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663:, a process in which decaying animal carcasses were converted into useful products. Generally, after an animal was slaughtered for meat consumption, hides were sent to be cured and tanned, while the remaining fat and bones were sent to renderers. Most rendering factories produced particularly noxious fumes, often regarded as health hazards. Smells from the factories and offal sent to them were reportedly "so putrid that a wagon loaded with can be smelled for miles ... and while rendering the fetid smell sickens inhabitants for miles around." The stench of bone rendering factories was said to have been so thick and bad that it "slowed the incoming trains."
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focused entirely on Joplin and ragtime music, ignoring the urban milieu which shaped his musical compositions. A newer heritage project has expanded coverage to include the more complex social history of black urban migration and the transformation of a multi-ethnic neighborhood to the contemporary community. Part of this diverse narrative now includes coverage of uncomfortable topics of racial oppression, poverty, sanitation, prostitution, and sexually transmitted diseases.
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540:, a well-respected politician. Armstrong created consensus among the St. Louisans, then persuaded the full convention to support the proposal. The proposal of the delegates, to separate the city from the county, was regarded as a local reform effort to eliminate government corruption. The full constitutional convention approved the proposal, and the new Missouri Constitution was narrowly approved by voters in November 1874.
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over questions of taxation in the St. Louis County court. In 1867, the county court was given power to assess and collect property tax revenue from St. Louis city property, providing a financial boon to the county government while depriving city government of revenues. After this power transfer, St. Louisans in the city began to favor one of three options: greater representation on the county court via
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carried out began in 1880; in the new policy, nuisance regulations would be enforced strictly in some areas while little in others, thereby encouraging offending industries to concentrate in certain areas. The Board of Health generally avoided concentrating industries in areas with higher property values, and in general attempted to force manufacturers to the
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of
Education appropriated .2% of its budget for that purpose. This sum amounted to $ 500, meaning that facilities were quite poor; long walking distances from schools were common, and teacher salaries were roughly half of those in white schools. In 1875, after considerable effort and protest from the black community, high school classes began to be offered at
560:, 128 of 132 "no" votes showed evidence of having been erased "yes" votes. Other precincts had more votes than voters, while poll workers testified to being ordered to stuff ballot boxes with "no" votes. A recount commission investigated the fraud and subsequently altered the vote totals, and in December 1876 the separation was approved.
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Schuler's Hall, and other operational centers of the strike, killing eighteen, arresting scores, and putting an end to the uprising. Four days later, the special police went on a triumphant march through the city. In the wake of the arrests, the city prosecutors largely refused to prosecute the prisoners.
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iconography, the Veiled
Prophet Society undertook an annual parade and masqued ball to assert the cultural superiority of white Protestant America over Catholics, blacks, and other races, as well as associated vices such as intemperance, sloth, and lust. The parades portrayed the United States as the
666:
In spite of this, courts and legal mechanisms to end pollution were hindered by a desire to promote economic growth; if a complaint was substantiated (difficult in itself), the judgment often did not end the offending pollution but merely required damage payments. One of the few health policies to be
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and four-year mayoral terms. The new city charter also tripled the size of the city to include the new rural parks (such as Forest Park) and the useful riverfront from the
Missouri-Mississippi confluence to the mouth of the River Des Peres. The Board announced its plans on July 4, 1876. Upon approval
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When
Missouri became a state in 1821, St. Louis County was created from the boundaries of the former St. Louis subdistrict of the Missouri Territory; St. Louis city existed within the county but was not coterminous with it. Starting in the 1850s, rural county voters began to exert political influence
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from 1866 to 1904 was marked by rapid growth. Its population increased, making it the country's fourth-largest city after New York City, Philadelphia, and
Chicago. It also saw rapid development of heavy industry, infrastructure, and transportation. The period culminated with the city's hosting of the
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from among St. Louis city and county, tasked with reorganizing them into two separate political entities. In a series of meetings in the summer of 1876, the Board of
Freeholders determined that the city would "perform all functions in relation to the state as if it were a county ..." and established
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In 1864, an integrated group of St. Louisans formed the Board of
Education for Colored Schools, which established schools without public finances for more than 1,500 pupils in 1865. The Missouri Constitution of 1865 required municipalities to support black education; in response, the St. Louis Board
214:
During the Civil War, the infrastructure of St. Louis was neglected. Typhoid fever raged in certain quarters. Another cholera epidemic struck in 1866, killing more than 3,500 people. In response, the city established the St. Louis Board of Health, which was given power to create and enforce sanitary
