History of New York City (1855–1897)

405: 891: 1129:"Eventually they entered into a dark region where, from a careening building, a dozen gruesome doorways gave up loads of babies to the street and the gutter. A wind of early autumn raised yellow dust from cobble and swirled it against an hundred windows. Long streamers of garments fluttered from fire escapes. In all unhandy places there were buckets, brooms, rags, and bottles. In the street infants played or fought with other infants or sat stupidly in the way of vehicles. Formidable women, with uncombed hair and disordered dress, gossiped while leaning on railings, or screamed in frantic quarrels. Withered persons, in curious postures of submission to something, sat smoking pipes in obscure corners. A thousand odors of cooking food came forth to the street. The building quivered and creaked from the weight of humanity stamping about in its bowels." 495: 1220: 195: 560: 813: 225: 362: 1286: 575: 3122:; v. 5. The Revolutionary period, part II (1776-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction New York as the state and federal capital (1783-1811). The War of 1812 (1812-1815); period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865); Period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island (1876-1909) 305: 392:, provided examples of idyllic, naturalistic landscapes. The most influential innovations in the Central Park design were the multiple circulation plans for pedestrians, horseback riders, and pleasure vehicles. The crossing routes for commercial traffic were concealed in sunken roadways screened with densely planted shrub belts so as to maintain a natural setting. It was the nation's first great 1074: 1134:

indoor toilets. A law in 1901 required indoor plumbing be retrofitted to older tenements. Garbage pickup was erratic until late in the 19th century. Rent was cheap for those who could endure the dust, clutter, smells and noises; the only cheaper alternatives were squalid basement rooms in older buildings. Most of the tenements survived until the urban renewal movement of the 1950s.

793:, had become the sole leader of Tammany Hall by 1867. From April 1870, with the passage of a city charter consolidating power in the hands of his political allies, Tweed and his cronies were able to defraud the city of some tens of millions of dollars over the next two years and eight months, most famously with the construction bill for 277:

and class pride. Irish and German immigrants brought European influences. Sexual harassment of women increased because women were more visible outside the home, as many worked in factories and shops. Women were regarded as depersonalized objects of lewd talk, and gang rapes became an opportunity for male bonding.

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In 1862, Stewart built a new store on a full city block with eight floors and nineteen departments of dress goods and furnishing materials, carpets, glass and china, toys and sports equipment, ranged around a central glass-covered court. His innovations included buying from manufacturers for cash and

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Historians such as Michael Kaplan and Elliott Gorn have argued that an intensifying highly masculine working-class male identity fostered gangs, brawling, and even homicide and rape, which was fueled by New York City taverns. The emerging male code emphasized physical courage, defiance of authority,

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v. 2. Cartography: an essay on the development of knowledge regarding the geography of the east coast of North America; Manhattan Island and its environs on early maps and charts / by F.C. Wieder and I.N. Phelps Stokes. The Manatus maps. The Castello plan. The Dutch grants. Early New York newspapers

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In the horse-drawn era, streets were unpaved and covered with dirt or gravel. However, this produced uneven wear, opened new hazards for pedestrians, and made for dangerous potholes for bicycles and for motor vehicles. Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses in 1900, pulling streetcars, delivery wagons,

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were too expensive. In outlying neighborhoods there were many apartments over stores and shops, usually occupied by proprietors of small local businesses. Apartment dwellers paid rent and did not own their apartments until the emergence of cooperatives in the 20th century. Turnover was very high,

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The city's housing involved a wide variety of styles, but most of the attention focused on the tenement house for the working class and the apartment building for the middle class. The apartment building came first, as middle-class professionals, businessmen, and white-collar workers realized they

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The department store was especially important for women; in middle-class families women took control of the purchasing, and the department stores catered to their tastes. Furthermore, ambitious young women from the middle class who wanted a career were welcomed into the clerical ranks, where they

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and on the Pacific coast reduced New York's share of imports and exports to about 47% in 1910. The city's banking resources grew 250% between 1888 and 1908, compared to the national increase of 26%. Between 1860 and 1907, the assessed value of the land and buildings on Manhattan rose from $ 1.7

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By the end of the century, American cities boasted 30 million square yards of asphalt paving, followed by brick construction. Street-level electric trolleys moved at 12 miles per hour, and became the main transportation service for middle class shoppers and office workers. Big-city streets became

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The less-lavish middle-class apartment buildings provided gas lighting, elevators, good plumbing, central heating, and maintenance men on call. Apartment buildings were built along the paths of the street railways since the middle-class tenants rode the streetcar to work, while the working class

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Tenements were cheap and easy to build, and filled up almost the entire lot. There were typically five story walk-ups, with four separate apartments on each floor. There was minimal air circulation and sunlight. Until the Tenement House Act of 1879, newly built tenements lacked running water or

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occurred in July, lasting two days, and was stopped only by intervention of the state militia. It was the worst riot in New York City up to that time. Historian Tyler Anbinder says the "Dead Rabbit" name "so captured the imagination of New Yorkers that the press continued to use it despite the

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Rapid outward expansion required longer journeys to work and shopping for the middle class office workers and housewives. The working class generally did not own automobiles until after 1945; they typically walked to nearby factories and patronized small neighborhood stores. The middle class

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The organization of a party in our city is really much like that of an army. There is one great central boss, assisted by some trusted and able lieutenants; these communicate with the different district bosses, whom they alternately bully and assist. The district boss in turn has a number of

542:. Practically all gambling was illegal in the city (except upscale horseracing tracks), and regular payoffs to political and police leadership was necessary. Prices were high and they were patronized by an upscale audience. Timothy Gilfoyle calls him "the first nightclubs." By contrast, 1005:

in large quantities, keeping his markup small and prices low, truthful presentation of merchandise, the one-price policy (so there was no haggling), simple merchandise returns and cash refund policy, selling for cash and not credit, buyers who searched worldwide for quality merchandise,

890: 1070:. The steel skeleton, developed in the 1880s, replaced the heavy brick walls that were limited to 15 or so stories in height. The skyscraper also required a complex internal structure to solve issues of ventilation, steam heat, gas lighting (and later electricity), and plumbing. 664:

paths for faster and larger and more dangerous vehicles, the pedestrians beware. In the largest cities, street railways were elevated, which increased their speed and lessened their dangers. Boston built the first subway in the 1890s followed by New York a decade later.

