History of Newcastle upon Tyne

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and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the

1514: 757: 967: 1613:, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides. 626: 869:, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston. 806:. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels. 406:. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders. 1026: 930: 839:

through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.

1649: 278: 880:. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at 982:, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by 1590:

the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.

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down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.

1506:. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as 748:

gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die.

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royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with

382:, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of 1008:

In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge

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In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and

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granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by

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granted Newcastle a mayor and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a

257:, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and 905:

In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the

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In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road

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were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House

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As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining

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for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and

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tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to

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With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during

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Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The

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area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the

1013:, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The 953:

and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829

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in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but

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in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the corporation and rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their

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were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which

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arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no

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receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.

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came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in

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and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King

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established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments

782:, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town. 997:

started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were

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began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from

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was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier

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A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside.

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company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.

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as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.

564:) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a 906:

Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.

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which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the

587:) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by 665:

An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.

891:, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the 1577:

In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen

126:. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current 233:(641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the 1548:. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films 752:

were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.

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replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the

265:, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the 1143:

invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in

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were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the

802:, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and 1535:

As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was

576:, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the 674:

The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.

2527: 374:" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, 835:. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church. 130:, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 659:. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307. 1189:'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne. 1217:. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960. 141:

The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as

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Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of

2053: 986:, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The 1460:

were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King

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flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.

315:. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the 498:

In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The

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Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of

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tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685,

149:. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small 895:, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century. 644:) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains. 518:. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the 1109:

did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the

153:, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the 1099:, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad. 3021: 1161:

glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the

1502:, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to 1133:, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at 1495:

suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.

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was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.

1988:"'Religious houses: Nunnery of St Bartholomew', in Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1827)" 3383: 3310:

Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue of the Topographical Works in the Library of the British Museum Relating to Great Britain and Ireland

2057: 719:, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when 478:

and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of

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The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.

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to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company,

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principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the

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In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.

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which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a

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was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of

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headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at

180:) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius. 83:

The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called

3239: 1244: 1110: 817:. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist. 399: 2213: 1181:. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in 610:

was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503

2359: 994: 3065: 2677: 1272: 1185:. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light 1057:" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already. 2725: 2420: 3217: 2328: 1662: 1452:

In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing

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Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city

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rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria,

134:, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the 3411: 2133: 1874: 1820: 1776: 1738: 1499: 1283:. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner 2955: 651:, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the 3136: 3114: 1959: 1433: 1206: 899: 1682: 1540:

who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian

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in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new

2306: 1318: 1202: 637: 2783: 918: 810: 716: 577: 519: 515: 2999: 1633:. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the 3274: 2703: 1566:. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. 1453: 1425: 1342: 1198: 1076:

developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the

1053:. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase " 3175:

Young, Peter (10 June 1998). "No through road – work begins to ban traffic from city centre's flagship shopping street".

1890: 2572:"'Public buildings: The county courts', in Historical Account of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Including the Borough of Gateshead" 1545: 1471:

During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during

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lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between

2890:"Records of Robert Stephenson & Company, Locomotive Manufacturers, Newcastle Upon Tyne (later Darlington, Durham)" 2889: 2100: 1610: 1598: 1358: 1354: 470:

south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.

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ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in

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tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the

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During the Middle Ages, a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the

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In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the

390:, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings. 1654: 1437: 1429: 1398: 1378: 1264: 1054: 946: 888: 592: 154: 1304:

was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the

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In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by

832: 814: 557: 444: 2505: 1093:, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of 370:. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the " 1567: 1394: 1077: 1050: 877: 820: 662:

All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.

483: 356: 344: 288: 281: 146: 69:, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre. 66: 26: 898:

The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A

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Subject Index of the Modern Works Added to the Library of the British Museum in the Years 1881–1900

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In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near

1002: 828: 824: 795: 764: 679: 630: 607: 569: 542: 507: 499: 479: 459: 440: 435: 431: 394: 387: 307:, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a 234: 230: 50: 1362: 1049:

and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the

145:. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present 94:, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. 987: 881: 546: 427: 262: 226: 135: 2397: 959: 625: 580:

the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.

