352:
28:
82:
500:, a historical city on Lake Mälaren, grew too rapidly, and the Gods then consulted urged parts of the population to emigrate to a new site. To determine where to build the new city, it was decided a log bound with gold should point out where to settle by sailing ashore on the site, and, occasionally, it landed on an islet in what is today central Stockholm. According to a 17th-century myth, the tower
444:
265:
536:" named Birger around at that time too, the disputed origin of the city are likely to remain obscure and some historians choose a diplomatic interpretation saying there was some sort of fortification around by the mouth of Lake Mälaren when the city was founded during the second half of the 13th century. As Snorri mentions no city in his account but some sort of fortification called a
250:
136:(70,000-9,500 BCE), the area surrounding Stockholm was covered by an ice layer up to two kilometres thick. While the ice effectively eliminated every trace of pre-ice age life, it is assumed humans probably did inhabit the area before the ice age, notwithstanding no archaeological traces can confirm it. Nevertheless, bones from a
190:. During the end of the Stone Age (4200–1800 BCE) humans started to use more stationary settlements, solid buildings standing on strong poles drilled into the ground, even if the access to food still made migratory periods necessary. Graves got more elaborate as grinned axes made of carefully selected and often imported
203:
342:
While the oldest traces of human activities in present
Stockholm are considerably older, the development as described above preceded the foundation of the city on its present location. However, Birka, Sigtuna, and Stockholm forms a series of urban structures which can be thought of as the capital of
323:
during the 13th century and made the strait in what is today central
Stockholm the only navigable passage into the Lake Mälaren region. It remains uncertain when this happened more precisely, but the development was further accelerated by the growth of international trade in the Baltic. The streams
260:
Of the half dozen trade posts in Sweden described in 1120 as cathedral cities or cities with a potential to become such, Sigtuna is believed to be the only one with the density and status of a city in the proper sense. This quickly changed as German merchants introduced developed forms of production
150:
As ice lightened its grip of the area about 11,500 BCE, the area was inundated by melt water before the land started to rise and the first islets rose over the water surface (at the time located about 40 metres over the present sea level). The retiring ice left behind a cover of sand, gravel, and
622:
originated from at least parts of these defensive structures. As historical and archaeological records are fragmentary, the origin of this tower and the castle remain open for various interpretations, as do the size and extent of the city at the time. Some researchers conclude
Stockholm evolved
610:, a construction probably initiated by Birger Jarl in the mid 13th century and completed around 1300. It is possible the construction of this castle started simultaneously with the second defensive structure mentioned above and that this structure became outdated as the castle was completed.
261:
and 'industrialised' Swedish mining, mostly during the second half of the 13th century. This rewrote the regional map and resulted in the gradual development of a
Swedish urbanity. As trade routes moved westward in the Mälaren region, Sigtuna found itself left astern.
678:, meaning "islet" - a matter-of-fact explanation for the name is much harder to produce, and over the years many popular myths have, accordingly, attempted to give a background. The first attempt to a more serious explanation was put forward by the German humanist
659:. Both letters were written in Stockholm, but give no further information of the city itself or any explanation on the background of the name. However, it can be assumed at least some sort of dwelling in consistence with the station of a
623:
into the
Swedish capital and an important trade city before 1200 (Kumlien), while others suggest the location remained a mostly rural area around 1250 to quickly expand into the large city before the castle was completed (Hansson, Ödman).
493:. The young woman, however, tricked him to arrange a celebration including prominent guests which eventually turned into a boozing party, and, while Agne slept sober, Skjalf had him hung in his gold necklace before escaping.
104:
approximately 2 billion years old. Over millions of years, north-west to south-east oriented cracks appeared in the rock, which rivers transformed into the valleys still present in the landscape, for example the lakes
569:
just north of
Stadsholmen in 1978-1980, concluded these trees were cut down during the period 970-1020, most of them from around 1010, and these logs presumably gave the entire city its present name,
257:
Notwithstanding surviving records makes it difficult to see exactly when and in what order events took place, several causes for the development to occur in the 13th century can be distinguished:
246:
decided to construct their first monastery in Sweden at
Sigtuna in the 1230s (inaugurated 1247), which seem to indicate Sigtuna was still the city dominating the Mälaren region at that time.
