531:
came of it and after 1864, the proposal was dropped. The Dutch abolished slavery only in 1863, although the
British had already abolished it during their short rule. The freed slaves were, however, still required to continue their plantation work on a contract basis and were not released until 1873; up to that date they conducted obligatory but paid work at the plantations. Slaves were required to work on plantations for 10 transition years for minimal pay, which was considered as partial compensation for their masters. Besides that, the Dutch government in 1863 also compensated each slave-owner for the loss of the working force of each slave 300 Dutch florins - in 2021 worth about 3,500 euros. After 1873, most freedmen largely abandoned the plantations where they had worked for several generations in favor of the capital city,
429:
437:
413:
699:). Another coup followed five months later, with the army replacing Ferrier with Chin A Sen. These developments were largely welcomed by a population that expected the new army-installed government to put an end to corruption and improve the standard of living. This was despite the fact that the new regime banned opposition parties and became increasingly dictatorial. The Dutch initially accepted the new government; however, relations between Suriname and the Netherlands collapsed when 15 members of the political opposition were killed by the army on December 8, 1982, in
644:
453:
255:
44:
1994:
120:
680:(leader of the NPS) as Prime Minister. Despite agreements with the new Surinam government roughly a third of the population emigrated to the Netherlands prior to and after independence, fearing that the new country would not be viable. Also contrary to the agreements with the new Surinam government, many originally Dutch settlers (bakra's/boeroes) were expropriated by the new Surinam Government.
280:
267:
326:
expanded from the abandoned French outpost. In 1663 most of the work on the 50 or so plantations was done by native
Indians and 3,000 African slaves. There were around 1,000 whites there, joined by Brazilian Jews, attracted by religious freedom which was granted to all the settlers by the English.
583:
had a claim on a large area in
Suriname where bauxite, from which aluminum can be made, was found. Given that the peace treaties with the Maroon people granted them title to the lands, there have been international court cases that negated the right of the Surinam government to grant these claims
530:
of the United States and his administration looked abroad for places to relocate freed slaves who wanted to leave the United States. It opened negotiations with the Dutch government regarding
African-American emigration to and colonization of the Dutch colony of Suriname in South America. Nothing
169:
first inhabited the area. The Dutch acquired
Suriname from the English, and European settlement in any numbers dates from the 17th century, when it was a plantation colony utilizing slavery for sugar cultivation. With abolition in the late 19th century, planters sought labor from China, Madeira,
325:
settled there in his name. Two years later, for the better settling of the colony, he went in person, fortified and furnished it with things requisite for defence and trade. The settlement consisted of around 30,000 acres (120 km) and "Fort
Willoughby" near the mouth of the Suriname River,
291:'s 'Wild Coast.' In 1613, a Dutch trading post near the village "Parmurbo" was in existence on the Suriname River, while in the same year the Spanish took over another Dutch trading post on the Corantijn River. The first significant attempt to settle the area by Europeans was in 1630, when
974:
In 1614 the states of
Holland granted to any Dutch citizen a four years' monopoly of any harbour or place of commerce which he might discover in that region (Guiana). The first settlement, however, in Suriname (in 1630) was made by an Englishman, whose name is still preserved by Marshal's
510:
in
Jamaica, whereby they were recognised as free people and received a yearly tribute that provided them with the goods they used to "liberate" from the plantations. A contemporary description of the war between the Maroons and the plantation owners in Suriname can be found in
748:
was elected as new president. The civil war ended after a peace agreement between the government of
Suriname and the Surinamese Liberation Army (SLA), commonly known as the Jungle Commando (or Commandos), led by Ronnie Brunswijk, was reached in August 1992.
716:
In 1985, the ban on opposition parties was lifted, and work began on devising a new constitution. The following year saw the start of an anti-government rebellion of the
Maroons in the interior, calling themselves the Jungle Commando and led by
782:
In 2019, Bouterse was sentenced to 20 years in prison over the execution of 15 political opponents in 1982. Before, he was convicted in absentia of drug trafficking by a court in the Netherlands in 1999. Bouterse has denied any wrongdoing.