1263:, completed in 1883, epitomized the heroic confidence of a generation and drew the two cities of Brooklyn and New York inexorably together. As Brooklyn annexed the remainder of Kings County in the decade from 1886 to 1896, the issue of consolidation grew more pressing. 537:

The first nightclubs appeared in New York City in the 1840s and 1850s, including McGlory's, and the Haymarket. They enjoyed a national reputation for live music, dance, and vaudeville acts. They tolerated unlicensed liquor, commercial sex, and gambling cards, chiefly

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v. 3. The War of 1812 (1812-1815). Period of invention, prosperity, and progress (1815-1841). Period of industrial and educational development (1842-1860). The Civil War (1861-1865); period of political and social development (1865-1876). The modern city and island

970:. New York became a regional and national destination for upscale shoppers, thanks to its development of the modern department store. London and Paris were developing department stores around the same time, and the leaders quickly adopted innovations. In 1846, 691:

European immigration brought further social upheaval, and old world criminal societies rapidly exploited the already corrupt municipal machine politics of Tammany Hall. Housing, especially in the southern tip of Manhattan, became crowded with newly built

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In small towns people mostly walked to their destination, so they continued to rely on dirt and gravel into the 1920s. Larger cities had much more complex transportation needs. They wanted better streets, so they paved them with wood or granite blocks.

882:. Reformers passed laws in the state legislature against any emerging gambling venue. Such laws were enforced in most small towns and rural areas, but not in New York's larger cities, where political machines controlled the police and the courts. 509:

New York increasingly became the national capital for the rapidly expanding tourism and entertainment industries. Steamships and railways brought not just immigrants and businessmen but tourists, and grand hotels were built for upscale visitors.

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ran the toughest nightclub in New York, 1880–83. It catered to a downscale clientele and besides the usual illegal liquor, gambling and prostitution, it featured nighly fistfights, and occasional shootings, stabbings, and police raids.

769:) were rampant in the city's slums. Horse manure covered the streets. In winter, when all the grime froze, walking on the sidewalks was a challenge. Dead pigs and other carcasses remained on the street for weeks. In 1894, Colonel 3095:

v. 1. The period of discovery (1524-1609); the Dutch period (1609-1664). The English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period (1763-1783). Period of adjustment and reconstruction; New York as the state and federal capital

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By the 1880s New York's retail center had moved uptown, forming a stretch of retail shopping from "Marble Palace" that was called the "Ladies' Mile". By 1894 the major stores competed in the Christmas season with elaborate

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abundant evidence that no such club or gang existed." Andbinder notes that, "for more than a decade, 'Dead Rabbit' became the standard phrase by which city residents described any scandalously riotous individual or group."

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The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909 compiled from original sources and illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps plans views and documents in public and private collections

1009:, vertical and horizontal integration, volume sales, and free services for customers such as waiting rooms and free delivery of purchases. His innovations were quickly copied by other department stores. 842:. He cleared Tammany of Tweed's people and tightened the Grand Sachem's control over the hierarchy. His success at revitalizing the machine was such that in the election of 1874, the Tammany candidate, 179:

brought about prosperity for the city's upper classes amid the further growth of a poor immigrant working class, as well as an increasing consolidation, both economic and municipal, of what would become

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From 1800 to 1858, Staten Island was the location of the largest quarantine facility in the United States. Angry residents burned down the hospital compound in 1858 in a series of attacks known as the

805:, helped elect opposition candidates in 1871. Tweed was convicted of forgery and larceny in 1873. Tweed's fall put an end to the immunity of corrupt local political leaders and was a precursor to 2407:"Warren Sloat. A Battle For The Soul of New York: Tammany Hall, Police Corruption, Vice, and Reverend Charles Parkhurst's Crusade Against Them, 1892–1895. New York: Cooper Square Press. 2002" 1270:— the five boroughs — was created in 1898, with the consolidation of the cities of New York (then Manhattan and the Bronx) and Brooklyn with the largely rural areas of Queens and 206: 586:

The post-war period was noted for the corruption and graft for which Tammany Hall has become proverbial, but equally for the foundation of New York's pre-eminent cultural institutions, the

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in the 1880s—it was a characteristic American style that was not widely copied around the world until the late 20th century. Construction required several major innovations, including the

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Middle-class moral sensibilities were deeply opposed to prostitution and all forms of gambling. The reform movement was strongest in the 1890s. Reform was led by men such as the Reverend

201: 404: 3370: 1907:

The intact, elegantly detailed façade of Webster Hall has sheltered some of the Village's most infamous moments, and this first modern night club deserves to be an individual landmark

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made a dramatic appearance in the middle of the 19th century and permanently reshaped shopping habits and the definition of service and luxury. Similar developments were underway in

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after 1820, middle-class residents were drawn to the few existing open spaces, mainly cemeteries, to get away from the noises, smells, and chaotic life in the city. Landscape painter

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and steam railroads, developed in earlier decades, grew to take over most long-distance transport, bringing an ever-increasing stream of immigration and industrialization.