242:, Sigtuna is believed to have been designed as missionary outpost and a Christian trade centre rivalling the still pagan Uppsala. While Sigtuna saw its heyday during the 10th century, the
174:, the archaeological traces of these first coastal settlements are today found far from the coast and the modern metropolitan area. The traces consists of various tools, including
399:("King's strait"), by summoning assistance from superior forces. A slightly different version, undoubtedly the most famous, is the account of the Icelandic historian
361:
The watercourse passing south of the old town of
Stockholm first appears in historical records as the somewhat cryptic phrase: "What split off is called Stockholm" (
292:) lead to increased consolidation of the Swedish kingdom and the introduction of a continental feudal society. Additionally, the Swedish dominion expanded east as
481:, a presumably mythological king who in a dim and distant past (around 400 A.D. according to some historians) encamped here after having successfully raided
351:
631:
The first, verified, mention of the name 'Stockholm' is from two letters written in Latin in 1252; the first, written in July, is a letter where the King
155:
ridges still witnessing how the ice gave up some 250 m annually over two centuries. Under the ice sheet, streams formed eskers, most notably the huge
339:, the straits and streams at the mouth of Lake Mälaren became insurmountable obstacles which thus created a need for a trading post at the location.
1245:
1099:
1076:
1053:
1030:
524:, "lock before that lake") in order to prevent pirates from reaching the seven cities and nineteen parishes around it. Another medieval source (
423:
and an army on either sides. The
Norwegian king then dug himself through the southern isthmus and, helped by vivid streams produced by
117:. All around Stockholm, such open fields are separated by forest-laden ridges. Late in this geological process, east to west-oriented
65:
strategically important; a location which by the mid 13th century had become the centre of the newly consolidated
Swedish kingdom. The
775:
probably the most widespread explanation, logs drilled into the strait for either defensive purposes, or to force ships to pay tolls.
1226:
1207:
1184:
1153:
1130:
469:' and, arguably, the only possible location for a meadow in present-day Stockholm at the time was on the western shore of today's
312:) which placed present-day Stockholm, until then an insignificant peripheral island, in the absolute centre of the small empire.
576:
Anyhow, any hypothesis on the origin of the city necessarily need to depart from three poorly documented defensive structures:
301:
1250:
704:
who supplied him with the description of the city, which still today styles itself "The Venice of the Nordic countries" (
692:) printed in 1532. Writing in Latin, he describes the city as the stronghold and trade post of the Swedes, located among
1176:
31:
106:
427:
and favourable winds, managed to have his ships break through the foreshore and shoals, and finally escaped to the
27:
234:'s missionary journeys c. 830 and 850. For unknown reasons, Birka was deserted around 975. Shortly thereafter,
73:, and several mythological stories and modern myths have attempted to explain both its emergence and its name.
222:
island about 30 km west of present-day Stockholm. Founded in the late 8th century, it was described by
1103:
1080:
1057:
1034:
903:
888:
873:
855:
700:- resting on poles. Most likely, while in Rome Ziegler must have come in contact with prominent Swedes like
432:
289:
285:
132:
started to grind down the north-bound faults, leaving the south-bound formations intact. During the latest
343:
the Lake Mälaren region, at a few occasions relocated to fit into the socio-economic structure of the day.
818:
219:
1172:
227:
1107:
1084:
1061:
1038:
808:
632:
592:
316:
70:
619:
547:
513:
17:
792:
424:
372:
1168:
1145:
504:, often and erroneously said to be the oldest building in Stockholm, was built on this location.
448:
269:
599:
accompanied by a row of poles forming a barrier in the strait (i.e. the "lock" of Lake Mälaren).