672:(a largely Creole party), at the request of members of the NPS, which was granted on November 25, 1975. The Dutch instituted an aid programme worth US$ 1.5 billion to last till 1985. The first President of the country was
1797:
1545:
1410:
494:(also known as "Djukas" or "Bakabusi Nengre") attacked the plantations in order to acquire goods that were in short supply and to free enslaved women. Notable leaders of the Surinam Maroons were
321:, furnished out a vessel to settle a colony in Suriname. At his own cost he equipped a ship of 20 guns, and two smaller vessels with things necessary for the support of the plantation. Major
3222:
864:
1732:
2131:
428:
436:
3109:
1485:
404:. The Van Aerssen family only managed to sell its share in 1770. The Society came to an end in 1795 when this kind of trade and business was no longer seen as acceptable.
314:
299:, but the venture failed financially. In 1640, perhaps while the English were still at Marshall's Creek, the French built an outpost near the mouth of the Suriname River.
1375:
1202:
1787:
934:
1602:
412:
148:
1537:
1398:
522:
Suriname was occupied by the British in 1799, after the Netherlands were incorporated by France, and was returned to the Dutch in 1816, after the defeat of
1928:
1154:
587:
On November 23, 1941, under an agreement with the Dutch government-in-exile, the United States stationed troops in Suriname to protect the bauxite mines.
2161:
190:
Suriname was populated millennia before the Europeans by many distinct indigenous cultures. The largest nations at the time of colonialization were the
2051:
1894:
2432:
2119:
811:
721:. The Bouterse government violently tried to suppress the insurgency by burning villages and other similar means. More than 10,000 Maroons fled to
737:
696:
3102:
1923:
610:
1008:
987:
3058:
2823:
2138:
1955:
1475:
620:
596:
73:
1700:
1662:
1228:
2077:
2014:
1965:
1933:
884:
834:
772:
623:, with the Netherlands retaining control of defence and foreign affairs. It would become one of three member states - the others being the
88:
1722:
1423:
Other regional events in 1980 included a coup in Suriname in February and the "Marial boat lift" from Cuba, which caused a refugee crisis.
821:
In February 2023, protests against rising living costs occurred in the capital Paramaribo. Protesters accused the government of President
1022:
825:
of corruption. They stormed the National Assembly, demanding that the government resign. However, the government condemned the protests.
174:, which was also colonized by the Dutch. Dutch is Suriname's official language. Owing to its diverse population, it has also developed a
2597:
2153:
960:
874:
844:
795:
1080:
The Journal of John Gabriel Stedman, 1744–1797, soldier and author, including an authentic account of his expedition to Surinam in 1772
839:
3250:
3095:
2169:
1848:
1515:
1309:
141:
1983:
1960:
1764:
1580:
733:
684:
103:
83:
1640:
2495:
2174:
2019:
803:
791:
776:
765:
761:
757:
741:
287:
The first Europeans who came to Suriname were Spanish explorers and Dutch traders who visited the area along with other parts of
210:. The Caribs conquered the Arawaks along much of the coast, and into the Caribbean, using sailing ships. They settled in Galibi (
484:
which were exported for the Amsterdam market. In 1713, for instance, most of the work on the 200 plantations was done by 13,000
3212:
950:
Bert Koene (2019) "De mensen van Vossenburg en Wayampibo: Twee Surinaamse plantages in de slaventijd" Hilversum: Verloren. p. 9
506:(Captain Broos). In the 18th century, three of the Maroon people signed a peace treaty, similar to the peace treaty ending the
2299:
2233:
869:
2694:
1606:
1365:
445:
43:
2205:
2092:
1887:
787:
3245:
2425:
2252:
2228:
2126:
1948:
397:
377:
134:
23:
2354:
2223:
2109:
2046:
1049:
931:
700:
353:
3018:
2752:
1441:
3054:
2920:
2615:
2474:
2148:
2024:
669:
651:
632:
613:
606:
166:
392:'s colony. It had three participants, with equal shares in the society's responsibilities and profits—the city of
2294:
1406:
1402:
3217:
3126:
3118:
2718:
2455:
2329:
2324:
2269:
2097:
2082:
2041:
1993:
1880:
889:
859:
854:
643:
602:
401:
308:
798:(PRP) got 20 seats (+11) out of 51 and the National Democratic Party (NDP) got 16 seats (-10). In July 2020,
464:
In South America, slavery was the norm. The native people proved to be in limited supply and consequently the
1257:
2418:
2200:
2102:
1975:
849:
499:
254:
98:
3023:
2782:
2747:
2114:
1938:
1480:
1370:
488:
slaves. Their treatment was horrific, and slaves periodically escaped to the jungle from the start. These
452:
365:
361:
335:
63:
756:, was elected as new president. In 2000, Ronald Venetiaan became president again after winning the early
2441:
2344:
2284:
2274:
2238:
2218:
2143:
2087:
2002:
1636:
807:
385:
352:, on February 26, 1667. Fort Willoughby was captured the next day after a three-hour fight and renamed
432:
Funeral at slave plantation, Suriname. Colored lithograph printed circa 1840–1850, digitally restored.
