History of Stockholm - Knowledge (XXG)

894: 184: 1206:. Before the end of the decade, most new buildings were equipped with electricity and telephones were increasingly common. During the 1890s, the Neo-Renaissance plaster architecture was replaced by structures in brick and natural stone, largely inspired by French Renaissance architecture. Around what still was factories outside the customs of Stockholm, shacks whose sanitary conditions defied all description evolved. Before the end of the century, however, these were transformed into municipal societies, which facilitated regulation of health and construction, and by the turn of the century, the expansion had continued far beyond the city limits, with villa suburbs initiated by individuals adding a mix of purely speculative structures and more qualitative ambitions. The new century saw the introduction of 337: 323: 426:. During the reign of Vasa's sons, trade led many Swedes to settle in the city, but the trade and the capital needed to control it was largely in the hands of the king and German merchants from Lübeck and Danzig. Throughout the era, Sweden could hardly claim the level of government and bureaucracy requisite to a capital in the modern sense, but Stockholm was the kingdom's strongest bastion and the king's main residence. As Eric XIV's pretensions were on par with those of Renaissance princes on the continent, he afforded himself the largest court his finances could possibly support, and the royal castle was thus the biggest employer in the city. 477: 455: 402: 1254: 610:, which only had ten per cent the population of the capital. All goods brought into Stockholm had to pass through one of six customs stations, and approximately three-fourths of them were exported from the city. Half of the remaining items, mostly fishery products, were delivered from the Baltic, and corn came from the Lake Mälaren region. However, during the latter half of the century, the rapidly growing capital could not be supported by the Lake Mälaren region alone and therefore became dependent on corn imported from the provinces. 82: 1093: 229: 74: 173: 507:(1583–1654) wrote that evolving the Swedish capital was a prerequisite for the nation's power and strength and that this would bring all the other cities on their feet. Increased state intervention on city level was not unique to Sweden at this time, but it was probably more prominent in the case of Stockholm than anywhere else in Europe. To this end, the government of the city was reformed and the former volunteered magistrates gradually replaced by professionals with a theoretical education. 1282: 768:

dwindled in the capital, there was a leveling of social classes. Wars and alcohol abuse resulted in a surplus of women during the period, with widows outnumbering widowers six to one in 1850. Stockholm was marked by an absence of children, caused by the number of unmarried people and high infant mortality. Average length of life was limited to 44, but those who survived infancy were likely to get about as old as people do today, except those born to a life of hard labour.

962: 866: 1042: 1294: 1274: 878: 1262: 1057: 790: 1148: 1065: 1140: 802: 19: 842:, but was of significant importance to Stockholm because of the shipbuilding yards, the trade houses, and the exotic products imported by the company. Furthermore, before these ships left Stockholm some 100–150 men per ship were recruited, most of them in the city, and as a single trip to China would take 1–2 years the company had a huge impact on Stockholm during this era. 516: 1159: 496:(1594–1632) when Stockholm, still medieval in character, caused hesitation on whether to invite foreign statesmen for fear the lamentable appearance might undermine the nation's authority. Therefore, Stockholm saw many ambitious city plans during the era, of which those for the ridges surrounding today's old town still stands. In accordance to the 1186:. 1877–80 new city plans were finally passed for central Stockholm, which made the city well-prepared for the major expansion that followed. During the 1880s more than 2.000 buildings were added on the ridges and the population grew from 168.000 to 245.000. At the end of the century, less than 40 per cent of the residents were born in Stockholm. 1977: 571:– new city plans were worked out to create wide and straight artery streets. The project was implemented so thoroughly, in several parts of the city no traces exist of the previous medieval structures. Many of the streets from this era are still extant, and some of those proposed have been realised with some minor modifications. 373:

state-controlled trade. Stockholm thus lost much of the independence it had had during the Middle Ages and became politically and financially bound to the state. During the reign of his sons (1561–1611), the city council remained escorted by a royal representative and both magistrates and aldermen were appointed by the king.

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in 1814, during the period 1750–1850, Stockholm was a stagnating city, with a dwindling population and widespread unemployment, marked by ill-health, poverty, alcoholism, and rampant mortality. The Mälaren region lost in influence to the benefit of south-western Sweden, and as population and welfare

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formed part of the city's trade territory. However, the state-granted monopoly was not the only thing that favoured Stockholm at that time. It was one of the best natural harbours of the era and throughout the 17th century, countless foreign visitors marvelled at the sight of large ships "with 60

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building, were mostly used for activities that either required a lot of space, produced odours, or could cause fire. Even though some burghers had secondary residences outside the city, the population living on the ridges, perhaps a quarter of the city's population, were mostly poor, including the

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By the end of the 15th century, the population in Stockholm can be estimated to 5,000–7,000 people, which made it a relatively small town compared to several other contemporary European cities. On the other hand, it was far larger than any other city in Sweden. Many of its inhabitants were Germans

