1258:
369:
margin of eight to one, and the wealthy and elite
Central West End voted in favor by four to one. Only predominantly black wards showed a majority in opposition. According to the law, no person could move onto a block where 75% of that block's inhabitants were of a different race. However, a court injunction filed by the NAACP invalidated the ordinance in April 1916, and after a Supreme Court decision in 1918, the injunction was made permanent. Although the ordinance was invalidated, private
1572:
constitutional amendment, which allowed a Board of
Freeholders to create a plan in which the city would annex all of St. Louis County. While the plan passed among city voters by a margin of seven to one, it failed in the county by three to one, and a 1930 constitutional amendment allowing consolidation of only some services also failed, largely due to its overwhelming rejection by county voters. Only after World War II would more efforts be made toward consolidation of services.
42:
1452:
1591:
consolidation selected the study's recommendations to present to the voters, opting out of a full city-county merger. Although most major business groups, unions, and
Cervantes supported the proposal, Mayor Tucker refused to endorse it, claiming it was inadequate. Anti-tax arguments against the creation of a new government district also were effective, and both city and county voters rejected it overwhelmingly.
812:
1503:, causing human waste to accumulate in the buildings' corridors. Two of the 33 Pruitt-Igoe buildings were demolished to make room for playgrounds in 1972, but vacancies and problems continued unabated until the demolition of the other 31 towers in 1975. The other St. Louis housing projects remained relatively well-occupied through the 1980s, in spite of languishing problems with crime.
938:, meant that many St. Louis war factories would close. The Red Cross and the Office of Civil Defense began laying off workers in early May, and nearly 20,000 defense workers were laid off within a week after V-E Day. U.S. Cartridge laid off 4,000 workers in mid-May, while Curtiss-Wright laid off 11,000 employees in early June 1945. Returning St. Louis soldiers founded the first
418:. St. Louis newspapers began running anti-German editorials, prompting the St. Louis German community to rally in support of neutrality, and starting in 1915, German cultural groups raised funds for German war widows. The St. Louis Irish community also joined in support of neutrality, primarily to oppose the British. However, public attacks on President
915:. The prisoners were used as emergency labor during spring flooding of the Mississippi in May 1943 to fill and lay sandbags, although the flooding required the intervention of local military forces. In spite of this, flooding overtopped levees and created problems in north St. Louis along the riverfront. It was also during 1943 that St. Louis Mayor
1443:, in 1953, the St. Louis Land Clearance Reutilization Authority (LCRA) purchased and cleared the former Chestnut Valley area, then sold the land to developers who constructed middle-class apartment buildings in what was called the Plaza Square project. The same year Darst promoted a $ 1.5 million bond issue that allowed for the completion of the
1599:, a regional council given the power to advance applications for federal aid from cities in the region. Among the more controversial proposals to come from the East-West Council was the proposal to build a second regional airport, located somewhere on the Illinois side of the region. In spite of initial approval for the plan in the 1976,
538:. The manufacturing output of St. Louis fell by 57 percent between 1929 and 1933, slightly more than the national average of 55 percent. By 1939, St. Louis was still at only 70 percent of its 1929 production levels, while national industrial production was up to 84 percent of its 1929 level. The return of the brewing industry after the
340:) were relatively inconsistent; while blacks could not enter white hotels, restaurants or barber shops, they could enter department store elevators with whites or attend St. Louis theater shows in separate sections. Streetcar seating also was integrated, and there were no efforts to enforce residential segregation prior to 1911.
1328:, and a 1967 bond issue by the city of St. Louis. The Arch was topped out in October 1965, and a museum and visitors' center opened underneath the structure in 1976. In addition to attracting millions of visitors, the Arch also ultimately spurred more than $ 500 million in downtown construction during the 1970s and 1980s.
891:, hired significant numbers of skilled black workers. The April 1943 municipal elections were significant for the civil rights movement, as the first African-American was elected to the St. Louis Board of Aldermen, Rev. Jasper C. Caston. In the same election, the first woman was elected to the Board, Clara Hempelmann.
1185:. This area, five miles from downtown, was distant enough from the city that the group maintained cultural identity and was relatively self-sufficient. After World War II, the neighborhood fell into decline, but it was revitalized through a neighborhood association effort starting in 1969 and remains an icon of
1436:, with a combined cost of $ 7 million for slightly more than 1,300 units. Despite these two projects and the efforts at civic improvement starting in the 1920s, after World War II more than 33,000 houses in St. Louis had shared or outdoor toilets, while thousands lived in cramped, squalid conditions.