3189:
3134:
3066:
2792:
2640:
2490:
2306:
2065:
941:. In: Atlas of the languages of Suriname, Eithne Carlin and Jacques Arends (Eds.) Leiden: KITLV Press
921:
Romero-Figueroa, Andrés. Basic Word Order and Sentence Types in Kari'ña. Meunchen: Lincom Europa 2000
879:
668:
In 1973 the Dutch government started independence negotiations with the local government, led by the
624:
516:
465:
421:
108:
503:
3200:
3169:
3154:
2872:
2848:
2818:
2385:
2378:
2316:
2188:
1943:
1907:
556:
381:
68:
3184:
3159:
3139:
2842:
2762:
2334:
2279:
1692:
1670:
1450:
1236:
540:
440:
Suriname (circa 1914) in the Encyclopedia of the Dutch West Indies, by Surinamese cartographer
3164:
3144:
3002:
2828:
2772:
2679:
2500:
2394:
2359:
2349:
2289:
2264:
2210:
2036:
2031:
1844:
1727:
1083:
753:
548:
536:
349:
223:
1283:
3149:
3039:
2986:
2944:
2813:
2515:
2339:
1970:
1112:
815:
745:
729:
718:
705:
688:
507:
441:
373:
235:
93:
1101:"The Lincoln Administration's Negotiations to Colonize African Americans in Dutch Suriname"
364:, in which for the time being the status quo was respected: the Dutch could keep occupying
3174:
2674:
2399:
938:
692:
544:
527:
490:
259:
215:
175:
124:
1317:
1203:"Ten years after ground-breaking ruling the Saramaka are still fighting for their rights"
962:
Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of ARTS,SCIENCES, and General LITERATURE, Volume XI
1754:
1570:
1507:
771:
In July 2010, the parliament elected Bouterse as the new president. In 2015, his party
2767:
2625:
2530:
1628:
495:
457:
389:
295:
settlers led by Captain Marshall attempted to found a colony. They cultivated crops of
3239:
2954:
2949:
2605:
2582:
2577:
2561:
2525:
2520:
2505:
822:
799:
722:
673:
655:
552:
417:
369:
322:
288:
231:
207:
58:
1755:"Suriname election: Convicted murderer Dési Bouterse is replaced by ex-police chief"
543:
population. From 1873 to 1916, many laborers were imported from India, creating the
2939:
2742:
2556:
2551:
2510:
1861:
1831:
Twentieth Century Suriname. Continuities and Discontinuities in a New World Society
1180:
179:
1594:
1339:
1009:"Suriname Geschiedenis Deel 1: De Wilde Kust en Kolonisatie | Suriname View"
2896:
2777:
2635:
2610:
677:
647:
628:
357:
341:
2684:
2650:
1788:"Protesters storm Suriname's parliament as anti-austerity rally turns chaotic"
532:
477:
380:, after the English had regained and again lost Suriname in 1667. In 1683 the
227:
713:
in Dutch). The Dutch and Americans cut off their aid in protest at the move.
2891:
2664:
2630:
1478:[Amnesty December murders; Ambassador Suriname to the Netherlands].
1136:
584:(meaning the right to take the land for themselves and ignoring autonomy).
