourge: The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City, 1880–1930

2073: 1789: 1566: 1554: 1208: 1184: 1173: 1169: 1146: 1051: 877: 865: 761: 714: 642: 522: 510: 379:, the son of the famous Civil War general and an experienced politician in his own right. 341: 174:

in 1898, with a total population of 3.4 million. New transportation links, especially the

155: 3528:"MORE FOR PORT WORKERS.; Arbitration Board, Unionists and Employers, Announces Agreement" 3791: 2774: 2741: 1695: 1653: 1634: 1622: 1204: 924: 804: 781: 737: 719: 658: 630: 544: 388: 225:

philanthropists, museums, galleries, universities, artists, writers, and publications.

3829: 2742:"The 1918 Influenza Epidemic in New York City: A Review of the Public Health Response" 2456:

Translating America: An Immigrant Press Visualizes American Popular Culture, 1895–1918

1054:, was the last time New York City was carried by a Republican presidential candidate. 4414: 3513: 1453:

and its crew observed the New York skyline. In his memoirs, the then U-boat Captain,

1361:

whose legacy of massive construction projects is still controversial. He opposed the

1245: 1188: 1126: 896: 881: 842: 757: 474: 466: 273: 163: 106: 34: 4144:

Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present

3855:

Huthmacher, J. Joseph. "Senator Robert F. Wagner and the rise of urban liberalism."

1672: 1530: 2908:

J. Joseph Huthmacher, "Senator Robert F. Wagner and the rise of urban liberalism."

1734: 1726: 1565:, expanded from a dominant position in oil to other industries as well as banking. 1562: 1428: 1354: 1231: 1192: 1154: 1082: 1078: 1058: 987: 978: 928: 558: 451: 301: 221: 1614: 1179:

The Jazz Age featured celebrities, among the most notable in the city were Madame

4335: 4197: 3977:

The progressives and the slums: Tenement house reform in New York City, 1890–1917

3766:

New York exposed: The gilded age police scandal that launched the progressive era

2521: 2294:

The Golden Door: Italian and Jewish Immigrant Mobility in New York City 1880–1915

2076:, "The Test of a Reformer: A Study of Seth Low, New York City Mayor, 1902–1903," 1234:

presided over a period of prosperity for the city, with the proliferation of the

1117:

After 1890, black people started moving into the formerly Jewish neighborhood of

284:, including several of the world's tallest buildings, were erected in Manhattan. 2828: 2696:

Next to Godliness: Confronting Dirt and Despair in Progressive Era New York City

2188:

Trade Unions and Community: The German Working Class in New York City, 1870–1900

1931: 1746: 1688: 1550: 1457:, described the moment he first laid eyes on the New York skyline aboard U-123: 1416: 1331: 1249: 1224: 1212: 1180: 953: 873: 742: 214: 4033:"The Test of a Reformer: A Study of Seth Low, New York City Mayor, 1902–1903," 3743:

The House of Morgan: an American banking dynasty and the rise of modern finance

3738:. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003. 3313:

The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance

2757: 2032: 860:

memorials are located in Manhattan. On April 13, 1913, the 60 feet (18 m)

4052: 3870: 1196: 949: 885: 827:, and took place in the context of broader union movements coordinated by the 808: 669: 326: 3539: 3497: 3174: 3091: 2765: 803:

On June 15, 1904, over 1,000 people were killed when the excursion steamship

4276: 4256: 4238: 4183:; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index. 4005:

Building Gotham: Civic Culture and Public Policy in New York City, 1898–1938

3731: 3378:

The Master of Seventh Avenue: David Dubinsky and the American Labor Movement

3122:. Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor: 4, 5–6, 11. 1777: 1518: 1491: 1409: 1358: 1254: 1235: 1220: 1103:

which severely limited further immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

292:

The politics of the consolidated city revolved around conflicts between the

265: 261: 4296: 3852:(1975), very wide-ranging coverage of social cultural and political history 2783: 2670:

The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in Its First Age of Terror

2146:

The World on Sunday: Graphic Art in Joseph Pulitzer's Newspaper (1898–1911)

2117:

The Mayor who Mastered New York: The Life and Opinions of William J. Gaynor

1099:

immigration which had only just passed its peak was halted abruptly by the

419: 321:

was the highly effective but quiet boss of Tammany Hall from 1902 to 1924.

236:. Heavy federal patronage helped convert the city into a stronghold of the 741:

had shrunk to almost nothing by the 1890s. However, after its purchase by

3850:

World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the Eastern European Jews to America

3045:

Capital of the World: A Portrait of New York City in the Roaring Twenties

1610: 1290: 1074: 1024: 913: 400: 357: 334: 3860: 3006:

Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.: The Political Biography of an American Dilemma

2913: 2216:

The Tenement Saga: The Lower East Side and Early Jewish American Writers

1978: 1015: 4025: 3819:

Machine Made: Tammany Hall and the Creation of Modern American Politics

3786: 3776: 3505: 3473: 2417: 2310: 2162: 1994: 1761: 835: 776:

favored the Democrats, and both sought to maximize their sales through

506: 220:

in late 1929. The economy recovered by 1940 and flourished during the

3617:

Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret in America, 1914–1917

2480:

David Sarasohn, "Power without glory: Hearst in the Progressive era."

170:

The era began with the formation of the consolidated city of the five

1388:, most notably hampering port shipping and general foodstuffs. Mayor 1349:

Robert Moses with a model of his proposed Battery Bridge, never built

1118: 549: 269: 4079:

City of Ambition: FDR, La Guardia, and the Making of Modern New York

3238:"Reinhard Hardegen, Who Led U-Boats to America's Shore, Dies at 105" 2939:

City of Ambition: FDR, La Guardia, and the Making of Modern New York

2562: 1664:, the leader of the hatter's union, a small garment industry union. 1314: 557:

the procession of 25,000 to 50,000 Jews marching for the funeral of

477:

on February 1, 1913, replacing an earlier terminal on the site. The

383:, reform judge, won the Tammany nomination in 1909. Fusion reformer 4181:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928

4175:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926

4168:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918

3604:

From Ellis Island to JFK: New York's two great waves of immigration

3489: 1725:

to handle large-scale projects, especially under the leadership of

1760: 1671: 1537: 1529: 1517: 1403: 1369:

of the subway system, combined with the merger of privately owned

1344: 1313: 1268: 1168: 1014: 791: 661:

for Social Research. There were numerous medical and law schools.