671:
employed thousands of St. Louisans. Civic improvement bond issues for airport construction and the remainder of the 1923 bond issue construction program also contributed to lowering unemployment. Another bond issue for improvements came in 1934, providing funds for city beautification and renovations
1156:
Internal population migration westward was a feature of St. Louis growth since its earliest days, but it accelerated rapidly in the early 20th century. German Jewish immigrants, who had mainly come to St. Louis in the decades after the Civil War, began moving to wealthy west end of St. Louis, while
942:
post consisting of World War II veterans in south St. Louis in the spring of 1945, but many found St. Louis to have a chronic housing and job shortage by late 1945. The surrender of Japan in August 1945 meant the cancellation of $ 250 million in war contracts in St. Louis, while 80,000 St. Louisans
886:
At the outbreak of war, African-American St. Louisans gained greater acceptance in industry than they had previously. By the end of 1942, nearly 8,000 black men and women were hired in St. Louis industries, but employment discrimination remained a significant problem for the community. Most jobs in
659:
and the Board of
Aldermen balanced the city budget by reducing expenditures by 11 percent. Federal relief programs began contributing funds in May 1933, but St. Louis issued a second bond for relief funds in February 1935 for $ 3.6 million. Of the $ 68 million spent on relief in St. Louis from 1932
331:
After
Reconstruction through 1900, St. Louis saw little of the racial violence that engulfed Southern states, due to the stability and relatively small size of the St. Louis black community. Most black residents lived in the northern edges of downtown along the riverfront or in the area of Chestnut
1498:
However, the projects were plagued with problems from the beginning; upon its opening, gangs attacked and harassed residents at Darst, while it became quickly apparent that there was too little recreational space, too few healthcare facilities or shopping centers, and employment opportunities were
1228:
ownership after World War II also allowed for suburbanization far beyond the city limits. The city reached its peak population at the 1950 census, reflecting a national housing shortage after World War II. Continued suburban development and highway construction would lead to a steep decline in the
1216:
grew rapidly between 1900 and 1930. Restrictions on immigration and extensive movement to these towns doubled the population of St. Louis County from 1910 to 1920, while St. Louis City only grew 12 percent in the same period. During the 1930s, St. Louis City's population declined by a small amount
754:
St. Louis industry had already begun preparing for war starting in 1940, when the government placed a $ 16 million order with
Curtiss-Wright aircraft company for training and cargo planes. In October 1940, a $ 14 million order for high explosives led to the construction of the Atlas Powder Company
621:
Unemployment during the
Depression was particularly significant in urban areas, and St. Louis was no exception (see table). Black workers suffered significantly higher unemployment, and they often were fired and replaced by white workers, especially after mandatory minimum wage laws took effect in
1545:
The 1955 bond issue also provided funds for clearing more than 450 acres of a residential neighborhood known as Mill Creek Valley, starting in
February 1959. Nearly 2,000 families and more than 600 individuals were displaced in the project, which provided land for the Daniel Boone Expressway, new
873:
in St. Louis (and in the United States) was rubber, particularly tires, and by
January 1, 1942, the St. Louis Rationing Board began regulating tire sales. St. Louis's tire quota for January 1942 was 2,154, which was mostly allocated toward emergency vehicles; home deliveries from stores virtually
368:
In spite of the anti-segregationist opinions, St. Louisans overwhelmingly supported the ordinance at the polls, passing the first initiative-based segregation ordinance in the country by a vote of 52,220 to 17,877. Lower class white wards adjacent to the black community voted for segregation by a
295:
Since the 1890s, the St. Louis Board of Health had passed anti-smoke regulations, but little reduction was made in the problem of coal smoke pollution. In 1906, the St. Louis Public
Library was forced to repair its collection due to smoke damage, by 1910 smoke pollution had killed trees in Forest
894:
The war also was responsible for the first city integration ordinance, which passed the Board of Aldermen in March 1944 and allowed African-Americans to eat at city-owned (but not private ) lunch counters. In May 1944, a black sailor in uniform was refused service at a downtown lunch counter; in
312:
Only a citywide ban in December 1939 on burning low-quality Illinois coal made a significant change in the pollution, forcing homeowners and businesses alike to switch to cleaner-burning Arkansas coal. The result of the ban was significant: during the winter of 1939–40, St. Louis experienced 177
1590:
obtained grants to fund a study of consolidation, which found that most county and city residents would not support full consolidation but would support partial consolidation of certain agencies, such as mass transit, zoning, and property assessment. The Board of Freeholders that met to discuss
858:, an African-American pilot who shot down three enemy aircraft and multiple ground targets in June 1944. St. Louis celebrated Pruitt's achievement by naming December 12, 1944 "Captain Wendell O. Pruitt Day". In addition, more than 5400 St. Louisans became casualties of the war, listed as either
750:
enrolled 5,300 air raid wardens, 2,400 volunteer firefighters, and 3,000 volunteer police officers by April 1942. City building inspectors selected 200 sites as air raid shelters, enough to house 40,000 people, and local schools began preparing students for attack. The city and region also were
697:
aircraft factory. St. Louis police were employed to protect bridges, while workers at military factories were checked to protect against sabotage. Other security measures included the interrogation or arrest of German, Italian, and Japanese persons, including naturalized citizens. Several local
401:
Due to an influx of refugees from East St. Louis and the general effects of the Great Migration, the black population of St. Louis increased more rapidly than the whole during the decade of 1910 to 1920. However, St. Louis's overall population rank declined from the fourth largest in the United
1284:
formed a group to promote Smith's project on a national level as both a renewal project and a memorial. The lobbying proved successful, as in 1934, Congress formed a commission to plan the project, which first met in December 1934 in St. Louis. The study group heard a preliminary proposal from
343:
In the early 1910s, however, predominantly white areas of St. Louis that bordered the black community formed the United Welfare Association (UWA), a group dedicated to lobbying for a segregation ordinance. Although the municipal government rejected the group's petitions, the UWA succeeded in
1571:
Largely due to the population exodus from St. Louis City, dating to the 1920s and accelerating through the 1950s, St. Louis government leaders made several attempts at consolidating government or services in the region. Among the earliest of these was an attempt in 1926, fostered by a state
874:
ceased, while high schools dropped spring sports for lack of tires to travel. Sugar rationing followed in May, and gasoline purchases were limited in the fall of 1942. Scrap drives were common in St. Louis, and in January 1943, scrap seekers attempted to uncover the remains of the
759:-owned ammunition factory at Goodfellow and Bircher in north St. Louis, which at its peak employed more than 35,000 St. Louisans and produced more than one billion rounds of ammunition a year. Monsanto converted entirely to war production, producing chemicals used in the making of
1594:
As the population of St. Louis County grew, local subdivisions began multiplying and incorporating into tiny cities and towns, producing more than 90 separate municipalities by the 1960s. Those in favor of regional planning found some success, however, in the 1965 creation of the
393:
far higher, but because many bodies were disposed of in the river, accurate counts were difficult. For its part, St. Louis was a haven during the riot, as St. Louis police shepherded fleeing blacks across the Eads Bridge to shelter and food provided by the city government and the
733:
mounted in the weeks after Pearl Harbor, although at the beginning of the war, St. Louis had no air raid sirens and little plans in case of an attack. In spite of its distance from the coasts, city leaders appropriated $ 50,000 for area defense, including $ 4,500 to light the
444:. Several German immigrants or members of the German-American community were arrested and charged for violations, and although some were freed, others remained imprisoned for the duration of the war. St. Louis commerce, for its part, was not dramatically affected by the war.
1562:
moved west to north St. Louis County cities, exacerbating social problems in north St. Louis. Although some subsidized housing was built in Mill Creek Valley to some success during the 1960s, by the late 1970s the area had fallen below the expectations of its developers.
1320:, won the competition, but construction would not begin until 1954, with a $ 5 million appropriation from Congress. During the 1950s and 1960s, nearly $ 20 million more was appropriated by the federal government to complete the project, in addition to money from the
255:, continued the development of recreational facilities during the early 1910s, expanding tennis facilities in particular. Davis also ordered construction of a public 18-hole golf course in northwest Forest Park, replacing an earlier semi-private 9-hole course.