513:
Narrative of a Five Years Expedition Against the Revolted Negroes of Surinam
393:
171:
3087:
1595:"Suriname: Current information on the Jungle Commandos of Ronnie Brunswijk"
725:, and were recognised refugees. The number of illegal refugees is unknown.
468:
supplied the workforce for the plantations. The plantations were producing
1116:
790:
began and oil prices fell. There was an economic crisis. On 25 May 2020,
3062:
2757:
2535:
1903:
1759:
1629:"Suriname: 2005 Presidential Elections / 2005 Eleccciones Presidenciales"
1575:
663:
523:
318:
162:
78:
2410:
1454:
1436:
691:. President Ferrier refused to recognise the new government, appointing
2737:
2659:
2620:
1792:
1087:
576:
345:
296:
292:
279:
219:
203:
199:
191:
1100:
2970:
2808:
2787:
2689:
2669:
2587:
568:
485:
481:
473:
243:
239:
53:
1872:
616:
and had argued for end to subservience to the Ministry of Colonies.
266:
1866:
1834:
580:
469:
411:
195:
1050:"America and West Indies: February 1667 - British History Online"
1723:"Suriname President Bouterse sentenced to 20 years for killings"
728:
In 1987, Suriname got a new civilian constitution and next year
572:
535:. In the meantime, many more workers had been imported from the
3091:
2917:
2869:
2715:
2452:
2414:
1876:
1476:"Amnestie decembermoorden; ambassadeur Suriname naar Nederland"
1368:[Half of the Surinamese Dutch are second generation].
1155:"The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon"
908:
Albert Gastmann, "Suriname and the Dutch in the Caribbean" in
609:. As a member of the Colonial States, he had been critical of
1841:
A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny
1399:"The Walter Rodney Murder Mystery in Guyana 40 Years Later"
764:
and his New Front coalition won narrowly the parliamentary
810:, replacing Bouterse. The PRP formed a coalition with the
1039:
George Warren (1667) An impartial description of Surinam.
547:. After 1916, many laborers were again imported from the
214:, meaning "tree of the forefathers") on the mouth of the
1869:
is a map from the 1600s of what is now known as Suriname
567:
In the 20th century, the natural resources of Suriname,
539:, mostly Chinese inhabitants of that colony, creating a
912:
vol. 5, p. 189. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
865:
List of colonial heads of Suriname (Netherlands Guiana)
736:
organized by Bouterse in 1990. In 1991, opposition the
1437:"Reining the Military: Re-Democratization in Suriname"
779:, giving Bouterse a second five-year period in power.
3065:
in 1975, Curaçao and Dependencies was renamed to the
1538:"Maroons under Assault In Suriname And French Guiana"
218:. While the Arawak and Carib lived off the coast and
1181:"Wanze Eduards and S. Hugo Jabini. Suriname Forests"
965:(Ninth Edition—Popular Reprint ed.). 1888
3198:
3125:
3032:
3011:
2995:
2979:
2963:
2932:
2884:
2801:
2730:
2649:
2596:
2570:
2544:
2483:
2467:
2315:
2251:
2187:
2064:
2001:
1914:
1366:"Helft Surinaamse Nederlanders is tweede generatie"
910:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
1693:"Suriname General Election Results - 25 May 2015"
1663:"Suriname General Election Results - 25 May 2010"
388:to profit from the management and defence of the
1824:The Politics of Surinam and Netherlands Antilles
932:The native population: Migrations and identities
1862:U.S. State Department Background Note: Suriname
416:A Dutch plantation owner and female slave from
1514:(in Dutch). NRC Handelsblad. 1 February 2001.
3103:
2426:
1888:
1603:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
732:was elected as president. He was ousted in a
376:). This arrangement was made official in the
142:
8:
3224:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
601:In 1949, the first full election was held.
3110:
3096:
3088:
2929:
2914:
2881:
2866:
2727:
2712:
2464:
2449:
2433:
2419:
2411:
2257:
2193:
2070:
2007:
1895:
1881:
1873:
1829:Hoefte, Rosemarijn and Peter Meel (eds.),
368:and the English the formerly Dutch colony
149:
135:
17:
3069:, which was eventually dissolved in 2010.