602: 568: 488: 418: 307: 247: 146: 3352:

A Perfect Fit: The Garment Industry and American Jewry, 1860–1960

3919:

Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York

1676: 1381:

under city ownership, made the subway largely what it is today.

329:

and the machine's spokesman in the state legislature along with

3641:

Robert A. Olmsted, "A History of Transportation in the Bronx",

1947:

Richard Skolnik, "Civic Group Progressivism In New York City,"

3391:

Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor

2469:

Yellow Journalism: Puncturing the Myths, Defining the Legacies

1962:

Power and Society: Greater New York at the Turn of the Century

1645:. After 1970, both unions lost membership and merged in 1995. 240:

and the model of heavy government spending on infrastructure.

2800:

Sucker's Progress: An Informal History of Gambling in America

1641:

in the mid-1930s, and giving Hillman a powerful voice in the

465:

in 1909 further connected Manhattan to the rapidly expanding

4071:(1992), 14 essays by scholars on planning and neighborhoods. 4059:

Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919

3809:

Helluva Town: The Story of New York City During World War II

3421:

American Jewish Political Culture and the Liberal Persuasion

2884:

Greater Gotham: A history of New York City from 1898 to 1919

2563:"Walking Titanic's Charity Trail in New York City, Part One" 1326:, which was to affect the rest of the world, began with the 1043:, paying special emphasis to supporting the labor movement. 919:

On September 16, 1920, radicals in the city perpetrated the

194:

of literature and culture celebrating the black experience.

3907:

1350 pages; articles by experts; 2nd expanded edition 2010.

3726:(2003), large-scale book version of Burns PBS documentary, 969:

who operated the Saratoga Club. Prominent players included

205:

came to dominate the national and the world economies. The

4086:

New York and the First World War: Shaping an American City

4069:

Landscape of Modernity: Essays on New York City, 1900–1940

3968:(New York University Press, 1998) pp 138–80; reprinted as 3730:

an eight part, 17½ hour documentary film directed by

1745:

The city played a major role in publicizing and financing

268:—and Brooklyn were both consolidated with the counties of 3876:

Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Union Liberalism

3448:

Working-Class New York: Life and Labor Since World War II

2980:

Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890–1930

2388:

American Education: The Metropolitan Experience 1876–1980

2336:

American Education: The Metropolitan Experience 1876–1980

2281:

American Education: The Metropolitan Experience 1876–1980

2243:

Legacy of Rage: Jewish Masculinity, Violence, and Culture

1906:

American Education: The Metropolitan Experience 1876–1980

1470:

While U-boats menaced from without, elements of the Nazi

1248:

developed toward Broadway, and the first modern musical,

1057:

After 1928, scandal engulfed City Hall. Flamboyant Mayor

3797:(1984) on a tenement neighborhood on the Lower East Side 3474:"The Marine Workers Affiliation of the Port of New York" 2708:

Stephen D. Levitt; Stephen J. Dubner (18 October 2009).

1656:. David Dubinsky and his allies broke away creating the 1019:

Al Smith, leader of the Democrats in the 1910s and 1920s

811:. It was a major blow to the German-American community. 4359:. Vol. 6. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. 1921. 4340:. Vol. 20. NY: Encyclopedia Americana Corp. 1919. 3959:

Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York

2953:

Fiorello H. LaGuardia and the Making of Modern New York

2523:

Heroine of the Titanic: The Real Unsinkable Molly Brown

209:

prospered after 1896, with a few short dips, until the

4248:

Rand, McNally & Co.'s Handy Guide to New York City

4022:

Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith,

2683:

A History of Public Health in New York City, 1866–1966

1878:

For a visual overview of the era, see Eric Homberger,

1219:

magazine; and such nationally famous sports heroes as

375:

Tammany was back in 1904 with a prestigious reformer,

3961:(1989) the most detailed standard scholarly biography 3559:

J. Davis, James; Ethelbert, Stewart (December 1921).

3195:

The world of tomorrow: the 1939 New York World's Fair

2897:

Empire statesman: The rise and redemption of Al Smith

2091:

Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith

1605:(ILGWU) formed in 1900 and was a major player in the 1577:

became a powerful player under its dynamic president

1285:

During this time, New York City became known for its

923:, a terrorist attack outside the headquarters of the 664:

The city's Protestant elites sent their young men to

3654:

Olmsted, Robert A. "Transportation Made the Bronx",

2567:

Voyage: Journal of the Titanic International Society

2133:

Grand Central, the World's Greatest Railway Terminal

1694:

The congestion at the port led experts to suggest a

1534:

Lower Manhattan, as seen from a ferry, December 1941

735:

provided detailed coverage of business affairs. The

3933:

The Napoleon of New York: Mayor Fiorello La Guardia

2967:

The Napoleon of New York: Mayor Fiorello La Guardia

2104:

William Randolph Hearst: The Early Years, 1863–1910

1637:, it played a central role in forming the militant 1363:

massive subway expansions proposed in 1929 and 1939

834:On the night of April 14–15, 1912, the ocean liner 312:

Huron Club, formerly a neighborhood Democratic club

4024:(2001), 480pp, the standard scholarly biography; 3759:Robert Moses: The Master Builder of New York City 3407:. Ktav Publishing House, New York (reprint 1969). 3058:Robert Moses: The Master Builder of New York City 948:The city took the lead internationally to combat 768:, for dominance on the newsstands. Both Hearst's 1039:from 1927 to 1949, where he was a leader of the 965:clubs, the most famous of which was operated by 4207:Charles Kendall Adams, ed. (1900). "New York". 3966:American Metropolis: A History of New York City 3265:"When war made the city sizzle (book review of 2582: 2580: 2268:Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era 2246:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 96–97. 2049:American Metropolis: A History of New York City 1617:only remained in positions of power within the 1438:The war transformed New York into a hub of the 4132:Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. 3984:The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst 3017:Cheryl Lynn Greenberg, "Or Does It Explode?": 1660:. The Liberal party was led for many years by 1494:and other aviation equipment in Brooklyn. The 4012:The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870–1914 4007:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003). 327pp 3917:Jackson, Kenneth T. and Hillary Ballon, eds. 2993:Afro-Americans in New York Life & History 1793:Roosevelt both as governor and as president. 128: 8: 4271:(4th ed.), Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1909, 3630:The Northern Borough: A History of The Bronx 3133:Van Lenten, Christine, ed. (November 2014). 2144:Nicholson Baker and Margaret Brentano, eds. 1679:image of the Port of New York and New Jersey 1440:United States home front during World War II 1408:Aircraft engine at Naval Training School in 825:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union 607:Low Library at Columbia University, ca. 1900 372:eager to crack down on the liquor business. 364:, united reformers and the Republicans in a 4134:Empire City: New York Through the Centuries 3751:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. 3350:Gabriel Goldstein and Elizabeth Greenberg. 3193:Larry Zim, Mel Lerner, and Herbert Rolfes, 1865:David R. Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell, 895:, the worst disaster in the history of any 4377: 3989:Nevins, Allan, and John Allen Krout, eds. 3700:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 3231: 3229: 2843:Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York 2546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1936:The history of American electoral behavior 1603:International Ladies Garment Workers Union 135: 121: 17: 4251:(20th ed.). Chicago: Rand, McNally. 3591:International Journal of Maritime History 3209:"Incredible Images Capture WWII New York" 2825:Bet a million! The story of John W. Gates 2773: 4314:. New York: McBride, Nast & Company. 3567:United States Bureau of Labor Statistics 1033:1928 United States presidential election 446:(BMT) systems (with a third system, the 4285:Civic Bibliography for Greater New York 4091:Yochelson, Bonnie, and Daniel Czitrom. 3910:Jackson, Kenneth and Sam Roberts, eds. 3656:Bronx County Historical Society Journal 3643:Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2495:Triangle: The Fire That Changed America 1858: 1630:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America 1023:The Democrats, under the leadership of 672:colleges, and their young women to the 77: 20: 2595:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2539: 1386:experienced a citywide truckers strike 1303:construction of the Rockefeller Center 1050:, in which most New Yorkers voted for 931:, but the culprits were never caught. 444:Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation 4035:New-York Historical Society Quarterly 3998:A history of housing in New York City 3991:The Greater City: New York, 1898–1948 3804:(2nd ed. 2012). comprehensive history 3757:Christin, Pierre, and Olivier Balez. 2078:New-York Historical Society Quarterly 2020:New York Historical Society Quarterly 1773:at the beginning of the 20th century. 1377:subway companies with the city-owned 288:Machine politics versus the reformers 7: 4283:James Bronson Reynolds, ed. (1911), 4233:, New York: Historical Press, 1905, 4067:Ward, David, and Olivier Zunz, eds. 3857:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 3019:Black Harlem in the Great Depression 2910:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 2803:. Pickle Partners. pp. 419–69. 1919:The Political Clubs of New York City 1639:Congress of Industrial Organizations 699:Brooklyn newsboys in 1908. They had 4162:The Iconography of Manhattan Island 3935:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 3263:Yardley, Jonathan (25 April 2010). 3236:Goldstein, Richard (17 June 2018). 3056:Pierre Christin and Olivier Balez, 1848:1945 New York City mayoral election 1843:1941 New York City mayoral election 1838:1937 New York City mayoral election 1833:1933 New York City mayoral election 1828:1929 New York City mayoral election 1823:1925 New York City mayoral election 1818:1921 New York City mayoral election 1813:1917 New York City mayoral election 1423:, marking the 150th anniversary of 868:was constructed on the roof of the 4322:Rider's New York City and Vicinity 4319:Arthur Fremont Rider, ed. (1916), 4312:The Personality of American Cities 4146:(New York University Press, 1956) 3828:(Columbia University Press, 2004) 2349:Journal of American Ethnic History 1287:daring and impressive architecture 619:9,300 in 1917 and 40,000 in 1931. 440:Interborough Rapid Transit Company 186:, who headed north as part of the 14: 4199:Appleton's Dictionary of New York 4164:All volumes are on line free at: 3888:The Encyclopedia of New York City 3424:. Syracuse UP. pp. 115–116. 2716:. The Washington Post. p. 9. 2428:for a list of these see Jackson, 1542:Poster about air service, in 1937 888:, who both died in the disaster. 