History of Spain (1808–1874)

295: 2796:'s rule was restored, the new American states were cautious of abandoning their independence, and an alliance between local elites, merchant interests, nationalists rose up against the Spanish in the New World. Although Ferdinand was committed to the reconquest of the colonies, along with many of the Continental European powers, the British government was opposed to the move which would hinder her new commercial interests. Latin American resistance to Spanish reconquest of the colonies was compounded by uncertainty in Spain itself, over whether or not the colonies should be reconquered; Spanish liberals – including the majority of military officers – already disdainful of the monarchy's rejection of the constitution, were opposed to the restoration of an empire that they saw as an obsolete antique, as against the liberal revolutions in the New World with which they sympathized. 4250: 3738: 4440: 2588: 2800: 3024: 281: 818: 389: 3110: 762: 4352: 2070: 4182: 2967: 2688: 2437: 2153: 1826: 178: 2494: 664: 650: 625: 706: 748: 720: 678: 1906:, where he was currently situated. Ferdinand went, expecting Napoleon to affirm his status as king of Spain. Unbeknownst to Ferdinand, Napoleon also summoned Charles IV. Napoleon called on Ferdinand to abdicate in favor of his father, who had abdicated under pressure. Charles did not want to leave a path open for his detested son to be his heir, and abdicated in favor of Napoleon himself. Napoleon at this point designated his older brother, 3463: 692: 1986: 3653:, a practical man and a seasoned politician. Murillo carried the same authoritarian tendencies as Narváez but made serious efforts to advance Spanish industry and commerce. He surrounded himself with technocrats who attempted to take an active role in the advancement of the Spanish economy. An aggressive policy of financial reform was coupled with an equally aggressive policy of infrastructure improvement enabled by 2210: 734: 3210: 3583: 2773: 3895: 76: 1971: 3943:. Narváez's new government undid what little Baldomero Espartero had been able to accomplish while in office; the Constitution of 1845 was restored in its entirety and the legislation that Espartero had put forward was entirely reversed in a matter of months. Isabella grew weary of this, too, and a moderate conservative with a less offensive authoritarian character was found in 35: 1651: 1665: 2745: 2542:. The recent betrayal of the army demonstrated to the king that his own government and soldiers were untrustworthy, and the need for domestic stability proved to be more important than the reconquest of the Empire abroad. As a result, the destinies of Spain and her empire on the American mainland were to permanently take separate paths. 4521:

three-fourths of the people. Natural resources such as coal and iron existed but the transportation system was rudimentary, with few canals and navigable rivers. Road travel was slow and expensive. British railroad builders were pessimistic about the potential for freight and passenger traffic and did not invest. Eventually a small

3102:. Within a matter of months, Zumalacárregui reversed the fortunes of the Carlist cause and drove government forces out of most of Navarre, and launched a campaign into Aragon. By 1835, what was once a band of defeated guerrillas in Navarre had turned into an army of 30,000 in control of all of Spain north of the 2935:, calling for an independent Mexican monarchy, in response to the centralism and fears of the liberalism and anticlericalism in Spain. The liberal government of Spain showed less interest in the military reconquest of the colonies than Ferdinand, although it rejected the independence of Mexico in the failed 3881:

President of the Council of Ministers. He too proved unable to work with the government in any meaningful way; he attempted to compromise Espartero's constitution with the 1845 document by, in a bald assertion of power, declaring the 1845 constitution restored with certain specified exceptions, with

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immediately embarked on a campaign to undo the Constitution of 1837, provoking even greater ire from the liberal quarters of her government. Failing in the attempt to overthrow her own constitution, she attempted to undermine the rule of the municipalities in 1840; this proved to be her undoing. She

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had severe negative effects on Spain's economic development. The Peninsular war ravaged towns and countryside alike. There was a sharp decline in population in many areas, caused by casualties, outmigration, and disruption of family life. The demographic impact was the worst of any Spanish war. The

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Espartero was appointed as President of the Council of Ministers, this time by the very queen for whom he had been regent ten years before. Espartero, indebted to O'Donnell for restoring him to power but concerned about having to share power with another man, tried to get him installed to a post as

2538:. Although he refused to accept the loss of the American colonies, Ferdinand was prevented from taking any further action against the rebels in the Americas by the opposition of the United Kingdom and the United States, who voiced their support of the new Latin American republics in the form of the 1744:

Economic transformations throughout the century included the privatisation of communal municipal lands—not interrupted but actually intensified and legitimised during the Fernandine absolutist restorations —as well as the confiscation of Church properties. The early century saw the loss of the bulk

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were to be representatives of the provinces and colonies, but the Regency was unable to hold elections in much of Spain or the Americas. The Regency therefore tried to establish interim territorial representation in the assembly, which approved a decree that it represented the Spanish nation, with

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launched a major uprising against the government during O'Donnell's administration that prefigured future events; the rebellion was crushed brutally by O'Donnell, prompting the same sort of criticism that had toppled Espartero's government years earlier. The queen, listening to the opinion of the

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juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain and sent ambassadors to the United Kingdom. The British alliance with Spain had also moved most of the Latin American colonies out of the Spanish economic sphere and into the British sphere, with whom extensive trade

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rule. President Luis González Bravo was Isabella's first stable president during her effective kingdom, ruling for 6 straight months (from that moment on he would remain loyal to the queen until the end of her kingdom, acting as her very last president decades later at the outbreak of the

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The disruption of local and international trade, and the shortages of critical inputs, seriously hurt industry and services. The loss of a vast colonial empire reduced overall wealth. Spain by 1820 had become one of Europe's poorest and least-developed societies. Illiteracy characterized

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The revolutionary spirit that had just overthrown the Spanish government lacked direction; the coalition of liberals, moderates, and republicans were now faced with the incredible task of finding a government that would suit them better than Isabella. Control of the government passed to

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agitated for a campaign to take Madrid, Carlos ordered his commander to take a port on the coast. In the subsequent campaign, Zumalacárregui died after being shot in the calf. There was suspicion that Carlos, jealous of his general's successes and politics, conspired to have him killed.

4392:, a perennial rebel against the Isabelline governments, was named chief of the government in 1869 and remarked that "to find a democratic king in Europe is as hard as to find an atheist in Heaven!" The aged Espartero was brought up as an option, still having considerable sway among the 4265:

and the revolt of the sergeants at San Gil barracks, in Madrid, sent a signal to Spanish liberals and republicans that there was serious unrest with the state of affairs in Spain that could be harnessed if it were properly led. Liberals and republican exiles abroad made agreements at

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in 1867. These agreements laid the framework for a major uprising, this time not merely to replace the President of the Council of Ministers with a liberal, but to overthrow Isabella herself, whom Spanish liberals and republicans began to see as the source of Spain's ineffectuality.

4532:, especially on grain, which further slowed economic development. For example, eastern Spain was unable to import inexpensive Italian wheat, and had to rely on expensive homegrown products carted in over poor roads. The export market collapsed apart from some agricultural products. 2667:

for her daughter, who at that time was only three years of age. Carlos disputed the legitimacy of Maria Christina's regency and the accession of her daughter, and declared himself to be the rightful heir to the Spanish throne. A half-century of civil war and unrest would follow.

2584:. The end of the wars in the Americas improved the government's financial situation, and by the end of Ferdinand VII's rule the economic and fiscal situation in Spain was improving. A revolt in Catalonia was crushed in 1827, but at large the period saw an uneasy peace in Spain. 3853:, however, meant that most of his term was spent deadlocked; the coalition that Espartero relied on was built on both liberals and moderates, who disagreed fundamentally on the ideology of the new constitution and policies. Espartero's constitution included provisions for the 1999:

was the first national assembly to claim sovereignty in Spain and the Spanish Empire. It represented the abolition of the old kingdoms and the recognition of overseas components of the Spanish Empire for representation. The opening session was held on 24 September 1810.

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to that post in May 1841. Although a noted commander, Espartero was inexperienced with politics and his regency was markedly authoritarian; it was arguably Spain's first experience with military rule. The government wrangled with Espartero over the choice of

3547:. With its finances more in order, the government was able to rebuild the military and, in the 1850s and 1860s, embark on successful infrastructure improvements and campaigns in Africa that are often cited as the most productive aspects of Isabella's reign. 3420:. Olózaga was accused of obtaining the order of dissolution by forcing Queen Isabella to sign against her will. Olózaga had to resign, having only been president of the Council of Ministers for an ephemeral fifteen days. Olózaga, a liberal, was succeeded by 3433:). Isabella's kingdom was to include unstable administration, policies, and governments, due to the various opposition parties that continuously wanted to take over her government – in 1847, for instance, she went through five presidents of the Government. 3356:

delivered his famous "Dios salve al país, Dios salve a la reina!" (God save the country, God save the queen!) speech that led to a strong moderate-liberal coalition that opposed Espartero. This coalition sponsored a third and final uprising led by generals

3083:. The insurrection seemed, at first, a catastrophic failure for the Carlists, who were quickly driven out of most of Aragon and Catalonia, and forced to cling to the uplands of Navarre by the end of 1833. At this crucial moment, however, Carlos named the 4003:, all of whom were exhausted from partisan bickering. Leopoldo O'Donnell's ministry was successful enough in restoring stability at home that they were able to project power abroad, which also helped to pull popular and political attention away from the 3270:

After Luchana, Espartero's government forces successfully drove the Carlists back northward. Knowing that much of the support for the Carlist cause came from supporters of regional autonomy, Espartero convinced the Queen-Regent to compromise with the

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on his accession to the throne in 1814 came as little surprise to most Spaniards; the king had signed on to agreements with the clergy, the church, and with the nobility in his country to return to the earlier state of affairs even before the fall of

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far away from Madrid as possible – in this case, in Cuba. The attempt failed and only alienated Baldomero Espartero's colleague; instead, O'Donnell was given a seat in Espartero's cabinet as war minister, though his influence was greater than his

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was of age. Isabella, now inundated with the competing interests of courtiers espousing an array of ideologies and interests, vacillated as her mother did between them, and served to aggravate those genuinely interested in progress and reform.