1867:"Guyana, or, the Kingdom of the Amazons"
930:Carlin, Eithne and Boven, Karen (2002).
812:General Liberation and Development Party
642:
451:
435:
427:
278:
265:
253:
1565:
1563:
901:
738:New Front for Democracy and Development
683:In 1980, the government of Henck Arron
31:
20:
1258:"Leven in koloniaal Suriname - deel 1"
1956:Within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1669:. Caribbean Elections. Archived from
775:(NDP) narrowly won the parliamentary
597:Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)
384:was set up, modelled on the ideas of
7:
885:Spanish colonization of the Americas
835:British colonization of the Americas
356:. On July 31, 1667, the English and
340:The settlement was invaded by seven
270:Plantations in Suriname around 1800.
3057:of the Kingdom of the Netherlands;
1413:from the original on April 21, 2023
1397:Curry, Mary E. (February 3, 2022).
1378:from the original on March 22, 2023
875:List of prime ministers of Suriname
845:French colonization of the Americas
2717:Colonies and trading posts of the
2454:Colonies and trading posts of the
1767:from the original on April 8, 2023
1703:from the original on April 6, 2023
1643:from the original on April 5, 2023
1633:Political Database of the Americas
1609:from the original on July 15, 2023
1583:from the original on June 1, 2023.
1488:from the original on April 6, 2023
1023:"Preface - British History Online"
840:Dutch colonization of the Americas
703:. This event is also known as the
14:
1800:from the original on June 8, 2023
1786:Kuipers, Ank (18 February 2023).
1735:from the original on May 26, 2023
1548:from the original on June 3, 2023
1518:from the original on May 21, 2023
685:was overthrown in a military coup
579:, were exploited. The US company
1992:
1067:The Boni Maroon Wars in Suriname
420:'s illustrations of the work of
118:
42:
2778:Sint Eustatius and Dependencies
1099:Douma, Michael J. (June 2015).
800:Chandrikapersad "Chan" Santokhi
621:Suriname gained self-government
1442:Journal of Third World Studies
1374:(in Dutch). 24 November 2015.
870:List of presidents of Suriname
814:led by former guerilla leader
752:In 1992, an ally of Bouterse,
198:coastal tribe that lived from
1:
1843:. Addison-Wesley Publishing.
1571:"Suriname profile - Timeline"
1183:. Goldman Environmental Prize
1078:Stedman, John Gabriel (1962)
378:Treaty of Westminster of 1674
1510:[December murders].
697:Nationalist Republican Party
398:Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck
258:A plantation in Suriname by
3267:
2921:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1484:(in Dutch). 5 April 2012.
1316:(in Dutch). Archived from
1310:"Julius Caesar de Miranda"
818:, the new vice president.
661:
607:Prime Minister of Suriname
594:
333:
306:
3048:
2928:
2913:
2880:
2865:
2837:
2726:
2711:
2463:
2448:
2372:
2260:
2196:
2073:
2010:
1990:
1966:National Military Council
1407:National Security Archive
1290:(in Dutch). 29 April 2019
1161:(in Dutch). 28 April 2010
1054:www.british-history.ac.uk
1027:www.british-history.ac.uk
773:National Democratic Party
760:. In 2005, Venetiaan was
424:, published in 1792–1794.
165:dates from 3000 BCE when
89:National Military Council
3251:History of South America
3119:History of South America
3019:Curaçao and Dependencies
2753:Curaçao and Dependencies
2731:Colonies in the Americas
2719:Dutch West India Company
2456:Dutch East India Company
2078:Administrative divisions
1697:Suriname Election Center
1667:Suriname Election Center
890:1999 Surinamese protests
860:History of the Caribbean
855:History of South America
796:Progressive Reform Party
603:Julius Caesar de Miranda
526:. In 1861–63, President
408:Slavery and emancipation
402:Dutch West India Company
309:Surinam (English colony)
283:Coastline of the Guianas
2802:Trading posts in Africa
2536:Northeast coast of Java
1929:Chairmen of the Estates
1839:Kurlansky, Mark. 1992.
1699:. Caribbean Elections.
1435:Singh, Chatram (2007).