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mill, it took until the mid-19th century for industrialization to take off. Two factories, Ludvigsberg and Bolinder, constructed in the 1840s were followed by many others, and the economic development that succeeded resulted in some 800 new buildings being constructed 1850–70 — many of which were

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Women were associated with their husband's status. However, as craftsmen saw their status sink with the introduction of industrialism, the proletarian class grew during the period. There also was an economic segregation in the city, with the present old town and the lower parts of Norrmalm being

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was created to guard the inlet from the Baltic. While the medieval structure of Stockholm remained mostly unaltered during the 16th century, the city's social and economic importance grew to the extent that no king could permit the city to determine its own faith – the most important export item

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was inaugurated in 1871. The first horse-pulled trams were introduced in 1877. Long before the railway, steam engines became common on boats which resulted in many summertime residences being built around Stockholm. But the booming urban development was also notable in central Stockholm where

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doctrine around 1620, trade became a keystone to governmental income and the Swedish economy subsequently focused on export, not of raw materials, but of refined products. Over the entire period (c. 1590–1685), Stockholm's share of the national economy remained stable at around two-thirds, but

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dated 1252. However, the two letters give no information about the appearance of the city and events during the following decades remain diffuse. While the absence of a perpendicular city plan in medieval Stockholm seems to indicate a spontaneous growth, it is known German merchants invited by

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While this demand for housing was mostly dealt with by private entrepreneurs who built on pure speculation, street width and building heights were strictly regulated by the new city plans which ensured the city that evolved was given a uniform design. A trend initiated by the Bünsow House at

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which was beneficiary to the burghers of the city. The king maintained his control over the city by controlling the elections of aldermen and magistrates. By the mid-century, the numbers of officials increased in order to make the management of the city more professional and to ensure the

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The name 'Stockholm' easily splits into two distinct parts – Stock-holm, "Log-islet", but as no serious explanation to the name has been produced, various myths and legends have attempted to fill in the gap. According to a 17th-century myth the population at the

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In the late 20th century, Stockholm became a modern, technologically advanced and ethnically diverse city. Throughout the century, many industries shifted away from work-intensive activities into more high-technology and service-industry knowledge-based areas.

996:, both were commissioned by the military. Due to the general stagnation, few other constructions were realised — in average ten smaller residential buildings per year — additions which the ambitious city plans of the 17th century could easily handle. 397:

were created. The king was, however, not favourably disposed to older chapels and churches in the city, and he ordered churches and monasteries on the ridges surrounding the city to be demolished, together with the numerous charitable institutions.

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Swedish political centre and royal residence. Thus, from its foundation, Stockholm has been the largest and most important Swedish city, inseparable from and dependent on the Swedish government. However, as late as the 16th century, reigns of Kings

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model introduced the previous century was further developed, with domestic production promoted by loans and bounties and import limited to raw materials not available in Sweden by tolls. The era saw the rise of the so-called "Skeppsbro Nobility"

433:. This central island was at this time densely settled and the city was now expanding on the ridges surrounding the city. Stockholm had no private palaces at this time and the only larger buildings were the castle, the church, and the former 893: 384:

could be quickly implemented, and sermons in the church were held in Swedish starting in 1525 and Latin was abolished in 1530. A consequence of this development was a need for separate churches for the numerous German and

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In the second half of the century, Stockholm regained its leading economic role. New industries emerged, and Stockholm transformed into an important trade and service centre, as well as a key gateway point within Sweden.

617:, raw copper, and butter. This export was largely regarded as a means of securing the import of items not available in Sweden, such as salt, wine, and luxury goods demanded at the court. With the introduction of a 605:

In contrast with other Swedish cities, all of which were self-supporting, Stockholm was completely dependent of the transit passing through the city—it had, for example, about the same number of domestic animals as

288:("Iron Square") on the southern corner of the city. Regional peasantry supplied the city with food and raw materials, while the craftsmen in the city produced handicrafts, most of whom lived by the central square 232:

During the late Middle Ages, most buildings were made of brick, which gave the city its character. Some prominent façades were, however, painted red to accentuate their importance — like the restored façade of 5,

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stands, a building, as a consequence, still often erroneously mentioned as the oldest building in Stockholm. The most established explanation for the name are logs driven into the strait passing north of today's

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Birger Jarl played an important role in the foundation of the city. Under any circumstance, during the end of the 13th century, Stockholm quickly grew to become not only the largest city in Sweden, but also the

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For Stockholm, the early 19th century meant the only larger-scale projects to be realised were those initiated by the military which favoured a more stiff classicism, the local Swedish version of the

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during the first half of the 17th century, export grew fourfold and import fivefold. Most goods were delivered to the Netherlands in the mid-17th century and to the UK in the early 18th century.

1234: 245:(1397–1523), controlling Stockholm was crucial to anyone aspiring to control the kingdom, and the city was consequently repeatedly besieged by various Swedish-Danish factions. In 1471, 273:

finally besieged and conquered the city three years later, an event which ended the Kalmar Union and the Swedish Middle Ages, he noted every second building in the city was abandoned.