350: 351: 349: 348: 2626:. Though surely not a liberal, Ferdinand VII was fearful of Carlos's extremism. War had broken out in neighboring Portugal in 1828 as a result of just such a conflict between reactionary and moderate forces in the royal family – the 3574:

threatened to break the alliance between Britain and France, which had come to a different agreement over the marriage. France and Britain nearly went to war over the issue before it was resolved; the affair contributed to the

2125:. Joseph I had promised radical reform, particularly the centralization of the state, which would cost the local authorities in the American empire their autonomy from Madrid. The Spanish Americans, however, did not support 3734:– was notorious for falsifying election results in favor of his co-conspirators and himself. His appointment as President of the Council of Ministers drew violent agitation from the liberal wing of the Spanish government. 2412:

in April 1823. The Spanish army, fraught by internal divisions, offered little resistance to the well organised French force, who seized Madrid and reinstalled Ferdinand as absolute monarch. The liberals' hopes for a new

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initially rejected the notion of a republic; Serrano was named regent while a search was launched for a suitable monarch to lead the country. A truly liberal constitution was written and successfully promulgated by the

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However, Amadeo had no experience as king, and what experience his father as King of Italy could offer was nothing compared to the extraordinary instability of Spanish politics. Amadeo was instantly confronted with a

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This government – the longest-lasting of all of Isabella's governments – lasted nearly five years before it was deposed in 1863. O'Donnell, reacting against the extremism that came from Espartero's government and the

1788:. Disaffection with Isabella's government from many quarters led to repeated military intervention in political affairs and to several revolutionary attempts against the government, including the 1854 revolution. The 2870:, and Central America still remained under Spanish control in 1820. King Ferdinand VII, however, was dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it; a large expedition was assembled in 375: 3630:(January 1849) was inconclusive; Ramón Cabrera, however, was wounded and lost confidence. His departure from Spain caused the rebellion dissolve by May 1849. The Second Carlist War, though contemporaneous with the 3459:, a force merging police and military functions to retain order in the mountainous regions that had been the Carlists' base of support and strength, so as to defend Isabella's rightful kingdom from her enemies. 2340:

liberal government in 1823 further destabilized Spain. The army – whose liberal leanings had brought the government to power – began to waver when the Spanish economy failed to improve, and in 1823, a mutiny in

2645:, rather than to his brother Carlos. Carlos – who disputed the legality of Ferdinand's ability to change the fundamental law of succession in Spain – left the country for Portugal, where he became a guest of 2498: 3335:

attempted a coup in September 1841, attempting to seize the queen, only months after Espartero was named regent. The severity with which Espartero crushed the rebellion led to considerable unpopularity; the

5442: 2325:(Francophiles), who only six years before had been forced out of the country. More radical liberals attempted to revolt against the entire idea of a monarchy, constitutional or otherwise, in 1821; these 5200: 3543:, who embarked on an aggressive program to restore solvency to Spain's finances; in this he was remarkably successful, reforming the tax system which had been badly neglected since the reign of 5447: 2641:

that had the effect of fundamental law in Spain. As a result of the sanction, women were allowed to accede to the Spanish throne, and the succession would fall on Ferdinand's infant daughter,

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gathered support against his detested father. A mob supporting Ferdinand attacked Godoy at the palace of Aranjuez, arresting him. Charles IV under pressure abdicated in favor of his son, now

3472:(r. 1833–1868). Isabella's rule was a chaotic and troubled chapter in Spain's history, wracked by civil wars, coups, and scandal that ended with a successful revolution against the monarchy. 2923:

bands in the countryside. The coup in Spain did not change the centralized policies of the government of Trieno Liberal in Madrid and many Mexicans were disappointed. In 1821, Mexico led by

3947:, who took power in October 1857. Without Narváez's authoritarian touch, however, Peñaranda found that it was now as difficult for conservative policies to be successfully enacted by the 2559:, however, continued to exist as a political force, even if it was excluded from actual policy-making by Ferdinand's restored government. Riego himself was hanged, and he would become a 5452: 4298:

to unravel; many of its supporters, who had crossed party lines to create the party initially, joined the growing movement to overthrow Isabella in favor of a more effective regime.

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as a whole in favor of Murillo's office as President of the Council of Ministers, and the ability for the executive to legislate by decree in times of crisis. Twelve days later, the

1914:, Spain's first, which Joseph I signed. Although the constitution never came into full force, the fact that it provided for representation from regions of Spain and elsewhere in the 5129: 2061:, and established the principles of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty, constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press, and supported land reform and free enterprise. 854: 4396:; even after he rejected the notion of being named king, he still gained eight votes for his coronation in the final tally. Many proposed Isabella's young son Alfonso (the future 3132:

abounded in Madrid, compounding the danger of the Carlist army which was now within striking distance of the capital. Appeals for aid did not fall on deaf ears; France, which had

2094:. The decision to abrogate the Constitution was not welcomed by all, however. Liberals in Spain felt betrayed by the king whom they had decided to support, and many of the local 1402: 3263:) were in the hands of the church lying unused – the church was Spain's single largest landholder in Mendizábal's time. The Mendizábal government also passed a law guaranteeing 2598:

Ferdinand's chief concern after 1823 was how to solve the problem of his own succession. He was married four times in his life, and bore two daughters in all his marriages; the

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marauding armies seized farmers' crops; more important, farmers lost much of their livestock, their main capital asset. Severe poverty was widespread, reducing market demand.

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were similarly friendly, and organized volunteers and material aid for Spain. Still confident of his successes, however, Don Carlos joined his troops on the battlefield. While

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Having failed to take Madrid, and having lost their popular general, the Carlist armies began to weaken. Reinforced with British equipment and manpower, Isabella found in the

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lost confidence in the king's rule. The army, which had backed the pronouncements, had liberal leanings that made the king's position tenuous. Even so, agreements made at the

3828:", as it was called, attempted to forge a policy based on progress in industry, infrastructure, public works, and a national compromise on constitutional and social issues. 388: 5686: 4793: 4142:

Narváez's support for the queen by this time was lukewarm; he had been sacked and seen enough governments thrown out by the queen in his lifetime that he, and much of the

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The Spanish government was growing deeper in debt as the Carlist war dragged on, nearly to the point that it became insolvent. In 1836, the president of the government,

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invited him and his soldiers to the city. The viceroy fled into the interior of the country. From there he resisted successfully, and it was only with the arrival of

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The remainder of Ferdinand's reign was spent restoring domestic stability and the integrity of Spain's finances, which had been in ruins since the occupation of the

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hoping to gather support; garrisons across Spain declared their support for the would-be revolutionaries. Riego and his co-conspirators demanded that the liberal

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were defeated by General Serrano. Isabella then crossed into France and retired from Spanish politics to Paris, where she would remain until her death in 1904.

2392:" was sufficiently uneasy with Spain's liberal government and its surprising hardiness that they were prepared to intervene on Ferdinand's behalf. In 1822, the 2015:

but never captured. The Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810, and set up a five-person Regency. The five regents then convened the meeting of the "

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The arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, and was briefly successful in restoring central control over large parts of the Empire.

347: 5600: 4024: 3861:, and, most importantly, a more liberal suffrage than the Constitution of 1845 allowed for. Even before the constitution had been passed, Espartero endorsed 3332: 2107: 4325:

denounced the government and much of the army defected to the revolutionary generals on their arrival in Spain. The queen made a brief show of force at the

2827:. In 1816, however, Bolívar found enough popular support that he was able to return to South America, and in a daring march from Venezuela to New Granada ( 1212: 1196: 4439: 3935:, the symbol of reaction, returned to politics and was named President of the Council of Ministers by Isabella II in 1856, who switched her favor to the 2250:

be restored. Before the coup became an outright revolution, King Ferdinand agreed to the demands of the revolutionaries and swore by the constitution. A

1697: 671: 3539:'s regency, and the difficulties of the Espartero government left the finances in a terrible situation. Narváez entrusted the finances to the minister 5743: 4784: 3737: 3681: 2587: 280: 3619: 3319:, a radical liberal politician, as the young queen's tutor. From Paris, Maria Cristina railed against the decision and attracted the support of the 2947:

tried to recapture Mexico from Cuba in 1829. With the king Ferdinand VII's death in 1833 Spain finally abandoned all plans of military re-conquest.

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himself and ruled by royal decree. He declared Spain to be in a state of siege and dismantled a number of institutions that had been set up by the

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after Murillo's flamboyance. The army, dissatisfied with Roncali a few months later, convinced the queen to oust him, replacing him with General

3391:, now exasperated by serial revolutions, coups, and counter-coups, decided not to name another regent, and instead declared that the 13-year-old 1565: 1273: 140: 3374: 1733:, who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced to swear over the constitution again in 1820 after a liberal 4993: 4665: 3043: 2591: 1552: 1489: 112: 4431:, Amadeo had less of the troublesome political baggage that a German or French claimant would bring, and his liberal credentials were strong. 3023: 346: 54: 5738: 4556: 3072: 2677: 1328: 394: 4482:

erupted, chiefly in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. In February 1873, Amadeo declared the people of Spain "ungovernable" and abdicated.

4039:. O'Donnell, even while President of the Council of Ministers, personally took command of the army in this campaign, for which he was named 2799: 4016: 3153: 1027: 5106: 4203: 3622:

as commander of the Carlist armies in Spain. A force of 10,000 men was raised by the Carlists; in response to fears of further escalation

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After their fall from grace in 1823 at the hands of a French invasion, Spanish liberals had pinned their hopes on Ferdinand VII's spouse

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after his restoration) were banned again by the radical government. For the duration of liberal rule, King Ferdinand (though technically

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Hamnett, Brian. "Spain and Portugal and the Loss of their Continental American Territories in the 1820s: An Examination of the Issues."

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in the provinces. The Electoral Law of 1846 limited the suffrage to the wealthy and established a property bar for voting. In spite of

5391: 4854: 4522: 3971:. Istúriz, though Isabella admired him, lacked any support from the conservative wing of the government, and was adamantly opposed by 3711: 3050:

in 1833, she made it clear to the court that she intended no such reforms. Even still, an alliance of convenience was formed with the

2606:, which still stood in Ferdinand's time, excluded women from the succession. By that law, Ferdinand's successor would be his brother, 2272: 1376: 541: 528: 4957:

Luengo, Jorge, and Pol Dalmau. "Writing Spanish history in the global age: connections and entanglements in the nineteenth century."

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Esdaile, Charles. "Enlightened absolutism versus theocracy in the Spanish restoration: 1814–50." in David Laven and Lucy Riall, eds.