3177: 3160: 2732: 2662: 2355: 2129: 1870: 1816: 1772: 1734: 1503: 1492: 1334: 1322: 1268: 1084: 1069: 1029: 979: 786: 720: 648: 375: 351:. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until 296: 95: 1436:

was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following implementation of the

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in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.

917:, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the 854:

of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the

3364: 3342: 3280: 2911: 1955: 1765: 1249: 1166: 938: 799: 779: 588: 511: 475: 451: 371: 316: 131: 2421:"Café at Newcastle's Guildhall could be on the horizon as leisure entrepreneur makes plans" 1341:, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and 1087:

were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed

65:, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the 2657: 1305: 1214: 1162: 910: 873: 692: 561: 467: 363: 300: 206: 58: 2329:"Where are Newcastle's plague pits – and which nightclub was 'haunted by plague ghosts'?" 2149: 1686: 1574:, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998. 1248:

fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival,

2757: 1622: 1406: 1301: 983: 855: 744: 611: 573: 538: 463: 419: 222: 189: 42: 3195: 2307:"Professor Keith Wrightson to give talk on new book detailing the plague in Newcastle" 2214:"Let's create a 'Global North' by making the north of England a giant free trade zone" 1025: 929: 3395: 3356: 1541: 1124: 1106: 887:

Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for

866: 492: 379: 348: 332: 308: 238: 123: 88: 2933: 2464: 2170: 237:

amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at

3368: 3284: 2867: 2678:"Humphry Davy and the "safety lamp controversy" | Andrew Lacey | Science" 2549: 1579: 1537: 1182: 1073: 1046: 892: 603: 352: 38: 3137:"Stories that shocked Tyneside: The high rise and fall of a leader who got greedy" 3115:"Newcastle Civic Centre: A history of one of the city's most recognised buildings" 418:, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The 909:

A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of

2239: 1960:"Newcastle upon Tyne town defences: Gunner Tower, Newcastle upon Tyne (1019278)" 1465: 1410: 1366: 1178: 1174: 1102: 731: 708: 641: 531: 415: 383: 340: 277: 214: 173: 161: 84: 78: 1913:"Newcastle celebrates 800 years of mayors and Freemen at St Nicholas Cathedral" 1648: 1625:, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the 1148:

The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:

937:

Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder

217:) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of 1644: 1583: 1550: 1418: 1374: 1289: 749: 683: 393:

Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now.

320: 198: 103: 62: 3347: 3044:"75 years ago: World War II bombs rained down on Newcastle killing 47 people" 2977: 2080:"This house was originally the monastery of Grey Friars, Newcastle-upon-Tyne" 2010:"Newcastle, Dominican Friary (Blackfriars) | sitelines.newcastle.gov.uk" 549:

were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.

2809: 1602: 1528:

was gifted to the city in 1953, and Newcastle City Council moved to the new

1480: 1472: 1402: 712: 704: 688: 584: 488: 328: 218: 177: 108: 2615: 2262:"How plague wiped out nearly half the population of 17th century Newcastle" 1377:. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the 794:

Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of

3376: 1468:

quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.

327:, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at 193:

evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms,

37:

dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the

3240:"Ouseburn regeneration project gathers worldwide attention for Newcastle" 1634: 1626: 1461: 1386: 1280: 1276: 1186: 1177:

and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality

1158: 1134: 1129: 656: 652: 423: 367: 202: 194: 165: 157:, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there. 115: 46: 711:, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe 3273:; Francis Charles Laird (1813), "Northumberland: Newcastle-upon-Tyne", 2823: 2054:"National Trust | Holy Jesus Hospital | What to see & do" 2009: 1488: 1390: 1346: 1338: 914: 803: 760: 565: 534: 339:, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the 324: 292: 266: 99: 91: 2618:. Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal. 1 October 1858. p. 331. 1065:

Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:

572:

to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334,

122:

down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now

2550:"The Building of Newcastle Barracks (later known as Fenham Barracks)" 1370: 1350: 1226: 1170: 336: 312: 246: 242: 119: 111: 3091: 2824:"Newcastle, Closegate Glasshouses | sitelines.newcastle.gov.uk" 2031: 1938:"The Corporation: Grants and charters | British History Online" 213:. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra ( 2629: 2593: 2191: 715:

as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle

618:, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband 1763:

David Winter; Peter Milne; Jonathan Brown; Alan Rushworth (1989).

