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mouth of the Saint John River while d'Aulnay's headquarters was at Port Royal some 45 miles across the Bay of Fundy. In adjoining New
England, the people supported LaTour's claim since he allowed them to fish and lumber in and along the Bay of Fundy without let or hindrance while d'Aulnay aggressively sought payment for that right. Word came to LaTour that d'Aulnay was concentrating men and materials for an attack on LaTour's fort and fur trading operation at the mouth of the Saint John River. LaTour went to Boston to ask John Winthrop, the governor of Massachusetts Bay colony, for help. Winthrop arranged for several merchants to advance loans unofficially to LaTour for his purchase of men and material to defend the Saint John River fort from d'Aulnay's attack. For five months, the Governor of Acadia d'Aulnay who was stationed at Port Royal created a blockade of the river to defeat La Tour at his fort. On 14 July 1643, La Tour arrived from Boston with four ships and a complement of 270 men to repossess Fort Sainte-Marie. After this victory, La Tour went on to attack d'Aulnay at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. LaTour was unsuccessful then in catching d'Aulnay and the rivalry continued for several more years.
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203:, who became known as the Lioness of LaTour for her valiant defence of the fort. After a five-day battle, on 18 April, d' Aulnay offered quarter to all if Francoise-Marie were to surrender the fort. On that basis, knowing she was badly outnumbered, she capitulated and d’Aulnay had captured La Tour's Fort Stainte-Marie. d'Aulnay then reneged on his pledge of safety for the defenders and treacherously hanged the La Tour garrison while Madame de la Tour was forced to watch with a rope around her neck. Three weeks later, while still in d'Aulnay's hands, she died. With the death of his wife and the loss of his fort, La Tour did not return to Acadia for the next four years, until d'Aulnay had died (1650). And when he did return, he married d’Aulnay's widow to end the rivalry. He and Madame d’Aulnay had five children in the result they have hundreds of descendants living in the Canadian Maritimes today.
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feelings of mutualism were often undermined by
Protestant-Catholic conflicts. With the introduction of steamers, fast turnaround became even more important and the merchants could not afford job actions, so they compromised. In the World War, the longshoremen succeeded in imposing favourable new work rules and exerting partial control over hiring practices. But by 1919–20 the shipping industry regained its old authority, and hard-pressed longshoremen subsequently abandoned their class-based effort in favor of regional political activism.
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Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming the backbone of its builders. But when the Great Famine raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47," one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from
Ireland, arrived at
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398:. When the 84th Regiment landed at Saint John on June 30, 1777, the Americans retreated to the woods. The 84th marched through the woods and were ambushed by the Americans. Twelve Americans and one member of the regiment were killed. The 84th overcame Allan's force at Aukpaque (near Fredericton), some of its baggage and arms taken, but only three Americans captured. Weeks later, on July 13, 1777, American privateers again attacked Saint John and were repulsed by the 84th.
154:, Nova Scotia, crossed the Bay of Fundy with twenty-five armed men and raided Fort Sainte-Marie. Symbolically, Forrester's men knocked down the large wooden cross and arms of the king of France before plundering the fort. They seized the fort's personnel and their stock of furs, merchandise, and food. Forrester took his prisoners and loot to Port Royal. This conflict was the last fighting, between the Scots and the French, before Port Royal was returned to the French.