266:
as mayor in 1913 (who supported the creation of the zoo), St. Louis supplied 77 acres of land in Forest Park for the creation of a zoo, and in October 1916, a zoo tax was passed to provide continual maintenance for the facility. In 1919, the zoo completed its
234:
Starting in 1903, local civic groups began building small parks and playgrounds in deteriorating residential neighborhoods to promote free play and directed activities among youth; by 1909, St. Louis had gained 16 parks totaling more than 150 acres. Among the
300:
was considering a move away from the city. Studies revealed that in 1926, St. Louis had an annual soot deposit of 870 tons per square mile, far above Chicago and Pittsburgh. Despite efforts at reducing pollution by washing coal prior to burning it, St. Louis
352:
in St. Louis opposed the law by distributing pamphlets arguing that the ordinance was un-American and by filing a lawsuit against it that ultimately failed. 23 of 28 aldermen and Mayor Henry Kiel publicly opposed the ordinance, while both major dailies (the
201:
made civic improvements in the 1920s and enacted pollution controls in the 1930s, suburban growth accelerated and the city population fell dramatically from the 1950s to the 1980s. Like many urban areas, St. Louis experienced high unemployment during the
1494:
complex, which included 4 nine-story buildings and had more than 650 units. Between 1953 and 1957, St. Louis had gained more than 6,100 units of public housing, and each opened with enthusiasm on the part of local leaders, the media, and new tenants.
1416:, ending decades of presence in the area by a Chinese immigrant community. Although the stadium's playing field was particularly hot in summer, the stadium was considerably larger than its predecessor and was an asset to downtown development.
903:
department store lunch counters also ended with the removal of protesters. No changes in Jim Crow segregation policies at lunch counters resulted; however, Saint Louis University admitted its first black students starting in the fall of 1944.
1217:
for the first time, but St. Louis County grew by nearly 30 percent. Nearly 80 percent of new construction in the region occurred outside city limits during the late 1930s, and St. Louis planners were unable to combat the problem via
1296:
The commission approved LaBeaume's land clearance and memorial design plan, and in 1935, the city issued a $ 7.5 million bond to purchase and demolish buildings at the site. The clearance project was aided by $ 9 million from the
464:, while most brewers simply closed. Certain other industries filled the gap left by the brewers during the 1920s, including light manufacturing of shoes and garments (particularly along Washington Avenue and by companies such as
631:
into averring that they were receiving the proper pay. In spite of the discrimination in the workplace, direct relief aid was provided equitably to Blacks in the city. After 1933, Blacks in the city voted overwhelming for the
1293:, in which a memorial would be constructed on land cleared south of the Eads Bridge by half a mile, extending from the riverfront to Third Street, which would encompass the entire area of the original village of St. Louis.
878:
that had been demolished after the end of the 1904 World's Fair. By 1943, meat and dairy products were in short supply in St. Louis, and milk supplies were inconsistent. St. Louis also was the first U.S. city to reach its
771:
compounds that treated infections. By the end of the war, more than 75 percent of St. Louis manufacturers had engaged in defense work, including the making of various types of ordnance and weapons, uniforms and footwear,
388:
broke out when a mob of white attackers (including police and National Guardsmen) destroyed 300 houses, wounded hundreds, and killed 39 blacks and 8 whites. Unofficial estimates placed the number of victims of the
688:
in 1941, St. Louisans began preparing for an attack in the area by sending soldiers to protect local military and munitions installations, including the St. Louis Army Ammunition Plant at Goodfellow and Bircher,
1447:
project by clearing blocks of land from 15th to 18th streets. Darst also was responsible for encouraging the construction of several large high-rise housing projects, all of which began between 1951 and 1953.
279:
to fund civic improvements, the largest such city debt issue in the country at the time. The improvements came to infrastructure, parks, public safety, hospitals, and a downtown auditorium and plaza (known as
1499:
scarce. Crime was rampant, particularly at Pruitt-Igoe, and even after a $ 5 million renovation in 1965, only 17 of 33 Pruitt-Igoe towers had occupants in 1971. Plumbing was vandalized and sold by thieves as
626:
were paid only in room and board, while skilled Black craftsmen were unable to join local unions and were shut out of construction jobs. In other cases, minimum wages were not paid to black workers, who were
1550:. The majority of the displaced were poor blacks, and in what the NAACP called a "Negro Removal Project", they were moved to housing projects and historically stable, well-to-do black neighborhoods such as
622:
the mid-1930s. In the meatpacking plants and steel mills, Black workers bore the brunt of labor force reductions; of 591 workers laid off in steel mills in 1931, 401 were Black. Many Blacks working in
495:, and clothing and shoe making. The industrial districts of St. Louis were readily identifiable due to the efforts of the Board of Health in the 1880s: the North Broadway area included lumber mills,
258:
A zoo was first established during the 1870s at Fairground Park, but it closed in 1891 and its animals were sold to local collectors who then began housing them in Forest Park. Starting in 1910, the
1404:
By the mid-1950s, Sportsman's Park had deteriorated to the point of needing expensive repairs, and a new park was proposed closer to downtown St. Louis. The exterior of the new park was designed by
1478:, which opened in 1954 and 1955 on the northwest edge of downtown and included 33 eleven-story buildings with nearly 3,000 units. The St. Louis Pruitt-Igoe complex was the first major work of
1301:, and work began quickly on acquisition and demolition of the forty block area. The only remnant of Laclede's street grid to be preserved was north of the Eads Bridge (in what is now known as
437:
removed German-language books from circulation. Two city streets were renamed: Berlin Avenue in the Central West End became Pershing, while Van Verson Avenue in the West End became Enright.
218:
was built on the memorial grounds. St. Louis City and St. Louis County made multiple attempts at consolidation during the period, but none were particularly successful. Despite attempts at
1192:
Starting in the 1890s, an extensive streetcar system and railroad stations enabled commuters to travel from suburban towns bordering St. Louis City into the inner city core. Towns such as
1428:
to the poor in the city. The majority of the city's infant mortality and tuberculosis cases originated in a set of small neighborhoods, and to rectify these problems, the city built two
746:. A second blackout, held in February 1943, was considerably more successful than the first, with 4 of 12 civil defense districts fully blacked out. The local branch of the federal
1506:
Along with the development of the major housing projects was a 1955 urban renewal bond issue totaling more than $ 110 million, which included funds to purchase land to build three
1309:, built in 1834. Demolition continued until the outbreak of World War II, when the area began to be used as a parking lot, and the project remained stalled until the late 1940s.