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In 1874, nearly 61% of all U.S. exports passed through New York harbor. In 1884, nearly 70% of U.S. imports came through New York. The eventual rise of ports on the

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half-subordinates, half-allies, under him; these latter choose the captains of the election districts, etc., and come into contact with the common healers.

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is credited as the first modern nightclub. It opened in 1886 as a "social hall", originally functioning as a home for dance and political activism events.

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and private carriages, and leaving their waste behind. They were not fast, and pedestrians could dodge and scramble their way across the crowded streets.

334:, recalling their rural upbringing and the great parks of Europe, advocated the therapeutic value of nature in the overcrowded city. Along with architect 467:

that killed and wounded hundreds of rioters. Meanwhile, the upscale membership of the New York Union League Club recruited over 2,000 black men for the

85: 396:; Olmsted taught Americans a new sensibility in park environments and urban planning as an applied science with his radically naturalistic park design. 459:

for immigrants, served as recruiting grounds for the Army. In July 1863, Irish Catholic protestors of conscription began five days of rioting. The "

3116:; v. 4. The period of discovery (565-1626); the Dutch period (1626-1664). The English period (1664-1763). The Revolutionary period, part I (1763-1776) 3338: 3321: 65: 60: 44: 39: 2833: 413: 55: 3463: 463:", the worst in American history, targeted blacks and wealthy Republicans. It was suppressed by artillery units of the United States Army firing 1032:

displays; in 1895 Macy's featured 13 tableaux, including scenes from Jack and the Beanstalk, Gulliver's Travels and other children's favorites.

3642: 3356: 2711:(2006). Dolkart's Jewish tenement, while equally dark, airless, filthy, and crowded, appears far less threatening than those of Stephen Crane. 982:, between Chambers and Reade Streets. He offered upscale retail merchandise at fixed prices. Though it was clad in white marble to look like a 838:

was selected as the new leader. Kelly was not implicated in the Tweed scandals and was a religious Catholic related by marriage to Archbishop

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Five Points: the 19th-century New York City neighborhood that invented tap dance, stole elections, and became the world's most notorious slum

1998:

Five Points: The 19th-century New York City Neighborhood that Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections, and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum

1396:

Five Points: the 19th-century New York City neighborhood that invented tap dance, stole elections, and became the world's most notorious slum

688:) opening in 1886. Most of the new arrivals headed to destinations across the north and west, but many made New York City their destination. 2281:

Leavitt, Judith Walzer (1976). Duffy, John; Galishoff, Stuart (eds.). "Writing Public Health History: The Need for a Social Scaffolding".

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New York's Fabulous Luxury Apartments: With Original Floor Plans from the Dakota, River House, Olympic Tower and Other Great Buildings

2046: 2006: 611: 447:. Powerful New York politicians and newspaper editors helped shape public opinion toward the war effort and the policies of President 423: 198: 3028: 2732: 2554: 2389: 1852: 1610: 1379: 1299: 120: 110: 3301:(illustrated with numerous fine engravings of noted places, life and scenes in New York). National Publishing Company – via 835: 3075: 2937: 1219: 211: 1818:

Timothy J. Gilfoyle, "Scorsese's Gangs of New York: Why Myth Matters." Journal of Urban History 29.5 (2003): 620–630 at p. 624.

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demanded a better transportation system. Slow horse-drawn streetcars and faster electric trolleys were the rage in the 1880s.

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Anbinder, Tyler. "From Famine to Five Points: Lord Lansdowne's Irish Tenants Encounter North America's Most Notorious Slum."

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Tammany did not take long to rebound from Tweed's fall. Reforms demanded a general housecleaning, and former county sheriff

2061:

David O. Whitten, "A Century of Parquet Pavements: Wood as a Paving Material in the United States And Abroad, 1840–1940."

483: 2642:

Amy Kallman Epstein, "Multifamily Dwellings and the Search for Respectability: Origins of the New York Apartment House,"

1892: 856:, before he became president in 1901, was deeply involved in New York City politics. He explains how the machine worked: 2814: 2336: 1354:

Christopher Adamson, "Tribute, turf, honor and the American street gang: patterns of continuity and change since 1820."

923: 633: 603: 287: 257: 2822: 2184:

The great riots of New York, 1712 to 1873: including a full and complete account of the Four Days' Draft Riot of 1863

290:. Although there were no deaths as a result of the attack, the arsonists completely destroyed the hospital compound. 1470:""Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American": Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City" 587: 534:

were among the Broadway stars. Prostitutes served a wide variety of clientele, from sailors on leave to playboys.

511: 419: 205: 874:, the leading Presbyterian pastor and president of the New York Society for the Prevention of Crime; reform mayor 3598: 3549: 3543: 3537: 1304: 1159: 719:

of July 1871 and 1872, Catholic Irish attempted to stop Protestant Irish from celebrating the anniversary of the

607: 460: 261: 228: 172: 164: 90: 628:

As immigration increased in cities, poverty rose as well. The poorest crowded into low-cost housing such as the

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The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War

1708:

The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War

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Map of Central Park. Clicking on a feature in the picture causes the browser to load the appropriate article.

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Linda Fischer and Harrison Hunt, "Asher B. Durand, William Cullen Bryant, and the Origins of Central Park,"

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to help fill the quotas and to make a major contribution to African American civil rights. The neighboring

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in 1884, affluent tenants hired full-time staff to handle the upkeep and maintenance, as well as security.