856:, among other organizations. Two 850:Travelers Aid Society of New York 3724:New York: An Illustrated History 3719:, the standard scholarly history 3207:Teicher, Jordan (24 July 2013). 3034:(Oxford University Press, 2007). 2659:(Fordham University Press, 1999) 2009:(1996), pp. 914, 999, 1149–1151. 1703:1919 New York City Harbor Strike 1575:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1425:George Washington's inauguration 816:Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 798:Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire 707: 692: 4325:, New York: H. Holt and Company 4231:Tourist's Hand-Book of New York 4202:. NY: D. Appleton and Co. 1898. 4136:(2005), 1015 pages of excerpts 3722:Burns, Ric, and James Sanders. 3326:Benjamin Strong: Central Banker 3111:Peterson, Florence (May 1939). 2926:La Guardia comes to power: 1933 2632:The New York City Subway System 1685:Port of New York and New Jersey 1524:American International Building 701:won a strike nine years before. 162:During the years of 1898–1945, 3970:New York City: A Short History 3845:(Macmillan, 2005), pp 114–145. 3275:. Washington, DC. pp. B8. 2823:Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan, 2508:Encyclopedia of New York City, 2430:Encyclopedia of New York City, 2062:Encyclopedia of New York City, 2007:Encyclopedia of New York City, 1893:New York Law School Law Review 1882:(Macmillan, 2005), pp 114–145. 901:Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company 807:caught fire and burned in the 666:university-preparatory schools 655:Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute 473:opened as the world's largest 469:in Brooklyn. The world-famous 356:Three reformers became mayor. 1: 4426:20th century in New York City 4365:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9377qb1x 3775:(1991) 78#2, pp. 536–55 3472:Squires, Benjamin M. (1919). 3403:Epstein, Melech (1950–1953). 3113:"ANALYSIS OF STRIKES IN 1938" 2710:"What Should You Worry About" 2587:Spignesi, Stephen J. (2012). 2375:Encyclopedia of New York City 2362:Encyclopedia of New York City 2219:. Terrace Books. p. 38. 2201:Encyclopedia of New York City 2106:(1998), pp. 203–211, 220–227. 1782:in the 1950s through the '70s 1522:Lower Manhattan in 1931. The 1145:most famous writers included 1139:Works Progress Administration 3912:The Almanac of New York City 3728:New York: A Documentary Film 3478:Journal of Political Economy 2886:(Oxford U, 2017), pp 615-618 2635:. Infobase. pp. 67–77. 2526:. New York. pp. 22–23. 1607:American Federation of Labor 1281:(at right), as seen in 1931. 935:Public health and sanitation 829:American Federation of Labor 244:Progressive Era: 1890s–1920s 211:decade-long Great Depression 4037:(1960) 44#1, pp. 5–41. 3773:Journal of American History 2323:Reviews in American History 2213:Sanford Sternlicht (2004). 1991:Journal of American History 1336:Public Works Administration 1135:Civilian Conservation Corps 862:Titanic Memorial Lighthouse 668:in New England and then to 493:The Sunday magazine of the 298:state legislature in Albany 4442: 4392:History of New York City 3931:Jeffers, H. Paul. (2002). 3671:(1947), His autobiography. 3451:. New Press. p. 236. 3445:Joshua B. Freeman (2001). 3418:Henry L. Feingold (2013). 2846:. Macmillan. p. 172. 2758:10.1177/00333549101250S310 2740:Aimone, Francesco (2010). 2159:American Historical Review 1723:New York metropolitan area 1718:Port of New York Authority 1478:operated within the city. 1421:1939 New York World's Fair 1394:1938 New England hurricane 1375:Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit 1371:Interborough Rapid Transit 1328:Stock Market Crash of 1929 1277:25 floors higher than the 1273:A workman helps raise the 1110: 1048:1924 presidential election 591:courses through the mail. 532: 387:, a favorite of President 325:was the Tammany leader in 45:Federal and early American 4401:History of New York City 4397: 4390: 4384:History of New York City 4380: 4245:Ernest Ingersoll (1906). 4215:D. Appleton & Company 4213:. Vol. 8. New York: 4124:. New York: Random House. 2726:Evelynn Maxine Hammonds, 2443:Journal of Ethnic Studies 2307:Journal of Social History 2240:Warren Rosenberg (2009). 1993:(1991) 78#2, pp. 536–558 1951:(1970) 51#5, pp. 411–439. 1808:Timeline of New York City 1658:Liberal Party of New York 1379:Independent Subway System 1258:, opened in 1927, as the 1230:Fun-loving Tammany Mayor 956:" epidemic of 1918–1919. 870:Seamen's Church Institute 780:with exclusives based on 448:Independent Subway System 50:Tammany and Consolidation 29:Lenape and New Netherland 4421:History of New York City 4112:Federal Writers' Project 4016:excerpts and text search 2951:Kessner, Thomas (1989). 2657:The Malbone Street Wreck 2416:(1984) 36#5 pp. 643–667 1867:Urban America: A History 1483:economy of New York City 975:John Bet-a-Million Gates 651:Parsons School of Design 207:economy of New York City 22:History of New York City 4289:Russell Sage Foundation 4223:2027/nyp.33433003245010 4026:excerpt and text search 3874:Huthmacher, J. Joseph. 3838:(2013) 11#3 pp 215–226. 3705:Oxford University Press 3658:(1998) 35#2 pp: 166–180 3593:(2007) 19#2 pp 245–272. 2995:(2010) 34#1 pp 118–134. 2797:Herbert Asbury (1938). 2629:Ronald A. Reis (2009). 2520:Landau, Elaine (2001). 2399:Frederic Copler Jaher, 2325:(1994) 22#4 pp 620–625. 2060:"Seth Low," in Jackson, 2038:(1995) 31#1, pp. 20–42. 2022:(1966) 50#1, pp. 62–70. 1583:New York Stock Exchange 1207:and the pundits at the 1131:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 1101:Immigration Act of 1924 854:Council of Jewish Women 814:On March 25, 1911, the 754:William Randolph Hearst 573:1932 school, Turtle Bay 438:in 1904. Initially the 409:William Randolph Hearst 393:Allies in the World War 377:George B. McClellan Jr. 4356:Collier's Encyclopedia 4337:Encyclopedia Americana 3802:Wall Street: A History 3785:44.4 (1992): 525–553. 3339:Wall Street: A History 3169:. September 22, 1938. 3030:Nathan Irvin Huggins, 2694:Daniel Eli Burnstein, 2351:(1989) 8#2 pp 108–126. 2270:(2007) 6#2 pp 209–225. 2080:(1960) 44#1, pp. 5–41. 