313:
hours of thick smoke pollution, while in the winter of 1940–1941, only 17 hours of thick smoke was reported. In addition, the Laclede Gas Company began to supply cleaner-burning
1377:
and the World Series multiple times during the 1930s and 1940s. As the Cardinals gained in popularity with their victories, the Browns lost their fans with defeats, winning the
491:
St. Louis industry in 1929 had diversified a great deal since the late 19th century; in order of significance, St. Louis industry included food processing, chemical production,
883:
quota goal in both 1942 and 1943. However, during the 1944 bond campaigns, St. Louis was far behind the national average, and only reached its goal after a one-week extension.
943:
lost their jobs immediately, causing temporary economic problems in the region. Among the most significant and lasting effects of the war came about due to the passage of the
1470:, began in 1951 and opened in 1953 as 2 six-story, 2 seven-story, and 4 twelve-story buildings with more than 700 units, located in the near north downtown. Another project,
429:
in April 1917. Non-naturalized Germans were required to register as enemy aliens, German-language newspapers were censored, high schools ended the teaching of German, the
414:, the U.S. government maintained a neutral stance toward the belligerents; by the end of the war's first year, however, public opinion in St. Louis had shifted toward the
1474:, opened in 1956 in the near south downtown, and included more than 1,200 units in eight high-rise buildings. The most famous and largest of the St. Louis projects was
425:
In spite of this show of support for Wilson's policies, non-German St. Louisans began to embrace nativism and distrust the intentions of the Germans, especially after
488:. Tobacco processing remained a significant industry in Mill Creek Valley, and St. Louis ranked seventh in the country in 1929 in value of its manufactured products.
180:
1579:, a city-county water and sewer company formed in 1954. The next year, however, a city-county transit agency was rejected by voters, leading St. Louis Alderman
1229:
city's population over the next several decades. Between the 1950 census and the year 2000, the city lost more than half its population to St. Louis County and
516:
1432:
between 1939 and 1942. The first, Carr Square Village, was built on the near north side of the city, while the second, Clinton-Peabody Terrace, was built near
422:
and the British caused divisions in the German community, and prominent German businessmen participated in Wilson's "Preparedness Day" parade on June 3, 1916.
702:, the manager (a Japanese man who had lived in the United States since 1904) was arrested. St. Louis labor leaders organized boycotts of products made by the
655:
provided another $ 2 million. In late 1932, St. Louis voters passed a $ 4.6 million bond issue to provide more relief funds, and in the spring of 1933, Mayor
1280:
had pushed for a riverfront rehabilitation project to promote green spaces and better living conditions near the wharf. In December 1933, St. Louis Mayor
1312:
Luther Ely Smith again led the charge for the riverfront project in 1945, leading a group that organized a design competition for the memorial. In 1948,
440:
In addition, citizens began reporting suspicious conversations overhead on streetcars or public streets, submitting names for prosecution under the
531:
tobacco factory. Downtown commerce and industries were mostly light manufacturing, major wholesalers and retailers, banks and insurance companies.
136:
1600:
660:
to 1936, $ 50 million came from the federal government, $ 12 million came from the city and local agencies, and only $ 6 million from the state.
2810:
1306:
104:
88:
72:
1257:
1483:
2889:
377:
173:
456:
meant that the St. Louis brewing industry suffered significant losses. Anheuser-Busch remained in business by selling malt syrup and
2787:
2764:
2745:
1526:) was another eight mile highway from northwest St. Louis to the Eads Bridge. The third highway was the Ozark Expressway (signed as
524:
846:. During a combat flight in the Pacific in February 1942, O'Hare shot down five Japanese bombers that were on a run to attack the
1290:
924:
637:
633:
56:
899:
on May 18, 1944, at a drugstore lunch counter in downtown. The peaceful protesters were carried out, and subsequent sit-ins at
707:
1555:
41:
1596:
2884:
2821:
1607:
1321:
1298:
672:
on civic buildings, reducing the number of persons on direct relief aid to 35,000 in 1936 from more than 100,000 in 1933.
166:
21:
1230:
735:
426:
415:
919:
and ten others were killed in a glider accident that resulted from a wing strut support failure. Becker's replacement,
542:
in 1933 was a bright spot in St. Louis industry, but this still was not enough to offset industrial production losses.
1325:
1140:
843:
668:
652:
534:
Despite St. Louis's diversified economy, it suffered as much or more than comparable cities in the early years of the
947:, which allowed veterans to purchase homes in St. Louis County and causing a population exodus from St. Louis City.
2859:
1559:
1371:
1355:
1269:
1262:
1242:
1205:
1166:
747:
211:
373:
began appearing in St. Louis real estate transactions that limited the ability of white owners to sell to blacks.
1606:
canceled the airport project in 1977 under political pressure from Missourians, who feared a loss of business at
1576:
1511:
1209:
1162:
1121:
1108:
1095:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1030:
1017:
1004:
991:
978:
643:
During the early years of the Depression from 1930 to 1932, the city allocated $ 1.5 million of its funds toward
297:
1538:. A highway bridge over the Mississippi was planned in conjunction with the three expressways, and in 1967, the
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1433:
1238:
1201:
835:
512:
434:
381:
361:
1534:), which extended from the southwestern city limits to 11th and Geyer streets, later forming a junction with
1424:
Concurrent with plans to build Gateway Arch National Park during the 1930s were plans to provide low-rent or
384:, where they often were employed at low wages as strikebreakers. Between June 30 and July 2, 1917, a violent
251:
ordered the construction of baseball fields and tennis courts in major St. Louis parks. Scanlan's successor,
197:, from 1905 to 1980 saw declines in population and economic basis, particularly after World War II. Although
355:
2863:
1547:
1444:
1409:
1233:. Some people left the region altogether; national trends were for job and population migration away from
751:
protected by anti-aircraft guns, but mistakenly fired on civilian aircraft multiple times during the war.
711:
681:
376:
Concomitant with the segregation ordinance and the rise of restrictive covenants was the beginning of the
289:
262:
was formed to collect money to purchase animals and lobby the city to reopen a zoo. After the election of
317:
to customers starting in 1941, which largely rectified the problem of smoke pollution by the late 1940s.