3443: 3085:(6 vols., 1915–28). A highly detailed, heavily illustrated chronology of Manhattan and New York City. see 1236: 1198: 998: 636:

neighborhoods in Manhattan. These areas were quickly overridden with notorious criminal gangs such as the

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was a major institution of New York's independent sister city. Various older institutions merged into the

579: 437: 335: 269: 2179: 3436: 3284: 3264: 3175: 3113: 3106: 1103: 482:, and was more successful than the earlier Metropolitan Police District, eventually developing into the 377: 347: 331: 313: 94: 3125: 3119: 3099: 3092: 2217:

Farland, Maria (2007). "Decomposing City: Walt Whitman's New York and the Science of Life and Death".

2077: 559: 3272: 3252: 3157: 1291: 979: 871: 847: 770: 98: 3494: 3424: 3418: 3166: 2899:

The historical atlas of New York City: A visual celebration of 400 years of New York City's history

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Police administration and progressive reform: Theodore Roosevelt as police commissioner of New York

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The historical atlas of New York City: A visual celebration of 400 years of New York City's history

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exposed the vulnerability of the urban infrastructure connecting those buildings, encouraging the

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Habits of Compassion: Irish Catholic Nuns and the Origins of New York's Welfare System, 1830-1920

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The Monied Metropolis: New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie, 1850–1896

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A History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Social Change in the American Metropolis

2599: 2525: 2517: 2406: 2306: 2250: 2242: 2147: 2139: 1964: 1948: 1727:

Thomas L. Jones, "The Union League Club and New York's First Black Regiments in the Civil War,"

1663: 1655: 1594: 1497: 1437: 1240: 879: 853: 843: 734: 641: 591: 168: 102: 1117:

The working class crowded into tenement houses, with far fewer features and amenities. Novelist

850:, and Democrats generally won their races, delivering control of the city back to Tammany Hall. 2379: 224: 3604: 3586: 3302: 3203: 3034: 3024: 3001: 2991: 2728: 2722: 2618:

Counter cultures: Saleswomen, managers, and customers in American department stores, 1890-1940

2591: 2550: 2544: 2509: 2385: 2362: 2314: 2298: 2234: 2131: 2092: 2084: 2042: 2036: 2002: 1956: 1940: 1848: 1647: 1606: 1546: 1489: 1429: 1375: 1194: 1179: 1155: 1147: 947: 875: 681: 567: 265: 181: 2709:

Biography of a Tenement House in New York City: An Architectural History of 97 Orchard Street

1842: 1369: 3592: 3512: 3506: 3488: 3280: 3260: 3171: 3148: 2959: 2583: 2501: 2418: 2290: 2226: 2123: 1932: 1639: 1536: 1528: 1481: 1421: 1244: 1232: 1190: 1143: 1067: 1029: 1021: 959: 915: 907: 798: 794: 637: 539: 503: 479: 472: 373: 3296: 2944:

The unbounded community: Neighborhood life and social structure in New York City, 1830-1875

361: 3500: 3226: 3211: 3187: 1260: 1224: 1171: 919: 822: 806: 709: 595: 543: 531: 448: 355: 343: 327: 323: 3348: 2884:. (New York: Anchor Press, 1977); scholarly study that argues Tweed was mostly innocent. 443:

The city provided a major source of troops, supplies, equipment, and financing for the

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Harry E. Resseguie, "A.T. Stewart's Marble Palace—The Cradle of the Department Store."

1590: 1541: 1516: 1202: 1091: 927: 911: 899: 839: 827: 673: 622: 574: 519: 456: 339: 253: 1869:

Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890–1930

1807:

City of eros: New York City, prostitution, and the commercialization of sex, 1790–1920

1001:. Increasingly, the clientele were women from wealthy or upper-middle-class families. 338:, they envisioned a great park. The state government in 1853 provided $ 5 million and 304: 3636: 3523: 3383: 2572:"Transformations in a Culture of Consumption: Women and Department Stores, 1890-1925" 2529: 2254: 2151: 1599: 1271: 1163: 1125:(1893) wrote of an Irish tenement neighborhood characterized by poverty and violence: 1118: 939: 723:. These resulted in more than 33 deaths and many wounded. Pioneering photojournalist 606:, founded early in the century, expanded and promoted other institutions such as the 249: 156: 150: 106: 34: 3238: 3072:

Mirror for Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present

2934:

Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy

1712:

The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America

1667: 163:, an institution that dominated the city throughout this period. Reforms led to the 1983:

Horace Greeley and the Republican Party, 1853-1861: A Study of the New York Tribune

1968: 1078: 975: 766: 716: 696:

and flimsy shacks in the back. Italians settled around Mulberry Street between the

677: 548: 523: 499: 478:

In 1865 the Metropolitan Fire District united the fire departments of New York and

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Lights and Shadows of New York Life; Or, the sights and sensations of a great city

3142: 2490:"Alexander Turney Stewart and the Development of the Department Store, 1823-1876" 1996: 1410:"New York City Tavern Violence and the Creation of a Working-Class Male Identity" 1256: 1151: 1095: 994: 983: 935: 817: 802: 527: 2854:

The house of Morgan: an American banking dynasty and the rise of modern finance

2825:. It originally aired in 1999 with additional episodes airing in 2001 and 2003. 1532: 1073: 3244: 3038: 2783: 1844:

A Guide to Gangsters, Murderers and Weirdos of New York City's Lower East Side

1680:

Eugene P. Moehring, "Frederick Law Olmsted and the Central Park 'Revolution'"

1281: 1252: 1183: 1107: 1059: 1045: 786: 762: 724: 444: 393: 176: 2595: 2513: 2422: 2302: 2238: 2135: 2096: 1944: 1651: 1493: 1433: 3566: 3454: 3230: 3215: 3191: 3128:; v. 6. Chronology: addenda. Original grants and farms. Bibliography. Index. 3005: 2818: 1781:

When the Astors Owned New York: Blue Bloods and Grand Hotels in a Gilded Age

1049: 990: 938:

products and electrical goods. Petroleum and chemical works sprang up along

693: 645: 464: 188: 3207: 3055:

Jim Crow New York: A Documentary History of Race and Citizenship, 1777-1877

2832:(Oxford University Press, 1998), The standard scholarly survey; 1390 pages 2450:

City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America.