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Because Stockholm had a city wall, it was exempted from the tax paid by other Swedish cities. During the reign of Gustav Vasa the city's fortifications were reinforced and in the

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During this period, Stockholm further developed as a cultural and educational centre. In the 19th century, a number of scientific institutes opened in Stockholm, for example the

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being introduced. They improved fire safety by prohibiting wooden buildings and further embellished the city by implementing the 17th-century city plans. In the old town, the

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Most people still lived within the present Old Town, with a growth along the eastern shore. Population also grew on the surrounding ridges, more so in the wealthy district

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church was adopted to it. The skilled artists and craftsmen working for the royal court formed an elite which considerably raised the artistic standards in the capital.

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Sweden had played a passive role in international trade during the 16th century; German merchants and ships managed the export of Swedish primary products such as

225:, whose Swedish government often travelled with them elsewhere (see below), the city was still not what could be called a national capital in modern terms. 1777: 939:(1741–1807) and was completed in ten years. It was a very ambitious project that caused the centre of the city to gradually move out of the medieval city. 536:

The process of reshaping Stockholm was initiated by a major fire in 1625 which destroyed the south-western part of today's old town. As a result, two new

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Murdie, Robert A., and Lars-Erik Borgegard. "Immigration, spatial segregation and housing segmentation of immigrants in metropolitan Stockholm, 1960-95."

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of the era, trade and industry was concentrated to cities where it was easier to control, and Stockholm was of central importance. In a letter in 1636,

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in 1497. Sten Sture managed to seize power again in 1501 which resulted in a Danish blockade lasting 1502–1509 and eventually a short peace. Hans' son

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was deposed in 1809 in a coup d'état. The loss of Finland that same year meant Stockholm ceased to be the geographical centre of the Swedish kingdom.

1328: 1211: 1174:) designed to offer citizens light, fresh air and access to Swedish nature by mean of parks and plantations. To this goal, he proposed a system of 531: 336: 322: 1003:

dwindled to reach an all-time low in 1810 when it corresponded to roughly half that of the 1730s; public officials being those worst affected.

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One of the finest surviving examples of the ambitions of the era is undoubtedly Axel Oxenstierna's own palace built from 1653 to the design of

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The population grew from less than 10,000 in the early 17th century to more than 50,000 in the mid-1670s. The city's income rose from 18,595

1026:. However, many of the ridges surrounding the city were slums mostly rural in character without water and sewage and frequently ravaged by 597:). Most Swedish cities were granted a trade monopoly over a limited surrounding area, but for Stockholm most of the lands surrounding the 471: 1115:, and the railway brought Stockholm closer to continental Europe — an event which additionally lead to the creation of the first suburb 646: 317: 109: 1048: 1932: 1913: 1889: 1870: 1847: 1824: 1801: 1041: 806: 637:(active 1691–1826), which became two of the greatest sources of employments in the Swedish capital during the entire 18th-century. 1308:

The city continued to expand and new districts were created, some with high proportions of immigrants. Meanwhile, the inner city (

198: 164:, which still exists but dominated the region c. 1000–1240 — a capital which has simply been relocated at a number of occasions. 476: 764: 1129: 501: 786:

the wealthiest (more than 150% above average); the suburbs (today part of central Stockholm) were poor (50% below average).

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Kolbe, Laura. "Symbols of civic pride, national history or European tradition? City halls in Scandinavian capital cities."

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Emanuel, Martin. "Constructing the Cyclist Ideology and Representations in Urban Traffic Planning in Stockholm, 1930–70."

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built in 1867 is one of the many surviving summer residences built around central Stockholm during the steam engine era.

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in 1722, Sweden's role as a major European power was over, and the decades that followed brought even more disasters.

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Characteristics of the 1890s, the towers and spires of Mariaberget are today well-known features of the city skyline.

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During the 1850s and 1860s, gas works, sewage, and running water was introduced. Many streets were paved, including

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Porfyriou, Heleni. "Artistic urban design and cultural myths: The garden city idea in Nordic countries, 1900–1925."

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in 1635–36 to 81,480 daler in 1644. In 1642, approximately 60 per cent of that sum was spent on construction works.

401: 1253: 835: 462: 300:("Shoemaker Street") in the central part of the city. Other groups lived by the eastern or western thoroughfares, 81: 1317: 1120: 1086: 950: 394: 285: 234: 179:

of Stockholm known from an imprint from 1296; most likely the city's first seal mentioned in a letter from 1281.

809:, on its completion in the 1770s the main representative building in the city, replaced the medieval town hall. 390: 1226:(1894–1906). Throughout the 1910s, trams were electrified and cars were rolling on the streets of Stockholm. 1092: 633: 627: 228: 265:

finally conquered it in 1520 and had many leading nobles and burghers of Stockholm beheaded in the so-called

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In the 17th century, the textile industry was developed with the establishments of the textile manufactures

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examinations in the late 1970s dated to around 1000. While no solid proofs exists, it is often assumed the

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Söderberg, Johan. "Real wage trends in urban Europe, 1730–1850: Stockholm in a comparative perspective."