1592: 1512: 1326: 1024: 965: 928: 755: 624: 553: 454:

was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the

291:

in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to

276: 20: 3092:"Tyne and Wear HER (9898): Jesmond, Fernwood Road, Mansion House" 1263:

invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company

1209:, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive 359:. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North. 3158:

Marshall, Ray (13 August 2011). "Crowds flock to road opening".

1231: 606:) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the 304: 258: 250: 210: 169: 2574:. Newcastle-upon-Tyne: British History Online. pp. 224–229 1105:

demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before

958:

at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of

482:, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 443:

was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from

2284:"Historical events: 1585 – 1676 | British History Online" 3218:"Remember When: A changing Newcastle Quayside – now and then" 591:, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the 253:, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as 2032:"Newcastle, medieval town | sitelines.newcastle.gov.uk" 2616:"Town Hall & Corn Market, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England" 1475:. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the 402:', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of 3022:"Northumberland County Council to spend £17m on HQ revamp" 1837:"Historical events: To 1584 | British History Online" 872:

In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the

299:

and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at

998:

replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.

1891:"William Wallace's Invasion of Northern England in 1297" 1483:, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and 3387:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 472–474. 2784:""Turbinia" at speed – but who's on the conning tower?" 2506:"Princess Mary Maternity Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne" 87:

or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of

1072:

developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that

541:

founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both

1487:, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of 1213:

was designed and manufactured in preparation for the

2594:"Newcastle, Northumberland Road, Army Riding School" 3337:G.K. Fortescue, ed. (1902). "Newcastle-upon-Tyne". 1127:, for marine use and for power generation. He used 3361:Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1908 1764: 1432:and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when 1317:Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the 1201:in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the 913:in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding 2806:"Armstrong Rifled Breech Loading (RBL) 6-Pounder" 1498:In 1963 the city gained its own university, the 1279:. It is there that he designed and manufactured 700:the century coal exports continued to increase. 3190: 3188: 2530:. Tyneandweararchives.org.uk. 29 September 1956 1813:Newcastle upon Tyne, Its Growth and Achievement 1225:In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long 57:. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the 1357:were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained 1165:area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1440:, Northumberland County Council relocated to 61:of England. Due to its prime location on the 8: 2956:"Memories of historic pottery may disappear" 2704:"George Stephenson's First Steam Locomotive" 876:, a Scottish army crossed the border led by 3196:"How Metro was built – Nexus Tyne and Wear" 1724: 386:was consecrated on the site of the present 16:Development of a city in North East England 2528:"Tyne and Wear Archives Service Catalogue" 1990:. British History Online. pp. 118–123 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1629:and other heavy industries that lined the 933:Newcastle Grey Street, built in the 1830s. 366:, north to defend the kingdom against the 3346: 3323:Bibliography of British Municipal History 1381:on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a 3299:, vol. 3, London: J. Robins and Co. 2786:. Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1385:, also including the urban districts of 743:In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of 347:'. This devastation is reflected in the 2912:"Tyne Features – Bridges over the Tyne" 2758:"Lighting A Revolution: Joseph W. Swan" 2400:. Tyne and Wear Fire and Rescue Service 1674: 53:was originally known by its Roman name 2056:. Nationaltrust.org.uk. Archived from 1932: 1930: 1111:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company 3359:, ed. (1908). "Newcastle-upon-Tyne". 3341:. Vol. 3. London: The Trustees. 3306:"Northumberland: Newcastle-upon-Tyne" 2630:"Newcastle, Barrack Road, Drill Hall" 1771:. Northern Heritage Consultancy Ltd. 595:. Nothing of the friary remains now. 362:In 1080 William sent his eldest son, 7: 3325:. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. 2731:. Rainhilltrials.com. Archived from 2376:"The Guildhall and Merchants' Court" 1273:Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company 970:The Armstrong Building, now part of 303:. The Northumbrians then marched on 3279:, vol. 12, London: J. Harris, 2846:"Meet the glassmaker: Jane Charles" 2102:Cowgate, Trinity House, Broad Chare 1663:Trolleybuses in Newcastle upon Tyne 209:, south of the Tees and ruled from 2352:John Grundy's History of Newcastle 1965:National Heritage List for England 852:Literary and Philosophical Society 510:granted a new charter, creating a 14: 3024:. Hexham Courant. 25 January 2018 2958:. The Chronicle. 25 November 2010 2892:. National Railway Museum Archive 2488:"RVI was milestone – The Journal" 2419:Ford, Coreena (3 February 2016). 2331:. The Chronicle. 11 November 2016 2240:"Industrial Period (1750 – 1950)" 1685:. Newcastle.co.uk. Archived from 1500:University of Newcastle upon Tyne 1038:, built in Newcastle, now in the 3242:. The Chronicle. 19 January 2015 3113:Keiran Southern (15 July 2015). 2305:Henderson, Tony (11 June 2014). 2264:. The Chronicle. 3 November 2016 1915:. The Chronicle. 2 February 2016 1647: 1207:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 696:(also known as Anderson Place). 261:made no reference to it. In 875 2782:Whitehead, Ian (13 June 2013). 1319:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 1203:Stockton and Darlington Railway 3402:History of Newcastle upon Tyne 3046:. The Chronicle. 24 April 2016 2651:"Early Coal Mining 1100- 1500" 2354:. Tyne Bridge Publishing Ltd. 775:reverse his decision in 1638. 578:dissolution of the monasteries 319:and the land from York to the 35:history of Newcastle upon Tyne 1: 3331:Published in the 20th century 3304:John Parker Anderson (1881), 3276:Beauties of England and Wales 3264:Published in the 19th century 2676:Andrew Lacey (22 July 2015). 1893:. De Re Militari. 30 May 2014 1869:. Mainstream Publishing Ltd. 1560:and in the television series 1426:Northumberland County Council 1361:and parts of the parishes of 3139:. The Chronicle. 9 June 2014 2706:. History Today. 