408:
156:
141:
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1203:
1180:
1149:
1126:
813:
758:
684:
656:
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392:
167:
748:
558:
551:
474:
400:
297:
194:
accompanied the dead together with ceramics, fancy garments, and other impressive objects.
1140:
Söderlund, Kerstin (2004). "Stockholm heter det som sprack av - Söderström i äldsta tid".
701:
596:
566:
243:
183:
121:
appeared, resulting in for example the tall, dark cliffs along the northern waterfront of
118:
546:), it has generally been assumed this fortification eventually developed into the castle
1199:
660:
644:
528:), however, claims the city was founded in 1187 following a pagan pillaged the city of
238:
appeared on the northern shores of Mälaren. Located on the main navigable approach to
191:
171:
81:
1239:
753:
679:
447:
Tower of Birger Jarl, originally one of the defensive structures constructed by King
206:
The remains of the entrance into Birka with the cross of St Ansgar in the background.
43:
39:
490:
367:
273:
731:- either the local "fish livestock" or a hollowed-out log used as an osier basket,
562:
416:
380:
122:
86:
1125:(in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning. 1992.
689:
648:
636:
607:
517:
470:
443:
384:
293:
276:
in Stockholm dating back to the late 12th century and thus older than Stockholm.
264:
133:
496:
A modern story dated back to the mid 17th century, tells how the population of
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62:
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647:; and the other, written by Birger Jarl in August, urged the peasantry in
61:
is the continuous development and series of events that made the mouth of
328:
187:
47:
1196:
Huvudstad i omvandling - Stockholms planering och utbyggnad under 700 år
162:
After some 1000 years the first humans settled in the area to start the
725:
stubs supposed to have been abundant on the central island of the city,
581:
529:
482:
457:
455:
Stockholm derives its mythological origin from a dwelling place called
388:
309:
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281:
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235:
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93:
719:
poles erected either to indicate frontiers or temporary market places,
540:(in various manuscripts curiously said to be located east and west of
159:, the steep slopes of which still form barriers in central Stockholm.
697:
652:
603:
466:
379:
from the 14th century. Stymer explains, what today are the islands
325:
231:
175:
97:
272:
parish, today a northern suburb. The Solna Church is one of three
784:
497:
442:
419:
passing north of the old town), a strait in addition guarded by a
350:
332:
263:
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215:
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144:
80:
26:
783:("The oak") in many contexts. While it is mostly associated with
666:
While the name itself easily splits into two distinct elements -
411:(960s-1021/1022) hoped to trap him by pulling an iron chain over
615:
533:
478:
335:, but as German merchants introduced the sea-going deep-draught
202:
403:(1178–1241). He retells, while King Olav of Norway raided the
772:
stretching over the stream, supposedly built before 1000, and,
761:(see below), thus supposing the original name of the city was
595:
and a larger building located on a pair of islets now part of
584:
surrounded by wooden barriers probably constructed during the
166:
era characterized by a climate similar to that of the present
473:. The first element of this name is, explains the historian
395:
of Norway (995-1030) produced the strait, in the saga called
315:
Lastly, navigation on Lake Mälaren changed dramatically as
996:
994:
747:
for the stream flowing through the city, as mentioned in
557:
While the reliability of these stories remains disputed,
324:
around Stadsholmen can't have been much of a problem for
355:
Agne being hanged by Skjalf and other imprisoned Finns.
147:
stretching north to south through central Stockholm.
1219:
Stockholms årsringar - En inblick i stadens framväxt
960:
958:
956:
734:
the place where the watercourse and/or logs clogs (
869:
867:
520:around 1250 as a lock to the Lake Mälaren region (
838:
836:
834:
516:, written in the 1320s, Stockholm was founded by
779:To add to the enigma, Stockholm has been called
988:Stockholms gatunamn, Namnet Stockholm, p 30-32.
561:examinations of logs driven into the seabed in
791:, the name the city was given by traders from
696:, meaning either marshes or lakes, and - like
1012:
1010:
268:On its foundation, Stockholm was part of the
8:
937:
935:
933:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
565:, square oak logs, and sunken logs found on
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
46:, is believed to have been brought from an
50:settlement not far from today's old town.