850:History of the Americas
742:parliamentary elections
444:and Dutch ethnographer
275:Intermittent Settlement
99:Surinamese Interior War
2229:Science and technology
2162:Deputy Prime Minister
1481:Reformatorisch Dagblad
1371:Statistics Netherlands
1069:by Wim S.M. Hoogbergen
687:led by Sergeant-Major
659:
461:
449:
433:
425:
336:Surinam (Dutch colony)
284:
271:
263:
3055:constituent countries
2588:West coast of Sumatra
2442:Dutch colonial empire
1637:Georgetown University
1284:"Verloedering deel 1"
1117:10.1353/cwh.2015.0037
1082:Mitre Press, London,
808:President of Suriname
646:
605:was elected as first
455:
439:
431:
415:
386:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
282:
269:
257:
250:European colonization
186:Indigenous settlement
161:The early history of
3067:Netherlands Antilles
2175:Constitutional Court
2052:World Heritage Sites
2020:Environmental issues
1731:. December 1, 2019.
1233:faculty.virginia.edu
988:"History of Surinam"
880:Politics of Suriname
658:on November 25, 1975
625:Netherlands Antilles
517:John Gabriel Stedman
466:Atlantic slave trade
422:John Gabriel Stedman
303:English Colonization
230:inland, such as the
222:, smaller groups of
3246:History of Suriname
2873:Noordsche Compagnie
2871:Settlements of the
2849:Society of Suriname
2695:Vietnam (1637–1643)
2468:Governorate General
1944:Society of Suriname
1344:Rozenburg Quarterly
1011:. December 2, 2017.
557:Javanese Surinamese
382:Society of Suriname
125:Suriname portal
109:Return to democracy
74:Constituent country
69:Society of Suriname
2843:Society of Berbice
2234:Telecommunications
1924:Colonial governors
1822:Gastmann, Albert.
1209:. 28 November 2017
937:2014-03-18 at the
792:a general election
660:
541:Chinese Surinamese
462:
450:
446:Johannes Snelleman
434:
426:
330:Dutch colonization
317:, the governor of
285:
272:
264:
224:indigenous peoples
64:Dutch colonization
3233:
3232:
3205:other territories
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3063:full independence
3003:Dutch East Indies
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2408:
2407:
2368:
2367:
2247:
2246:
2183:
2182:
2139:Political parties
2127:National Assembly
2093:Foreign relations
2060:
2059:
1978:(1986–1992)
1939:Colony of Surinam
1544:. 28 April 2010.
1542:Cultural Survival
1508:"Decembermoorden"
1340:"65 jaar Statuut"
1159:Cultural Survival
1105:Civil War History
754:Jules Wijdenbosch
563:Twentieth century
549:Dutch East Indies
537:Dutch East Indies
502:, Joli-coeur and
350:Abraham Crijnssen
159:
158:
3258:
3225:
3213:Falkland Islands
3127:Sovereign states
3112:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3070:
2930:
2919:Colonies of the
2915:
2882:
2867:
2847:Governed by the
2841:Governed by the
2728:
2713:
2465:
2450:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2388:
2381:
2258:
2214:
2194:
2165:
2157:
2071:
2008:
1996:
1984:1990 coup d'état
1979:
1971:December murders
1961:1980 coup d'état
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1763:. 14 July 2020.
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1680:
1678:
1673:on April 7, 2023
1659:
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1591:
1585:
1584:
1579:. May 31, 2018.