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celebrating the centennial of the purchase. By the end of 1900, St. Louisans had purchased more than $ 5 million in stock in the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, and the next year, the city of St. Louis issued a bond for another $ 5 million for the company while the U.S. Congress appropriated
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By 1881, 35 militias were organized throughout the city, financed by private donations and federal money earmarked for the
National Guard. These militias were paramilitary outfits, staffed by volunteers who did not report to the police or the sheriff. This exempted them from public oversight. These
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in 1900-1903 was recognized as a
National Historic Landmark in 1976 and was saved from destruction by the local African American community. In 1983, the Missouri Department of Natural Resources made it the first state historic site in Missouri dedicated to the African American heritage. At first it
242:
In the early 1870s, new industries began to grow in St. Louis, such as cotton compressing, a process in which raw cotton is compressed for easier shipment. By 1880, St. Louis was the third-largest raw cotton market in the United States, with an overwhelming majority of it transported to the city by
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From the early 1840s, the wealthiest families of St. Louis often resided in enclaves on the outskirts of the city. In the 1850s and 1860s, many wealthy businessmen lived along Washington Avenue, but the construction of the Eads Bridge encouraged commercial development in the area. Other well-to-do
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Among the downsides to rapid industrialization was pollution, of which St. Louis generated a great deal. Brick firing produced particulate air pollution and paint making created lead dust, while beer and liquor brewing produced grain swill. However, the worst pollution was coal dust and smoke, for
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in 1842 changed much of the beer industry in the area; Lemp introduced lager beer, which quickly became the most popular type of beer in St. Louis. The industry also expanded rapidly in the late 1850s, from 24 breweries in 1854 to 40 in 1860. Brewing became the city's largest industry by 1880, but
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In 1880, the leading industries of St. Louis included brewing, flour milling, slaughtering, machining, and tobacco processing. Other industries including the making of paint, bricks, bags, and iron. During the 1880s, the city grew in population by 29 percent, from 350,518 to 451,770, making it the
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Company directors selected the western half of Forest Park as the site of the fair, sparking a real estate boom in the area. To meet anticipated demand by visitors, several hotels were constructed in downtown and the Central West End, and temporary lodging was erected in the fairgrounds itself by
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by the name of John McDonald arrived in St. Louis. He was a superintendent for the Bureau of Revenue, sent to St. Louis to collect liquor taxes from distillers and distributors, primarily of whiskey. He began a wide-ranging conspiracy predicated on under-reporting whiskey production and using the
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Following the appointment of a new Secretary of the Treasury in 1874, an investigation was begun using officials who were not affiliated with the Treasury Department. When all was said and done, 32 distilleries and bottling plants in the Midwest were seized, $ 3M in taxes were recovered, and 238
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celebrations, the bridge opened with a parade and a crowd in excess of 200,000. Costs for the bridge exceeded estimates, reaching $ 6.5 million for labor, land, and supplies, which increased to $ 9 million when including bond interest. A 5,000-foot tunnel connecting the bridge with the St. Louis
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In addition to connecting St. Louis with the west, the railroads began to demand connections with the east across the Mississippi. From 1820 to 1865 a single ferry company in Illinois controlled the majority of traffic across the river, leading to high costs and delays during winter. Plans for a
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and several other parcels of land, bringing the total fairgrounds to an area of 1,272 acres. Streetcar and rail service to the area was improved, and a new filtration system was implemented to improve the clarity of the St. Louis water supply. Other infrastructure improvements made for the fair
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When the elected sheriff refused to suppress the strike, the elites of St. Louis pooled $ 20,000 to finance the hiring of 5000 "deputized special police." These special police, along with 3000 members of the National Guard sent by the Governor and at least two cannons, sacked the Relay Depot,
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in 1875. At the convention, St. Louis area delegates took up the question of how to solve the region's city-county disputes. The delegates ruled out consolidation as too impractical and expensive from a management perspective; separation was considered the primary goal.
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to connect with regional manufacturers and growers. However, by the 1880s, the connection to agriculture had declined, and in 1883, a new exposition hall was built at Thirteenth and Olive streets to house industrial exhibits. In 1890, St. Louis attempted to host the
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in 1901, where he associated with Tom Turpin and composed music in the city until moving to Chicago in 1907. After 1906, several music clubs moved to an area known as Deep Morgan, located on Biddle Street in north St. Louis. Blues and Boogie Woogie pianists like
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of the plan by city and county voters, the city would become the County of the City of St. Louis, assume all county debt, and purchase the Old Courthouse. The county would remain the County of St. Louis but would lose access to tax revenue from city property.