2318: 1550: 1017: 741:. Reformers did win in 1894, and Roosevelt undertook a major reform of the 2476:

City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth-Century America

2230: 2166:

The Orange riots: Irish political violence in New York City, 1870 and 1871

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Steppin'Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture

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and other distant areas. Plans were made for subways to still more remote

801:, as well as aggressive newspaper editors aided by the biting cartoons of 727:

documented the poor conditions of immigrant tenement dwellers in his 1890

564:

The Great East River Bridge To connect the cities of New York and Brooklyn

256:

by abolishing the New York City Municipal Police Department in favor of a

3412: 3400: 3391: 1643: 1517:"The Quarantine War: the Burning of the New York Marine Hospital in 1858" 1063: 1053: 389: 2246: 1659: 1627: 1205:

of electric and telephone lines, and plans were made for a subway line.

2603: 2571: 2521: 2489: 2310: 2143: 2111: 1501: 1469: 1441: 1409: 986: 758: 705: 2971: 1952: 1920: 432:

from the United States as a neutral sovereign city-state to be called

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The Bowery Boys: Street Corner Radicals and the Politics of Rebellion

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soon competed with Stewart as New York's earliest department stores.

967: 797:. The efforts of reform-oriented Democratic politicians, especially 754: 745:

in 1895–97 during his term as President of the Police Commissioners.

515: 372:

Several American influences came together in the design. Landscaped

2908:(2nd ed. 2010); a massive compendium of authoritative short articles 2587: 2505: 2294: 1485: 1425: 3126:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 6. 1928

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I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 5. 1926

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I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 4. 1922

3107:

I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 3. 1918

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I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 2. 1916

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I.N. Phelps Stokes; The Iconography of Manhattan Island Vol 1. 1915

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New York newspapers were read across the nation, particularly, the

2920:

President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War

2631:

Skyscrapers: A social history of the very tall building in America

1755:

President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War

1371:

American Gangsters, Then and Now: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia

1218: 1175: 1072: 997:

windows that permitted major seasonal displays, especially in the

963: 931: 889: 573: 558: 493: 403: 360: 303: 223: 193: 3259:. Vol. 21. Buffalo, NY: Garretson, Cox & Company. 1897. 2384:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1162–65, 1192–94, 1200–1203. 2083:. A History of American Life, vol. X. Macmillan. pp. 88–93. 773:

introduced sanitary reforms using a large street cleaning force.

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The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863

342:

powers to buy out the land owners of what became Central Park.

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Electoral Capitalism: The Party System in New York's Gilded Age

2950:

Sloan, Douglas (1980). "Science in New York City, 1867–1907".

1036:

developed social skills to work with their upscale customers.

2986:

Stern, Robert A. M.; Mellins, Thomas; Fishman, David (1999).

2892:

Mrs. Astor's New York: Money and Social Power in a Gilded Age

2112:"Rapid Transit: Automobility and Settlement in Urban America" 1243:, forming the third most-populous city in America. In 1870, 934:. It was an important center for other hi-tech items such as 514:

gradually moved northward during this half century, from The

2762:

The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860-1920

2437:

Greater Gotham: A history of New York City from 1898 to 1919

436:

as a way to avoid the ravages of war. Despite strong local

3013:

Voorsanger, Catherine Hoover; Howat, John K., eds. (2000).

2813:(2003), large-scale book version of Burns PBS documentary, 2988:

New York 1880: Architecture and Urbanism in the Gilded Age

2817:

an eight part, 17½ hour documentary film directed by

672:

The flood of immigration from Europe passed first through

644:. Overcrowding spread germs; the death rates in big city 264:

of 1857. While the police were busy with their feud, the

2806:. (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2020) covers city and state. 2657:

Alone Together: A History of New York's Early Apartments

1099:

and there was seldom a sense of neighborhood community.

1328:

For a visual overview of the era, see Eric Homberger,

700:

and Lower Manhattan, in an area later to be known as "

248:

in the late 1850s attempted to cut the power of Mayor

1197:

whose successors characterize its skyline today. The

826:, all of New York City politics revolves around boss 428:

Prior to the Civil War, in 1861, Mayor Wood proposed

2913:

New York: Art and Cultural Capital of the Gilded Age

1223:

This 1877 Currier & Ives print of an unfinished

1090:

in the high-cost real estate districts of the city.