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825:, CPR and the three levels of government. However, the plan fell through in favour of concentrating industrial development on the inner harbour along the mouth of the Saint John River – the very area where the waterfront redevelopment is being proposed, the Saint John Waterfront Development Partnership). Often cited in the media and by politicians as part of Saint John's redevelopment strategy,
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302:(1749–1755), the French recognized at once the threat it represented and that the Saint John River corridor might be used to attack Quebec City itself. To protect this vital gateway, at the beginning of 1749, the French strategically constructed three forts within 18 months along the route: one at Baie Verte (
854:. In 2018, Saint John announced a population growth strategy, primarily aimed at attracting immigrants. By the following year, the city's population decline had started to reverse primarily due to immigration. Saint John, as well as New Brunswick as a whole experienced a surge in population growth during
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Leadership was in the hands of merchants, financiers, railroad men and ship builders, who envisioned a great economic centre. The city serviced a large rural hinterland in New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia, with some 300,000 people. In the 1851–71 era, the business of the city flourished, while the rural
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changed the character of the city and surrounding region so that in addition to its
Loyalist-Protestant heritage, there was a new Irish-Catholic culture as well. Between 1845 and 1847, approximately 30,000 Irish arrived in Saint John, more than doubling the population of the city. During this period,
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In August 1777, the
Americans attacked yet again and were successful, carrying off 21 boatloads of plunder. As a result, Major Gilfred Studholme arrived in Saint John harbour in November 1777 with orders either to repair Fort Frederick or to build a new fort. Because of the low-lying position of Fort
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Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour and
Charles de Menou, Sieur d'Aulnay each had a claim of some legitimacy to be Governor of Acadia because the French Imperial bureaucracy made their appointments with an incomplete understanding of the geography of the area. LaTour had a fortified settlement at the
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The city was a stronghold of trade unions, especially in the docks and the railways. By 1850 working class solidarity was strong among the longshoremen who handled the booming lumber trade. Labour organizations vied with merchants for control of the waterfront casual labor market. However, work-bred
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Saint John, having faced a several decades-long trend in population decline, was overtaken in 2016 by
Moncton as the most populous city in New Brunswick. The city's decline in population had been supported by an aging population, poverty, a lack of acceptable quality and affordable housing, and the
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which serves to preserve its historic districts and buildings, The Saint John
Preservation Areas By-Law regulates exterior work done to these properties in a way that preserves the historic architecture in buildings built prior to 1915. during which a 20 block area of the Uptown area was designated
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By 1850, the Irish
Catholic community constituted Saint John's largest ethnic group. In the census of 1851, over half the heads of households in the city registered themselves as natives of Ireland. By 1871, 55 per cent of Saint John's residents were Irish natives or children of Irish-born fathers.
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on June 20, 1877 destroyed a large portion of the central business district. It was the 16th recorded fire in the city and the worst ever. Starting in a warehouse it burned out of control for nine hours. The fire destroyed two-fifths of the city and left 13,000 homeless. Food, tents, clothing, and
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was established in 1876, there were proposals for military colleges in Canada. After Confederation, a military school was opened in Saint John to conduct officer training for cavalry, infantry and artillery from December to May. Although the British Garrisons initially operated the school at Saint
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has often been called "Canada's Irish City". In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John.
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and any whites who were not Loyalists or descendants of Loyalists, from practising a trade, selling goods, fishing in the harbour, or becoming freemen with a right to vote; these provisions stood until 1870. In consequence, the town of Portland grew up north of the boundary of Saint John, around
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was developed post-war and is located in the eastern part of the city. A leading pioneer was Joseph E. Arrowsmith, the founder of New Brunswick's first passenger airline and a founder of the Saint John Flying Club. His airline was first named "Maritime Airways of Saint John" (1934), then became
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In 1967, at Reed's Point at the foot of Prince William Street, St. Patrick's Square was created to honour citizens of Irish heritage. The square overlooks Partridge Island, and a replica of the island's Celtic Cross stands in the square. Then in 1997 the park was refurbished by the city with a
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for historic preservation. A related development in recent years has been waterfront redevelopment for tourist and residential use. This effort increased markedly in the early first decade of the 21st century following the closure and dismantling of the Lantic Sugar refinery in the South End.
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projects would go underway, during which parts of the city, such as several portions of the east end facing Courtenay Bay as well as the old North End, attached to Main Street, were demolished. As less-of-interest buildings were being removed, attention was drawn towards preserving the city's
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arrived in Saint John, and brought cholera to the city. Of 5,000 people stricken, 1,500 died. The periodic outbreaks centred largely in the poorer Catholic district, where people were scarcely over the effects of ship fever (typhus). The care for orphaned children became a priority.
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In the 1970s redevelopment of the city and port, most of the port's industrial areas were scheduled to be relocated at a major new deepwater port being considered for the western part of the outer harbour at Lorneville in a major partnership between the Irving conglomerate,
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The Charter of 1785 also included a number of other provisions, to regulate local fishing rights, to establish police and fire services, trade regulation and taxation, to dedicate Navy Island for the use of the Royal Navy, and to build a lighthouse on Partridge Island.
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Saint John saw major urban development between the 1950s to the 1970s. Following the Second World War, plans were made to improve Saint John by city leaders. According to a 1946 study, Saint John's waterfront area was determined to be one of North America's worst
470:, located south of the west side of the harbour. Referred to as a "pest house", it was used to screen for the infectious diseases that plagued immigrant ship passengers. The quarantine station was the first landing place for many immigrants arriving at the port.