418:, also known as the bends. In March 1870 a doctor was engaged to assist; he recommended a decompression schedule that reduced the problems. In 1871 work began on the superstructure of the bridge, and the upper roadway was completed in April 1874.
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and others initially doubted it, the city eventually grew to surround the park. The park site was among the last in St. Louis County (now in St. Louis City) to contain Native American burial mounds. Although it opened as an integrated park,
270:. In 1872, the state legislature authorized the city to purchase more than 1,000 acres for a park. After a series of court challenges, the city completed the purchase of land in a largely rural area at the city's western border in 1874 and
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After the Civil War, school taxes increased and became largely dependent on property values. By 1870, the public and parochial school systems had 24,347 and 4,362 students respectively. Starting in the 1870s, St. Louis schools adopted
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Early efforts focused on the first option, which was to revise the county charters to force greater representation of city interests on the county court. In spite of efforts by state representatives from the city (including a young
751:, which killed more than 140 and destroyed dozens of buildings on the square. Although some homes were rebuilt, many residents moved from the area, and by 1918 the area surrounding Lafayette Square was rezoned for commercial use.
631:, together produced 1.5 million barrels in 1900. St. Louis breweries also were innovators: Anheuser-Busch pioneered refrigerated railroad cars for beer transport and was the first company to market pasteurized bottled beer.
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country's fourth largest city; it also was fourth measured by value of its manufactured products, and more than 6,148 factories existed in 1890. However, during the 1890s manufacturing growth slowed dramatically. The
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of Carondelet in 1845, but a mob attacked the convent and closed the school. Two years later, the state legislature banned education for free blacks (slave education had already been prohibited). Meachum operated
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Frustration with one-party governance continued, and was exacerbated by a series of bankruptcies and pay-cuts by large railroad companies throughout the country. Following the third pay-cut in a year by the
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and subsequent depression and the overproduction of grain made St. Louis mills considerably less productive and valuable. Flour milling was halved in production, and most other industries suffered declines.
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On May 24, 1874, a large crowd of St. Louisans were permitted on the roadway deck, and in June the bridge's weight limits were tested using a coal wagon, a train, and an elephant. On July 2, 1874, fourteen
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regulations and monitor the activities of certain polluting industries. To rectify some of the problems with the water system, a new waterworks was built in north St. Louis in 1871, accompanied by a large
1028:, President Grant's personal secretary and close friend. When Babcock was acquitted at trial in February 1876, it further tarnished the image of the Republican party and President Grant in particular.
1157:, but the fair was awarded to Chicago, which hosted the exposition in 1893. In 1899, delegates from states that had been part of the Louisiana Purchase met in St. Louis, selecting it as the site of a
480:, more railroads met at St. Louis than any other city in the United States. Union Station's rail platform expanded in 1930 and operated as the passenger rail terminal for St. Louis into the 1970s.
461:, a railroad-only bridge built in 1889. The TRRA then began to plan for a new railroad station in St. Louis, which would replace the 1875 structure and consolidate all St. Louis railroad activity.
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348:, linking Chicago to western markets at the expense of St. Louis. State legislators from northern Illinois conspired during the late 1860s to prevent or delay bridge construction originating in
570:"The City of St. Louis has affected me more deeply than any other environment has ever done, I consider myself fortunate to have been born here, rather than in Boston, or New York, or London."
445:
To accommodate increased rail traffic, a new railroad terminal, Union Depot, was constructed in 1875, but it was not large enough to consolidate all train service in one location. Due to the
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The development of interurban rail was marked by the 1899 consolidation of 10 independent streetcar lines into two. One of those two, the St. Louis Transit Company, was the target of the
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eventually spread to other cities, including Chicago, Milwaukee, and New Orleans. The ring expanded to include numerous Federal officials both in and outside of the Treasury department.
296:'s discipline and curriculum, which focused on rigorous obedience and training in grammar, philosophy, and mathematics. Harris also embraced innovation by establishing the first public
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included a wooden bridge at Kingshighway crossing the rail yards of Mill Creek Valley, and a street paving program that improved air quality by reducing airborne dust particulates.
352:, in order to cement the position of Chicago as a transit hub. However, in 1867 leading St. Louis bankers and merchants formed a company to bridge the river from the Missouri side.