3565: 3522: 3479: 3453: 3390: 3273:"Check List of Directories of the City of New York" 3184:

Redfield's Traveler's Guide to the City of New York

2685:(1987) covers 75 famous buildings starting in 1869. 2076: 1889:Greenwich Village Society for History Preservation 1601:The Park and the People: A History of Central Park 1598: 680:(opened 1892) in New York Harbor, with the nearby 2546:The Urge to Splurge: A Social History of Shopping 3618:Municipalities are towns unless otherwise noted. 2364:The Works of Theodore Roosevelt: American ideals 2110:Fairfield, John D. (1995). McShane, Clay (ed.). 1077:The Dakota luxury apartment building, view from 1058:New inventions facilitated the emergence of the 440:sympathies, the proposal was not well received. 3622:Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York 1742:New York's Black Regiments During the Civil War 1628:"The Enlarged Freedom of Frederick Law Olmsted" 197: 3060:Jackson, Kenneth T. and David S. Dunbar, eds. 2911:Laster, Margaret R., and Chelsea Bruner, eds. 1215:List of former municipalities in New York City 1162:, and other new public transport expanded the 1106:that opened in 1869, and the even more lavish 906:The city and its suburbs, mainly Brooklyn and 846:, unseated the unpopular reformist incumbent, 3364: 3103:(1725-1811). Plan of Manhattan Island in 1908 1227:showed a vision of greater urban integration. 128: 8: 3225:. New York: Smith, Bleakley & Co. 1892. 3016:Art and the empire city: New York, 1825-1861 2333:The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall 1882:"Webster Hall Landmark Status Certification" 358:design and have received the main credit. 3062:Empire City: New York Through the Centuries 3053:Gellman, David N. and David Quigley, eds. 2861:Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. 1343:The New York Police, Colonial Times to 1901 733:; he was befriended by Republican reformer 3371: 3357: 3349: 3315: 2868:Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825-1863 2830:Gotham: a history of New York City to 1898 2452:(Oxford University Press, 1980) pp 110-47, 2448:Gunther Barth, "The Department Store," in 2381:Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 1020:as a dry goods store. Benjamin Altman and 648:vastly exceeded those in the countryside. 135: 121: 17: 2958:(1). University of Chicago Press: 35–76. 2269:History of public health in New York City 1540: 708:-speaking East European Jews came to the 625:, the voice of the new Republican Party. 167:of June 1857. There was chaos during the 155:started with the inauguration in 1855 of 3170:. Vol. 3. London: Bradbury, Evans. 2021:Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. 811: 3277:Bulletin of the New York Public Library 3202:, New York: Historical Publishing Co., 2980:Gotham at War: New York City, 1860-1865 2378:Edwin G. Burrows; Mike Wallace (1999). 2063:Essays in Economic and Business History 1695:Gotham at War: New York City, 1860-1865 1515:Stephenson, Kathryn (January 1, 2004). 1321: 1189:In the late 19th century, the island's 1142:Pre-war steam ferries had already made 1086:did not need and could scarcely afford 414:New York City in the American Civil War 77: 20: 2038:Downtown: Its Rise and Fall, 1880–1950 1300:Timeline of New York City, 1850s-1890s 1251:. In 1874, New York City annexed the 1170:for commuters of more modest means in 368:, in Bethesda Fountain (sculpted 1873) 322:As the population grew explosively in 2828:Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. 2463:New York Historical Society Quarterly 1921:"Science in New York City, 1867-1907" 1166:of New York, allowing development of 518:up Broadway through Union Square and 7: 3279:, vol. 5, pp. 80 v, 1901, 2877:(University of Illinois Press, 2006) 1682:Halcyon: A Journal of the Humanities 1565:New York Journal of American History 1114:saved a nickel each way and walked. 3087:The Iconography of Manhattan Island 2178:Headley, Joel Tyler (2011-07-13) . 1310:1886 New York City mayoral election 1040:Skyscrapers and apartment buildings 469:20th United States Colored Infantry 3186:, New York: J. S. Redfield, 1871, 3074:(New York University Press, 1956) 2724:Great Short Works of Stephen Crane 2075:Arthur Maier Schlesinger (1946) . 612:American Museum of Natural History 424:New York in the American Civil War 14: 3089:All volumes are on line free at: 2929:(Syracuse University Press, 1990) 2870:(Syracuse University Press, 1994) 2025:(Brief 9th ed. 2012) vol 2 p. 590 1305:New York City Police Riot of 1857 3240:King's Handbook of New York City 2811:New York: An Illustrated History 2405:John D. Buenker (October 2004). 1284: 526:at the end of the 19th century. 3223:Pictorial New York and Brooklyn 3064:(2005), 1015 pages of excerpts 2927:The Civil War and New York City 2809:Burns, Ric, and James Sanders. 2576:The Journal of American History 2180:"Orange Riots of 1870 and 1871" 2079:The Rise of the City: 1878–1898 1474:The Journal of American History 1094:were inappropriate for family; 743:New York City Police Department 676:(opened 1855) and then through 3144:Trow's New York City Directory 3021:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2882:Tweed's New York: Another Look 2727:. HarperCollins. p. 130. 2411:The American Historical Review 1150:for affluent professionals on 914:. Its factories dominated the 878:, and his police commissioner 686:Liberty Enlightening the World 475:in contrast was more pro-war. 1: 3643:19th century in New York City 3295:Mccabe, James D. Jr. (1872). 3198:Richard Edwards, ed. (1884), 2946:(Duke University Press, 1992) 2906:Encyclopedia of New York City 2894:(Yale University Press, 2004) 2696:Manhattan for Rent, 1785-1850 2193:– via Access Genealogy. 1768:Encyclopedia of New Your City 1414:Journal of the Early Republic 1123:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 484:New York City Fire Department 346:drew the original plans, but 260:. Resistance resulted in the 3156:Charles Knight, ed. (1867). 