3657:'s financial reforms in the preceding decade. A serious effort to build a rail network in Spain was begun by the Murillo government. 2807:, 9 December 1824. The defeat of the Spanish army at Ayacucho was the definitive end of Spain's empire on the South America mainland. 1902:. Napoleon had already invaded Portugal 1807, and had troops on the ground in Spain already. Napoleon called on Ferdinand to come to 5479: 4827: 4764: 4749: 4708: 4225: 3816:, who came into power with immense popularity, attempted to reconcile their differences and form a coalition party that crossed the 3576: 3010: 2731: 2480: 2196: 1869: 239: 221: 159: 126: 62: 3341: 3255:

was only justice. Mendizábal recognized, also, that immense amounts of Spanish land (much of it given as far back as the reigns of

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in the New World had largely supported the cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the

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that regarded him as an outsider, even after it had elected him King; politicians conspired with and against him; and a 1872–1876

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Although there were a few Spaniards who supported Napoleon's seizure of power in Spain, many regional centers rose up and formed

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that turned the tide of the war. After years of vacillation on the issue of reform, events compelled Maria Cristina to accept a

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from the queen, but the queen within days withdrew her support for the plan, and cast her lot behind Olózaga's opponent in the

3149: 3055: 3027: 2607: 1536: 1368: 657: 108: 3500:, were anxious to centralize the administration. The law of 8 January 1845 did just that, stifling local autonomy in favor of 5847: 2258:(liberal) government was appointed, though the king expressed his disaffection with the new administration and constitution. 1690: 97: 5509: 5327: 5101: 4561: 4322: 3944: 3673: 3362: 3234: 3218: 3157: 3117: 3087: 2130: 1434: 1189: 1067: 741: 494: 5432: 5396: 5222: 4541: 3846: 3567: 3535:

had had some progress in improving Spain's financial situation through those programs. The Carlist War, the excesses of

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to all those involved in the 1820 coup and the liberal government that followed it, the original architect of the coup,

2086: 2046: 1989: 1975: 1965: 1931: 1797: 1722: 1122: 1106: 962: 630: 3932: 3731: 3623: 3481: 2908:, where the entire Spanish Army of Peru and the Viceroy were captured. The Battle of Ayacucho signified the end of the 2847:

declared its independence in 1816. Chile was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under

5499: 5023: 4551: 4428: 4356: 4244: 4028: 3611: 3430: 2414: 2405: 1636: 1248: 4196: 4190: 3968: 2981: 2975: 2702: 2696: 2451: 2445: 2167: 2161: 1840: 1834: 192: 186: 4904:

Allies Or Enemies: Political relations Between Spain and Great Britain during the reign of Ferdinand VII (1808–1833)

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Leandro Prados de la Escosura and Carlos Santiago-Caballero, "The Napoleonic Wars: A Watershed in Spanish History?"

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was again named President of the Council of Ministers in Madrid in October 1847. The biggest battle of the war, the

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line, which was inaugurated in 1848. Another railway—the Havana–Güines line—had been already opened in Cuba in 1837.

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in 1848. Fury raged in Spain over the queen's nonchalance with the national interest and worsened her public image.

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deposed Isabella and installed a provisional government, leading up to the election of a constituent assembly under

5359: 5056: 4986: 4404:, the former regent of neighboring Portugal, was sometimes raised as a possibility. A nomination offered to Prince 3877:, but also by the queen and General O'Donnell. Espartero's coalition with O'Donnell collapsed, and the queen named 3746: 3687:

Murillo, flush with economic and international successes, announced a series of policies on 2 December 1852 to the

3563: 3145: 2816: 2638: 1793: 1789: 1583: 1557: 1011: 4931: 4388:. The republicans were, on the whole, willing to accept a monarch if he was capable and abided by a constitution. 3842:

reform. Most of Espartero's tenure was absorbed into promulgating the new constitution he intended to replace the

3680:, the process of selling church lands. Murillo's negotiations with the Papacy were aided by Narváez's role in the 3303:, president of the government. Maria Cristina resigned the regency after Espartero attempted a program of reform. 86: 5753: 5533: 5459: 5205: 5149: 5144: 4529: 4068: 3555: 2916: 1754: 1683: 1619: 1604: 1497: 1442: 797: 755: 4207: 3634:, is rarely included as part of the same phenomenon, since the rebels in Spain were not fighting for liberal or 3109: 2992: 2713: 2462: 2178: 2129:

and wanted self-governance. The juntas in the Americas did not accept the governments of the Europeans, neither

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Simal, Juan Luis. "«Strange Means of Governing»: The Spanish Restoration in European Perspective (1813–1820)."

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policies prompted him to bombard the city, serving only to loosen his tenuous grip on power. On 20 May 1843,

5489: 5347: 5086: 3786: 3381: 3316: 2568: 2337: 1395: 4779: 4351: 4103:, sensing an opportunity, attacked O'Donnell for being too liberal, and succeeded in turning the queen and 3610:

launched a guerilla campaign against government forces in the region and pronounced themselves in favor of

3186:. The constitution also established state responsibility for the upkeep of the church, and a resurgence of 5427: 5270: 5076: 5066: 4892:

Fehrenbach, Charles Wentz. "Moderados and Exaltados: The Liberal Opposition to Ferdinand VII, 1814–1823."

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sentiment, led to the disbandment of some religious orders which considerably reduced the strength of the

2507: 2228: 2126: 2095: 2082: 2074: 1937: 1805: 1730: 1570: 1297: 1265: 1098: 643: 467: 4916: 4679: 3782: 3761:, which had broken out in March of that year, had led to an increase in grain prices across Europe and a 2253: 5766: 5723: 5620: 5580: 5555: 5364: 5312: 4979: 3886:. The act led to O'Donnell's ousting; the "Constitution of 1855" was never successfully put into place. 3726:, to be named President of the Council of Ministers. Sartorius – who had gained power only by betraying 3627: 3456: 3276: 3247:, that involved the confiscation and sale of church, mainly monastic, property. Many liberals, who bore 3191: 2623: 2397: 2296: 1614: 1544: 1336: 300: 4291: 4115: 4072: 3898: 3878: 3778: 3723: 3512:

and Narváez's efforts to suppress the unrest in Spain, which included lingering Carlist sentiments and

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was liberated on 24 June 1821 when Bolívar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the

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as first minister. Many of Godoy's decisions were criticised and increasingly Charles's son and heir,

5653: 5585: 5575: 5422: 5381: 5369: 5036: 4546: 4400:), but many thought that he would invariably be dominated by his mother and would inherit her flaws. 4397: 4314: 4302: 4139:, again sacked O'Donnell, and replaced him with Narváez, who had just been sacked two years earlier. 4063: 4008: 3908: 3858: 3469: 3392: 3264: 3222: 2936: 2646: 2642: 2350: 2275:, and intended to reduce the regional autonomy that had been a hallmark of Spanish bureaucracy since 2247: 2081:

On 24 March 1814, six weeks after returning to Spain, Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution. King

1911: 1809: 1769: 1320: 1075: 923: 713: 4051:, while a general, had either allowed Jews back onto Spanish territory for the first time since the 3618:. The rebellion grew, and by 1848 it was relevant enough that Carlos sponsored it himself and named 3488:. A series of reforms promulgated by Narváez's government attempted to stabilize the situation. The 3462: 3128:

The position of the government was growing increasingly desperate. Rumors of a liberal coup to oust

3046:, who bore some marks as a liberal and a reformer. However, when she became regent for her daughter 5703: 5590: 5570: 5560: 5342: 5317: 5081: 4566: 4409: 4369: 4122:, who had already saved Spain's finances, proved ineffectual, Isabella turned to her old warhorse, 4091:

The coalition broke apart in 1863 when old factional lines broke O'Donnell's cabinet: the issue of

4036: 3854: 3831: 3794: 3631: 3544: 3485: 3480:

was written in 1845. It was backed by the new Narváez government begun in May 1844, led by General

3401: 3328: 3311: 3300: 3169: 3141: 2940: 2924: 2856: 2832: 2781: 2599: 2555: 2527: 2380:" as an instrument of international stability in Europe. While Ferdinand had been rebuffed by the " 2304: 1883: 1313: 903: 859: 4123: 3920: 3646: 3358: 2893: 2812: 5698: 5693: 5595: 5565: 5514: 5354: 5337: 5276: 5173: 5139: 5031: 4807: 3972: 3718:, which by then were unsatisfied with the army's intervening in government affairs, arranged for 3650: 3603: 3260: 3256: 3099: 2905: 2840: 2804: 2393: 2369: 2103: 2091: 1714: 1426: 1239: 1230: 1043: 931: 834: 315: 4780:"Monarquía absoluta y desamortización municipal: los traspasos a censo perpetuo de Fernando VII" 2312: 2209: 2004: 1996: 1979: 1961: 1221: 1114: 515: 3516:

supporters of the old Espartero government, Spain's situation remained uneasy. A revolt led by

3209: 5713: 5625: 5610: 5605: 5545: 5484: 5474: 5386: 5295: 5281: 5237: 5216: 5154: 4860: 4850: 4823: 4760: 4745: 4704: 4479: 4455: 4443: 4416: 3665: 3517: 3497: 3173: 3091: 2956: 2928: 2920: 2820: 2753: 2619: 2603: 2573: 2511: 2389: 2111: 2058: 2012: 1801: 1726: 1624: 1450: 1289: 1281: 1204: 4698: 3777:

dictatorship and the corruption of the Sartorius government broke out in revolution. General

2329:

were suppressed, though the incident served to illustrate the frail coalition that bound the

5807: 5800: 5645: 5504: 5410: 5332: 5242: 5210: 5124: 5014: 5006: 4797: 4459: 4310: 3903: 3825: 3801:

government collapsed before them and Espartero returned to politics at the head of an army.

3703: 3587: 3248: 3187: 3182: 3062: 2550: 2404:– was only too happy to put an end to Spain's liberal experiment, and a massive army – the " 2308: 2239: 2215: 2099: 1948:

was considered an illegitimate sovereign. Bloody warfare raged in Spain and Portugal in the

1945: 1907: 1004: 847: 827: 806: 449: 416: 17: 4278:

Her continual vacillation between liberal and conservative quarters had, by 1868, outraged

4043:. A new agreement was made with the Vatican in 1859 that reopened the possibility of legal 3365:, who finally overthrew Espartero in 1843, after which the deposed regent fled to England. 5673: 5668: 5464: 5159: 5091: 4513: 4130:, who were promptly rewarded for their agitation by another O'Donnell government. General 4052: 3607: 3199: 3133: 2944: 2901: 2874:

with the aim of reconquest. However the army was to create political problems of its own.