1803:American urban history 1774: 1680: 1571:Federal Reserve System 1543: 1535: 1527: 1468: 1433:technological optimism 1431:, was a high point of 1412: 1350: 1319: 1282: 1176: 1020: 945:as a profound relief. 800: 674:Seven Sisters colleges 608: 574: 498: 471:Grand Central Terminal 427: 347:Charles Francis Murphy 313: 257: 159: 40:British and Revolution 4210:Universal Cyclopaedia 4155:Stokes, I.N. Phelps. 4122:American Guide Series 3964:Lankevich, George J. 3893:Yale University Press 3645:(1989) 26#2 pp: 68–91 3365:World of Our Fathers, 3004:Charles V. Hamilton, 2746:Public Health Reports 2561:Cimino, Eric (2019). 2484:53.3 (1976): 474-482. 2454:Peter Conolly-Smith, 2445:(1973) 1#3 pp: 33–47. 2047:George J. Lankevich, 1869:(2nd ed. 1990), p 299 1764: 1675: 1541: 1533: 1521: 1490:prospered, producing 1459: 1407: 1348: 1317: 1299:Empire State Building 1275:Empire State Building 1272: 1172: 1071:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1018: 795: 756:, a mining heir from 639:St. John's University 606: 572: 535:Jews in New York City 517:, in what is now the 492: 422: 403:and Tammany in 1925. 311: 251: 213:, which began with a 190:. They sponsored the 150: 4308:"America's New York" 4000:(Columbia UP, 2018). 3926:Metropolis 1890–1940 3921:(W. W. Norton, 2007) 3859:(1969): pp 330–346. 3807:Goldstein, Richard. 3569:. pp. 126–132. 3324:Lester V. Chandler, 3244:. The New York Times 3120:Monthly Labor Review 2912:(1969): pp 330–346. 2482:Journalism Quarterly 2467:W. Joseph Campbell, 2186:Dorothee Schneider, 2161:(1983): pp 281–305. 2129:William D. Middleton 2093:(2001), pp. 221–224. 2051:(1998), pp. 138–155. 2036:Urban Affairs Review 1964:(1982), pp. 308–313. 1938:(1978), pp. 263–298. 1904:Lawrence A. Cremin, 1707:Marine Workers Union 1650:American Labor Party 1367:last large expansion 1151:James Weldon Johnson 1037:United States Senate 996:Charles H. Parkhurst 893:Malbone Street Wreck 747:Knoxville, Tennessee 479:Pennsylvania Station 432:New York City Subway 424:Pennsylvania Station 176:New York City Subway 71:Modern and post-9/11 4346:2027/wu.89094370731 4117:New York City Guide 4077:Williams, Mason B. 4020:Slayton, Robert A. 3883:Jackson, Kenneth T. 3800:Geisst, Charles R. 3337:Charles R. Geisst, 3285:Charles R. Morris, 2937:Mason B. Williams, 2895:Robert A. Slayton, 2364:, (1996) pp 848–849 2203:, (1996) pp 620–621 2089:Robert A. Slayton, 1751:Black Tom explosion 1701:After the war, the 1559:John D. Rockefeller 1476:Operation Pastorius 1094:Ethnics come of age 1067:Fiorello La Guardia 921:Wall Street bombing 766:St. Louis, Missouri 732:Wall Street Journal 616:New York University 612:Columbia University 539:Judaism in New York 513:. The residents of 503:Emergency Quota Act 459:Williamsburg Bridge 457:The opening of the 385:John Purroy Mitchel 362:Columbia University 360:, the president of 234:Fiorello La Guardia 4142:Still, Bayrd, ed. 4047:Varga, Joseph J. 4044:(NYU Press, 2021). 4040:Taylor, Clarence. 3972:(NYU Press, 2002), 3950:2009-01-31 at the 3824:Gonzalez, Evelyn. 3792:Gabaccia, Donna R. 3783:American Quarterly 3768:(Oxford UP, 2016). 3683:Recent scholarship 3532:The New York Times 3242:The New York Times 3167:The New York Times 3084:The New York Times 3032:Harlem renaissance 2840:Luc Sante (2003). 2752:(Suppl 3): 71–79. 2619:(2001) pp 119–120. 2493:David von Drehle, 2432:(1996) pp. 819–820 2414:American Quarterly 2031:Kenneth Finegold, 1960:David C. Hammack, 1895:42 (1988) pp: 693+ 1775: 1681: 1643:New Deal Coalition 1544: 1536: 1528: 1496:Brooklyn Navy Yard 1488:Sperry Corporation 1451:Lower New York Bay 1413: 1384:In 1938, the city 1351: 1340:Brooklyn Navy Yard 1320: 1318:Stock Market Crash 1283: 1177: 1159:Zora Neale Hurston 1113:Harlem Renaissance 1107:Harlem Renaissance 1041:New Deal Coalition 1021: 942:for transportation 801: 752:Starting in 1895, 635:Yeshiva University 623:Fordham University 609: 575: 499: 428: 397:John Francis Hylan 381:William Jay Gaynor 340:The spirit of the 323:"Big Tim" Sullivan 314: 294:political machines 258: 254:Woolworth Building 238:New Deal Coalition 230:political machines 218:stock market crash 192:Harlem Renaissance 160: 61:Early 20th century 4409: 4408: 4398:Succeeded by 4334:"New York City". 4304:Edward Hungerford 4003:Revell, Keith D. 3957:Kessner, Thomas. 3841:Homberger, Eric. 3764:Czitrom, Daniel. 3691:Burrows, Edwin G. 3667:Edward J. Flynn, 3458:978-1-56584-712-5 3431:978-0-8156-5244-1 2978:Gilbert Osofsky, 2965:H. Paul Jeffers, 2642:978-1-60413-046-1 2602:978-1-118-20651-5 2533:978-0-395-93912-3 2510:(1996) pp 646–649 2338:(1988) pp 579–581 2309:(1982): 443–466. 2253:978-1-55849-790-0 2226:978-0-299-20483-9 1908:(1988) pp 576–577 1668:On the waterfront 1472:Duquesne Spy Ring 1455:Reinhard Hardegen 1295:Chrysler Building 1279:Chrysler Building 1203:magazine; writer 1191:; speakeasy host 1065:ticket headed by 1000:William L. Strong 971:Reggie Vanderbilt 940:Horses were used 905:1918 flu pandemic 820:Greenwich Village 778:yellow journalism 678:finishing schools 627:Its football team 467:bedroom community 454:and development. 452:population spread 282:early skyscrapers 180:African Americans 145: 144: 66:Post–World War II 4433: 4381:Preceded by 4378: 4368: 4349: 4326: 4315: 4299: 4279: 4260: 4241: 4226: 4203: 4125: 4084:Wilson, Ross J. 4031:Swett, Steven C. 4010:Rischin, Moses. 3996:Plunz, Richard. 3928:(1984): 319–353. 