38:built into a wall in the intersection of
830:
489:, the daughter of the defeated Finnish
280:Birger jarl's elimination of the "true
253:Ruins of the St Olof Church at Sigtuna.
787:today, it is supposedly derived from
606:built on the north-eastern corner of
128:Three million years ago, a series of
7:
357:Lithography by Hugo Hamilton, 1830.
18:Pre-history and origin of Stockholm
1221:(in Swedish). Stockholmia förlag.
1165:Upptaget - Sankt Eriks årsbok 2002
230:, who wrote about his predecessor
25:
363:Stockholm heter det som sprack av
722:trap logs used to catch animals,
580:Some kind of original primitive
485:. His intentions were to marry
435:refuted this version as drivel.
711:Other interpretations includes
477:(1178–1241), derived from King
1246:History of Stockholm by period
1:
387:was at the time united by an
365:), found in a version of the
1177:Museum of Medieval Stockholm
431:. Snorri however adds, the
228:Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen
1163:Söderlund, Kerstin (2002).
550:located where still is the
415:("Log Strait", e.g. modern
1267:
1217:Andersson, Magnus (1997).
1198:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
1167:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
1144:(in Swedish). Stockholm:
182:arrowheads used by these
371:by the Icelandic author
1104:Stockholm County Museum
1081:Stockholm County Museum
1058:Stockholm County Museum
1035:Stockholm County Museum
904:Stockholm County Museum
889:Stockholm County Museum
874:Stockholm County Museum
856:Stockholm County Museum
670:, or in modern Swedish
532:, and as there was an "
407:area, the Swedish king
214:region was undoubtedly
140:have been found in the
1200:Sveriges Radios förlag
1142:Slussen vid Söderström
819:History of Scandinavia
715:being an allusion to:
663:existed at that time.
452:
375:, preserved through a
368:Saga of the Saint Olaf
358:
290:Battle of Herrevadsbro
277:
254:
210:The first town in the
207:
92:Stockholm stands on a
89:
85:North-bound cliffs of
51:
1194:Hall, Thomas (1999).
1173:Stockholm City Museum
765:("Log-strait-islet"),
674:, meaning "log", and
614:It is often said the
461:. The second element
446:
354:
319:isolated it from the
267:
252:
205:
84:
30:
1251:Prehistory of Sweden
844:Stockholms årsringar
809:History of Stockholm
639:offered their royal
451:in the 16th century.
286:Battle of Sparrsätra
1123:Stockholms gatunamn
950:Andersson, pp 26-27
588:(i.e. around 1000).
559:dendrochronological
71:its written history
67:origin of Stockholm
1169:Samfundet S:t Erik
1146:Samfundet S:t Erik
1100:"Yngre stenåldern"
1077:"Äldre stenåldern"
627:Origin of the name
620:Three Crown Castle
522:laas fore then sio
453:
359:
278:
255:
208:
90:
52:
34:, a fragment of a
814:History of Sweden
657:Uppsala Cathedral
514:Chronicle of Eric
512:According to the
502:Birger Jarls torn
168:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
1258:
1232:
1213:
1190:
1159:
1136:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1106:. Archived from
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1083:. Archived from
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1060:. Archived from
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1037:. Archived from
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1005:
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908:Yngre stenåldern
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893:Äldre stenåldern
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757:and the saga of
749:Snorri Sturluson
552:Stockholm Palace
475:Snorri Sturluson
401:Snorri Sturluson
298:Torgils Knutsson
284:" between 1247 (
186:to catch mostly
184:hunter-gatherers
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797:Västgötaknallar
706:Nordens Venedig
702:Johannes Magnus
629:
597:Helgeandsholmen
573:, "Log-Islet".