1356: 1230: 985: 492:(1618–1648), Sweden was determined never to repeat the embarrassment experienced following the death of 410: 380:(1493–1552) to become the city secretary of Stockholm. With the two side by side, the new ideas of the 258: 172: 2024:

Müller, Leos. "The Swedish East India trade and international markets: Re-exports of teas, 1731–1813."

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Hurd, Madeleine. "Education, Morality, and the Politics of Class in Hamburg and Stockholm, 1870-1914."

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decided to found a new settlement, and to determine its location had a log bound with gold drifting in

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Waldenström, Daniel. "Understanding the Emergence of Stock Exchanges: The Case of pre-WWI Stockholm."

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Back to Modern Reason: Johan Hjerpe and other petit bourgeois in Stockholm in the Age of Enlightenment

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During the 18th century, several devastating fires destroyed entire neighbourhoods which resulted in

489: 481: 305: 254: 246: 548:— and along the eastern waterfront the medieval wall was replaced by a row of prestigious palaces — 1324: 917: 909:

Stockholm managed to maintain its role as the political centre of Sweden and developed culturally.

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During the Middle Ages, export was administered mostly by German merchants living by the squares

270: 222: 218: 208: 61: 51:, capital of Sweden, for many centuries coincided with the development of what is today known as 961: 23: 1320:, securing the city's geographical center as the political and business center for the future. 759:

made Stockholm the capital of a shrinking nation, despair which would deepen even further when

1928: 1909: 1885: 1866: 1843: 1820: 1797: 1488: 1484: 1386: 1199: 1195: 1183: 1151: 1082: 966: 865: 831: 590: 575: 153: 132: 18: 1367:, former prime minister of the U. K.; and Benazir Bhutto, former prime minister of Pakistan. 1896:(Göran Dahlbäck pp 17–72, Robert Sandberg pp 75–184, Eva Eggeby and Klas Nyberg pp 187–276.) 1654:

Du Rietz, Anita, Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år, 1. uppl., Dialogos, Stockholm, 2013

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Illustration of historical waterlevels in the Stockholm region, using the Västerbron bridge.

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Söderlund, Kerstin (2004). "Stockholm heter det som sprack av – Söderström i äldsta tid".

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or by the oldest two streets in Stockholm, the names of which still reflects their trade:

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was given its present Baroque exterior in 1636–72, in order to match the new royal palace

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The colourful and often burlesque descriptions of Stockholm by troubadour and composer

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Meeting of training ships from Baltic States in Stockholm (Strandvägen) in June 1938 (

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Painting"), the oldest image depicting Stockholm. The original painting, painted by

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Gullberg, Anders, and Arne Kaijser. "City-building regimes in post-war Stockholm."

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where railway workshops were located. As the railway was extended further north,

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always was to be the Swedish capital and by far the largest city in the country.

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Other Swedish cities were deprived of their export privileges by the so-called "

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and Finns, with the former forming a political and economic elite in the city.

1967: 1381: 1266: 1108: 1100: 1008: 882: 854: 839: 823: 794: 549: 519: 434: 345: 289: 137: 124: 52: 40: 2017:

Müller, Leos. "“Merchants” and “Gentlemen” in Eighteenth-Century Sweden." in

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The name Stockholm first appears in historical records in letters written by

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Governing Greater Stockholm: A study of policy development and system change

1948:Åberg, Veijo. "Conspiracy or political purge? The Stockholm trial of 1536." 1286: 1175: 1012: 889:

1783–90 is one of the finest surviving examples of the Gustavian classicism.

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journeymen, assistants, workers, soldiers, servants, paupers, and prisoners.

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on the opposite side is identical to the now replaced façade of the opera.

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On April 22, 1991, thirty world leaders gathered in Stockholm, among them

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The king had a great interest for the city's development. He created the

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A stratification into three social groups can be made for this era :

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Huvudstad i omvandling – Stockholms planering och utbyggnad under 700 år

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In 1923 the Stockholm municipal government moved to a new building, the

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inaugurated there in 1782 — in accordance to the original intentions of

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Around 1560–80, most of the citizens, some 8.000 people, still lived on

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being paved in 1898, the continental system of esplanades taking shape.

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or 70 cannons" moored along the eastern quay next to the royal castle.

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in 1809. Notwithstanding Sweden's partial recover of spirit with the

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William-Olsson, William. "Stockholm: Its structure and development."

1776:. Vol. 44, No. 4 (October 1991), pp. 89-139 (51 pages) Published By: 116: 1331:

was held in 1930. In 1967 the city of Stockholm was integrated into

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De Geer, Sten. "Greater Stockholm: a geographical interpretation."

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Sankt Eriks årsbok 1994: Yppighet och armod i 1700-talets Stockholm

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Panorama over Stockholm around 1868 as seen from a hot air balloon.