3906: 3867:New York History 3718: 3672: 3665: 3659: 3652: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3615:Jules Witcover, 3613: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3400: 3394: 3387: 3381: 3376:Robert Parment, 3374: 3368: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3322: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3296: 3290: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3117: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3054: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3002: 2996: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2970: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2942: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2916: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2837: 2831: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2626: 2620: 2617:Empire Statesman 2613: 2607: 2606: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2545: 2537: 2517: 2511: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2485: 2478: 2472: 2465: 2459: 2452: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2426: 2420: 2410: 2404: 2403:(1982) p 266–267 2397: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2303: 2297: 2292:Thomas Kessner, 2290: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2210: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2155: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2126: 2120: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2081: 2071: 2065: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1997: 1987: 1981: 1975:New York History 1971: 1965: 1958: 1952: 1949:New York History 1945: 1939: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1876: 1870: 1863: 1593:Garment industry 1587:Great Depression 1500:Port of New York 1353:Parkway planner 1324:Great Depression 1310:Great Depression 1260:theater district 1029:Robert F. Wagner 967:Richard Canfield 711: 696: 647:Juilliard School 599:Higher education 463:Manhattan Bridge 461:in 1903 and the 434:opened with the 426:, opened in 1910 331:Robert F. Wagner 203:financial sector 199:Roaring Twenties 137: 130: 123: 18: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4376: 4371: 4352: 4333: 4318: 4302: 4282: 4263: 4244: 4229: 4206: 4196: 4192: 4152: 4110: 4106: 4104:Primary sources 4101: 4057:Wallace, Mike. 4053:review in JSTOR 4014:(2nd ed. 1977) 3952:Wayback Machine 3903: 3881: 3869:(1965): 25–40. 3836:History Compass 3817:Golway, Terry. 3715: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3678:Further reading 3675: 3669:You're the Boss 3666: 3662: 3653: 3649: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3597: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3544: 3542: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3484:(10): 840–874. 3471: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3389:Steven Fraser, 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3310: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3284: 3280: 3273:Washington Post 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3096: 3094: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3055: 3051: 3043:Wagner, David, 3042: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3016: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2919: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2538: 2534: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2427: 2423: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2333: 2329: 2320: 2316: 2304: 2300: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2254: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2139: 2127: 2123: 2115:Lately Thomas, 2114: 2110: 2101: 2097: 2088: 2084: 2074:Steven C. Swett 2072: 2068: 2064:(1996), p. 695. 2059: 2055: 2046: 2042: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2013: 2004: 2000: 1988: 1984: 1977:(1965): 25–40. 1972: 1968: 1959: 1955: 1946: 1942: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1877: 1873: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1799: 1790:Edward J. Flynn 1767:Grand Concourse 1759: 1743: 1670: 1595: 1579:Benjamin Strong 1567:Andrew Carnegie 1555:House of Morgan 1546: 1545: 1514: 1509: 1402: 1365:. However, the 1312: 1262:moved north of 1209:Algonquin Hotel 1185:Ella Fitzgerald 1174:Louis Armstrong 1167: 1147:Langston Hughes 1123:Great Migration 1115: 1109: 1096: 1052:Calvin Coolidge 1013: 1008: 962: 937: 925:House of Morgan 880:, commemorates 878:Upper West Side 866:Lower Manhattan 790: 772:and Pulitzer's 762:Joseph Pulitzer 727: 726: 725: 724: 723: 715:Joseph Pulitzer 712: 704: 703: 697: 686: 643:Pratt Institute 601: 588:Catholic school 567: 541: 533:Main articles: 531: 523:Lower East Side 487: 417: 370:Prohibitionists 342:Progressive Era 290: 256:, built in 1913 246: 228:The Democratic 188:Great Migration 156:Lower East Side 152:Mulberry Street 141: 109: 88: 69: 64: 59: 53: 48: 43: 38: 32: 12: 11: 5: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4350: 4331: 4316: 4300: 4280: 4261: 4242: 4227: 4204: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4151: 4150: 4148:online edition 4140: 4130: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4065: 4055: 4045: 4038: 4028: 4018: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3987: 3982:Nasaw, David. 3980: 3973: 3962: 3955: 3945:online edition 3929: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3885:, ed. (1995). 3879: 3872: 3863: 3853: 3848:Howe, Irving. 3846: 3839: 3832: 3830:online edition 3822: 3815: 3805: 3798: 3789: 3779: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748:Chernow, Ron. 3746: 3741:Chernow, Ron. 3739: 3720: 3713: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3660: 3647: 3634: 3621: 3608: 3595: 3582: 3576:978-1314621402 3575: 3551: 3534:. 1919-06-17. 3519: 3490:10.1086/253233 3464: 3457: 3437: 3430: 3410: 3395: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3343: 3341:(2nd ed. 2012) 3330: 3317: 3304: 3298:Sven Beckert, 3291: 3278: 3255: 3225: 3199: 3186: 3154: 3125: 3103: 3086:. 1938-09-28. 