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and riot occurred. Public opinion favoured the strikers because the company had high fares yet failed to provide quality service. Rioters overturned two streetcars, thwarted a cavalry charge, smashed windows in company offices, and poured cement on a dynamo.
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was a broad-based protest movement during the 1920s, demanding better treatment from Ottawa. This movement was centred in Saint John, where the city's business leaders politicized the economic crisis and solidified their economic and political leadership.
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In 1783, two settlements, Carleton and Parrtown, were established by American "Loyalists" who supported the British during the American Revolutionary War. The Loyalist-dominated communities of Parrtown, on the east side of the Saint John River, and
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led one hundred New England volunteers and two hundred of Oliver Cromwell's soldiers to capture Port Royal, Nova Scotia. Prior to the battle, Sedgewick captured and plundered La Tour's fort on the Saint John River and took him prisoner.
435:(present-day Canada). To the west of Carleton was the Parish of Lancaster, and north-east of Portland were the "Lands of Simonds, Hazen and White", later called Simonds; both communities eventually amalgamated with the city in 1967.
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However, the city was split with tensions between Irish Catholics and Unionist Protestants. From the 1840s onward, Sectarian riots were rampant in the city with many poor, Irish-speaking immigrants clustered at York Point.
817:) as the CBD was expanded with new office buildings and downtown retail areas while historic industrial buildings were turned into shops and museums. The skyline in the city boasts office towers and historic properties.
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Stacy, Kim (1994). No One Harms Me With Impunity - the History, Organization and Biographies of the 84th Highland Regiment (Royal Highland Emigrants) and Young Royal Highlanders during the Revolutionary War 1775-1784
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memorial marked by the city's St. Patrick's Society and Famine 150 which was unveiled by Hon. Mary Robinson, president of Ireland. The St. Patrick's Society of Saint John, founded in 1819, is still active today.
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donations of money came from all over Canada, the United States, and Britain. Saint John started rebuilding, with its community switching from building with wood to instead building with brick and stone.
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While La Tour was in Boston, on Easter Sunday 13 April 1645, d'Aulnay sailed across the Bay of Fundy and arrived at La Tours fort with a force of two hundred men. La Tour's soldiers were led by his wife,
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After the Conquest of Acadia (1710), Acadians migrated from peninsular Nova Scotia to the French-occupied Saint John River. These Acadians were seen as the most resistant to British rule in the region.
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Frederick and the damage done to it by the rebels the previous year, Studholme decided to erect a new fortification, and his 50 men, helped by local inhabitants, began the construction of Fort Howe.
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The Young Emigrants: Craigs of the Magaguadavic : a Story of the 84th Regiment, Royal Highland Emigrants, Craig Family History and the Settlement of the Magaguadavic River Area of New Brunswick
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An urban renewal project in the early 1970s involving a partnership between CPR along with the federal, provincial and municipal governments saw a new harbour bridge and expressway (called the
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The main industry was shipbuilding – it was a major player on the world stage; the industry finally shut down in 2002. Much of the city's shipbuilding industry was concentrated on the
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off present day Saint John, New Brunswick. English ships were sent from Boston to interrupt the supplies being taken by French ships from Quebec to the capital of Acadia, Fort Nashwaak (
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in 1631. The fort was named Fort Sainte Marie (AKA Fort La Tour) and was located on the east side of the river. To the west of the Saint John River, Fort Saint-Jean was later built.
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567:, the immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. However, thousands of Irish were living in New Brunswick prior to these events, mainly in Saint John.
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The area was incorporated into a city in 1785. During the 19th century Saint John saw an influx of Irish migrants, with the city becoming the third-largest city in
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The Celtic Cross Memorial on Patridge Island. The memorial commemorates the thousands of Irish migrants that quarantined on the island during the mid-19th century.
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from western provinces such as Ontario due to better housing affordability. Due to unprecedented population growth, however, Saint John started experiencing a
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knew that he faced a superior force so he burned the fort and retreated up the river to undertake guerrilla warfare. The destruction of Fort Menagoueche left
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1953:
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By 1851 Saint John, with a population of 31,000, was the third largest city in British North America, after Montreal and Quebec City. In April 1854 the ship
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The mouth of the Saint John River was first discovered by Europeans in 1604 during a reconnaissance of the Bay of Fundy undertaken by French cartographer
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A First Reading Book in the Micmac Language: Comprising the Micmac Numerals, and the Names of the Different Kinds of Beasts, Birds, Fishes, Trees...