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developed into the key trading port because of its location on the

1280: 1272: 1260: 1194:, the 1880s saw many monumental brick buildings evolve, including 1157: 1146: 1138: 1091: 1076:

While steam engines were introduced in Stockholm in 1806 with the

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Panoramic view showing the northern city gate with fortifications.

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5.1 (1960): 1-25; international peace conference for socialists.

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The southern city gate with parts of the eastern harbour called

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Riden, Philip. "An English factor at stockholm in the 1680s."

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35.3 (2008): 382–413, covers Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Oslo.

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The Stockholm Initiative on Global Security and Governance.

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NBER Conference Developing and Sustaining Financial Markets

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for a monumental square north of the palace. The façade of

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Stockholm presented as a capital worthy a powerful nation.

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Meynell, Hildamarie. "The Stockholm conference of 1917."

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bridge was one of the most ambitious projects of the era.

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royal personnel occupying the ridges north of the city.

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in 1535, is lost, this copy from the 1630s, painted by

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became the greatest manufacturing city of Sweden and

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Stockholms årsringar – En inblick i stadens framväxt

441:. The surrounding ridges, unable to boast a single 830:to the international market and by controlling the 778:

craftsmen, small-scale entrepreneurs, and officials

1752: 1750: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 2021:(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008) pp. 125-146. 1641: 1639: 237:, also featuring several other aesthetic details. 2097:(Sellin & Partner Publishing Company, 1993). 1554: 1552: 1550: 897:Interior from the museum of Gustav III, c. 1796. 853:was gradually completed and the exterior of the 389:citizens and during the 1530 the still-existent 2019:The Self-Perception of Early Modern Capitalists 187:Sten Sture the Elder enters Stockholm in 1471 1584: 1582: 8: 1880:Nilsson, Lars; Rye, Margareta, eds. (2002). 1085:district and subsequently demolished in the 1778:Pakistan Institute of International Affairs 100:, is believed to have been brought from an 1482:Den skoningslöse, en biografi över Karl IX 999:During the later half of the 18th century 838:(1731–1813) which had its headquarters in 104:settlement not far from today's old town. 92:built into a wall in the intersection of 1292: 1252: 1063: 1055: 532:The plague during the Great Northern War 335: 321: 182: 17: 1403: 988:). The architects dominating the era, 834:. The most successful of them was the 2012:International Review of Social History 555:For the ridges surrounding the city – 1235:General Art and Industrial Exposition 1170:produced a city plan for the ridges ( 7: 2047:Scandinavian Economic History Review 2026:Scandinavian Economic History Review 1363:, former prime minister of Finland; 1277:Aerial view of Stockholm before 1935 1128:buildings were built, including the 472:Stockholm during the Great Power Era 368:siege of Stockholm, he restored the 647:Stockholm during the Age of Liberty 422:and the most important destination 318:Stockholm during the early Vasa era 110:Pre-history and origin of Stockholm 1927:(in Swedish). Stockholmia förlag. 1836:Upptaget – Sankt Eriks årsbok 2002 1329:Stockholm International Exhibition 1241:status, was held on the island of 376:Gustav Vasa invited the clergyman 14: 1959:(Univ of California Press, 1975). 1884:. Stockholm: Stockholmia förlag. 1347:, then Prime Minister of Sweden; 1265:The Royal Swedish Opera in 1934 ( 1237:, an international exhibition of 1022:and less so in the poor district 826:who made a fortune by delivering 755:and the sufferings caused by the 2065:Sidenbladh, Göran. "Stockholm." 2000:(Oxford University Press, 1999). 