3071: 3062: 3049: 3036: 3023: 3010: 2997: 2984: 2971: 2958: 2943: 2930: 2917: 2901: 2888: 2882:Mike Wallace, 2875: 2866:Warren Sloat, 2859: 2852: 2832: 2816: 2809: 2789: 2732: 2719: 2700: 2687: 2674: 2668:Beverly Gage, 2661: 2655:Brian Cudahy, 2648: 2641: 2621: 2608: 2601: 2576: 2553: 2532: 2512: 2499: 2486: 2473: 2460: 2447: 2434: 2421: 2405: 2392: 2379: 2377:, (1996) p 426 2366: 2353: 2340: 2327: 2314: 2298: 2285: 2272: 2259: 2252: 2232: 2225: 2205: 2192: 2179: 2166: 2150: 2137: 2121: 2108: 2095: 2082: 2066: 2053: 2040: 2024: 2011: 1998: 1982: 1966: 1953: 1940: 1923: 1910: 1897: 1884: 1871: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1795: 1758: 1755: 1742: 1739: 1696:port authority 1669: 1666: 1654:David Dubinsky 1635:Sidney Hillman 1623:David Dubinsky 1619:Furriers union 1594: 1591: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1401: 1398: 1311: 1308: 1217:The New Yorker 1205:Dorothy Parker 1183:; jazz singer 1166: 1163: 1111:Main article: 1108: 1105: 1095: 1092: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 961: 958: 936: 933: 805:General Slocum 789: 786: 782:sensationalism 738:New York Times 720:New York World 713: 706: 705: 698: 691: 690: 689: 688: 687: 685: 682: 659:The New School 631:Wagner College 600: 597: 566: 563: 530: 527: 515:Little Germany 495:New York World 486: 485:Immigrant life 483: 436:first IRT line 416: 415:Transportation 413: 389:Woodrow Wilson 319:Charles Murphy 289: 286: 245: 242: 143: 142: 140: 139: 132: 125: 117: 114: 113: 86:Transportation 82: 81: 75: 74: 73:, 1978–present 25: 24: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4438: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4404: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4269:United States 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4190:Older sources 4189: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975:Lubove, Roy. 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3941:0-471-02465-1 3938: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3891:. New Haven: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3813:Online review 3810: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3760: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714:0-195-11634-8 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3695:Wallace, Mike 3692: 3688: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628:Lloyd Ultan, 3625: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602:Nancy Foner, 3599: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3552: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3414: 3411: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311:Ron Chernow, 3308: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3256: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2924:Arthur Mann, 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2855: 2853:9780374528997 2849: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2810:9781787201354 2806: 2802: 2801: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2500: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2233: 2228: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2173:Irving Howe, 2170: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2102:Ben Procter, 2099: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934:et al. eds., 1933: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1917:Roy V. Peel, 1914: 1911: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573:in 1913, the 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1406: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1316: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1246:Tin Pan Alley 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:Martha Graham 1186: 1182: 1175: 1171: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127:Marcus Garvey 1124: 1120: 1114: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1017: 1010: 1006:1920s to 1940 1005: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 992:moral gravity 989: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 959: 957: 955: 951: 946: 943: 934: 932: 930: 926: 922: 917: 916:as governor. 915: 910: 909:Prospect Park 906: 902: 898: 897:rapid transit 894: 889: 887: 884:and his wife 883: 882:Isidor Straus 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846: 840: 839: 832: 830: 826: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 799: 794: 787: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 760:, challenged 759: 758:San Francisco 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 739: 734: 733: 722: 721: 716: 710: 702: 695: 683: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 617: 613: 605: 598: 596: 592: 589: 583: 579: 571: 564: 562: 560: 554: 551: 546: 540: 536: 528: 526: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 496: 491: 484: 482: 480: 476: 475:train station 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 425: 421: 414: 412: 410: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 366:fusion ticket 363: 359: 354: 352: 348: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 310: 306: 303: 299: 295: 287: 285: 283: 277: 275: 274:Staten Island 271: 267: 263: 255: 250: 243: 241: 239: 235: 231: 226: 223: 219: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 165: 164:New York City 157: 153: 149: 138: 133: 131: 126: 124: 119: 118: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107:Staten Island 105:• 104: 101:• 100: 97:• 96: 93:• 92: 87: 84: 83: 80: 76: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 46: 41: 37: 36: 35:New Amsterdam 30: 27: 26: 23: 19: 16: 4394:(1898–1945) 4391: 4355: 4353:"New York". 4336: 4321: 4311: 4287:, New York: 4284: 4268: 4247: 4230: 4209: 4198: 4156: 4143: 4133: 4116: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4068: 4058: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4021: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3932: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3886: 3875: 3866: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3825: 3818: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3782: 3772: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3742: 3723: 3703:. 