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463:, where anyone could live and work freely. Portland was later amalgamated with the City of Saint John and is now thought of as the "north end."
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After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in
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250:) on the Saint John River. The French ships of war captured one English ship, while the England frigate and a provincial tender escaped.
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79:. During the second half of the 20th century, the harbour and former railway lands of Saint John were redeveloped as a part of larger
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as the busiest port of entry to Canada for Irish immigrants. The Roman Catholic population was largely impoverished and uneducated.
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379:. This was followed two year later by the St. John expedition. In 1777, American forces briefly controlled Saint John after laying
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prior to the arrival of European colonists. During the 17th century, a French settlement was established in Saint John. During the
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protected harbour offered improved convoy marshaling. However, manufacturing expanded considerably, notably the production of
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refers to the infrastructure project that will bring an end to the practice of discharging raw sewage into local waterways.
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between British North America, the Caribbean, and Britain, the city was poised to be one of Canada's leading urban centres.
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56:. The French position in Saint John was abandoned in 1755, with British forces taking over the area shortly afterwards.
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Canada's First City, Saint John: The Charter of 1785 and Common Council Proceedings Under Mayor G.G. Ludlow, 1785-1795
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793:. Several parts of the city required improvement, as indicated by another study in the mid-1950s. In the 1960s, major
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bomber aircraft. On account of the U-boat threat, additional batteries facilities were installed around the harbour.
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also ventured into the territory and named the area ''Měnagwĕs'', which means "where they collect the dead seals."
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2120:"Envision Saint John proposes culture change for density to help housing crisis - New Brunswick | Globalnews.ca"
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Phillips, Doris (1977). "Nova Scotia's Aid for the Sufferers of the Great Saint John Fire (June 20th, 1877)".
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John, Canadian militia staff replaced the British regulars who were recalled from overseas station in 1870–1.
500:, the city's location made it a probable target of attacks. This led to the construction of Fort Dufferin and
2148:"Saint John needs to double housing starts to meet population growth targets - New Brunswick | Globalnews.ca"
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Predated by the Maritime Archaic Indian civilization, the area of the northwestern coastal regions of the
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1875:"Revisiting the Shrinking City: Population, Re-industrialization and Democracy in Saint John, Part One"
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Patterson, Stephen E. (1994). "1744–1763: Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples". In Phillip Buckner;
539:(1845–1849) saw the city's largest immigrant influx occur, with the government forced to construct a
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1721:"Revisiting the Politics of Maritime Rights: Bourgeois Saint John and Regional Protest in the 1920s"
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2035:"'Something is changing': Saint John's population on the upswing - New Brunswick | Globalnews.ca"
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342:, many more Acadians sought refuge from mainland Nova Scotia to the Saint John River. During the
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1553:. Published for the Royal Military College Club of Canada by the University of Toronto Press.
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around 2023 due to the market not being able to keep up with the growing trend in population.
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150:, on 18 September 1632, Captain Andrew Forrester, commander of the then Scottish community of
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built in Saint John. The city had a major shipbuilding industry during the 19th century.
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in 1780. The city's medical quarantine station was established on the island in 1785.
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1404:"Trouble in the North End: The Geography of Social Violence in Saint John 1840-1860"
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Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters, 1745-1815
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2092:"Young Ontario families moving east help to reverse New Brunswick population drain"
1983:
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to become the City of Saint John in 1785, making it the first incorporated city in
322:(1755), Robert Monckton sent a detachment to take Fort Menagoueche. French Officer
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On June 30, 1777 under the command of Captain Hawker, four British ships with the
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is one that extends back thousands of years, with the area being inhabited by the
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was also relocated from Long Wharf to a new facility on the lower West Side (see
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1954:"Growth Fantasies and the Shrinking City: Researching the Saint John Experience"
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were built in 1777 in response to American attacks on the settlement during the
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area used by local residents to escape the coastal fog from the Bay of Fundy.
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The strategic location at the mouth of the Saint John River was fortified by
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1649:"Saint John Longshoremen During the Rise of Canada's Winter Port, 1895–1922"
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The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec
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2012:
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Wright, Harold E. (Winter 2009). "Pioneering in Maritime Air Transport".