2815:New York: A Documentary Film 2488:Resseguie, Harry E. (1965). 2035:Fogelson, Robert M. (2003). 2023:America: A Narrative History 1605:. Cornell University Press. 1374:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 65–66. 1332:(Macmillan, 2005), pp 84-111 1102:Starting with the luxurious 958:In modern major cities, the 924:Second Industrial Revolution 604:New York Academy of Sciences 288:Staten Island Quarantine War 281:Staten Island Quarantine War 258:Metropolitan Police District 171:, with major rioting in the 3200:New York's Great Industries 2792:(Simon and Schuster, 2001). 2655:Elizabeth Collins Cromley, 2644:Urbanism Past & Present 2543:Laura Byrne Paquet (2003). 2494:The Business History Review 2367:. Collier. pp. 132–33. 2361:Theodore Roosevelt (1897). 2283:Reviews in American History 2116:Reviews in American History 1847:. Arcadia. pp. 79–80. 910:, also became important in 512:New York's theater district 3659: 3330:History of New York City 3289:Part 2: Chronological List 2780:American Historical Review 2570:Leach, William R. (1984). 2549:. ECW Press. p. 191. 1533:10.1177/003335490411900114 1368:Nate Hendley, ed. (2009). 1212: 1043: 903:billion to $ 6.7 billion. 588:Metropolitan Museum of Art 420:Union (American Civil War) 417: 411: 297: 240:Police, gangs and violence 45:Federal and early American 3614: 3339:History of New York City 3335: 3328: 3322:History of New York City 3318: 1710:(1990); Barnet Schecter, 1632:The New England Quarterly 1468:Gorn, Elliott J. (1987). 1160:Manhattan Railway Company 999:Christmas shopping season 608:New York Botanical Garden 490:Tourism and entertainment 408:1860 map of New York City 262:New York City Police Riot 165:New York City Police Riot 50:Tammany and Consolidation 29:Lenape and New Netherland 2646:(1980) Issue 2, pp 29-39 1995:Anbinder, Tyler (2001). 1408:Kaplan, Michael (1995). 1268:city of Greater New York 972:Alexander Turney Stewart 730:How the Other Half Lives 382:Cambridge, Massachusetts 159:as the first mayor from 22:History of New York City 3285:2027/nyp.33433081923769 3265:2027/nyp.33433000967483 3176:2027/nyp.33433000064802 2782:107.2 (2002): 351–387. 2347:Burrows & Wallace, 2186:. New York: E. B. Treat 1919:Sloan, Douglas (1980). 1626:MENARD, ANDREW (2010). 1356:Theoretical Criminology 1154:and other urban areas. 1088:single-family dwellings 993:construction had large 600:New York Public Library 430:New York City secession 2936:(Hill and Wang, 2004) 2802:Broxmeyer, Jeffrey D. 2721:Stephen Crane (2009). 2423:10.1086/ahr/109.4.1246 2001:. Simon and Schuster. 1827:Burrows and Wallace, 1731:(2006) 87#3 pp 313-343 1567:(2007) 66#4 pp 93-100. 1228: 1199:Great Blizzard of 1888 1131: 1082: 895: 831: 583: 580:Taylor Map of New York 571: 506: 409: 369: 336:Andrew Jackson Downing 319: 236: 216: 40:British and Revolution 3380:Former municipalities 3080:Stokes, I.N. Phelps. 2942:Scherzer. Kenneth A. 2873:Fitzgerald, Maureen. 2845:Callow, Alexander B. 2465:(1964) 48#2: 131-162. 2231:10.1353/elh.2007.0038 2128:10.1353/rah.1995.0006 1841:Eric Ferrara (2009). 1805:Timothy J. Gilfoyle, 1714:(2007); Adrian Cook, 1576:Burrows and Wallace, 1521:Public Health Reports 1358:(1998) 2#1 pp: 57-84. 1341:James F. Richardson, 1222: 1127: 1104:Stuyvesant Apartments 1076: 893: 815: 809:reforms in the city. 737:. Roosevelt lost his 577: 562: 502:, 1862 lithograph by 497: 407: 366:"Angel of the Waters" 364: 348:Frederick Law Olmsted 332:William Cullen Bryant 314:Frederick Law Olmsted 307: 268:between two gangs in 227: 214: 3257:Columbian Cyclopedia 2904:Jackson, Kenneth D. 2694:Elizabeth Blackmar, 2668:Stephen Birmingham, 1684:(1985) 7#1 pp 59-75. 1644:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00039 1292:New York City portal 872:Charles H. Parkhurst 848:William F. Havemeyer 771:George E. Waring Jr. 739:mayoral race in 1886 246:new Republican Party 173:New York Draft Riots 71:Modern and post-9/11 3167:English Cyclopaedia 2990:. Monacelli Press. 2707:Andrew S. Dolkart, 2629:George H. Douglas, 2271:(2 vol. 1968, 1974) 2203:Jay Stuart Berman, 1981:Jeter Allen Isely, 1867:Lewis A. Erenberg, 1792:Lewis A. Erenberg, 1595:Blackmar, Elizabeth 1014:Rowland Hussey Macy 1007:departmentalization 944:Bayonne, New Jersey 894:Street beggar, 1888 836:"Honest John" Kelly 795:a lavish courthouse 721:Battle of the Boyne 386:Green-Wood Cemetery 309:John Singer Sargent 254:pro-South Democrats 3158:"City of New York" 3070:Still, Bayrd, ed. 2918:Livingston, E. H. 2880:Hershkowitz, Leo. 2670:Life at the Dakota 2439:(2017), pp 615-618 2065:15 (1997): 209–26. 1753:E. H. Livingston, 1229: 1158:, operated by the 1156:Elevated railroads 1083: 948:industrial suburbs 922:industries of the 896: 880:Theodore Roosevelt 854:Theodore Roosevelt 844:William H. Wickham 832: 789:, better known as 735:Theodore Roosevelt 592:Metropolitan Opera 584: 572: 568:Currier & Ives 522:, settling around 507: 410: 370: 320: 237: 231:facing north from 217: 169:American Civil War 61:Early 20th century 3630: 3629: 3347: 3346: 3336:Succeeded by 3303:Project Gutenberg 2997:978-1-58093-027-7 2978:Spann, Edward K. 2925:McKay, Ernest A. 2901:(Macmillan, 2005) 2897:Homberger, Eric. 2890:Homberger, Eric. 2838:Bernstein, Iver. 2788:Anbinder, Tyler. 2760:Raymond A. Mohl, 2478:(1982) pp 110-147 2331:Oliver E. Allen, 1740:William Seraile, 1693:Edward K. Spann, 1398:(2001) pp 285-86. 1195:early skyscrapers 1148:bedroom community 1022:Lord & Taylor 989:, the building's 974:established his " 954:Department stores 876:William L. Strong 682:Statue of Liberty 619:New York Tribune, 457:major entry point 266:Dead Rabbits Riot 182:the five boroughs 145: 144: 66:Post–World War II 3650: 3507:Long Island City 3373: 3366: 3359: 3350: 3319:Preceded by 3316: 3306: 3291: 3268: 3248: 3243:(2nd ed.). 