980:
team with the same name was founded in 1882. This team changed its name multiple times, shortening to the Browns in 1883, then becoming the Perfectos in 1899, and settling on the
1174:). While the fair was under construction, it became clear that the western half of the park would not suffice for the size of the fair, so company directors leased the campus of
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remains extant after falling from popularity when the city divided a nearby park and connected the private street to the common grid. Lafayette Square remained popular until the
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were connected to St. Louis by railroad starting in 1876, allowing for the development of large estates in those areas. It also encouraged the construction of social clubs and
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industry, which originated in St. Louis in the years after the Louisiana Purchase, was limited in scope to local production during the pre-Civil War era. The arrival of
223:. But the system was plagued by high demand and the dumping of waste upriver from the waterworks. The gas light system also saw improvements during the 1870s, when the
556:
On August 22, 1876, St. Louis voters initially appeared to have rejected the separation plan by a vote of 14,132 to 12,726. The vote, however, was fraudulent; in one
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St. Louis then hosted the 12th Democratic National Convention in June 1876. In response to the corruption of the Republican party, the Democratic Party nominated
703:
and built in 1892, still stands at Chestnut and Seventh Streets, and is today used by the state of Missouri as a government office building. Corporations such as
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dug holes in lots to produce brick, stone and soil for the building trades. These holes often filled with industrial waste, sewage, garbage, and dirty runoff.
792:
The development of private places in the Central West End during the 1890s coincided with the rise of country estates in St. Louis County. The rural towns of
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operated a club and sponsored ragtime playing contests starting in the mid-1890s. Several well-known ragtime artists played at Turpin's club, including
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340:
bridge over the river had begun as early as 1839, but were abandoned due to cost. After the Civil War bridges across the Mississippi were completed at
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after the fair. While in operation, the fair celebrated American expansionism and world cultures with exhibits of historical French fur-trading, and
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It is asserted that the police organized an annual parade for the next twenty years where they displayed the weapons used to murder the protesters.
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areas included Lucas Place and Lafayette Square, which were developed in the 1850s and peaked in popularity in the 1870s. Of Lucas Place, only the
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in 1874. Despite early objections to the idea, kindergarten was particularly popular in St. Louis, serving 7,800 students by the end of the 1870s.
136:
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also was a problem, as many residential areas were intermixed with industrial areas. In spite of efforts to fill sinkholes before the Civil War,
262:
St. Louis also expanded its park system during the 1860s and 1870s. Besides the common fields which were converted into Lafayette Park, in 1868
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difference to enrich themselves and moreover to fund Republican party political campaigns, including Grant's 1872 re-election campaign. The
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72:
1059:, when railroad workers across the nation went on strike against corruption, cronyism, and unjust working conditions. In some cities, like
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played regularly in the Deep Morgan area (Among other blues numbers he recorded Deep Morgan Blues). In Deep Morgan, ragtime evolved into
464:
The TRRA invited ten architects to submit designs for the station with general requirements as to the size of the building. The design by
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The fair itself consisted of an "Ivory City" of twelve temporary exhibition palaces, and one permanent exhibit palace which became the
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Timothy Baumann, et al. "Interpreting Uncomfortable History at the Scott Joplin House State Historic Site in St. Louis, Missouri."
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loaded with coal pulled onto each span, putting to rest concerns about the bridge's safety. Two days later, as part of the city's
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331:, the first high school for black students west of the Mississippi. However, inequality remained rampant in St. Louis schools.
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favored by many bridge builders at the time would require at least five separate spans. Thus, Eads and his German assistants,
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41:
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774:. The owners of these residences formed an elite ruling class known locally as the "Big Cinch", including St. Louis Mayor
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technique. However, the effects of pneumatic caissons were poorly understood, leading to the deaths of 14 workers due to
323:
in the Mississippi River during the 1840s and 1850s; and local black churches also operated secret schools in basements.
894:, which describes an 1899 murder that took place in Chestnut Valley. Slightly west of Chestnut Valley, ragtime composer
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system, nearby streets had commercialized by 1910. This commercialization led the wealthy to move farther west, to the
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over the summer months of 1900, a strike that developed into a civil disruption, leaving 14 dead and hundreds injured.