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An Unsettled Conquest: The British Campaign Against the Peoples of Acadia
901:"Geographical names approved in both English and French - Earth Sciences"
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Saint John's first airport was located north of the business district at
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The city's charter of 1785 established the medical quarantine station at
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2008:"Immigration reverses Saint John's population decline, city data shows"
805:) built on former railway lands. The ferry terminal for the service to
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At a time of rural protest in Canada from Ontario to the Prairies, the
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1979:"City of Saint John reveals plan to combat ongoing population problem"
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1452:"Saint John Boosters and the Railroads in the Mid-Nineteenth Century"
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From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755
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Precipitated by the arrival of the new French governor of Acadia,
17:
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C.A.H.S.: The Journal of the Canadian Aviation Historical Society
1168:. Vol. I. Saint John, New Brunswick: John A. Bowes. p.
1771:"Uneven Renaissance: Urban Development in Saint John, 1955-1976"
1595:"In Saint John in Canada, Exploring the Legacy of the Loyalists"
427:, on the west side of the Saint John River, were amalgamated by
2200:
1437:"Saint John St. Patrick's Society clings to men-only tradition"
511:
There were various naval battles in the Bay of Fundy fought by
1314:"Arrival of the Black Loyalists: Saint John's Black Community"
75:. During the 1920s, the city saw itself at the centre of the
52:, Saint John served as the seat for the administration under
123:. The day upon which Champlain sighted the mighty river was
346:(1758), the British built Fort Frederick on the remains of
1690:"The Saint John Street Railwaymen's Strike and Riot, 1914"
375:, the area was attacked by American privateers during the
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and burned every village on the river up to and including
131:. The city has the same name in both English and French.
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on east side. One local shipyard built the sailing ship
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at the mouth of the harbour to handle the new arrivals.
2064:"Saint John Is Growing, Says Population Growth Manager"
1901:"Moncton bigger than Saint John, 2016 census confirms"
1822:"Trinity Royal - The Historic Heart of Saint John (3)"
1796:"Trinity Royal - The Historic Heart of Saint John (2)"
1550:
Canada's RMC: A history of the Royal Military College
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in 2006. The bridge was opened to the public in 1968
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387:personally led a force to drive out the Americans.
1848:"Trinity Royal - The Historic Heart of Saint John"
937:A History of Port-Royal-Annapolis Royal, 1605-1800
850:, at the time being one of Canada's least diverse
1050:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100.
714:, the city became a trans-shipment point for the
103:valley north of the bay became the domain of the
394:arrived on the scene under the command of Major
392:84th Regiment of Foot (Royal Highland Emigrants)
1491:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History
1316:. Heritage Resources Saint John. Archived from
1104:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History
974:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 49.
1479:
1477:
1257:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
71:. However, in 1877, the city was ravaged by a
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1302:. Windsor Publications (Canada). p. 122.
963:
961:
959:
957:
846:city struggled with attracting and retaining
733:. This location on a plateau overlooking the
99:Nation several thousand years ago, while the
8:
1106:. University of Toronto Press. p. 131.
1384:. University of New Brunswick. 21 June 2005
1339:. Saint John, New Brunswick: Lingley. 1962.
1029:. Vol. I. Halifax: J. Barnes. p.
753:the port declined in importance due to the
2219:
2205:
2197:
599:Post-Canadian Confederation (1867–present)
172:Depiction of Madame de la Tour, spouse to
95:is believed to have been inhabited by the
1353:Battle for the Bay: The Naval War of 1812
1135:Sarty, Roger Flynn; Knight, Doug (2003).
1899:Scrimshaw, Mackenzie (8 February 2017).
1203:
1201:
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834:Trinity Royal Heritage Conservation Area
2178:Mcgahan, Elizabeth W. (4 March 2015) .
1928:"The Greater Saint John Region in 2030"
875:
180:during the siege of Saint Johns in 1645
1775:University of New Brunswick Saint John
1529:
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995:Poizner, Susan (February–March 2007).
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2146:Sturgeon, Nathalie (24 August 2023).
2118:Sturgeon, Nathalie (5 October 2023).
1933:. New Brunswick Multicultural Council
438:Many of those fleeing north from the
127:, hence the name, which in French is
7:
2707:History of New Brunswick by location
2702:History of Saint John, New Brunswick
2564:Northwest Territories capital cities
2062:McCreadie, Danielle (9 April 2019).