1355:, former President of Tanzania; 1300:, centre of modernized Stockholm 1051:1881 panoramic view of Stockholm 1040: 957:Early industrial era (1809–1850) 775:individuals of rank and officers 199:Stockholm during the Middle Ages 1991:Journal of Contemporary History 1950:Scandinavian Journal of History 1413:, "Namnet Stockholm", pp 30–32. 1034:Late industrial era (1850–1910) 822:), the wealthy wholesalers at 1: 1377:Timeline of Stockholm history 1166:In 1866, a commission led by 903:enlightened absolute monarchy 813:During the 18th century, the 540:-like streets were created — 528:Historical fires of Stockholm 360:Historical fires of Stockholm 284:("Grain Harbour Square") and 148:, which preceded the present 1974:Journal of Transport History 1359:, prime minister of Norway; 1212:Central Post Office Building 1068:1888 German map of Stockholm 127:. It landed on present day 1984:Journal of Urban Technology 1834:Söderlund, Kerstin (2002). 631:(active 1673–1776) and the 2137: 1923:Andersson, Magnus (1997). 1339:The "Stockholm Initiative" 836:Swedish East India Company 644: 641:Age of Liberty (1718–1772) 525: 469: 463:Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna 357: 315: 196: 107: 1904:(in Swedish). Stockholm: 1861:(in Swedish). Stockholm: 1838:(in Swedish). Stockholm: 1815:(in Swedish). Stockholm: 1318:Redevelopment of Norrmalm 1121:Stockholm Central Station 1087:Redevelopment of Norrmalm 994:Carl Christoffer Gjörwell 949:The period ended as King 861:Gustavian era (1772–1809) 690: 682: 674: 666: 658: 653: 511:Population and city plans 257:only to lose the city to 2035:35.10 (1998): 1869–1888. 1257:Map of Stockholm in 1928 931:The neoclassical bridge 628:Paulinska manufakturerna 595:Bottniska handelstvånget 405:Map of Stockholm in 1547 296:("Merchant Street") and 2095:The Stockholm city hall 2069:213.3 (1965): 106–121. 1900:Björn Hallerdt (1994). 807:Stock Exchange Building 263:Christian II of Denmark 59:Old Town. Stockholm's 2104:30.3 (1940): 420–438. 2049:35.2 (1987): 191–207. 1966:13.4 (1923): 497–506. 1955:Anton, Thomas Julius. 1863:Sveriges Radios förlag 1813:Slussen vid Söderström 1424:Huvudstad i omvandling 1301: 1290: 1278: 1270: 1258: 1163: 1155: 1144: 1104: 1069: 1061: 973: 898: 890: 874: 810: 798: 523: 485: 467: 406: 382:Protestant Reformation 370:privileges of the city 355: 333: 251:Christian I of Denmark 238: 194: 180: 105: 78: 44: 2086:Vol. 2000. pp 1820+ 2079:12.2 (1987): 155–176. 1993:31.4 (1996): 619–650. 1952:21.4 (1996): 315–330. 1857:Hall, Thomas (1999). 1357:Gro Harlem Brundtland 1296: 1284: 1276: 1264: 1256: 1231:Karolinska Institutet 1161: 1150: 1142: 1095: 1067: 1059: 964: 896: 881:The customs house at 880: 868: 804: 792: 693:1769–1850 (per cent) 691:Social stratification 634:Barnängens manufaktur 518: 479: 457: 411:Stockholm Archipelago 404: 339: 325: 231: 186: 175: 84: 76: 21: 2121:History of Stockholm 2042:7.3 (1992): 263–302. 2040:Planning Perspective 1976:33.1 (2012): 67–91. 1770:41393928 41393928 1713:Nilsson, pp 196–222. 1702:Stockholms årsringar 1684:Nilsson, pp 187–188. 1672:Nilsson, pp 189–195. 944:Carl Michael Bellman 494:Gustavus II Adolphus 255:Battle of Brunkeberg 247:Sten Sture the Elder 133:Tower of Birger Jarl 49:history of Stockholm 2102:Geographical Review 2067:Scientific American 2028:51.3 (2003): 28–44. 1986:11.2 (2004): 13–39. 1964:Geographical Review 1882:Staden på vattnet 1 1794:Stockholms gatunamn 1756:Andersson, pp 57–63 1744:Andersson, pp 49–56 1515:Staden på vattnet 1 1480:Erik Pettersson in 1411:Stockholms gatunamn 1325:Stockholm City Hall 967:Skeppsholmen Church 946:are still popular. 914:Gustav Adolf square 832:chartered companies 761:Sweden lost Finland 757:Great Northern Wars 267:Stockholm Bloodbath 235:Stora Gråmunkegränd 154:Lake Mälaren Region 142:dendrochronological 2059:(2012), guidebook 1906:Samfundet S:t Erik 1840:Samfundet S:t Erik 1817:Samfundet S:t Erik 1722:Hallerdt, pp 9–20. 1645:Nilsson, pp 89–100 1485:Natur & Kultur 1392:History of Uppland 1302: 1291: 1279: 1271: 1259: 1164: 1156: 1145: 1143:City plan of 1866. 1124:several prominent 1105: 1070: 1062: 974: 926:Arvfurstens palats 922:Tessin the Younger 899: 891: 875: 811: 799: 524: 486: 468: 407: 356: 334: 239: 195: 181: 146:Three Crown Castle 106: 88:, a fragment of a 79: 45: 1633:Nilsson, pp 86–88 1576:Nilsson, pp 68–72 1567:Nilsson, pp 66–68 1558:Nilsson, pp 80–82 1544:Nilsson, pp 64–66 1535:Nilsson, pp 43–47 1526:Nilsson, pp 24–27 1493:978-91-27-02687-2 1387:History of Sweden 1200:Norstedt Building 1196:Gamla Riksarkivet 1152:Birger Jarlsgatan 980:(in Sweden named 765:union with Norway 741: 740: 659:Late 17th century 490:Thirty Years' War 482:Jean de la Vallée 160:(c. 790–975) and 2128: 1938: 1919: 1895: 1876: 1853: 1830: 1807: 1780: 1774:Pakistan Horizon 1763: 1757: 1754: 1745: 1742: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1698: 