1518:) was an eight-mile stretch from the city's western edge near Clayton to the area currently occupied by
935:
785:
539:
500:
496:
441:
370:
154:
1491:
710:(FBI) made several high-profile arrests or investigations in St. Louis, including one into a pastor in
1580:
1551:
1539:
1413:
1302:
912:
847:
805:
742:
preparations both in the city and county moved slowly, but on March 7, 1942, the city held its first
723:
477:
214:(then known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial) during the 1930s, and during the 1960s the
30:
1575:
The first (and one of the few) successful attempts at consolidation resulted in the creation of the
756:
1507:
1487:
1405:
1390:
1340:
1332:
1197:
1182:
888:
801:
699:
385:
306:
198:
1471:
1462:(shown from above) consisted of 33 buildings and nearly 3,000 units but lasted less than 20 years
1425:
1193:
1158:
900:
743:
481:
430:
395:
292:, a one-block wide park extending nearly uninterrupted from the riverfront some twenty blocks.
2806:
2783:
2760:
2741:
1398:
1382:
1363:
1213:
916:
859:
855:
781:
730:
345:
333:
240:
1429:
1359:
1336:
1281:
1277:
1186:
1169:
neighborhood, but starting in the 1910s and 1920s large numbers of Italians (primarily from
908:
863:
831:
815:
656:
644:
623:
535:
520:
472:), and automobile parts. The automobile industry in St. Louis included local brands such as
469:
203:
1479:
1467:
1459:
1378:
939:
928:
839:
760:
685:
457:
281:
252:
1157:
Eastern European Jewish immigrants began moving to areas in northwest St. Louis and into
706:, and bonfires were lit of Japanese-made products. In the spring and summer of 1942, the
1451:
2776:
1587:
1394:
1347:
1344:
1286:
920:
851:
823:
793:
694:
648:
504:
485:
473:
419:
288:). The bond issue also paid for the first ten blocks of what would become known as the
272:
248:
2878:
2799:
1583:
to propose a meeting of a Board of Freeholders to discuss city-county consolidation.
1519:
1412:
for the 1965 season. However, construction of the stadium required the demolition of
1313:
755:
factory in Weldon Spring, Missouri. The largest war industry plant, however, was the
739:
690:
528:
337:
326:
259:
236:
219:
336:, near the wharf and railroads for employment. Municipal segregation laws (known as
309:, which blackened the sky during the day of November 28 and lasted for three weeks.
1440:
1374:
1367:
1351:
1317:
1273:
875:
764:
503:, meatpacking houses, and railroad yards. South Broadway heavy industries included
215:
207:
1181:) began moving to an area west of Kingshighway and south of Forest Park, known as
895:
response, members of the Citizens Civil Rights Committee of St. Louis organized a
2849:
519:. Extending west from downtown and south of Union Station were the yards for the
1603:
1475:
1456:
811:
789:
703:
628:
492:
453:
411:
314:
244:
223:
2825:
1393:
to the Cardinals and the team itself to a group of Baltimore investors led by
1386:
1225:
1218:
819:
465:
285:
276:
263:
380:
of African-Americans to northern cities. Many thousands moved to the city of
1234:
773:
461:
390:
296:
Park, and during the 1920s, evergreens no longer grew near the city and the
738:. Call-in radio shows were cancelled, and weather forecasts were censored.
1268:
Early urban renewal efforts in St. Louis coincided with efforts to plan a
1178:
1174:
880:
870:
719:
715:
664:
508:
268:
243:, who later was an officer of the Playground Association of America with
2822:"Casualty List of Soldiers From St. Louis Who Died During World War II"
1246:
1165:. Italians at first had congregated in a "Little Italy" located in the
944:
830:
During the war, St. Louis produced several notable soldiers, including
777:
911:
were held in St. Louis, along with thousands of Italians were held in
1385:
at the hands of the crosstown Cardinals. In 1953, the Browns' owner,
896:
698:
Japanese restaurants were closed, and at the Bridlespur Hunt Club in
1522:. the Mark Twain Expressway (signed as an alternate Route 40, later
808:, while tank and airplane manufacturing continued at a rapid pace.
1542:
opened to move traffic from all three expressways over the river.
1500:
1450:
1256:
1170:
810:
768:
349:
239:
social reformers on the city parks committee during this time was
226:
complex, the city continued to lose population to county cities.
1510:
into downtown St. Louis. The Daniel Boone Expressway (signed as
971:
797:
302:
887:
war factories were unskilled, although some factories, notably
966:
2851:
Directory of Civic and Business Associations of Saint Louis
1366:
by four games to three, giving the club and city its first
796:. In 1944, the St. Louis Chevrolet factory began producing
1261:
The St. Louis riverfront in 1942 after land clearance for
1305:), while the only building in the area to remain was the
1136:
1381:
pennant only once, in 1944, followed by a defeat in the
1408:
to echo the Gateway Arch, and the Cardinals moved into
1554:. Middle-class blacks who once lived in the area near
854:
and a parade in St. Louis. St. Louis also was home to
1276:. Starting in the early 1910s, St. Louis businessman
305:
continued unabated. Among the worst episodes was the
247:. To encourage physical activity, Parks Commissioner
663:In addition to providing aid for food and shelter,
2798:
2778:Lion of the Valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980
2775:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2187:
2185:
1339:, although the Cardinals rented a shared space at
448:Industry between the wars and the Great Depression
222:that included public housing projects such as the
2801:St. Louis Plans: The Ideal and the Real St. Louis
2782:(4 ed.). Missouri Historical Society Press.
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
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2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
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2374:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2277:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2208:
2206:
2175:
2173:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2122:
2120:
2101:
2099:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1886:
1884:
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1880:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1687:
1685:
2071:
2069:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1624:
1622:
1397:, and the Browns were relocated and renamed the
636:, a shift from their traditional support of the
348:election on the ordinance in February 1916. The
1270:riverfront memorial to honor Thomas Jefferson
433:stopped playing German compositions, and the
271:, which were designed with the assistance of
174:
8:
955:
792:scientists had ties to St. Louis, including
321:Segregation and the East St. Louis Race Riot
275:. In 1923, St. Louis passed an $ 87 million
2757:The American City: What Works, What Doesn't
206:, then expanded its industrial base during
2824:. St. Louis Public Library. Archived from
954:
468:), electrical parts (by companies such as
181:
167:
15:
1370:victory. The Cardinals won several more
934:The end of the war in Europe, marked by
927:elected mayor through the reelection of
834:, who grew up in St. Louis and attended
544:
230:Civic improvements and pollution control
2870:, New York: McBride, Nast & Company
1618:
1272:, which would later include the famous
776:, and chemicals and medical drugs. The
722:and openly opposing the playing of the
144:
128:
112:
96:
80:
64:
48:
29:
18:
2740:. St. Louis, Missouri: Patrice Press.