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conducted a public demonstration of his wireless lighting and power transmission system here in 1893. Addressing the
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The greatest complaints to the St. Louis Board of Health, however, were due to the presence of industries engaged in
1130:
1115:—who had played a key role in the suppression of the strike in 1877—was appointed by the Police Board to organize a
1954:
991:, which relocated to Indianapolis in 1887. In 1901, St. Louis became a two-team city again with the addition of an
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449:, the terminal, the company owning the Eads Bridge, and the company owning the St. Louis tunnel were purchased by
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375:, giving it the advantage of allowing heavy road and rail traffic. Congress had prohibited Eads from building a
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976:) in their opener on May 6, 1875. However, the original Brown Stockings club closed in 1878, and an unrelated
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regained political control in Missouri for the first time after the Civil War, prompting the rewriting of the
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Excavations for the bridge piers began in September 1867 and continued through 1871, using the relatively new
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477:
457:(TRRA), which took over operations of the bridge and the train station, and in 1893, the TRRA purchased the
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251:, organized in St. Louis in 1879 from smaller lines that connected the region to cotton producers in Texas.
1985:", (Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 136 By Persifor Frazer, Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa)
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schools for African-Americans had begun in the 1820s under the tutelage of ministers John Mason Peck and
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The negotiations on how to proceed among the St. Louis delegates stalled, however, until the arrival of
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In response to the Great Upheaval, a group of St. Louis businessmen and former Confederates—including
886:, who was stuck in St. Louis for some months in the early 1890s, a stay commemorated in his 1914 song
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30:
1978:
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981:
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However, reported revenue of brewers in St. Louis suggests that the 1900 figure (derived from the
314:, but these schools were closed by local police. Another school opened under the authority of the
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1035:, Governor of New York and political reformer, for President. This contributed to the contested
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999:. The Browns were more popular than the Cardinals during the 1910s and 1920s, but neither won a
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1067:, as workers across industries articulated demands for improved labor conditions, including an
648:, and railroad traffic created large, dense clouds of coal smoke around depots and railyards.
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878:) became the home of St. Louis ragtime. Businesses in Chestnut Valley included saloons and
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neighborhood, which included the private places of Westmoreland Place, Portland Place, and
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began to be played in St. Louis in the years following the Civil War; a team known as the
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Starting in the 1890s, the district known as Chestnut Valley (an area now occupied by the
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1202:. Historical artifacts relating to St. Louis history were collected and exhibited by the
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played in Chestnut Valley, while vaudeville theaters in the area featured acts such as
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wirelessly. Tesla proposed this wireless technology could incorporate a system for the
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which St. Louis was infamous by the 1890s. Nearly every factory relied on coal to fire
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882:, both of which hired musicians to play background music. Among these musicians were
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militias were organized to suppress further workers' strikes, most notably with the
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was founded in the city in 1875. The Brown Stockings were a founding member of the
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persuaded the General Assembly to deny changes to the county charter. In 1873, the
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Since the 1850s, St. Louis had hosted annual agricultural and mechanical fairs at
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816:(the first and second golf courses west of the Mississippi, respectively). Poets
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dropped from the nation's second-largest beer producer in 1890 to fifth in 1900.
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371:. The foot of the St. Louis bridge on the west bank was at the relatively wide
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people were indicted. One of the individuals implicated in the conspiracy was
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logical and proper end to history, and yet until 1899, did not reference the
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railroad yards and costs to modify streets were approximately $ 2 million.
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After Lafayette Square, wealthy St. Louisans moved during the 1890s to a
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St. Louis is one of several cities that claims to have the world's first
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2434:, Municipal Affairs, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), New York: Reform Club,
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was approved in July 1891. Construction costs were $ 6.5 million, and
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laws eventually restricted the use of the park by African-Americans.
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The St. Louis Veiled Prophet Celebration: Power on Parade, 1877-1995
1055:, railroad workers in West Virginia went on strike. This led to the
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and John Priest, the chief of police—organized the creation of the
934:, while clubs that remained in Chestnut Valley began playing early
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In addition to the early Chestnut Valley players, ragtime composer
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operator. During the Civil War Eads aided the Union by designing
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the provisions of the city charter, including the creation of 28
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Saint Louis, the Commercial Metropolis of the Mississippi Valley
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in 1878. Drawing on influences including New Orleans Mardi Gras
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During the 1880s, St. Louis also was home to another club, the
683:, an area later declared blighted and demolished in the 1940s.
644:, the region's homes used a relatively more polluting form of
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was built in 1894 to consolidate railroad service in St. Louis
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across the Mississippi due to multiple recent failures, and a
890:. In addition, the area was immortalized in the ragtime song
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known as Vandeventer Place, but due to the expansion of the
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were held in St. Louis, at what would become the campus of
2271:, St. Louis: Printed by Clayton & Babington, 1867,
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Humboldt Monument at Tower Grove Park, photographed by
2432:
Bibliography of Municipal Problems and City Conditions
838:, he showed "wireless lighting" in 1893 via lighting
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neighborhoods. Other industries congregated along the
723:) were either headquartered or founded in St. Louis.