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Retrieved 3083: 3074: 3065: 3057: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3031: 3026: 3018: 3013: 3005: 3000: 2992: 2987: 2979: 2974: 2966: 2961: 2952: 2946: 2938: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2891: 2883: 2878: 2867: 2862: 2842: 2835: 2824: 2819: 2799: 2792: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2713: 2703: 2695: 2690: 2682: 2681:John Duffy, 2677: 2669: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2631: 2624: 2616: 2611: 2592: 2588: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2494: 2489: 2481: 2476: 2468: 2463: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2437: 2429: 2424: 2413: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2390:(1988) p 581 2387: 2382: 2374: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2330: 2322: 2317: 2306: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2283:(1988) p 577 2280: 2275: 2267: 2262: 2242: 2235: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2195: 2187: 2182: 2174: 2169: 2158: 2153: 2145: 2140: 2132: 2124: 2116: 2111: 2103: 2098: 2090: 2085: 2077: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2048: 2043: 2035: 2027: 2019: 2014: 2006: 2001: 1990: 1985: 1974: 1969: 1961: 1956: 1948: 1943: 1935: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1905: 1900: 1892: 1887: 1879: 1874: 1866: 1861: 1787: 1776: 1771:161st Street 1744: 1735:Ellis Island 1731: 1727:Austin Tobin 1715: 1700: 1693: 1682: 1647: 1627: 1600: 1596: 1563:Standard Oil 1547: 1480: 1469: 1462: 1460: 1444: 1437: 1429:Federal Hall 1414: 1400:World War II 1383: 1355:Robert Moses 1352: 1321: 1284: 1253: 1244: 1232:Jimmy Walker 1229: 1216: 1200: 1195:; publisher 1193:Texas Guinan 1178: 1155:Claude McKay 1143: 1116: 1097: 1083:merit system 1079:Robert Moses 1059:Jimmy Walker 1056: 1045: 1022: 988:Belmont Park 979:Tammany Hall 963: 947: 938: 929:Palmer raids 918: 890: 857: 844: 837: 833: 813: 802: 773: 769: 751: 736: 730: 728: 718: 663: 641:(Catholic), 633:(Lutheran), 621: 610: 593: 584: 580: 576: 559:Jacob Joseph 555: 542: 519:East Village 500: 494: 456: 429: 405: 374: 355: 339: 315: 302:Tammany Hall 291: 278: 259: 227: 222:World War II 196: 169: 161: 158:, circa 1900 78: 60: 58:, 1861–1865) 33: 15: 4403:(1946–1977) 4386:(1855–1897) 4171:(1876–1909) 2593:For Dummies 2148:(2005) p 85 1932:Joel Silbey 1747:World War I 1741:World War I 1689:World War I 1551:J.P. Morgan 1417:brain drain 1332:Hooverville 1264:42nd Street 1250:Jerome Kern 1240:Prohibition 1225:Bill Tilden 1213:Harold Ross 1181:Polly Adler 954:Spanish flu 874:Straus Park 743:Adolph Ochs 215:Wall Street 89:Timelines: 68:, 1946–1977 63:, 1898–1945 52:, 1855–1897 47:, 1784–1854 42:, 1665–1783 4415:Categories 4374:Chronology 4265:"New York" 3902:0300055366 3545:2023-05-22 3367:pp 330–341 3248:14 October 3218:14 October 3180:2023-07-04 3097:2023-06-23 2573:: 107–111. 1854:References 1492:bombsights 1390:La Guardia 1293:icons—the 1197:Henry Luce 950:diphtheria 852:, and the 809:East River 684:Journalism 670:Ivy League 649:of Music, 637:(Jewish), 442:(IRT) and 327:the Bowery 4239:20427428M 3826:The Bronx 3732:Ric Burns 3540:0362-4331 3514:154763364 3498:0022-3808 3175:0362-4331 3092:0362-4331 2766:0033-3549 2615:Slayton, 2542:cite book 2506:Jackson, 2373:Jackson, 2360:Jackson, 2199:Jackson, 2005:Jackson, 1778:The Bronx 1757:The Bronx 1753:in 1916. 1711:War Board 1662:Alex Rose 1611:tenements 1410:the Bronx 1359:modernism 1255:Show Boat 1236:speakeasy 1221:Babe Ruth 1211:; editor 1187:; dancer 1088:world war 876:, on the 845:Carpathia 843:RMS 836:RMS 796:The 1911 788:Disasters 565:Education 266:the Bronx 262:Manhattan 184:Southeast 182:from the 154:, on the 56:Civil War 31:, to 1664 4306:(1913). 4297:7174160M 4277:02338437 4257:29277709 4114:(1939). 3948:Archived 3697:(1999). 3144:June 15, 2914:in JSTOR 2784:20568569 2418:in JSTOR 2386:Cremin, 2334:Cremin, 2311:in JSTOR 2279:Cremin, 2163:in JSTOR 1995:in JSTOR 1979:in JSTOR 1797:See also 1553:, whose 1449:entered 1297:and the 1291:Art Deco 1165:Jazz Age 1075:New Deal 1073:and his 1025:Al Smith 1011:Politics 960:Gambling 914:Al Smith 401:Al Smith 358:Seth Low 335:Al Smith 172:boroughs 111:Category 99:Brooklyn 79:See also 4138:excerpt 4097:excerpt 4095:(2014) 4088:(2014). 4081:(2013). 4063:excerpt 4061:(2017) 3979:(1963). 3811:(2010) 3619:(1989). 3606:(2000). 3565:. 287. 3506:1820680 3315:(2001). 3302:(2003). 3197:(1988). 3021:(1991). 2982:(1971). 2928:(1965). 2870:(2002) 2827:(1946) 2775:2862336 2685:(1974). 2591:Titanic 2471:(2001). 2177:(1976). 2135:(1977). 2119:(1969). 1921:(1935). 1705:by the 1512:Finance 1507:Economy 1238:during 858:Titanic 838:Titanic 770:Journal 764:, from 717:of the 550:pogroms 511:Germany 507:Yiddish 4295: 4275: 4255: 4237: 4051:(2013) 3986:(2000) 3939: 3914:(2008) 3899: 3878:(1968) 3861:online 3821:(2014) 3787:online 3777:online 3761:(2014) 3754:(1998) 3745:(2001) 3711: 3632:(2011) 3573: 3538: 3512: 3504: 3496: 3455: 3428: 3393:(1991) 3380:(2005) 3363:Howe, 3354:(2012) 3328:(1958) 3289:(2005) 3173: 3090: 3060:(2014) 3047:(2011) 3008:(1991) 2969:(2007) 2941:(2013) 2899:(2001) 2872:review 2850: 2829:online 2807: 2782: 2772: 2764: 2730:(1999) 2714:Parade 2698:(2006) 2672:(2009) 2639: 2599: 2530: 2497:(2004) 2458:(2004) 2296:(1977) 2250: 2223: 2190:(1994) 1464:U.S.A. 1157:, and 1119:Harlem 1063:Fusion 676:or to 657:, and 545:Reform 270:Queens 103:Queens 4329:Index 4128:Index 3510:S2CID 3502:JSTOR 3213:Slate 3138:(PDF) 3135:"4.1" 3116:(PDF) 1561:, of 1447:U-123 774:World 351:graft 95:Bronx 4273:OCLC 4253:OCLC 3937:ISBN 3897:ISBN 3734:for 3709:ISBN 3693:and 3571:ISBN 3536:ISSN 3494:ISSN 3453:ISBN 3426:ISBN 3250:2021 3220:2021 3171:ISSN 3146:2016 3088:ISSN 2848:ISBN 2805:ISBN 2780:PMID 2762:ISSN 2637:ISBN 2597:ISBN 2589:The 2548:link 2528:ISBN 2248:ISBN 2221:ISBN 1769:and 1765:The 1716:The 1683:The 1677:NASA 1628:The 1601:The 1481:The 1474:and 1373:and 1322:The 1223:and 1201:Time 1137:and 1046:The 1027:and 983:faro 973:and 891:The 537:and 529:Jews 333:and 272:and 264:and 252:The 197:The 4361:hdl 4342:hdl 4219:hdl 3736:PBS 3486:doi 2770:PMC 2754:doi 2750:125 2571:107 1615:AFL 1427:in 1252:'s 1215:at 1199:of 886:Ida 864:in 818:in 745:of 91:NYC 4417:: 4327:+ 4310:. 4293:OL 4291:, 4267:, 4235:OL 4217:. 4126:+ 4120:. 3943:. 3895:. 3707:. 3530:. 3508:. 3500:. 3492:. 3482:27 3480:. 3476:. 3271:. 3269:)" 3240:. 3228:^ 3211:. 3165:. 3148:. 3118:. 3082:. 2778:. 2768:. 2760:. 2748:. 2744:. 2712:. 2579:^ 2569:. 2565:. 2544:}} 2540:{{ 2131:, 1729:. 1691:. 1589:. 1396:. 1342:. 1266:. 1242:. 1227:. 1161:. 1153:, 1149:, 872:. 831:. 653:, 645:, 525:. 300:. 4367:. 4363:: 4348:. 4344:: 4259:. 4225:. 4221:: 3954:. 3905:. 3717:. 3579:. 3548:. 3516:. 3488:: 3461:. 3434:. 3252:. 3222:. 3183:. 3100:. 2955:. 2856:. 2813:. 2786:. 2756:: 2645:. 2605:. 2550:) 2536:. 2256:. 2229:. 1466:" 1461:" 136:e 129:t 122:v 54:(

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