1685: 1682: 1673: 1670: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1643: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1333:Stockholm County 1218:(1898–1904) and 1168:Albert Lindhagen 1130:Academy of Music 1044: 986:Charles XIV John 851:new royal palace 749:Treaty of Nystad 683:Mid 19th century 675:Mid 18th century 651: 505:Axel Oxenstierna 395:Finnish parishes 387:Finnish-speaking 150:Stockholm Palace 131:where today the 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2111: 2110: 2093:Wickman, Mats. 1996:Jarrick, Arne. 1945: 1943:Further reading 1935: 1922: 1916: 1899: 1892: 1879: 1873: 1856: 1850: 1833: 1827: 1810: 1804: 1792: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1699: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1671: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624:Hall, pp 74–75. 1623: 1619: 1615:Hall, pp 70–74. 1614: 1610: 1606:Hall, pp 63–70, 1605: 1601: 1597:Hall, pp 60–63. 1596: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1373: 1345:Ingvar Carlsson 1341: 1251: 1178:culminating in 1126:Neo-Renaissance 1081:located in the 1054: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1045: 1036: 982:Karl Johansstil 959: 951:Gustav IV Adolf 863: 692: 649: 643: 599:Gulf of Bothnia 584: 534: 513: 474: 460:Engraving from 459: 452: 450:Great Power era 362: 352:Frans Hogenberg 350:Copperplate by 349: 332:around 1570–80. 330:Frans Hogenberg 328:Copperplate by 327: 320: 314: 302:Västerlånggatan 259:Hans of Denmark 201: 191:Georg von Rosen 188: 170: 112: 71: 24:Vädersolstavlan 12: 11: 5: 2134: 2132: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2098: 2091: 2080: 2077:Social History 2073: 2063: 2055:Sandell, Kaj. 2053: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2022: 2015: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1987: 1980: 1970: 1960: 1953: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1920: 1914: 1897: 1890: 1877: 1871: 1854: 1848: 1831: 1825: 1808: 1802: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1758: 1746: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1686: 1674: 1656: 1647: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1588:Hall, pp 53–58 1578: 1569: 1560: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1506: 1497: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1435:Hall, pp 13–16 1428: 1415: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1369: 1353:Julius Nyerere 1340: 1337: 1250: 1247: 1184:Champs Elysées 1047: 1046: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1032: 958: 955: 937:Erik Palmstedt 935:, designed by 862: 859: 847:building codes 820:Skeppsbroadeln 783: 782: 779: 776: 743:Following the 739: 738: 735: 732: 728: 727: 724: 721: 717: 716: 713: 710: 706: 705: 702: 699: 695: 694: 688: 687: 684: 680: 679: 676: 672: 671: 668: 664: 663: 660: 656: 655: 645:Main article: 642: 639: 591:Trade Coercion 583: 580: 512: 509: 488:Following the 470:Main article: 451: 448: 316:Main article: 313: 312:Early Vasa era 310: 306:Österlånggatan 197:Main article: 169: 166: 108:Main article: 70: 67: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2133: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033:Urban studies 2030: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2005:Urban History 2002: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1934:91-7031-068-8 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1915:91-972165-0-X 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1891:91-7031-122-6 1887: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1872:91-522-1810-4 1868: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1849:91-974091-1-1 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1826:91-85267-21-X 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1803:91-7031-042-4 1799: 1795: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1283: 1275: 1268: 1263: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1160: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1134:Södra Teatern 1131: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1066: 1058: 1049: 1043: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 972: 968: 963: 956: 954: 952: 947: 945: 940: 938: 934: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 908: 904: 895: 888: 884: 879: 872: 867: 860: 858: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 808: 803: 796: 793:The medieval 791: 787: 780: 777: 774: 773: 772: 769: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 745:Greater Wrath 736: 733: 730: 729: 725: 722: 719: 718: 714: 711: 708: 707: 703: 700: 697: 696: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 648: 640: 638: 636: 635: 630: 629: 