2852: 2581: 2539: 2377: 2373: 2288: 2263: 2220: 2142: 2122: 1891: 1738: 1513: 1474: 1164: 474: 426: 4446:, just landed in Spain, standing before the corpse of his main supporter in the country, 4334: 2035: 4126:, in 1864 to make certain that things did not get out of hand; this only infuriated the 3373: 2279:

in the 16th and 17th centuries. The opposition of the affected regions – in particular,

1985: 5816: 5733: 5708: 5635: 5550: 5134: 5061: 4420: 4254: 3821: 3742: 3669: 3095: 2932: 2909: 2426: 2276: 2118: 1949: 1927: 1915: 1804:

as constitutional monarch was followed after his abdication by the proclamation of the

1773: 1746: 1718: 1669: 1481: 1410: 1173: 1091: 1035: 579: 572: 360: 4880:

Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810–1840

5836: 5774: 5630: 4843: 4811: 4147: 4119: 4084: 3862: 3699:

successfully convinced the queen to sack Juan Bravo Murillo and find a new minister.

3664:

with the Vatican on the issue of religion in Spain; it was conclusively decided that

3654: 3540: 3466: 3404:'s fall. His commission to form a government was, however, highly unpopular with the 3203: 3121: 3084: 3035: 2793: 2652: 2519: 2381: 2358: 2354: 2326: 1941: 1899: 1895: 1505: 1146: 1051: 727: 596: 286: 2530:

were reinstated once more, and some autonomy was again devolved to the provinces of

2522:

embarked on a policy intended to restore old conservative values to government; the

5821: 5779: 5663: 5519: 3691:. Prominent among the reforms he suggested were the reduction of the powers of the 3684:, where he had led Spanish soldiers in the pope's defense against revolutionaries. 3582: 3448: 3296: 2772: 2765: 2627: 2523: 2362: 1777: 1655: 699: 4470:. Amadeo swore on the general's corpse that he would uphold Spain's constitution. 2388:

in his request for help against the liberal revolutionaries in 1820, by 1822 the "

2042:

consisted of 97 deputies, of whom 47 were Cadiz residents serving as alternates.

3172:

a man capable of suppressing the rebellion; in 1836, he won a key victory at the

373: 345: 5761: 5658: 5051: 4012: 3894: 3758: 3757:

broke out bringing together a wide coalition of outrages against the state. The

3754: 3137: 3047: 2656: 2611: 2401: 2321: 2054: 1887: 1019: 978: 488: 458: 332: 75: 4058: 3939:; Espartero, frustrated and bitter with political life, retired permanently to 3869:

against communal lands in Spain; the plan was strongly opposed not only by the

3180:

in 1837 that substantively increased the powers of the Spanish parliament, the

1725:, Spain was divided between the 1812 constitution's liberal principles and the 4926:

Paquette, Gabriel. "Romantic Liberalism In Spain And Portugal, c. 1825–1850."

4802: 4118:'s legislation but Spain's economic situation took a turn for the worse; when 3940: 3766: 3349: 3283:

and recognizing the defeat of the Carlists. Don Carlos again went into exile.

3103: 2855:

from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the

1970: 970: 4864: 4150:

party had been growing in strength, roughly in step with the fortunes of the

3991:

governments that followed it, managed to pull some results from a functional

1944:. Spanish America also created juntas to rule in the name of the king, since 5615: 5322: 4871:

Bullen, Roger. "France and the Problem of Intervention in Spain 1834–1836."

4463: 4447: 4389: 4318: 4262: 4131: 4048: 3813: 3661: 3635: 3599: 3521: 3345: 3251:

sentiments, saw the clergy as having allied with the Carlists, and thus the

3076: 2881: 2844: 2836: 2535: 2514:

in 1823, took repressive measures against the liberal forces in his country.

2299:, and its attempts to bring about industrialization alienated ancient trade 2284: 2243: 1750: 439: 3591: 3275:

on the issue of regional autonomy and retain their loyalty. The subsequent

2007:. French forces took control of southern Spain and the Junta retreated to 1918:, namely Spanish America and the Philippines, set an important precedent. 5041: 4306: 4271: 3706:, governed briefly, and did well to maintain a civil atmosphere with the 2900:

in 1823 that the Spanish royalist forces were defeated at the battles of

2871: 2828: 2615: 2409: 2232: 2008: 890: 875: 591: 4146:

had great doubts about her ability. The consensus spread; since 1854, a

2744: 2518:

Immediately following the restoration of absolutist rule in Spain, King

2110:) starting a year later would cement international support for the old, 4897: 4700:

The Spanish Right and the Jews, 1898–1945: Antisemitism and Opportunism

4384:

The search for a suitable king proved to be quite problematic for the c

4080: 4076: 4032: 3505: 3452: 3113: 3031: 2867: 2761: 2749: 2546: 2385: 2346: 2013:

Cádiz was besieged by the French from 5 February 1810 to 24 August 1812

1903: 1781: 1360: 433: 2545:

Although in the interests of stability Ferdinand VII issued a general

4267: 3762: 3501: 3195: 3080: 3067: 2664: 2564: 2560: 2531: 2342: 2280: 2235: 939: 406: 4301:

The die was cast in September 1868, when naval forces under admiral

3797:, the man that O'Donnell had actively rebelled against in 1841. The 3598:

Partly as a result of this, a major rebellion broke out in northern

2614:

and an authoritarian who desired the restoration of the traditional

2242:, the conspirators seized their commander and led their army around 4906:(Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2015). 4757:

Spain in the Liberal Age: From Constitution to Civil War, 1808–1939

4035:

that earned Spain a favorable peace and new territories across the

3820:

lines that had dominated and restricted Spanish politics since the

3106:, with the exception of the fortified ports on the northern coast. 5002: 4438: 4424: 4350: 4248: 4057: 3893: 3736: 3676:

would be regulated by the state. In addition, the state renounced

3581: 3461: 3372: 3208: 3108: 3022: 2824: 2798: 2771: 2743: 2586: 2492: 2300: 2208: 2068: 2003:

In November 1809, the army of the Central Junta was routed at the

1984: 1969: 4971: 3959:

faction was now divided, with some favoring Leopoldo O'Donnell's

3054:

faction at court against the conservatives, who backed the rebel

2655:

died in 1833, at the age of 49. He was succeeded by his daughter

2594:, Queen Consort (1822–1833) and Queen Regent (1833–1840) of Spain 1921: 1886:

was characterized by his lack of interest in governing. His wife

4921:

The Krausist Movement and Ideological Change in Spain, 1854–1874

3400:

was named the first president of the Council of Ministers after

2919:, resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small 2889: 2885: 2863: 2563:

for the liberal cause in Spain and would be memorialized in the

2319:

government, summoning up accusations of being nothing more than

4975: 4887:

Napoleon’s Legacy: Problems of Government in Restoration Europe

3504:; the act contributed to the revolt of 1847 and the revival of 1776:(1823–1833). Civil wars broke out in the country—the so-called 4175: 3340:, increasingly rebellious against him, selected an old rival, 2960: 2681: 2430: 2287:– shared the king's antipathy for the liberal government. The 2146: 1819: 171: 69: 28: 4525:

radiating from Madrid, and bypassing the natural resources.

3124:, saved the Carlist cause from the brink of disaster in 1833. 1922:

Napoleon's 1808 invasion and Spanish resistance, (1808–1814)

4618:

King of the French: A Portrait of Louis Philippe, 1773–1850

4381:

in 1869 – the first such constitution in Spain since 1812.

4290:

and enabled, ironically, a front that crossed party lines.

4158:

had been in coalition with the Republicans at times in the

4107:

against him; his government collapsed on 27 February 1863.

3484:, one of the original architects of the revolution against 2659:

under the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction, and his spouse,

3963:

ideal. Isabella then sacked Peñaranda – to the ire of the

1713:

in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by

3638:

ideas, but rather conservative and even absolutist ones.

2819:, was briefly forced into exile in the British colony of 1772:

brought reforms repelling the extremes of the absolutist

3660:

Murillo, facing the issue of anti-clericalism, signed a

3520:

in 1845 included the support of key generals, including

3279:

in 1839 was a success, protecting the privileges of the

2649:, the absolutist pretender in that country's civil war. 1910:

as king of Spain. An assembly of Spaniards ratified the

4902:

Jakóbczyk-Adamczyk, Patrycja M., and Jacek Chelminiak.

3527:

Narváez ended the sale of church lands promoted by the

2618:

of the Spanish state, the elimination of any traces of

1780:—pitting the government forces against the reactionary 3979:

in any form; O'Donnell's faction was able to give the

3781:

took the lead in the revolution; after the indecisive

3408:; he allegedly received the authority to dissolve the 3206:– were again expelled by the wartime regency in 1835. 3061:

Carlos, who declared his support for the ancient, pre-

4620:(New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1957) pp. 146–160. 4095:, brought up again, antagonized the two wings of the 3672:

of Spain, but that the contribution of the church in

3492:, which had been uneasy with the settlement with the 3229:

by the state as a solution to Spain's financial woes.

4658:"El primer ferrocarril español se construyó en Cuba" 4585:

Naval flag, introduced as the national flag in 1843.

3148:

in 1830, was sympathetic to the Cristino cause. The

2315:

during the French occupation—was ended again by the

1952:, much of which was fought using guerrilla tactics. 5752: 5644: 5532: 5409: 5294: 5172: 5117: 5022: 5013: 3901:, Spanish general and statesman. O'Donnell led the 3789:that pronounced himself in favor of Spain's former 3455:insurrection in northern Spain, he established the 1955: 590: 565: 551: 538: 525: 512: 500: 485: 455: 445: 432: 422: 412: 402: 256: 100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4842: 4075:launched a series of successful campaigns against 3531:. This put him into a difficult situation, as the 2788:Spanish liberals opposed to the abrogation of the 1816:Abdications of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII (1808) 2915:Although Mexico had been in revolt in 1811 under 2353:in the 18th century, only to be rehabilitated by 2238:before they were shipped to the Americas. Led by 3702:The next President of the Council of Ministers, 1940:to rule in the name of the ousted Bourbon king, 1890:dominated him, and both husband and wife backed 4794:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 4015:, the allied expedition sent in support of the 3344:, as their chief minister. Another uprising in 2880:, who had already helped to liberate Chile and 2019:of Cádiz", operating as a government in exile. 3439:, leading the moderate faction, dissolved the 2223:(1820–1823), a period of liberal rule in Spain 1812:, bringing the Bourbon dynasty back to power. 1808:, which was replaced after a 1874 coup by the 4987: 4604: 3079:, which valued their ancient privileges from 2951:The Carlist War and the Regencies (1833–1843) 1691: 358: 330: 261: 8: 3919:elements that would alternate in power with 2034:opened its session in September 1810 on the 1717:from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive " 1956:Spain's first national assembly (1810–1814) 313: 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5538: 5415: 5300: 5178: 5019: 4994: 4980: 4972: 4317:'s father a half-century before. Generals 3614:, carrier of the Carlist cause and son of 3244:Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal 2835:in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia. 1698: 1684: 791: 387: 253: 4801: 4368:, an architect of the revolution against 4226:Learn how and when to remove this message 3682:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 3071:, received considerable support from the 3011:Learn how and when to remove this message 2732:Learn how and when to remove this message 2672:Spanish American independence (1810–1833) 2481:Learn how and when to remove this message 2197:Learn how and when to remove this message 2108:Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador 1870:Learn how and when to remove this message 1784:, a legitimist movement in favour of the 240:Learn how and when to remove this message 222:Learn how and when to remove this message 160:Learn how and when to remove this message 4189:This section includes a list of general 2974:This section includes a list of general 2815:, the leader of revolutionary forces in 2695:This section includes a list of general 2444:This section includes a list of general 2160:This section includes a list of general 2098:that had pronounced against the rule of 2049:was established on 19 March 1812 by the 1833:This section includes a list of general 783:as President of the Council of Ministers 185:This article includes a list of general 4597: 4578: 4355:The Provisional Government in 1869, by 4047:of church property. The previous year, 3975:. Isabella was then disgusted with the 3554:to marry her cousin, a Bourbon prince, 3424:, a moderate, inaugurating a decade of 2635:Maria Christina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 805: 794: 778: 672:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 484: 4785:Hispania. Revista Española de Historia 4778:Linares Luján, Antonio Manuel (2020). 4666:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes 3730:and following the fortunes of General 3044:Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 2592:Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies 1427:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike 5265:Natural Sites of Community Importance 4646:(New York: Vintage Books, 1968) p. 7. 4557:Spanish American wars of independence 4055:in 1492, or he would do so in 1868. 3586:The builders of the first railway in 3382:President of the Council of Ministers 3028:Carlos María Isidro, Infante of Spain 2888:in 1820. In 1821, the inhabitants of 2831:), he defeated Spanish forces at the 2678:Spanish American wars of independence 2231:in the expedition being outfitted at 2027:sovereignty over Spain and Americas. 550: 537: 524: 511: 507: 454: 7: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4257:in Madrid during the 1868 Revolution 3995:coalition of centrist, conciliatory 3890:The end of the old order (1856–1868) 3476:A new constitution, authored by the 2633:In 1830, at the advice of his wife, 2622:, and a close relationship with the 2295:government led to friction with the 2227:A conspiracy of liberal mid-ranking 98:adding citations to reliable sources 5744:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 4894:Hispanic American Historical Review 4744:. London: Oxford University Press. 4680:"Spain Virtual Jewish History Tour" 4496:Following Amadeo's abdication, the 4466:was assassinated while leaving the 4427:, was selected. The younger son of 4415:In August 1870, an Italian prince, 4406:Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 2273:reorganized Spain into 52 provinces 2085:'s refusal to agree to the liberal 1753:in the 1810s and 1820s, except for 1576:Catalan declaration of independence 4966:Journal of Modern European History 4938:Spain, 1833–2002: People and State 4911:Spain's First Carlist War, 1833–40 4486:First Spanish Republic (1873–1874) 4462:on 27 November, the same day that 4347:Provisional Government (1868–1871) 4195:it lacks sufficient corresponding 3741:Episode of the 1854 revolution in 3642:Rule by Pronunciamento (1849–1856) 2980:it lacks sufficient corresponding 2701:it lacks sufficient corresponding 2450:it lacks sufficient corresponding 2307:—which had been abolished by both 2166:it lacks sufficient corresponding 1839:it lacks sufficient corresponding 542:1833 territorial division of Spain 529:1822 territorial division of Spain 191:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 4772:Britain and the First Carlist War 4458:on 3 November 1870. He landed in 3524:, who was imprisoned by Narváez. 2261:Three years of liberal rule (the 109:"History of Spain" 1808–1874 44:This article has multiple issues. 4849:. University of Missouri Press. 4845:Spain and the American Civil War 4644:1848: The Making of a Revolution 4454:Amadeo was duly elected King as 4180: 3306:In the absence of a regent, the 2965: 2686: 2435: 2421:The "Ominous Decade" (1823–1833) 2396:authorized France to intervene. 2151: 2106:(where Spain was represented by 1824: 1663: 1649: 816: 760: 746: 732: 718: 704: 690: 676: 662: 648: 623: 371: 343: 293: 279: 176: 74: 33: 5308:Autonomous communities of Spain 4166:Sexenio Democrático (1868–1874) 3882:or without the approval of the 3572:Affair of the Spanish Marriages 3562:was married to the French king 3286:Freed from the Carlist threat, 1369:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 658:United Provinces of New Granada 393:The Kingdom of Spain after the 85:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 5719:National and regional identity 4774:. Darby, PA: Norwood Editions. 4313:had launched his coup against 3838:government after ten years of 3765:in Galicia. Riots against the 3550:Isabella was convinced by the 2408:" – was dispatched across the 1: 4562:Contemporary history of Spain 4017:French intervention in Mexico 3144:with the liberal monarchy of 2577:, more than a century later. 1068:War of the Spanish Succession 4961:13.3 (2018): 425–445. online 4770:Gallardo, Alexander (1978). 4755:Esdaile, Charles S. (2000). 4684:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4664:(9). Madrid: 75 – via 4542:History of Spain (1700-1808) 4294:'s death in 1867 caused the 4114:immediately took to undoing 3568:Antoine, Duke of Montpensier 2553:, was executed. The liberal 2087:Spanish Constitution of 1812 2047:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1966:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1932:Spain under Joseph Bonaparte 1723:Spanish Constitution of 1812 1028:Colonisation of the Americas 397:of its American territories. 18:History of Spain (1814–1873) 5739:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 4656:Fernández Sanz, F. (2001). 4552:Mexican War of Independence 4429:Victor Emmanuel II of Italy 4245:Glorious Revolution (Spain) 4025:expedition to Santo Domingo 3769:erupted in the cities, and 3612:Carlos, Conde de Montemolin 3342:José Ramón Rodil y Campillo 3034:cause and pretender to the 2780:over Spanish forces at the 2752:junta replaces the Spanish 2510:, after his restoration as 2415:Spanish War of Independence 2406:100,000 Sons of Saint Louis 2137:Trienio Liberal (1820–1823) 2053:of Cádiz. It abolished the 1729:personified by the rule of 780:as First Secretary of State 5864: 4952:European History Quarterly 4508:Economic and social impact 4489: 4344: 4261:The 1866 rebellion led by 4242: 4169: 4027:, and most importantly, a 3951:as it was for Espartero's 3945:Francisco Armero Peñaranda 3221:. Mendizábal proposed the 2954: 2912:on the American mainland. 2769:relations were developed. 2675: 2637:, Ferdinand VII decreed a 2424: 2384:" of Russia, Austria, and 2345:had to be suppressed. The 2140: 1976:first Spanish Constitution 1959: 1925: 1794:universal manhood suffrage 1737:, giving way to the brief 1566:2008–2014 financial crisis 742:Protectorate of San Martín 5794: 5541: 5418: 5303: 5181: 4959:Journal of global history 4803:10.3989/hispania.2020.004 4528:The government relied on 3834:attempted to rebuild the 3447:movement such as elected 3369:Moderado rule (1843–1849) 3223:sale of church property ( 2917:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 2610:. Carlos, however, was a 2499:The execution of Torrijos 1498:Spain during World War II 1329:Regency of María Cristina 1197:Regency of María Cristina 776: 756:Republic of Spanish Haiti 602: 561: 508: 386: 325: 309: 275: 270: 5397:Wars and armed conflicts 5037:Ancient History Timeline 4841:Bowen, Wayne H. (2011). 4631:France: A Modern History 4523:railway system was built 4402:Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg 3983:another chance in 1858. 3969:Francisco Javier Istúriz 3967:– and replaced him with 3849:. The resistance of the 3773:outraged at a decade of 3416:, the Minister of State 2349:(who had been banned by 1790:1868 Glorious revolution 1721:" ensued. Following the 1553:1981 coup d'état attempt 1353:Spain during World War I 932:Kingdom of the Visigoths 5843:Modern history of Spain 5097:Transition to democracy 5072:Reaction and revolution 4818:Pierson, Peter (1999). 