567:Helgeandsholmen
510:
441:
409:Olof Skötkonung
356:
349:
347:Icelandic sagas
331:or traditional
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157:Brunkebergsåsen
142:Brunkebergsåsen
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927:Hall, pp 13-16
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317:land elevation
274:round churches
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172:land elevation
151:rocks forming
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56:prehistory of
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1132:91-7031-042-4
1128:
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1120:
1110:on 2007-09-28
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1087:on 2007-09-28
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1082:
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1064:on 2007-09-28
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1041:on 2007-09-28
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1016:Hall, p 23-25
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1112:. Retrieved
1108:the original
1089:. Retrieved
1085:the original
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1054:"Stenåldern"
1043:. Retrieved
1039:the original
1002:St Erik 2002
1001:
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682:in his work
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661:Swedish jarl
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491:tribal chief
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456:
454:
425:spring flood
412:
405:Lake Mälaren
396:
373:Stymer Frode
366:
362:
360:
341:
314:
288:) and 1251 (
279:
259:
256:
212:Lake Mälaren
209:
161:
149:
127:
91:
66:
63:Lake Mälaren
55:
53:
1000:Söderlund,
964:Söderlund,
842:Andersson,
789:Stockhäcken
736:stockar sig
690:Scandinavia
649:Attundaland
645:Fogdö Abbey
637:Birger Jarl
608:Stadsholmen
518:Birger Jarl
471:Stadsholmen
449:Gustav Vasa
397:Konungssund
385:Stadsholmen
294:Birger jarl
244:Blackfriars
1240:Categories
1114:2007-04-09
1091:2007-04-09
1068:2007-04-09
1045:2007-04-09
1024:References
1004:, pp 27-28
968:, pp 11-21
878:Stenåldern
846:, pp 13-17
770:footbridge
759:Saint Olaf
729:fiskestock
586:Viking era
571:Stock-holm
548:Tre Kronor
429:Baltic Sea
393:Saint Olaf
377:manuscript
321:Baltic Sea
302:Tavastland
300:conquered
170:. Due to
111:Magelungen
77:Prehistory
69:pre-dates
44:Kåkbrinken
40:Prästgatan
744:Stocksund
741:the name
694:paludibus
641:patronage
563:Norrström
543:Stocksund
421:castellum
417:Norrström
413:Stocksund
381:Södermalm
329:longships
198:Emergence
164:Stone Age
123:Södermalm
115:Drevviken
87:Södermalm
58:Stockholm
36:runestone
803:See also
795:(called
685:Schondia
633:Valdemar
282:Folkungs
130:ice ages
107:Långsjön
48:Iron Age
1031:"Istid"
966:Slussen
668:stokker
655:to the
618:of the
582:redoubt
538:kastali
530:Sigtuna
483:Finland
458:Agnefit
439:Agnefit
389:isthmus
310:Finland
308:(later
306:Karelia
240:Uppsala
236:Sigtuna
224:Rimbert
153:moraine
138:mammoth
134:ice age
102:granite
94:bedrock
1225:
1206:
1183:
1152:
1129:
698:Venice
653:tithes
604:castle
593:bailey
508:Origin
487:Skjalf
467:meadow
433:Swedes
391:, and
333:knarrs
326:Viking
232:Ansgar
220:Björkö
176:quartz
119:faults
113:, and
98:gneiss
860:Istid
825:Notes
785:slang
713:stock
676:holme
672:stock
498:Birka
270:Solna
216:Birka
192:rocks
188:seals
180:flint
145:esker
1223:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1127:ISBN
781:Eken
635:and
616:keep
534:Earl
479:Agne
383:and
337:cogs
304:and
296:and
178:and
100:and
54:The
42:and
32:U 53
799:).
751:'s
708:).
643:to
463:fit
218:on
96:of
1242::
1202:.
1179:.
1175:,
1171:,
1148:.
1009:^
993:^
973:^
955:^
932:^
914:^
906:,
891:,
876:,
866:^
858:,
833:^
768:a
738:),
602:A
591:A
554:.
226:,
125:.
109:,
1231:.
1212:.
1189:.
1158:.
1135:.
1117:.
1094:.
1071:.
1048:.
688:(
20:)
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