7 July 2014 2486:Administrator, journallive. 2242:. TW Sitelines. 21 June 2013 1811:Middlebrook, Sydney (1950). 1729:Marshall, Michael W (1997). 1546:Eldon Square Shopping Centre 1173:, arrived in Newcastle from 990:was also completed in 1849. 378:, rose up against the king, 355:times and perhaps until the 3378:"Newcastle-upon-Tyne" 3293:"Northumberland: Newcastle" 3220:. The Chronicle. 5 May 2014 2978:"Local Government Act 1974" 2870:. Spartacus-educational.com 2150:"History of Pilgrim Street" 1733:. Keepgate Publishing Ltd. 1611:Gateshead Millennium Bridge 583:The friary of Whitefriars ( 3428: 3002:. British listed buildings 2632:. Tyne and Wear site lines 2445:. British Listed Buildings 2378:. British Listed Buildings 1415:Castle Ward Rural District 1009:was built and paid for by 778:In 1640 during the Second 76: 3407:History of Northumberland 2656:27 September 2007 at the 2570:Mackenzie, Eneas (1827). 1865:Moffat and Rosie (2005). 1655:North East England portal 1438:Local Government Act 1972 1430:Local Government Act 1888 1379:Local Government Act 1972 1345:. The urban districts of 1325:included the parishes of 1265:C. A. Parsons and Company 1055:taking coals to Newcastle 798:by gunfire if the mayor, 649:Order of the Holy Trinity 343:. This was known as the ' 3412:History of Tyne and Wear 3363:. London: Edward Lloyd. 3094:. Tyne and Wear Archives 3066:"Northumbria University" 2443:"The Keelmen's Hospital" 2398:"Timeline: 1248 to 1967" 2128:. Macmillan London Ltd. 1601:, linking Newcastle and 1563:Our Friends in the North 1261:Charles Algernon Parsons 1121:Charles Algernon Parsons 25:The Black Gate, part of 3384:Encyclopædia Britannica 3369:2027/nyp.33433081995593 3285:2027/mdp.39015063565785 2286:. British-history.ac.uk 1683:"Roman and Anglo-Saxon" 1252:of Manchester in 1897. 1017:was completed in 1890. 1015:Barrack Road drill hall 951:John and Benjamin Green 921:opened in August 1812. 249:being the most famous. 184:Anglo-Saxon development 3317:Charles Gross (1897). 3291:James Dugdale (1819), 2762:americanhistory.si.edu 1606: 1530:Newcastle Civic Centre 1521: 1518:Newcastle Civic Centre 1508:Northumbria University 1393:, and the parishes of 1193:Locomotive manufacture 1042: 1040:Science Museum, London 975: 941:, aided by architects 934: 815:Newcastle Town Council 767: 633: 600:friary of Austinfriars 558:Blackfriars, Newcastle 284: 30: 3319:"Newcastle-upon-Tyne" 3312:, London: W. Satchell 3297:New British Traveller 2934:"Armstrong Whitworth" 2350:Grundy, John (2016). 2126:Tyneside: a Biography 1942:british-history.ac.uk 1841:british-history.ac.uk 1815:. SR Publishers Ltd. 1596: 1568:Northumberland Street 1516: 1479:were targeted by the 1428:was formed under the 1417:, and the village of 1313:Expansion of the city 1078:Industrial Revolution 1051:Industrial Revolution 1045:In the 19th century, 1028: 969: 932: 878:Bonnie Prince Charlie 759: 628: 614:, eldest daughter of 439:Stephen's successor, 436:David 1st of Scotland 357:Industrial Revolution 345:Harrying of the North 289:William the Conqueror 287:After the arrival of 280: 221:– 'Lord of Britain', 67:Industrial Revolution 24: 2812:on 20 February 2002. 2124:Bean, David (1971). 1442:County Hall, Morpeth 1383:metropolitan borough 972:Newcastle University 861:In 1715, during the 796:St Nicholas's Church 620:James IV of Scotland 616:Henry VII of England 311:fleet landed in the 2508:. National Archives 2467:. Litandphil.org.uk 1767:Newcastle upon Tyne 1617:Recent developments 1083:George and his son 858:by half a century. 829:Glorious Revolution 765:Newcastle Cathedral 735:a charter in 1547. 631:Holy Jesus Hospital 608:Holy Jesus Hospital 543:David I of Scotland 235:Lindisfarne Gospels 231:Oswy of Northumbria 118:, with the fort of 51:Newcastle upon Tyne 2826:. Twsitelines.info 2060:on 21 October 2007 2034:. Twsitelines.info 2012:. Twsitelines.info 1986:Mackenzie, Eneas. 1607: 1522: 1292:industrial giant. 1043: 988:Army Riding School 976: 935: 846:Eighteenth century 768: 647:The friary of the 634: 547:Henry I of England 516:sheriff of its own 388:Anglican cathedral 285: 263:Halfdan Ragnarsson 227:Oswald of Bernicia 136:Great North Museum 31: 3348:2027/uc1.b5107013 3178:Evening Chronicle 3161:Evening Chronicle 2738:on 5 October 2013 2663:The Northern Echo 2361:978-1-85795-164-6 1599:Millennium Bridge 1504:Durham University 1454:High-Level Bridge 1448:Twentieth century 1323:municipal borough 1269:Heaton, Newcastle 1245:William Armstrong 1141:William Armstrong 1085:Robert Stephenson 1070:George Stephenson 1030:George Stephenson 1021:Industrialisation 1011:William Armstrong 980:Robert Stephenson 900:lying-in hospital 865:in favour of the 833:William of Orange 787:English Civil War 612:Princess Margaret 456:Battle of Alnwick 376:Robert de Mowbray 297:Robert de Comines 3419: 3388: 3380: 3372: 3352: 3350: 3326: 3313: 3300: 3287: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3117:. 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