4697:Rohr, Isabelle (2007). 4210:more precise citations. 3787:Manifesto of Manzanares 3747:Eugenio Lucas Velázquez 3616:Infante Carlos of Spain 3291:was forced to name the 3237:, offered a program of 3235:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal 3219:Juan Álvarez Mendizábal 3118:Tomás de Zumalacárregui 3088:Tomás de Zumalacárregui 3056:Infante Carlos of Spain 2995:more precise citations. 2776:The victory of General 2716:more precise citations. 2628:War of the Two Brothers 2569:Second Spanish Republic 2465:more precise citations. 2181:more precise citations. 1978:was established by the 1854:more precise citations. 1537:Transition to democracy 782: 779: 206:more precise citations. 5687:International Interest 5495:Science and technology 5191:Autonomous communities 4930:58.2 (2015): 481–511. 4740:Carr, Raymond (2000). 4662:Revista Hispano Cubana 4502:First Spanish Republic 4492:First Spanish Republic 4451: 4360: 4341:Provisional Government 4309:– the same place that 4258: 4088: 4007:; Spain supported the 3928: 3907:party in the court of 3750: 3595: 3577:fall of Louis-Philippe 3556:Francis, Duke of Cádiz 3473: 3384: 3230: 3198:– expelled during the 3125: 3039: 2943:resisted to 1825, and 2939:. The last bastion of 2808: 2785: 2757: 2595: 2515: 2361:) lived under virtual 2224: 2078: 2075:Ferdinand VII of Spain 1992: 1982: 1806:First Spanish Republic 1571:2017 Barcelona attacks 1403:Provisional Government 1274:Provisional Government 1147:Absolutist restoration 1099:Abdications of Bayonne 553:• Disestablished 359: 340:(1813–1822; 1823–1873) 331: 314: 262: 5848:19th century in Spain 5724:National Day of Spain 4968:15.2 (2017): 197–220. 4954:41.3 (2011): 397–412. 4923:(Cambridge UP, 1981). 4875:20.2 (1977): 363–393. 4822:. London: Greenwood. 4442: 4372:'s dictatorship. The 4354: 4286:, and members of the 4252: 4061: 3897: 3740: 3585: 3560:Maria Louisa Fernanda 3558:. Her younger sister 3465: 3376: 3277:Convention of Vergara 3212: 3112: 3026: 2898:Antonio José de Sucre 2802: 2775: 2747: 2624:Roman Catholic Church 2590: 2504:Antonio Gisbert Pérez 2496: 2398:Louis XVIII of France 2376:had inaugurated the " 2333:government together. 2297:Roman Catholic Church 2212: 2072: 2022:The delegates to the 1988: 1973: 1800:. The brief spell of 1558:Madrid train bombings 1435:1936 general election 1337:Reign of Alfonso XIII 1123:Constitution of Cádiz 413:Common languages 5328:Constitutional Court 4917:López-Morillas, Juan 4896:50.1 (1970): 52–69. 4820:The History of Spain 4547:Spanish confiscation 4398:Alfonso XII of Spain 4303:Juan Bautista Topete 4071:. The government of 4064:The battle of Tetuan 3859:freedom of the press 3847:constitution of 1845 3818:progresista-moderado 3470:Isabella II of Spain 3348:in 1842 against his 3265:freedom of the press 3120:. Zumalacárregui, a 3030:, the leader of the 2790:Constitution of 1812 2417:were not fulfilled. 2248:Constitution of 1812 2077:(r. 1808, 1814–1833) 2065:Reaction (1814–1820) 1990:Constitution of 1812 1912:Bayonne Constitution 1810:reign of Alfonso XII 1796:that elaborated the 1584:Coronavirus pandemic 1545:Current constitution 1530:Contemporary history 1345:Spanish–American War 1321:Reign of Alfonso XII 1213:Regency of Espartero 1190:Reign of Isabella II 1076:Nueva Planta Decrees 924:Kingdom of the Suebi 714:First Mexican Empire 495:Congress of Deputies 94:improve this article 5271:Plazas de soberanía 4878:Costeloe, Michael. 4567:Restoration (Spain) 4410:Franco-Prussian War 4370:Baldomero Espartero 4239:Glorious Revolution 4172:Sexenio Democrático 4037:Strait of Gibraltar 4029:successful campaign 3933:Ramón María Narváez 3855:freedom of religion 3832:Baldomero Espartero 3795:Baldomero Espartero 3783:Battle of Vicálvaro 3728:Luis González Bravo 3720:Luis José Sartorius 3632:revolutions of 1848 3437:Luis González Bravo 3422:Luis González Bravo 3418:Luis González Bravo 3329:Manuel de la Concha 3312:Baldomero Espartero 3170:Baldomero Espartero 2925:Agustin de Iturbide 2857:Battle of Chacabuco 2782:Battle of Chacabuco 2556:Partido Progresista 2528:Spanish Inquisition 1459:Nationalist victory 1380:of Dámaso Berenguer 1266:Sexenio Democrático 1249:Glorious Revolution 1155:Sexenio Absolutista 1005:Early modern period 904:Diocese of Hispania 366:("Anthem of Riego") 5500:Telecommunications 5201:Biosphere Reserves 5102:Contemporary Spain 5092:Spain under Franco 5032:Prehistoric Iberia 4940:(Oxford UP, 2007). 4928:Historical Journal 4873:Historical Journal 4616:Agnes de Stoeckl, 4605:Linares Luján 2020 4452: 4408:would trigger the 4361: 4329:, where her loyal 4292:Leopoldo O'Donnell 4259: 4154:, and indeed, the 4116:Leopoldo O'Donnell 4089: 4087:in the early 1860s 4073:Leopoldo O'Donnell 4021:Emperor Maximilian 3973:Juan Bravo Murillo 3929: 3899:Leopoldo O'Donnell 3879:Leopoldo O'Donnell 3779:Leopoldo O'Donnell 3751: 3712:Francisco Lersundi 3651:Juan Bravo Murillo 3628:Battle of Pasteral 3604:Second Carlist War 3596: 3496:at the end of the 3474: 3451:. Fearing another 3398:Salustiano Olózaga 3385: 3378:Salustiano Olózaga 3354:Salustiano Olózaga 3231: 3202:and readmitted by 3154:Viscount Melbourne 3126: 3100:commander-in-chief 3065:privileges of the 3040: 2878:José de San Martín 2849:José de San Martín 2841:Battle of Carabobo 2809: 2805:Battle of Ayacucho 2786: 2784:, 12 February 1817 2778:José de San Martín 2758: 2639:Pragmatic Sanction 2596: 2516: 2400:– himself an arch- 2394:Congress of Verona 2370:Congress of Vienna 2336:The election of a 2225: 2104:Congress of Vienna 2100:Joseph I Bonaparte 2079: 1993: 1983: 1670:History portal 1240:Bienio progresista 1231:Second Carlist War 1131:Treaty of Valençay 989:Christian kingdoms 860:Carthaginian Spain 835:Prehistoric Iberia 321:("Further Beyond") 5830: 5829: 5790: 5789: 5714:Myths and legends 5682:National Interest 5528: 5527: 5480:Largest companies 5405: 5404: 5392:Political parties 5360:Foreign relations 5290: 5289: 5238:Iberian Peninsula 5186:Autonomous cities 5168: 5167: 4913:(Springer, 2014). 4480:Third Carlist War 4456:Amadeo I of Spain 4366:Francisco Serrano 4327:Battle of Alcolea 4323:Francisco Serrano 4236: 4235: 4228: 4045:desamortizaciones 4009:French expedition 3724:Count of San Luis 3666:Roman Catholicism 3649:was succeeded by 3498:First Carlist War 3363:Francisco Serrano 3327:. The war heroes 3317:Agustín Argüelles 3301:General Espartero 3174:Battle of Luchana 3021: 3020: 3013: 2957:First Carlist War 2937:Treaty of Córdoba 2929:Vincente Guerrero 2825:Republic of Haiti 2760:Already in 1810, 2754:Captaincy General 2742: 2741: 2734: 2620:constitutionalism 2604:Philip V of Spain 2574:El Himno de Riego 2491: 2490: 2483: 2390:Concert of Europe 2207: 2206: 2199: 2114:regime in Spain. 2059:absolute monarchy 1880: 1879: 1872: 1798:1869 constitution 1768:and the reign of 1708: 1707: 1625:Religious history 1314:Restoration Spain 1290:Third Carlist War 1282:Reign of Amadeo I 1205:First Carlist War 1012:Catholic Monarchs 917:Early Middle Ages 855:Pre-Roman peoples 790: 789: 772: 771: 768: 767: 636: 635: 379: 352: 250: 249: 242: 232: 231: 224: 170: 169: 162: 144: 67: 16:(Redirected from 5855: 5810: 5803: 5539: 5470:Financial crisis 5460:Economic history 5416: 5333:Cortes Generales 5301: 5243:Peninsular Spain 5179: 5130:Pre-Roman Iberia 5125:General overview 5020: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4973: 4909:Lawrence, Mark. 4868: 4848: 4815: 4805: 4742:Spain: A History 4729: 4726: 4715: 4714: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4653: 4647: 4642:Georges Duveau, 4640: 4634: 4629:Albert Guèrard, 4627: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4586: 4583: 4311:Rafael del Riego 4231: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4206:this section by 4197:inline citations 4184: 4183: 4176: 3785:, he issued the 3753:In July 1854, a 3704:Federico Roncali 3606:. Rebels led by 3590:, the Barcelona– 3588:Peninsular Spain 3178:new constitution 3016: 3009: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2991:this section by 2982:inline citations 2969: 2968: 2961: 2941:San Juan de Ulúa 2833:Battle of Boyacá 2737: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2712:this section by 2703:inline citations 2690: 2689: 2682: 2551:Rafael del Riego 2512:absolute monarch 2486: 2479: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2461:this section by 2452:inline citations 2439: 2438: 2431: 2309:Joseph Bonaparte 2291:policies of the 2267:) followed. The 2240:Rafael del Riego 2202: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2177:this section by 2168:inline citations 2155: 2154: 2147: 1908:Joseph Bonaparte 1875: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1850:this section by 1841:inline citations 1828: 1827: 1820: 1747:Spanish colonies 1700: 1693: 1686: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1656:Spain portal 1654: 1653: 1652: 1620:Military history 1605:Economic history 1588: 1580: 1562: 1549: 1541: 1518: 1510: 1502: 1494: 1490:Republican exile 1486: 1463: 1455: 1447: 1443:1936 coup d'état 1439: 1431: 1423: 1415: 1407: 1384: 1373: 1365: 1357: 1349: 1341: 1333: 1325: 1302: 1294: 1286: 1278: 1253: 1245: 1235: 1227: 1217: 1209: 1201: 1178: 1170: 1160: 1135: 1127: 1119: 1111: 1107:Napoleonic Spain 1103: 1080: 1072: 1064: 1056: 1048: 1040: 1032: 1024: 1016: 993: 985: 975: 967: 944: 940:Byzantine Spania 936: 928: 895: 894:(218 BCE–472 CE) 887: 864: 820: 810: 792: 764: 763: 750: 749: 736: 735: 722: 721: 708: 707: 694: 693: 680: 679: 666: 665: 652: 651: 644:Spanish Republic 640: 639: 631:Napoleonic Spain 627: 626: 620: 619: 604: 603: 450:Cortes Generales 391: 381: 380: 364: 354: 353: 336: 319: 297: 283: 265: 254: 245: 238: 227: 220: 216: 213: 207: 202:this article by 193:inline citations 180: 179: 172: 165: 158: 154: 151: 145: 143: 102: 78: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5786: 5781:Toro de Osborne 5748: 5729:Public holidays 5640: 5601:Life expectancy 5524: 5490:Property bubble 5401: 5286: 5164: 5160:Spanish miracle 5113: 5087:Second Republic 5009: 5000: 4947: 4936:Vincent, Mary. 4857: 4840: 4837: 4835:Further reading 4792:(264). Madrid: 4777: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4718: 4711: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4641: 4637: 4628: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4538: 4514:Napoleonic Wars 4510: 4500:proclaimed the 4494: 4488: 4437: 4435:Reign of Amadeo 4349: 4343: 4333:generals under 4247: 4241: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4202:Please help to 4201: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4093:desamortización 4069:Mariano Fortuny 4053:Alhambra Decree 4041:Duque de Tetuán 3892: 3867:desamortización 3755:major rebellion 3678:desamortización 3644: 3608:Rafael Tristany 3431:1868 Revolution 3371: 3253:desamortización 3239:desamortización 