1952:Marquis, Gregory (24 October 2017).
1873:Blog, The Acadiensis (15 May 2023).
1138:Saint John Fortifications, 1630-1956
1300:Saint John: Two Hundred Years Proud
1141:. Goose Lane Editions. p. 29.
1077:. Goose Lane Editions. p. 25.
1026:A History of Nova-Scotia, Or Acadie
832:In 1982, Saint John introduced the
489:was built in Saint John during the
330:as the last French fort in Acadia.
174:Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour
54:Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour
2090:Jones, Robert (21 December 2020).
1719:Nerbas, Don (Winter–Spring 2008).
1688:Babcock, Robert H. (Spring 1982).
1647:Babcock, Robert H. (Spring 1990).
1593:Rubin, Richard (27 October 2016).
310:) and another at the mouth of the
14:
1850:. 10 October 2008. Archived from
1402:Winder, Gordon M. (Spring 2000).
1251:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
519:, both worked out of Saint John.
115:French colony (17th century–1758)
2673:
2661:
2660:
1769:Marquis, Greg (1 January 2010).
1576:Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly
1547:Preston, Richard Arthur (1969).
1254:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1071:Campbell, William Edgar (2005).
647:Royal Military College of Canada
2343:Former colonies and territories
2006:Smith, Connell (9 April 2019).
1494:. University of Toronto Press.
1824:. 17 July 2011. Archived from
1798:. 17 July 2011. Archived from
1435:Cave, Rachel (16 March 2016).
1378:"The Partition of Nova Scotia"
621:hinterland remained stagnant.
552:Saint John was second only to
1:
1275:. 24 May 2001. Archived from
1192:. Self-published. p. 54.
889:Nova Scotia Printing Company.
703:board a transport during the
290:went from Baie Verte through
2318:Crown and Indigenous peoples
1298:Schuyler, George W. (1984).
1165:The History of New Brunswick
883:Rand, Silas Tertius (1875).
701:Canadian Expeditionary Force
282:The only land route between
232:naval battle on 14 July 1696
1450:Wallace, C.M. (Fall 1976).
1259:University of Toronto Press
504:, one of Canada's fourteen
406:Incorporation of Saint John
185:Blockade of St. John (1642)
2723:
968:Griffiths, N.E.S. (2005).
858:, many of these residents
373:American Revolutionary War
366:American Revolutionary War
334:British colony (1758–1867)
248:Fredericton, New Brunswick
223:
161:
125:St. John The Baptist's Day
2655:
2454:Newfoundland and Labrador
2185:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1350:Smith, Joshua M. (2011).
1226:. UBC Press. p. 65.
852:census metropolitan areas
782:Saint John Harbour Bridge
320:Battle of Fort Beauséjour
318:). Immediately after the
207:Battle of St. John (1654)
201:Françoise-Marie Jacquelin
178:Charles de Menou d'Aulnay
34:Saint John, New Brunswick
1044:Plank, Geoffrey (2001).
723:Maritime Rights Movement
659:Great Fire of Saint John
543:station and hospital on
496:During this war and the
194:Siege of St. John (1645)
77:Maritime Rights Movement
2307:Persons of significance
1515:How (1993). p. 33.
1356:. Goose Lane Editions.
1273:"History of Saint John"
997:"The Lioness of Acadia"
537:Great Famine of Ireland
502:Carleton Martello Tower
487:Carleton Martello Tower
344:St. John River Campaign
272:St. John River Campaign
142:Raid on St. John (1632)
2338:Events of significance
1247:Godfrey, W.G. (1979).
1162:Hannay, James (1909).
785:
746:"Saint John Airline.'
707:
662:
617:
532:
493:
454:specifically excluded
419:
368:
300:Father Le Loutre's War
275:
181:
27:
2459:Northwest Territories
2404:Territorial evolution
1220:Gwyn, Julian (2003).
934:Dunn, Brenda (2004).
803:Saint John Throughway
780:
767:De Havilland Mosquito
698:
684:street railway strike
656:
606:
530:
485:
433:British North America
413:
383:. In response, Major
360:
306:), one at Chignecto (
261:
176:standing opposite to
171:
61:British North America
21:
2479:Prince Edward Island
1439:. CBC New Brunswick.
1249:"Studholme, Gilfred"
1188:Craig, C.L. (1989).