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in 1886 for $ 3.5 million. In 1889, Gould formed the
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Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities
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was the first Mississippi River bridge in St. Louis
2408:William Hyde and Howard Louis Conard, ed. (1899).
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1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
543:The proposal and constitution created a Board of
2361:Notable St. Louisans in 1900: a portrait gallery
1296:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1241:
227:was formed to serve the south side of the city.
2269:Guide book and complete pocket map of St. Louis
568:
472:formally opened on September 1, 1894. Although
300:in the United States, under the instruction of
274:was opened in 1876. The editorial staff of the
247:. Among these new railroad connections was the
968:and became a hometown favorite, defeating the
623:) was low. The two largest St. Louis brewers,
355:The chief engineer for the bridge project was
2091:
2089:
2087:
1170:(who used profits from the facility to found
784:United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor
730:Damage was particularly significant from the
174:
8:
2040:"A left Hand Like God" by Peter J. Silvester
335:Railroads, the Eads Bridge and Union Station
2396:, vol. 43, pp. 57 volumes, 1897,
1983:On Light and Other High Frequency Phenomena
603:for transporting beer to a national market.
2341:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
455:Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis
359:, a self-taught engineer and accomplished
181:
167:
15:
2301:, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
828:called the city home during this period.
2411:Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis
2322:Police guide and directory of St. Louis
1214:
476:had a greater volume of traffic at its
144:
128:
112:
96:
80:
64:
48:
29:
18:
2352:Commercial and architectural St. Louis
2334:
1981:, Tesla public demonstration called, "
2376:Gould's handy guide to St. Louis, Mo.
1950:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
749:1896 St. Louis-East St. Louis tornado
732:1896 St. Louis-East St. Louis tornado
287:Innovation and segregation in schools
7:
1832:Quoted from y in Hurley (1997), 151.
1823:Quoted from x in Hurley (1997), 151.
1119:and once again put down the strike.
938:music. Early jazz musicians such as
836:National Electric Light Association
699:, a 10-story structure designed by
2390:"Central Continental Metropolis",
1200:Washington University in St. Louis
1176:Washington University in St. Louis
627:(the world's largest brewery) and
14:
2223:. Missouri History Museum Press.
717:Desloge Consolidated Lead Company
687:Commercial and residential growth
1138:held in St. Louis in Forest Park
491:Separation from St. Louis County
258:City Hall in 1907, built in 1893
40:
1134:The Government Building at the
195:history of St. Louis, Missouri,
65:City founding and early history
2393:Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly
2309:, St. Louis: C. N. Dry, 1877,
1011:In 1871, an old army buddy of
1:
2459:, New York: McClure, Phillips
2289:. Tribune Publishing Company.
1063:, the strike expanded into a
1037:Presidential Election of 1876
854:Music and sports in St. Louis
2363:, St. Louis: Benesch, 1900,
2307:Pictorial guide to St. Louis
1947:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013).
1194:villages. Concurrently, the
1155:World's Columbian Exposition
97:St. Louis as the Fourth City
1204:Missouri Historical Society
1007:Corruption and Civil Unrest
81:Expansion and the Civil War
2495:
2246:. University of Missouri.
2215:Primm, James Neal (1998).
1955:Princeton University Press
1141:
601:refrigerated railroad cars
485:St. Louis Streetcar Strike
2474:19th century in St. Louis
2426:Robert C. Brooks (1901),
2378:, St. Louis: Acme, 1894,
962:St. Louis Brown Stockings
736:St. Louis tornado history
502:city-county consolidation
395:design with three spans.
221:standpipe at Grand Avenue
217:reservoir at Compton Hill
113:Urban decline and renewal
49:Exploration and Louisiana
2324:, St. Louis, Mo., 1884,
2238:Spencer, Thomas (2000).
1109:Streetcar Strike of 1900
921:moved to St. Louis from
350:East St. Louis, Illinois
321:school aboard steamboats
276:St. Louis Globe Democrat
225:Laclede Gaslight Company
210:Infrastructure and parks
2456:The Shame of the Cities
2402:2027/inu.32000000494411
970:Chicago White Stockings
402:Completed in 1874, the
1139:
1088:Veiled Prophet Society
950:The home Joplin rented
871:
824:as well as playwright
810:Glen Echo Country Club
739:
604:
572:
442:
407:
259:
239:
2355:. Dumont Jones. 1891.