1597:East-West Gateway Coordinating Council
1546:industrial sites, and an extension of
1439:Under the guidance of St. Louis Mayor
2805:. Missouri Historical Society Press.
1343:with the Browns. The Cardinals, with
480:, in addition to assembly plants for
452:After World War I, the imposition of
7:
2848:Civic League of Saint Louis (1911).
1335:became more popular than the older
1253:The Arch and Busch Stadium projects
951:Suburbanization and population loss
527:, more meatpacking plants, and the
2868:The Personality of American Cities
2820:Zimmer, Keith B. (February 2000).
1420:Urban renewal and housing projects
344:gathering enough signatures for a
14:
1567:Government consolidation attempts
1291:American Institute of Architects
1289:of the St. Louis chapter of the
907:In 1943, several hundred German
842:, followed by acceptance to the
788:, starting in 1942, and several
729:Fears of a Japanese hit-and-run
40:
869:Among the first products to be
850:, for which he was awarded the
708:Federal Bureau of Investigation
365:) wrote editorials against it.
65:City founding and early history
1249:cities in the south and west.
515:, and a railroad yard for the
195:history of St. Louis, Missouri
1:
1608:Lambert International Airport
1490:.East of Pruitt-Igoe was the
1322:Terminal Railroad Association
1299:Works Progress Administration
786:Mallinckrodt Chemical Company
784:was refined in St. Louis by
260:St. Louis Zoological Society
97:St. Louis as the Fourth City
2797:Tranel, James Neal (2007).
1577:Metropolitan Sewer District
1331:Starting in the 1920s, the
1326:Bi-State Development Agency
1141:United States Census Bureau
844:United States Naval Academy
818:was a well-known St. Louis
669:Public Works Administration
653:St. Vincent de Paul Society
386:race riot in East St. Louis
81:Expansion and the Civil War
2906:
2864:"Gateway of the Southwest"
2774:Primm, James Neal (1998).
2755:Garvin, Alexander (2002).
1560:Homer G. Phillips Hospital
1488:Mid-Century Modern designs
1356:Grover Cleveland Alexander
1263:Gateway Arch National Park
748:Office of Civilian Defense
546:Unemployment in St. Louis
324:
212:Gateway Arch National Park
210:. The city became home to
2890:20th century in St. Louis
1601:Secretary of the Interior
1482:, who later designed the
1163:University City, Missouri
1133:
986:—
676:St. Louis in World War II
605:
591:
577:
563:
558:
555:
552:
298:Missouri Botanical Garden
113:Urban decline and renewal
49:Exploration and Louisiana
836:Western Military Academy
513:American Car and Foundry
435:St. Louis Public Library
406:St. Louis in World War I
382:East St. Louis, Illinois
362:St. Louis Globe-Democrat
2736:Burnett, Betty (1987).
1466:The first of the five,
427:U.S. entry into the war
356:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
2221:Burnett (1987), 25-27.
1548:Saint Louis University
1463:
1445:St. Louis Gateway Mall
1410:Busch Memorial Stadium
1265:
1189:culture in St. Louis.
827:
712:Chesterfield, Missouri
682:attack on Pearl Harbor
517:Iron Mountain Railroad
1454:
1389:, was forced to sell
1260:
1137:"U.S. Census website"
936:Victory in Europe Day
816:Edward "Butch" O'Hare
814:
667:programs such as the
540:repeal of Prohibition
501:St. Louis Car Company
497:Mallinckrodt Chemical
442:Espionage Act of 1917
410:Upon the outbreak of
371:restrictive covenants
2885:History of St. Louis
2828:on September 5, 2011
2368:Burnett (1987), 162.
2359:Burnett (1987), 154.
2350:Burnett (1987), 148.
2341:Burnett (1987), 145.
2304:Burnett (1987), 115.
2295:Burnett (1998), 144.
2191:Burnett (1987), 117.
2158:Burnett (1987), 152.
1581:Alfonso J. Cervantes
1540:Poplar Street Bridge
1414:Chinatown, St. Louis
913:Weingarten, Missouri
822:who was awarded the
806:invasion of Normandy
724:Star Spangled Banner
2327:Burnett (1987), 87.
2318:Burnett (1987), 80.
2281:Burnett (1987), 76.
2269:Burnett (1987), 42.
2257:Burnett (1987), 89.
2248:Burnett (1987), 75.
2239:Burnett (1987), 61.
2230:Burnett (1998), 57.
2212:Burnett (1987), 24.
2179:Burnett (1987), 30.
2167:Burnett (1987), 99.
2149:Burnett (1987), 23.
2135:Burnett (1987), 22.
2126:Burnett (1987), 21.
2114:Burnett (1987), 16.
2105:Burnett (1987), 15.
2093:Burnett (1987), 66.
2084:Burnett (1987), 14.
2054:Burnett (1987), 28.
1586:To that end, Mayor
1406:Edward Durell Stone
1333:St. Louis Cardinals
959:
802:amphibious vehicles
714:who was accused of
700:Huntleigh, Missouri
606:St. Louis (blacks)
592:St. Louis (whites)
547:
307:1939 St. Louis smog
129:Recent developments
2723:Primm (1998), 484.
2714:Primm (1998), 482.
2705:Primm (1998), 481.
2696:Primm (1998), 480.
2687:Primm (1998), 478.
2678:Primm (1998), 477.
2660:Primm (1998), 476.
2651:Primm (1998), 468.
2633:Primm (1998), 470.
2624:Primm (1998), 467.
2608:Primm (1998), 464.
2599:Primm (1998), 462.
2583:Primm (1998), 460.
2565:Primm (1998), 461.
2549:Primm (1998), 459.
2528:Primm (1998), 457.
2516:Primm (1998), 458.
2498:Primm (1998), 424.
2486:Primm (1998), 456.
2472:Primm (1998), 455.
2460:Primm (1998), 454.
2448:Primm (1998), 453.
2436:Primm (1998), 393.
2427:Primm (1998), 452.