1122:10.3138/j.ctt15jjfrm
292:Isthmus of Chignecto
266:over the remains of
2394:Population history
2365:Chinese immigration
2188:(online ed.).
815:Bay Ferries Limited
773:Latter 20th century
554:Grosse Isle, Quebec
440:American Revolution
381:siege to it in 1777
284:Fortress Louisbourg
219:
121:Samuel de Champlain
1600:The New York Times
1484:Buckner, Phillip;
786:
743:Saint John Airport
735:Kennebecasis River
708:
682:In July 1914, the
663:
618:
533:
494:
420:
369:
276:
242:took place in the
226:King William's War
220:King William's War
182:
136:Charles de la Tour
28:
24:Saint John Harbour
2689:
2688:
2680:Canada portal
2250:18000 BCE–1500 CE
2228:History of Canada
1987:. 6 February 2018
1654:Labour/Le Travail
1528:Missing or empty
1501:978-1-4875-1676-5
1363:978-0-86492-759-0
1233:978-0-7748-0911-5
1148:978-0-86492-373-8
1113:978-1-4875-1676-5
1084:978-0-86492-426-1
1057:978-0-8122-0710-1
981:978-0-7735-2699-0
947:978-1-55109-740-4
856:COVID-19 pandemic
657:Depiction of the
444:Thirteen Colonies
396:Gilfred Studholme
354:, New Brunswick.
164:Acadian Civil War
158:Acadian Civil War
129:Fleuve Saint-Jean
50:Acadian Civil War
2714:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2663:
2615:Name etymologies
2495:Name etymologies
2434:British Columbia
2349:Heritage Minutes
2221:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2193:
2190:Historica Canada
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1667:10.2307/25143339
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1565:
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1544:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1526:
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1481:
1472:
1471:
1447:
1441:
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1399:
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1210:
1205:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1174:
1173:
1159:
1153:
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1132:
1126:
1125:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1021:Murdoch, Beamish
1017:
1011:
1010:
1005:. Archived from
992:
986:
985:
965:
952:
951:
931:
916:
915:
913:
912:
903:. Archived from
897:
891:
890:
880:
751:Second World War
645:Long before the
586:Mid 19th century
565:Partridge Island
549:These immigrants
545:Partridge Island
513:HMS Bream (1807)
468:Partridge Island
348:Fort Menagoueche
340:Seven Years' War
316:Fort Menagoueche
312:Saint John River
268:Fort Menagoueche
262:Construction of
148:Isaac de Razilly
101:Saint John River
2722:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2651:
2620:
2500:
2421:and territories
2420:
2413:
2289:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2177:
2174:
2172:Further reading
2169:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2145:
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2128:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
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2056:
2046:
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2028:
2018:
2016:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
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1921:
1911:
1909:
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1857:
1855:
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1831:
1829:
1820:
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1815:
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1794:
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1789:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1626:Montreal Herald
1620:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1488:, eds. (1994).
1483:
1482:
1475:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
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1371:
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1234:
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1129:
1114:
1097:
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1070:
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1058:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1019:
1018:
1014:
994:
993:
989:
982:
967:
966:
955:
948:
933:
932:
919:
910:
908:
899:
898:
894:
882:
881:
877:
872:
843:
827:Harbour cleanup
775:
718:'s war effort.
712:First World War
705:First World War
699:Members of the
693:
676:
667:disastrous fire
601:
588:
525:
523:Irish migration
506:martello towers
480:
448:Black Loyalists
416:Patridge Island
408:
336:
308:Fort Beausejour
304:Fort Gaspareaux
256:
228:
222:
213:Robert Sedgwick
209:
196:
187:
166:
160:
144:
117:
89:
63:by 1851, after
12:
11:
5:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2669:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Historiography
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
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2571:
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2556:
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2546:
2541:
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2531:
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2521:
2516:
2510:
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2501:
2499:
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2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2355:Historic Sites
2352:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2313:Constitutional
2310:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2138:
2110:
2082:
2054:
2043:. 9 April 2019
2026:
1998:
1970:
1944:
1919:
1891:
1865:
1839:
1813:
1787:
1761:
1742:
1731:(1): 110–130.
1711:
1680:
1639:
1628:. 24 June 1889
1613:
1585:
1566:
1559:
1539:
1507:
1500:
1473:
1442:
1427:
1394:
1382:Winslow Papers
1369:
1362:
1342:
1323:
1320:on 2011-05-19.