3225:desamortización 3200:Trienio Liberal 3152:governments of 3017: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2987:Please help to 2986: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2953: 2945:Isidro Barradas 2853:Andes Mountains 2756:, 19 April 1810 2738: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2708:Please help to 2707: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2674: 2661:Maria Christina 2582:Napoleonic Wars 2540:Monroe Doctrine 2534:, Navarre, and 2487: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2457:Please help to 2456: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2378:Congress system 2374:Napoleonic Wars 2313:Cortes of Cádiz 2283:, Navarre, and 2264:Trienio Liberal 2221:Trienio Liberal 2203: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2173:Please help to 2172: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2143:Trienio Liberal 2139: 2123:Napoleonic Wars 2067: 2005:Battle of Ocaña 1997:Cortes of Cádiz 1980:Cortes of Cádiz 1968: 1962:Cortes of Cádiz 1960:Main articles: 1958: 1934: 1926:Main articles: 1924: 1892:Manuel de Godoy 1876: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1846:Please help to 1845: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1802:Amadeo of Savoy 1766:Maria Christina 1764:The regency of 1739:Trienio Liberal 1735:pronunciamiento 1704: 1675: 1664: 1662: 1650: 1648: 1630: 1629: 1610:Law enforcement 1600: 1592: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1560: 1547: 1539: 1532: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1514:Basque conflict 1508: 1500: 1492: 1484: 1477: 1475:Francoist Spain 1467: 1466: 1461: 1453: 1445: 1437: 1429: 1421: 1419:Second Biennium 1413: 1405: 1398: 1396:Second Republic 1388: 1387: 1382: 1371: 1363: 1355: 1347: 1339: 1331: 1323: 1316: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1292: 1284: 1276: 1269: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1243: 1233: 1225: 1222:Década moderada 1215: 1207: 1199: 1192: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1168: 1165:Trienio Liberal 1158: 1149: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1125: 1117: 1115:Cortes of Cádiz 1109: 1101: 1094: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1070: 1062: 1054: 1046: 1038: 1030: 1022: 1014: 1007: 997: 996: 991: 983: 973: 965: 963:Muslim conquest 958: 948: 947: 942: 934: 926: 919: 909: 908: 893: 885: 878: 868: 867: 862: 850: 840: 839: 830: 808: 801: 786: 761: 747: 733: 719: 705: 691: 677: 663: 649: 624: 586: 582: 575: 554: 544: 531: 518: 516:Cortes of Cádiz 491: 481: 477: 470: 461: 398: 382: 372: 369: 367: 365: 357: 356: 355: 344: 341: 339: 338:("Royal March") 337: 320: 305: 304: 303: 298: 290: 289: 284: 266: 259: 246: 235: 234: 233: 228: 217: 211: 208: 198:Please help to 197: 181: 177: 166: 155: 149: 146: 103: 101: 91: 79: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5811: 5804: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5771:Cultural icons 5769: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5348:Prime Minister 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5260:National parks 5257: 5255:Municipalities 5252: 5247: 5246: 5245: 5235: 5230: 5228:Extreme points 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5135:Spanish Empire 5132: 5127: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5077:First Republic 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5047:Medieval Spain 5044: 5042:Roman Hispania 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4946: 4945:Historiography 4943: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4924: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4890: 4889:(2000): 65–82. 4883: 4876: 4869: 4856:978-0826219381 4855: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4816: 4775: 4768: 4753: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4716: 4709: 4689: 4671: 4648: 4635: 4622: 4609: 4607:, p. 109. 4596: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4537: 4534: 4509: 4506: 4490:Main article: 4487: 4484: 4436: 4433: 4421:House of Savoy 4345:Main article: 4342: 4339: 4255:Puerta del Sol 4243:Main article: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4188: 4186: 4179: 4170:Main article: 4167: 4164: 4097:Unión Liberal. 4083:, Mexico, and 3955:policies; the 3911:, a fusion of 3891: 3888: 3822:Peninsular War 3743:Puerta del Sol 3670:state religion 3643: 3640: 3564:Louis-Philippe 3537:Maria Cristina 3518:Martín Zurbano 3370: 3367: 3288:Maria Cristina 3194:in Spain. The 3158:Zumalacárregui 3146:Louis-Philippe 3130:Maria Cristina 3096:Peninsular War 3075:, Aragon, and 3073:Basque country 3036:Spanish throne 3019: 3018: 2973: 2971: 2964: 2955:Main article: 2952: 2949: 2933:Plan de Iguala 2931:presented the 2910:Spanish Empire 2851:, crossed the 2823:, then to the 2740: 2739: 2694: 2692: 2685: 2676:Main article: 2673: 2670: 2489: 2488: 2443: 2441: 2434: 2427:Ominous Decade 2425:Main article: 2422: 2419: 2205: 2204: 2159: 2157: 2150: 2141:Main article: 2138: 2135: 2133:or Spaniards. 2119:Spanish Empire 2066: 2063: 1957: 1954: 1950:Peninsular War 1928:Peninsular War 1923: 1920: 1916:Spanish Empire 1878: 1877: 1832: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1814: 1774:Ominous Decade 1719:liberation war 1706: 1705: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1659: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1587:(2020–present) 1581: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1555: 1550: 1542: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1487: 1482:Spanish Maquis 1478: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1456: 1448: 1440: 1432: 1424: 1416: 1411:First Biennium 1408: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1350: 1342: 1334: 1326: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1298:First Republic 1295: 1287: 1279: 1270: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1236: 1228: 1218: 1210: 1202: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1174:Ominous Decade 1171: 1161: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1120: 1112: 1104: 1095: 1092:Peninsular War 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1073: 1065: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1033: 1025: 1017: 1008: 1003: 1002: 999: 998: 995: 994: 986: 976: 968: 959: 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 937: 929: 920: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 888: 883:Roman Conquest 879: 876:Roman Hispania 874: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 857: 851: 846: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 831: 826: 825: 822: 821: 813: 812: 803: 802: 795: 788: 787: 785: 784: 781: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 758: 752: 751: 744: 738: 737: 730: 724: 723: 716: 710: 709: 702: 696: 695: 688: 682: 681: 674: 668: 667: 660: 654: 653: 646: 637: 634: 633: 628: 616: 615: 610: 600: 599: 594: 588: 587: 585: 584: 580:Spanish peseta 577: 573:Spanish dollar 569: 567: 563: 562: 559: 558: 555: 552: 549: 548: 545: 539: 536: 535: 532: 526: 523: 522: 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 502: 498: 497: 492: 486: 483: 482: 480: 479: 472: 468:House of Peers 464: 462: 456: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 436: 430: 429: 424: 420: 419: 414: 410: 409: 404: 400: 399: 392: 384: 383: 370: 361:Himno de Riego 342: 323: 322: 307: 306: 299: 292: 291: 285: 278: 277: 276: 273: 272: 268: 267: 260: 257: 248: 247: 230: 229: 184: 182: 175: 168: 167: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5860: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5453:median income 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5323:Head of State 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5067:Enlightenment 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4847: 4846: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4829: 4828:0-313-30272-3 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765:0-631-14988-0 4762: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4750:0-19-820619-4 4747: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4710:9781845191818 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4598: 4592: 4582: 4579: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4297: 4296:Unión Liberal 4293: 4289: 4288:Unión Liberal 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4238: 4230: 4227: 4219: 4216:November 2023 4209: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4187: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152:Unión Liberal 4149: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4124:Ramón Narváez 4121: 4120:Alejandro Mon 4117: 4113: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4085:Santo Domingo 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993:Unión Liberal 3990: 3984: 3982: 3981:Unión Liberal 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3961:Unión Liberal 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3926: 3922: 3921:Ramón Narváez 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3904:Unión Liberal 3900: 3896: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863:Pascual Madoz 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3826:Unión Liberal 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3668:remained the 3667: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3655:Alejandro Mon 3652: 3648: 3647:Ramón Narváez 3641: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620:Ramón Cabrera 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602:in 1846, the 3601: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3541:Alejandro Mon 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3482:Ramón Narváez 3479: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3458: 3457:Guardia Civil 3454: 3450: 3449:city councils 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3359:Ramón Narváez 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3333:Diego de León 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3249:anti-clerical 3246: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3205: 3204:Ferdinand VII 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3188:anti-clerical 3185: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3012: 3004: 3001:November 2023 2994: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894:Simón Bolívar 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813:Simón Bolívar 2806: 2801: 2797: 2795: 2794:Ferdinand VII 2791: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2736: 2733: 2725: 2722:November 2023 2715: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653:Ferdinand VII 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520:Ferdinand VII 2513: 2509: 2508:Ferdinand VII 2505: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2485: 2482: 2474: 2471:November 2023 2464: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2382:Holy Alliance 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2359:head of state 2356: 2355:Ferdinand VII 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2277:Habsburg rule 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2201: 2198: 2190: 2187:November 2023 2180: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2083:Ferdinand VII 2076: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1991: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:Ferdinand VII 1939: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:Ferdinand VII 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882:The reign of 1874: 1871: 1863: 1860:November 2023 1853: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1831: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:ancien régime 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1741:(1820–1823). 