2411:Primm (1998), 419.
2402:Primm (1998), 417.
2388:Primm (1998), 445.
2075:Burnett (1987), 9.
2063:Burnett (1987), 4.
2045:Burnett (1987), 6.
2020:Primm (1998), 443.
2004:Primm (1998), 444.
1986:Primm (1998), 442.
1972:Primm (1998), 441.
1958:Primm (1998), 440.
1946:Primm (1998), 439.
1934:Primm (1998), 438.
1922:Primm (1998), 437.
1908:Primm (1998), 436.
1890:Primm (1998), 435.
1872:Primm (1998), 434.
1858:Primm (1998), 433.
1849:Primm (1998), 416.
1835:Primm (1998), 415.
1821:Primm (1998), 414.
1809:Primm (1998), 413.
1791:Primm (1998), 412.
1779:Primm (1998), 411.
1763:Primm (1998), 410.
1751:Primm (1998), 450.
1739:Primm (1998), 449.
1723:Primm (1998), 448.
1714:Primm (1998), 447.
1700:Garvin (2002), 87.
1691:Tranel (2007), 90.
1679:Primm (1998), 409.
1670:Primm (1998), 408.
1658:Primm (1998), 407.
1646:Primm (1998), 406.
1637:Primm (1998), 398.
1628:Primm (1998), 397.
1556:Sumner High School
1484:World Trade Center
1464:
1426:subsidized housing
1266:
1245:to the developing
1231:St. Charles County
901:Stix, Baer, Fuller
828:
680:Shortly after the
578:St. Louis (total)
545:
431:St. Louis Symphony
396:American Red Cross
2860:Edward Hungerford
2812:978-1-883982-61-4
2036:Burnett (1987), 2
1492:Vaughn Apartments
1399:Baltimore Orioles
1383:1944 World Series
1364:1926 World Series
1303:Laclede's Landing
1154:
1153:
917:William D. Becker
860:missing in action
856:Wendell O. Pruitt
782:Manhattan Project
645:relief operations
619:
618:
564:National average
529:Liggett and Myers
478:Gardner Motor Car
402:States to sixth.
346:direct initiative
334:Mill Creek Valley
241:Charlotte Rumbold
191:
190:
2897:
2871:
2855:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2816:
2804:
2793:
2781:
2770:
2751:
2738:St. Louis at War
2724:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2584:
2581:
2566:
2563:
2550:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2499:
2496:
2487:
2484:
2473:
2470:
2461:
2458:
2449:
2446:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2389:
2386:
2369:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2305:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2282:
2279:
2270:
2267:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2021:
2018:
2005:
2002:
1987:
1984:
1973:
1970:
1959:
1956:
1947:
1944:
1935:
1932:
1923:
1920:
1909:
1906:
1891:
1888:
1873:
1870:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1836:
1833:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1807:
1792:
1789:
1780:
1777:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1749:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1656:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1430:housing projects
1391:Sportsman's Park
1360:New York Yankees
1341:Sportsman's Park
1337:St. Louis Browns
1282:Bernard Dickmann
1278:Luther Ely Smith
1206:Richmond Heights
1187:Italian-American
1150:
1148:
1147:
973:
968:
960:
909:prisoners of war
864:killed in action
736:MacArthur Bridge
657:Bernard Dickmann
638:Republican Party
634:Democratic Party
624:domestic service
548:
536:Great Depression
521:Missouri Pacific
470:Emerson Electric
204:Great Depression
183:
176:
169:
44:
34:
16:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2875:
2874:
2858:
2847:
2844:
2842:Further reading
2831:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2796:
2790:
2773:
2767:
2759:. McGraw-Hill.
2754:
2748:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2582:
2569:
2564:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2392:
2387:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2024:
2019:
2008:
2003:
1990:
1985:
1976:
1971:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1894:
1889:
1876:
1871:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1839:
1834:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1808:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1569:
1480:Minoru Yamasaki
1468:Cochran Gardens
1460:housing project
1422:
1379:American League
1372:National League
1358:, defeated the
1316:'s design, the
1255:
1210:University City
1167:Columbus Square
1145:
1143:
1135:
957:
953:
940:American Legion
929:Francis G. Slay
923:, was the last
840:Alton, Illinois
718:for condemning
678:
450:
408:
378:Great Migration
329:
323:
282:Kiel Auditorium
253:Dwight F. Davis
232:
187:
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2903:
2901:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2856:
2854:. Nixon-Jones.
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2817:
2811:
2794:
2788:
2771:
2765:
2752:
2746:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2689:
2680:
2662:
2653:
2635:
2626:
2610:
2601:
2585:
2567:
2551:
2539:
2530:
2518:
2500:
2488:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2429:
2413:
2404:
2390:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2329:
2320:
2306:
2297:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2202:
2200:Zimmer (2000).