2283:L. U. Reavis (1874).
1142:Further information:
1133:
861:
729:
599:pioneered the use of
595:
530:Missouri Constitution
437:
401:
316:Sisters of St. Joseph
294:William Torrey Harris
257:
233:
2479:History of St. Louis
2202:Arenson (2011), 217.
2071:33.2 (2011): 37-66.
2069:The public historian
1691:Arenson (2011), 212.
1679:Arenson (2011), 211.
1663:Arenson (2011), 210.
1642:Arenson (2011), 201.
1633:Arenson (2011), 200.
1339:Arenson (2011), 207.
1330:Arenson (2011), 206.
1318:Arenson (2011), 199.
1309:Arenson (2011), 205.
1226:Arenson (2011), 218.
1196:1904 Summer Olympics
1184:St. Louis Art Museum
1125:
778:, Missouri Governor
249:Cotton Belt Railroad
204:1904 Summer Olympics
2125:Spencer (2000), 77.
2095:Feldmann (2009), 8.
1979:St. Louis, Missouri
1859:Hurley (1997), 157.
1850:Hurley (1997), 158.
1841:Hurley (1997), 156.
1814:Hurley (1997), 151.
1805:Hurley (1997), 150.
1793:Hurley (1997), 149.
1713:Hurley (1997), 148.
1247:Hurley (1997), 152.
982:St. Louis Cardinals
862:From 1901 to 1907,
814:Normandie Golf Club
697:Wainwright Building
129:Recent developments
2193:Primm (1998), 382.
2181:Primm (1998), 379.
2172:Primm (1998), 377.
2160:Primm (1998), 376.
2151:Primm (1998), 375.
2139:Primm (1998), 372.
2116:Primm (1998), 425.
2104:Primm (1998), 424.
2078:2016-04-20 at the
1937:Primm (1998), 344.
1925:Primm (1998), 346.
1913:Primm (1998), 345.
1901:Primm (1998), 343.
1889:Primm (1998), 342.
1880:Primm (1998), 341.
1868:Primm (1998), 340.
1781:Primm (1998), 330.
1772:Primm (1998), 329.
1760:Primm (1998), 196.
1748:Primm (1998), 195.
1739:Primm (1998), 328.
1725:Primm (1998), 327.
1651:Primm (1998), 305.
1624:Primm (1998), 304.
1612:Primm (1998), 303.
1598:Primm (1998), 300.
1589:Primm (1998), 299.
1573:Primm (1998), 297.
1559:Primm (1998), 295.
1532:Primm (1998), 294.
1518:Primm (1998), 291.
1504:Primm (1998), 289.
1490:Primm (1998), 288.
1481:Primm (1998), 287.
1469:Primm (1998), 286.
1460:Primm (1998), 284.
1451:Primm (1998), 283.
1442:Primm (1998), 282.
1426:Primm (1998), 281.
1417:Primm (1998), 280.
1408:Primm (1998), 279.
1399:Primm (1998), 319.
1387:Primm (1998), 318.
1375:Primm (1998), 324.
1361:Primm (1998), 317.
1300:Primm (1998), 306.
1286:Primm (1998), 278.
1270:Primm (1998), 277.
1261:Primm (1998), 267.
1235:Primm (1998), 266.
1140:
1084:Alonzo W. Slayback
1069:eight-hour workday
1041:Compromise of 1877
1039:, followed by the
892:Frankie and Johnny
872:
870:lived in St. Louis
826:Tennessee Williams
772:Washington Terrace
760:Midtown, St. Louis
740:
713:Brown Shoe Company
605:
538:David H. Armstrong
443:
408:
329:Sumner High School
312:John Berry Meachum
260:
240:
2230:978-1-883982-25-6
2058:Owsley (2006), 8.
2049:Owsley (2006), 5.
2031:Owsley (2006), 6.
2022:Owsley (2006), 7.
2010:Owsley (2006), 2.
1994:Owsley (2006), 1.
1964:978-0-691-05776-7
1162:the same amount.