1740: 1736: 1732: 1731:Ferdinand VII 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1701: 1696: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1585: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1506:Blue Division 1504: 1499: 1496: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1470: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1315: 1310: 1309: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1052:Iberian Union 1050: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1029: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1001: 1000: 990: 987: 982: 981: 977: 972: 969: 964: 961: 960: 957: 952: 951: 941: 938: 933: 930: 925: 922: 921: 918: 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 892: 889: 884: 881: 880: 877: 872: 871: 863:(575–206 BCE) 861: 858: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848:Early history 844: 843: 836: 833: 832: 829: 824: 823: 819: 815: 814: 811: 804: 799: 793: 775: 759: 757: 754: 753: 745: 743: 740: 739: 731: 729: 728:Gran Colombia 726: 725: 717: 715: 712: 711: 703: 701: 698: 697: 689: 687: 684: 683: 675: 673: 670: 669: 661: 659: 656: 655: 647: 645: 642: 641: 638: 632: 629: 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 611: 609: 606: 605: 601: 598: 595: 593: 592:ISO 3166 code 589: 581: 578: 574: 571: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 546: 543: 533: 530: 520: 517: 503: 499: 496: 493: 490: 476: 473: 469: 466: 465: 463: 460: 451: 448: 444: 441: 437: 435: 431: 428: 425: 421: 418: 415: 411: 408: 405: 401: 396: 390: 385: 363: 362: 335: 334: 328: 324: 318: 317: 312: 308: 302: 296: 288: 282: 274: 269: 264: 255: 252: 244: 241: 226: 223: 215: 212:November 2023 205: 201: 195: 194: 188: 183: 174: 173: 164: 161: 153: 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 118: 114: 111: – 110: 106: 105:Find sources: 99: 95: 89: 88: 83:This article 81: 77: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 5780: 5767:Coat of arms 5664:Bullfighting 5654:Architecture 5621:Prostitution 5581:Homelessness 5556:Demographics 5510:Trade unions 5448:unemployment 5433:Car industry 5365:Human rights 5313:Constitution 5269: 5215: 5195:ranked lists 5107:1975–present 5071: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4937: 4927: 4920: 4910: 4903: 4893: 4886: 4879: 4872: 4844: 4819: 4789: 4783: 4771: 4756: 4741: 4735:Bibliography 4699: 4692: 4683: 4674: 4661: 4651: 4643: 4638: 4630: 4625: 4617: 4612: 4600: 4581: 4530:high tariffs 4527: 4519: 4511: 4497: 4495: 4475: 4472: 4467: 4453: 4414: 4394:progresistas 4393: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4362: 4335:Manuel Pavía 4330: 4305:mutinied in 4300: 4295: 4287: 4284:progresistas 4283: 4279: 4277: 4270:in 1866 and 4260: 4222: 4213: 4194: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4128:progresistas 4127: 4111: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4062: 4044: 4040: 4004: 4001:progresistas 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3923:'s hardline 3916: 3912: 3902: 3883: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3817: 3811: 3803: 3798: 3790: 3774: 3771:progresistas 3770: 3752: 3715: 3707: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3659: 3645: 3597: 3551: 3549: 3533:progresistas 3532: 3529:progresistas 3528: 3526: 3514:progressista 3513: 3493: 3489: 3477: 3475: 3445:progressista 3444: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3388: 3386: 3337: 3324: 3320: 3307: 3305: 3295:hero of the 3293:progressista 3292: 3285: 3280: 3272: 3269: 3252: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3214: 3181: 3166:progressista 3165: 3163: 3140:monarchy of 3127: 3098:, to be his 3090:, a veteran 3066: 3060: 3051: 3041: 3007: 2998: 2979: 2914: 2876: 2861: 2810: 2787: 2766:Buenos Aires 2759: 2728: 2719: 2700: 2651: 2632: 2597: 2579: 2572: 2554: 2544: 2524:Jesuit Order 2517: 2497: 2477: 2468: 2449: 2367: 2363:house arrest 2335: 2330: 2322:afrancesados 2320: 2316: 2292: 2289:anticlerical 2268: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2226: 2214: 2193: 2184: 2165: 2116: 2080: 2050: 2044: 2039: 2036:Isle of Leon 2031: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2016: 2002: 1994: 1935: 1881: 1866: 1857: 1838: 1785: 1778:Carlist Wars 1763: 1743: 1734: 1710: 1709: 1661: 1647: 1635: 1615:LGBT history 1377: 1264: 1238: 1220: 1163: 1153: 979: 899:Romanization 886:(206–27 BCE) 613:Succeeded by 612: 607: 326: 311:Motto: 310: 301:Coat of arms 251: 236: 218: 209: 190: 156: 147: 137: 130: 123: 116: 104: 92:Please help 87:verification 84: 60: 53: 47: 46:Please help 43: 26: 5586:Immigration 5576:Health care 5438:Communities 5423:Agriculture 5223:Earthquakes 5082:Restoration 5052:Reconquista 4796:: 109–137. 4208:introducing 4013:Cochinchina 3953:progresista 3913:progresista 3909:Isabella II 3836:progresista 3791:progresista 3759:Crimean War 3393:Isabella II 3297:Carlist War 3215:progresista 3138:reactionary 3052:progresista 2993:introducing 2817:New Granada 2714:introducing 2612:reactionary 2463:introducing 2402:reactionary 2372:ending the 2365:in Madrid. 2351:Charles III 2331:Progresista 2327:republicans 2317:Progresista 2305:Inquisition 2293:Progresista 2271:government 2269:Progresista 2254:Progresista 2179:introducing 2055:Inquisition 1888:Maria Luisa 1852:introducing 1770:Isabella II 1759:Puerto Rico 1540:(1975–1978) 1517:(1959–2011) 1509:(1941–1944) 1501:(1939–1945) 1493:(1939–1977) 1485:(1939–1965) 1454:(1936–1939) 1422:(1933–1936) 1414:(1931–1933) 1383:(1930–1931) 1378:Dictablanda 1372:(1923–1930) 1356:(1914–1918) 1340:(1886–1931) 1332:(1885–1902) 1324:(1874–1885) 1301:(1873–1874) 1293:(1872–1876) 1285:(1870–1873) 1277:(1868–1871) 1244:(1854–1856) 1234:(1846–1849) 1226:(1844–1854) 1216:(1840–1843) 1208:(1833–1840) 1200:(1833–1840) 1177:(1823–1833) 1169:(1820–1823) 1159:(1814–1820) 1118:(1810–1814) 1110:(1808–1813) 1079:(1707–1716) 1071:(1701–1714) 1063:(1700–1808) 1055:(1580–1640) 1047:(1556–1659) 1039:(1516–1700) 1031:(1492–1898) 1023:(1482–1492) 1020:Granada War 1015:(1479–1516) 980:Reconquista 956:Middle Ages 807:History of 608:Preceded by 583:(1869–1873) 576:(1813–1869) 521:1 July 1813 489:Lower house 478:(from 1836) 471:(1834–1836) 459:Upper house 446:Legislature 427:Catholicism 368:(1822–1823) 333:Marcha Real 204:introducing 5837:Categories 5704:Mass media 5699:Literature 5591:Irreligion 5571:Euthanasia 5561:Disability 5343:Government 5318:Corruption 5140:Golden Age 4573:References 4423:, Duke of 4357:J. Laurent 4191:references 4148:Republican 3793:dictator, 3767:power loom 3545:Charles IV 3350:free trade 3217:statesman 3104:Ebro River 2976:references 2884:, entered 2697:references 2647:Dom Miguel 2600:succession 2446:references 2162:references 2131:the French 2127:absolutism 2112:absolutist 1884:Charles IV 1835:references 1727:absolutism 1044:Golden Age 992:(718–1479) 984:(711–1492) 974:(711–1492) 971:Al-Andalus 828:Prehistory 434:Demonym(s) 316:Plus Ultra 187:references 120:newspapers 49:improve it 5694:Languages 5596:Languages 5566:Education 5515:Transport 5355:Elections 5338:Judiciary 5277:Provinces 5174:Geography 5155:Civil War 5062:Expansion 4865:711050963 4812:219450130 4633:, p. 286. 4593:Citations 4464:Juan Prim 4460:Cartagena 4448:Juan Prim 4390:Juan Prim 4319:Juan Prim 4280:moderados 4263:Juan Prim 4132:Juan Prim 4112:moderados 4101:moderados 4049:Juan Prim 3997:moderados 3977:moderados 3965:moderados 3937:moderados 3871:moderados 3814:caudillos 3807:portfolio 3674:education 3662:concordat 3636:socialist 3600:Catalonia 3522:Juan Prim 3486:Espartero 3478:moderados 3402:Espartero 3346:Barcelona 3321:moderados 3261:Philip IV 3257:Philip II 3142:Charles X 3092:guerrilla 3077:Catalonia 2921:guerrilla 2882:Argentina 2859:in 1817. 2845:Argentina 2837:Venezuela 2663:, became 2536:Catalonia 2285:Catalonia 2244:Andalusia 1896:Ferdinand 1751:New World 1451:Civil War 1036:Habsburgs 966:(711–716) 943:(552–624) 935:(418–721) 927:(409–585) 438:Spanish, 423:Religion 271:1813–1873 150:June 2023 55:talk page 5817:Category 5678:Fiestas 5626:Religion 5611:Pensions 5606:Naturism 5546:Abortion 5485:Taxation 5475:Forestry 5387:Monarchy 5382:Military 5375:Intersex 5296:Politics 5282:Wildlife 5217:Comarcas 5150:Military 5145:Economic 5118:By topic 5024:Timeline 5007:articles 4536:See also 4331:moderado 4315:Isabella 4272:Brussels 3989:moderado 3957:moderado 3927:faction. 3925:moderado 3917:moderado 3844:moderado 3840:moderado 3812:The two 3799:moderado 3775:moderado 3426:moderado 3213:Spanish 3168:general 3134:replaced 3116:General 3048:Isabella 2906:Ayacucho 2862:Mexico, 2829:Colombia 2657:Isabella 2643:Isabella 2616:moralism 2526:and the 2410:Pyrenees 2311:and the 2236:mutinied 2229:officers 2092:Napoleon 1946:Joseph I 1782:Carlists 1715:Napoleon 1637:Timeline 1060:Bourbons 891:Hispania 798:a series 796:Part of 686:Paraguay 566:Currency 440:Spaniard 5801:Outline 5754:Symbols 5674:Cuisine 5646:Culture 5534:Society 5505:Tourism 5411:Economy 5250:Islands 5233:Forests 5211:Climate 5206:Borders 5015:History 4419:of the 4204:improve 4081:Vietnam 4077:Morocco 4033:Morocco 3941:Logroño 3931:Again, 3873:in the 3824:. The " 3732:Narváez 3624:Narváez 3566:'s son 3506:Carlism 3453:Carlist 3323:in the 3196:Jesuits 3114:Carlist 3094:of the 3063:Bourbon 3032:Carlist 2989:improve 2868:Ecuador 2821:Jamaica 2762:Caracas 2750:Caracas 2710:improve 2602:law of 2567:of the 2547:amnesty 2459:improve 2386:Prussia 2347:Jesuits 2338:radical 2219:of the 2175:improve 1904:Bayonne 1848:improve 1749:in the 1745:of the 1364:(–1927) 1361:Rif War 540:• 527:• 514:• 501:History 487:• 457:• 417:Spanish 403:Capital 327:Anthem: 200:improve 134:scholar 5822:Portal 5762:Anthem 5669:Cinema 5616:People 5465:Energy 5005: 4932:online 4898:online 4882:(1986) 4863: 4853: 4826: 4810: 4763: 4748: 4707: 4498:cortes 4476:cortes 4468:cortes 4444:Amadeo 4417:Amadeo 4379:cortes 4374:cortes 4268:Ostend 4193:, but 4160:cortes 4144:cortes 4137:cortes 4105:cortes 4005:cortes 3949:cortes 3884:cortes 3875:cortes 3851:cortes 3763:famine 3722:, the 3716:cortes 3714:. The 3708:cortes 3697:cortes 3693:cortes 3689:cortes 3592:Mataró 3570:. 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