623: 620: 616: 611: 609: 603: 600: 596: 592: 589: 581: 579: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 558: 553: 551: 547: 546:Lilla Nygatan 543: 542:Stora Nygatan 539: 533: 529: 521: 517: 510: 508: 506: 503: 499: 495: 491: 483: 478: 473: 465: 464: 456: 449: 447: 444: 443:timber framed 440: 437:monastery on 436: 432: 427: 425: 421: 416: 412: 403: 399: 396: 392: 388: 383: 379: 374: 371: 367: 366:Gustav Vasa's 361: 353: 347: 343: 338: 331: 324: 319: 311: 309: 307: 303: 299: 298:Skomakargatan 295: 291: 287: 283: 282:Kornhamnstorg 278: 274: 272: 269:. When King 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 236: 230: 226: 224: 220: 215: 210: 206: 200: 192: 185: 178: 174: 167: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 111: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 75: 68: 66: 64: 63: 62:raison d'être 58: 54: 50: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 25: 20: 16: 2101: 2094: 2083: 2076: 2066: 2056: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1983: 1973: 1963: 1956: 1949: 1924: 1901: 1881: 1858: 1835: 1812: 1793: 1773: 1761: 1718: 1709: 1701: 1650: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1572: 1563: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1500: 1481: 1476: 1467: 1458: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1365:Edward Heath 1361:Kalevi Sorsa 1349:Willy Brandt 1342: 1322: 1316:period, the 1307: 1303: 1298:Sergels torg 1249:20th century 1239:World's Fair 1228: 1204:Riddarholmen 1188: 1171: 1165: 1106: 1096: 1075: 1071: 1017: 998: 990:Fredrik Blom 981: 978:Empire style 975: 971:Fredrik Blom 948: 941: 930: 916:and had the 911: 900: 885:designed by 844: 819: 812: 784: 770: 742: 632: 626: 624: 612: 604: 594: 585: 573: 554: 535: 498:mercantilism 487: 484:(1620–1696). 466:around 1690. 461: 439:Riddarholmen 428: 408: 375: 363: 341: 279: 275: 243:Kalmar Union 240: 213: 202: 189:Painting by 129:Riddarholmen 125:Lake Mälaren 113: 60: 48: 46: 37:Jacob Elbfas 33:Urban målare 22: 15: 1704:, pp 41–48. 1700:Andersson, 1504:Hall, p. 40 1220:Neo-Baroque 1208:Art Nouveau 1192:Strandvägen 1117:Liljeholmen 1113:Strandvägen 1001:real income 984:after King 918:Royal Opera 901:During the 753:Black death 667:Around 1720 654:Population 615:osmond iron 565:Kungsholmen 431:Stadsholmen 378:Olaus Petri 294:Köpmangatan 271:Gustav Vasa 241:During the 205:Birger Jarl 168:Middle Ages 119:settlement 39:, hangs in 1787:References 1517:, pp 59–63 1471:Hall, p 47 1462:Hall, p 46 1453:Hall, p 43 1444:Hall, p 21 1426:, pp 23–25 1382:Gamla stan 1267:Autochrome 1243:Djurgården 1176:esplanades 1109:Skeppsbron 1009:Gothenburg 1005:Norrköping 907:Gustav III 883:Skeppsbron 855:Storkyrkan 840:Gothenburg 824:Skeppsbron 815:Mercantile 795:Storkyrkan 662:55–66.000 619:mercantile 550:Skeppsbron 526:See also: 520:Skeppsbron 502:Chancellor 435:Greyfriars 358:See also: 348:Harbour"). 290:Stortorget 286:Järntorget 98:Kåkbrinken 94:Prästgatan 53:Gamla stan 41:Storkyrkan 2057:Stockholm 1513:Nilsson, 1287:Agfacolor 1245:in 1897. 1222:with the 1210:with the 1180:Sveavägen 1089:1950–70. 1024:Södermalm 1013:North Sea 887:Palmstedt 569:Södermalm 561:Östermalm 538:boulevard 342:Koggabron 249:defeated 207:and King 90:runestone 57:Stockholm 2115:Category 1371:See also 1314:post-war 1310:Norrmalm 1198:and the 1172:malmarna 1078:Eldkvarn 1020:Norrmalm 828:bar iron 747:and the 588:Bothnian 557:Norrmalm 420:bar iron 223:John III 219:Eric XIV 214:de facto 209:Valdemar 138:old town 102:Iron Age 1224:Riksdag 1101:Bredäng 1028:cholera 933:Norrbro 871:Norrbro 686:90.000 678:60.000 670:45.000 608:Uppsala 415:Vaxholm 253:at the 162:Sigtuna 69:Origins 29:Sun dog 2106:online 2088:online 2071:online 2061:online 2051:online 1978:online 1968:online 1931: 1912: 1888: 1869: 1846: 1823: 1800: 1768: 1491: 1422:Hall, 1327:. The 1233:. The 1216:Boberg 720:Middle 567:, and 424:Lübeck 418:being 391:German 364:After 193:, 1864 140:which 117:viking 55:, the 27:("The 1766:JSTOR 1495:p. 46 1487:2008 1398:Notes 1097:Lyran 1083:Klara 731:Lower 709:Upper 704:1850 698:Class 582:Trade 576:daler 158:Birka 121:Birka 1929:ISBN 1910:ISBN 1886:ISBN 1867:ISBN 1844:ISBN 1821:ISBN 1798:ISBN 1489:ISBN 1132:and 1111:and 992:and 965:The 869:The 805:The 701:1769 544:and 530:and 393:and 304:and 221:and 177:Seal 96:and 86:U 53 47:The 1214:by 1202:on 1099:in 969:by 905:of 737:81 726:12 593:" ( 346:Cog 2117:: 1908:. 1865:. 1842:. 1819:. 1749:^ 1727:^ 1689:^ 1677:^ 1659:^ 1638:^ 1581:^ 1549:^ 1335:. 1289:). 1269:). 1136:. 1030:. 1015:. 734:47 723:40 715:7 712:13 563:, 559:, 552:. 413:, 344:(" 308:. 2090:. 1937:. 1918:. 1894:. 1875:. 1852:. 1829:. 1806:. 818:( 522:. 354:. 43:.

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Index