1144:1904 World's Fair
1136:1904 World's Fair
1126:1904 World's Fair
989:St. Louis Maroons
923:Sedalia, Missouri
844:telecommunication
681:Mill Creek Valley
564:Industrialization
474:Chicago, Illinois
412:pneumatic caisson
377:suspension bridge
373:Washington Avenue
266:donated land for
200:1904 World's Fair
191:
190:
2486:
2460:
2447:Lincoln Steffens
2442:
2415:
2404:
2386:
2371:
2356:
2346:
2340:
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2194:
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2056:
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2038:
2032:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2011:
2008:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1911:
1902:
1899:
1890:
1887:
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1878:
1869:
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1613:
1610:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:TRRA (1895), 21.
1548:
1542:
1541:TRRA (1895), 17.
1539:
1533:
1530:
1519:
1516:
1505:
1502:
1491:
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1482:
1479:
1470:
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1310:
1307:
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1298:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1113:John H. Cavender
1053:B&O railroad
997:St. Louis Browns
876:Scottrade Center
780:David R. Francis
768:Central West End
677:Pacific Railroad
669:North Riverfront
579:
526:Democratic Party
510:independent city
459:Merchants Bridge
428:Independence Day
391:, settled on an
342:Quincy, Illinois
268:Tower Grove Park
183:
176:
169:
44:
34:
16:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
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2463:
2445:
2425:
2407:
2389:
2374:
2359:
2349:
2333:
2320:
2305:
2293:
2282:
2267:
2264:
2262:Further reading
2254:
2237:
2231:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2080:Wayback Machine
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1957:. p. 132.
1946:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1888:
1884:
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1867:
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1269:
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1260:
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1246:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1150:Fairground Park
1146:
1128:
1117:posse comitatus
1043:and the end of
1026:Orville Babcock
1009:
993:American League
978:National League
966:National League
940:Pee Wee Russell
904:Arthur Marshall
888:St. Louis Blues
856:
719:(headed by the
709:Danforth family
707:(headed by the
689:
650:Noise pollution
646:bituminous coal
637:
581:
574:
566:
558:voting precinct
518:Joseph Pulitzer
506:urban secession
493:
416:caisson disease
389:Charles Pfeifer
337:
289:
212:
187:
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:
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2097:
2083:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2012:
1996:
1987:
1970:
1963:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1882:
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1861:
1852:
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1807:
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1665:
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1591:
1575:
1561:
1552:
1543:
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1419:
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1401:
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1377:
1363:
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1311:
1302:
1288:
1272:
1263:
1249:
1237:
1228:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1172:Statler Hotels
1127:
1124:
1071:and an end to
1065:general strike
1057:Great Upheaval
1045:Reconstruction
1008:
1005:
1003:through 1925.
855:
852:
840:Geissler tubes
745:Campbell House
721:Desloge family
705:Ralston-Purina
701:Louis Sullivan
688:
685:
636:
633:
625:Anheuser-Busch
597:Anheuser-Busch
567:
565:
562:
492:
489:
336:
333:
288:
285:
236:Robert Benecke
211:
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2452:
2451:"(St. Louis)"
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1990:
1973:
1949:
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1810:
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1168:E.M. Statler
1164:
1159:world's fair
1147:
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1077:
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1022:
1018:Whiskey Ring
1010:
1001:pennant race
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974:Chicago Cubs
955:
948:
919:Scott Joplin
916:
900:Scott Hayden
873:
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832:Nikola Tesla
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808:such as the
806:golf courses
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2428:"St. Louis"
2295:"St. Louis"
1073:child labor
972:(later the
928:Henry Brown
848:information
822:T. S. Eliot
776:Rolla Wells
621:U.S. Census
576:T. S. Eliot
545:Freeholders
508:to form an
424:locomotives
404:Eads Bridge
393:arch bridge
272:Forest Park
57:Before 1762
31:History of
2468:Categories
2209:References
995:team, the
944:Eva Taylor
908:Joe Jordan
896:Tom Turpin
884:W.C. Handy
802:Florissant
734:(see also
715:, and the
693:skyscraper
520:), county
385:Henry Flad
308:Segregated
302:Susan Blow
264:Henry Shaw
2384:23421862M
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984:in 1900.
866:composer
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661:rendering
635:Pollution
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522:lobbyists
500:changes,
451:Jay Gould
369:ironclads
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89:1804–1865
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1192:Filipino
958:baseball
880:brothels
812:and the
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794:Normandy
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281:Jim Crow
245:railroad
155:Timeline
146:See also
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864:ragtime
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498:charter
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782:, and
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219:and a
24:on the
1210:Notes
932:blues
673:Baden
550:wards
504:, or
361:diver
2436:OCLC
2343:link
2248:ISBN
2225:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1190:and
1094:and
936:jazz
820:and
671:and
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