2193:
2181:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2137:
2128:
2116:
2107:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2022:
2006:
1988:
1974:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1924:
1910:
1892:
1874:
1860:
1851:
1837:
1823:
1811:
1793:
1781:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1725:
1716:
1702:
1693:
1681:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1588:Raymond Tucker
1568:
1565:
1421:
1418:
1395:Clarence Miles
1348:Rogers Hornsby
1345:second baseman
1287:Louis LaBeaume
1254:
1251:
1237:cities in the
1202:Webster Groves
1152:
1151:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:
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987:
984:
981:
975:
974:
969:
964:
958:St. Louis City
952:
949:
921:Aloys Kaufmann
852:Medal of Honor
824:Medal of Honor
794:Arthur Compton
757:U.S. Cartridge
695:Curtiss-Wright
677:
674:
649:Salvation Army
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
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582:
579:
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551:
505:Anheuser-Busch
486:General Motors
474:Moon Motor Car
449:
446:
420:Woodrow Wilson
407:
404:
322:
319:
273:Carl Hagenbeck
249:Philip Scanlan
231:
228:
189:
188:
186:
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27:
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2:
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2795:
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2789:1-883982-24-3
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2779:
2772:
2768:
2766:0-07-137367-5
2762:
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2749:
2747:0-935284-52-4
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2096:
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2023:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
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1943:
1941:
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1578:
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1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1536:Interstate 55
1533:
1532:Interstate 44
1529:
1528:U.S. Route 66
1525:
1524:Interstate 70
1521:
1520:Busch Stadium
1517:
1516:Interstate 64
1514:and later as
1513:
1512:U.S. Route 40
1509:
1504:
1502:
1496:
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1481:
1477:
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1437:
1435:
1434:City Hospital
1431:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
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1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:pennant races
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:and pitchers
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:Eero Saarinen
1310:
1308:
1307:Old Cathedral
1304:
1300:
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1199:
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995:
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989:
985:
982:
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977:
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965:
962:
961:
956:Population of
950:
948:
946:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
902:
898:
892:
890:
889:Scullin Steel
884:
882:
877:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:USS Lexington
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:Edward O'Hare
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
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783:
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766:
762:
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749:
745:
741:
740:Civil defense
737:
732:
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721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
692:
691:Lambert Field
687:
683:
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543:
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526:
522:
518:
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489:
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467:
463:
459:
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447:
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438:
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392:
387:
383:
379:
374:
372:
366:
364:
363:
358:
357:
351:
347:
341:
339:
338:Jim Crow laws
335:
328:
327:Delmar Divide
320:
318:
316:
310:
308:
304:
299:
293:
291:
287:
283:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
227:
225:
221:
220:urban renewal
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
196:
184:
179:
177:
172:
170:
165:
164:
162:
161:
156:
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143:
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
95:
90:
87:
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85:
84:
79:
74:
71:
70:
69:
68:
63:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
28:
23:
17:
2867:
2850:
2830:. Retrieved
2826:the original
2800:
2777:
2756:
2737:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2656:
2629:
2604:
2533:
2432:
2407:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2323:
2300:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2196:
2163:
2154:
2131:
2110:
2089:
2080:
2059:
2050:
2041:
1854:
1719:
1696:
1675:
1642:
1633:
1593:
1585:
1574:
1570:
1544:
1505:
1497:
1465:
1441:Joseph Darst
1438:
1423:
1403:
1368:World Series
1352:Jesse Haines
1330:
1318:Gateway Arch
1311:
1295:
1274:Gateway Arch
1267:
1224:The rise in
1223:
1191:
1155:
1144:. Retrieved
933:
906:
893:
885:
876:ferris wheel
868:
829:
780:used in the
765:chlorine gas
753:
728:
679:
662:
647:, while the
642:
620:
533:
490:
451:
439:
424:
409:
400:
375:
367:
360:
354:
342:
330:
311:
294:
290:Gateway Mall
257:
233:
216:Gateway Arch
208:World War II
194:
192:
145:
137:1981–present
120:
1604:Brock Adams
1508:expressways
1476:Pruitt-Igoe
1472:Darst-Webbe
1457:Pruitt-Igoe
790:atomic bomb
726:in church.
704:Axis powers
629:blackmailed
493:steelmaking
454:Prohibition
412:World War I
332:Valley and
315:natural gas
245:Jane Addams
237:progressive
224:Pruitt-Igoe
57:Before 1762
31:History of
2879:Categories
2730:References
1530:and later
1486:and other
1387:Bill Veeck
1226:automobile
1219:annexation
1146:2020-03-29
925:Republican
820:flying ace
800:and other
693:, and the
466:Brown Shoe
460:, a legal
325:See also:
286:Aloe Plaza
277:bond issue
264:Henry Kiel
1552:The Ville
1243:Northeast
1235:Rust Belt
1198:Maplewood
931:in 2009.
774:K-rations
720:lynchings
462:near beer
391:race riot
269:bear pits
199:St. Louis
121:1905–1980
105:1866–1904
89:1804–1865
73:1763–1803
33:St. Louis
2862:(1913),
2832:June 22,
1194:Kirkwood
1183:The Hill
1179:Piedmont
1175:Lombardy
1159:Wellston
1134:Source:
881:war bond
871:rationed
804:for the
744:blackout
731:air raid
716:sedition
686:Japanese
665:New Deal
651:and the
523:and the
509:Monsanto
359:and the
155:Timeline
146:See also
22:a series
20:Part of
1362:in the
1247:Sunbelt
1239:Midwest
1214:Clayton
1126:319,294
1113:348,189
1100:396,685
1087:452,801
1074:622,236
1061:750,026
1048:856,796
1035:816,048
1022:821,960
1009:772,897
996:687,029
983:575,238
945:GI Bill
778:uranium
684:by the
2809:
2786:
2763:
2744:
1212:, and
1177:, and
1116:−12.2%
1103:−12.4%
1090:−27.2%
1077:−17.0%
1064:−12.5%
1012:+12.5%
999:+19.4%
897:sit-in
767:, and
612:42.8%
609:13.2%
598:21.5%
573:24.9%
570:15.9%
525:Frisco
416:Allies
24:on the
1614:Notes
1501:scrap
1171:Milan
1129:−8.3%
1122:2010
1109:2000
1096:1990
1083:1980
1070:1970
1057:1960
1051:+5.0%
1044:1950
1038:−0.7%
1031:1940
1025:+6.3%
1018:1930
1005:1920
992:1910
979:1900
798:DUKWs
769:sulfa
595:8.4%
581:9.8%
567:8.7%
559:1933
556:1931
553:1930
350:NAACP
2834:2011
2807:ISBN
2784:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2537:Ling
1558:and
1455:The
1354:and
1241:and
1161:and
967:Pop.
963:Year
615:80%
601:35%
587:30%
584:24%
484:and
482:Ford
476:and
458:Bevo
303:smog
284:and
193:The
862:or
838:in
761:TNT
2881::
2866:,
2665:^
2638:^
2613:^
2588:^
2570:^
2554:^
2542:^
2521:^
2503:^
2491:^
2477:^
2465:^
2453:^
2441:^
2416:^
2393:^
2373:^
2332:^
2309:^
2286:^
2274:^
2262:^
2205:^
2184:^
2172:^
2140:^
2119:^
2098:^
2068:^
2025:^
2009:^
1991:^
1977:^
1963:^
1951:^
1939:^
1927:^
1913:^
1895:^
1877:^
1863:^
1840:^
1826:^
1814:^
1796:^
1784:^
1768:^
1756:^
1744:^
1728:^
1705:^
1684:^
1663:^
1651:^
1621:^
1610:.
1401:.
1324:,
1221:.
1208:,
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1173:,
1139:.
972:±%
866:.
763:,
640:.
511:,
507:,
499:,
398:.
2836:.
2815:.
2792:.
2769:.
2750:.
1149:.
826:.
182:e
175:t
168:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