1305:
1290:
1264:
1239:
1232:
1212:
1209:(Unpublished).
1195:
1175:
1154:
1147:
1127:
1112:
1090:
1083:
1063:
1056:
1036:
1012:
1009:on 2012-11-22.
987:
980:
953:
946:
917:
892:
874:
873:
871:
868:
864:housing crisis
842:
839:
774:
771:
739:summer cottage
716:British Empire
692:
689:
675:
672:
640:triangle trade
600:
597:
587:
584:
524:
521:
479:
476:
407:
404:
335:
332:
298:, which began
264:Fort Frederick
255:
252:
224:Main article:
221:
218:
208:
205:
195:
192:
186:
183:
162:Main article:
159:
156:
143:
140:
116:
113:
88:
85:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:
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2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Richmond Hill
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Charlottetown
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:New Brunswick
2447:
2445:
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2427:
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2416:
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2268:
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2263:
2261:
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2256:
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2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2111:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2069:97.3 The Wave
2065:
2058:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1854:on 2008-10-10
1853:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1828:on 2011-07-17
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1802:on 2011-07-17
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1758:(4): 122–127.
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
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1643:
1640:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1582:(4): 351–366.
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1560:9780802032225
1556:
1552:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1522:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:Reid, John G.
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
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1457:
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1405:
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1338:
1337:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1279:on 2001-05-24
1278:
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1255:
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1123:
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1080:
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1067:
1064:
1059:
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1040:
1037:
1032:
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1027:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
991:
988:
983:
977:
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972:
964:
962:
960:
958:
954:
949:
943:
939:
938:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
918:
907:on 2010-12-31
906:
902:
896:
893:
888:
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2529:Fredericton
2464:Nova Scotia
2389:Monarchical
2360:Immigration
2153:Global News
2125:Global News
2040:Global News
1780:12 February
1700:(2): 3–27.
811:Nova Scotia
749:During the
710:During the
517:Brunswicker
498:War of 1812
491:War of 1812
371:During the
352:Fredericton
338:During the
270:during the
240:New England
32:history of
2696:Categories
2642:Historians
2579:Saint John
2544:Lethbridge
2377:Operations
1958:Acadiensis
1879:Acadiensis
1725:Acadiensis
1694:Acadiensis
1606:10 January
1456:Acadiensis
1409:Acadiensis
1388:2022-08-27
1002:The Beaver
940:. Nimbus.
911:2013-10-01
870:References
848:immigrants
798:heritage.
635:Marco Polo
609:Marco Polo
572:Saint John
560:Saint John
541:quarantine
450:, and the
385:John Small
328:Louisbourg
236:New France
152:Port Royal
83:projects.
73:great fire
2604:Vancouver
2594:Saskatoon
2419:Provinces
2333:Etymology
2303:Canadians
2280:1960–1981
2275:1945–1960
2270:1914–1945
2265:1867–1914
2260:1763–1867
2255:1534–1763
2236:Year list
1661:: 15–46.
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1283:2 October
860:migrating
765:wood for
759:Halifax's
461:Fort Howe
362:Fort Howe
2666:Category
2625:Research
2609:Winnipeg
2559:Montreal
2539:Hamilton
2524:Edmonton
2514:Brampton
2439:Manitoba
2372:Military
2328:Economic
2323:Cultural
2241:Timeline
2159:28 March
2131:28 March
2103:28 March
2097:CBC News
2075:28 March
2047:28 March
2019:28 March
2013:CBC News
1991:28 March
1963:28 March
1937:28 March
1912:28 March
1906:CBC News
1884:28 March
1737:30303121
1706:30302675
1675:25143339
1468:30302585
1422:30303222
1102:(eds.).
1023:(1865).
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757:threat.
626:mudflats
425:Carleton
234:between
211:Colonel
105:Maliseet
65:Montreal
39:Maliseet
22:View of
2647:Surveys
2599:Toronto
2554:Moncton
2549:Markham
2534:Halifax
2469:Nunavut
2444:Ontario
2429:Alberta
1858:6 March
1832:6 March
1806:6 March
1632:6 March
661:in 1877
614:clipper
592:Blanche
452:charter
442:in the
296:Halifax
274:in 1758
109:Mi'kmaq
43:Miꞌkmaq
26:in 1898
2584:Regina
2569:Ottawa
2506:Cities
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2399:Sports
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2489:Yukon
2409:Women
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1496:ISBN
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