3234: 3218: 3194: 3179: 3152: 3042: 3009: 2975: 2932:Quigley, David. 2765: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2718: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2485: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2459: 2453: 2446: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2417:(4): 1246–1247. 2402: 2396: 2395: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2214: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2175: 2169: 2164:Michael Gordon, 2162: 2156: 2155: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2082: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1992: 1986: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1891:. Archived from 1886: 1878: 1872: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1838: 1832: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1803: 1797: 1790: 1784: 1777: 1771: 1764: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1738: 1732: 1729:New York History 1725: 1719: 1706:Iver Bernstein, 1704: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1604: 1587: 1581: 1574: 1568: 1561: 1555: 1554: 1544: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1465: 1459: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1405: 1399: 1394:Tyler Anbinder, 1392: 1386: 1385: 1365: 1359: 1352: 1346: 1339: 1333: 1326: 1294: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1245:Long Island City 1233:City of Brooklyn 1144:Brooklyn Heights 1068:structural steel 1030:Christmas window 960:department store 916:garment industry 908:Long Island City 799:Samuel J. Tilden 638:Five Points Gang 504:Currier and Ives 473:city of Brooklyn 453:port of New York 374:rural cemeteries 196: 137: 130: 123: 18: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3610: 3561: 3518: 3475: 3449: 3386: 3377: 3343: 3340: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3314: 3309: 3294: 3271: 3253:"New York City" 3251: 3237: 3221: 3197: 3182: 3155: 3141: 3137: 3050: 3048:Primary sources 3045: 3031: 3012: 2998: 2985: 2949: 2866:Ernst, Robert. 2795:Beckert, Sven. 2774: 2772:Further reading 2769: 2768: 2764:(1985) pp 47-52 2759: 2755: 2747:Richard Plunz, 2746: 2742: 2735: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2681:Andrew Alpern, 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2588:10.2307/1901758 2569: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2506:10.2307/3112143 2487: 2486: 2482: 2474:Gunther Barth, 2473: 2469: 2460: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2434: 2430: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2330: 2326: 2295:10.2307/2701546 2280: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2262: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2187: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2159: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2009: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1779:Justin Kaplan, 1778: 1774: 1765: 1761: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1735: 1726: 1722: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1679: 1675: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1613: 1591:Rosenzweig, Roy 1589: 1588: 1584: 1575: 1571: 1562: 1558: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1486:10.2307/1900028 1467: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1426:10.2307/3124015 1407: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1353: 1349: 1340: 1336: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1290: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1261:Brooklyn Bridge 1225:Brooklyn Bridge 1217: 1211: 1193:encouraged the 1172:Upper West Side 1140: 1092:Boarding houses 1056: 1044:Main articles: 1042: 956: 928:sewing machines 920:high technology 888: 868: 807:Progressive Era 784: 779: 751: 710:Lower East Side 670: 596:Brooklyn Museum 557: 544:Owney Geoghegan 532:Lillian Russell 498:Ice skating in 492: 449:Abraham Lincoln 426: 416: 402: 356:Greensward Plan 354:made the final 344:Egbert L. Viele 328:Asher B. Durand 324:Lower Manhattan 302: 296: 283: 242: 222: 213: 194: 141: 109: 88: 69: 64: 59: 53: 48: 43: 38: 32: 12: 11: 5: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3528: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3345: 3344: 3337: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3307: 3292: 3269: 3249: 3235: 3219: 3195: 3180: 3153: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3078: 3076:online edition 3068: 3058: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3029: 3010: 2996: 2983: 2976: 2964:10.1086/352407 2947: 2940: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2895: 2888: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2859:Chernow, Ron. 2857: 2852:Chernow, Ron. 2850: 2847:The Tweed Ring 2843: 2836: 2826: 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Trow 3143: 3081: 3071: 3061: 3054: 3019:. New York: 3017: 3014: 2987: 2979: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2891: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2860: 2853: 2846: 2839: 2829: 2810: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2779: 2761: 2756: 2748: 2743: 2723: 2716: 2708: 2703: 2695: 2690: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2656: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2617: 2612: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2545: 2538: 2497: 2493: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2449: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2380: 2373: 2363: 2356: 2348: 2343: 2332: 2327: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2268: 2263: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2204: 2199: 2188:. Retrieved 2183: 2173: 2165: 2160: 2122:(1): 80–85. 2119: 2115: 2105: 2078: 2070: 2062: 2057: 2041:. Yale U.P. 2037: 2030: 2022: 2017: 1997: 1990: 1982: 1977: 1931:(1): 35–76. 1928: 1924: 1914: 1906: 1900:. 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