1567:
1558:
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1512:Dossier Suriname
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1288:Dagblad Suriname
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1235:. Archived from
1225:
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1214:
1199:
1193:
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1190:
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913:
906:
816:Ronnie Brunswijk
794:took place. The
746:Ronald Venetiaan
740:won majority in
730:Ramsewak Shankar
719:Ronnie Brunswijk
706:December murders
508:First Maroon War
456:Maroon village,
442:Herman Benjamins
348:region), led by
344:ships (from the
167:Native Americans
151:
144:
137:
123:
122:
121:
104:1990 coup d'état
94:December murders
84:1980 coup d'état
46:
36:
18:
3266:
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2355:Public holidays
2311:
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2224:Mining industry
2212:
2179:
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2155:
2154:Prime Minister
2110:Law enforcement
2056:
2047:Protected areas
1997:
1988:
1977:
1934:Colonial forces
1910:
1901:
1858:
1833:, Leiden 2001,
1819:
1817:Further reading
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1338:
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1333:
1323:
1321:
1320:on 22 June 2020
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939:Wayback Machine
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788:COVID-19 crisis
711:Decembermoorden
693:Henk Chin A Sen
666:
641:
599:
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565:
555:, creating the
545:Indo-Surinamese
528:Abraham Lincoln
410:
362:Treaty of Breda
338:
332:
315:Lord Willoughby
311:
305:
277:
260:Dirk Valkenburg
252:
216:Marowijne river
188:
176:creole language
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5:
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2149:Vice President
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2025:Climate change
2017:
2011:
2005:
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1856:External links
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458:Suriname River
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1403:Briefing Book
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1314:Anda Suriname
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1262:Andere Tijden
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1239:on 2011-06-05
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3201:Dependencies
3179:
2571:Commandments
2545:Directorates
2484:Governorates
2330:Coat of arms
2270:Demographics
2098:Human rights
2083:Constitution
2042:Biodiversity
1949:World War II
1915:
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639:Independence
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372:(modern-day
339:
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180:Sranan Tongo
160:
79:Independence
32:
15:
2923:(1815–1975)
2897:Smeerenburg
2885:Settlements
2875:(1614–1642)
2829:Slave Coast
2721:(1621–1792)
2653:settlements
2611:Banjarmasin
2598:Residencies
2501:Cape Colony
2458:(1602–1798)
2201:Agriculture
2103:LGBT rights
1141:Rijksmuseum
806:as the new
678:Henck Arron
648:Henck Arron
629:Netherlands
360:signed the
212:Kupali Yumï
170:India, and
33:History of
3240:Categories
3040:New Guinea
3033:Until 1962
3012:Until 1954
2996:Until 1949
2987:Gold Coast
2980:Until 1872
2964:Until 1853
2945:Coromandel
2933:Until 1825
2824:Senegambia
2814:Gold Coast
2651:Opperhoofd
2516:Coromandel
2345:Literature
2300:indigenous
2280:Healthcare
2213:(currency)
1728:Al Jazeera
1346:(in Dutch)
1264:(in Dutch)
1243:2010-07-05
1122:2021-02-07
994:2020-04-20
969:2008-05-04
896:References
802:(PRP) was
762:re-elected
662:See also:
631:under one
595:See also:
533:Paramaribo
400:, and the
228:rainforest
206:, and the
3190:Venezuela
3135:Argentina
2892:Jan Mayen
2763:Essequibo
2675:Mauritius
2641:Pontianak
2631:Palembang
2285:Languages
2275:Education
2239:Transport
2206:Companies
2164:(defunct)
2156:(defunct)
2144:President
2120:Commander
2088:Elections
2003:Geography
1207:Both Ends
758:elections
619:In 1954,
394:Amsterdam
313:In 1650,
172:Indonesia
3180:Suriname
3170:Paraguay
3155:Colombia
3059:Suriname
2773:Pomeroon
2758:Demerara
2636:Preanger
2621:Cheribon
2531:Moluccas
2395:Category
2307:Religion
2132:Chairman
2115:Military
2066:Politics
1908:articles
1904:Suriname
1804:July 13,
1798:Archived
1771:July 13,
1765:Archived
1760:BBC News
1739:July 13,
1733:Archived
1707:July 13,
1701:Archived
1677:July 15,
1647:July 13,
1641:Archived
1613:July 13,
1607:Archived
1599:Refworld
1581:Archived
1576:BBC News
1546:Archived
1516:Archived
1486:Archived
1460:July 12,
1455:45194353
1417:July 13,
1411:Archived
1376:Archived
935:Archived
829:See also
777:election
766:election
695:(of the
664:Suriname
627:and the
614:Kielstra
611:Governor
524:Napoleon
374:New York
366:Suriname
319:Barbados
163:Suriname
35:Suriname
24:a series
22:Part of
3185:Uruguay
3160:Ecuador
3140:Bolivia
3061:gained
3053:Became
3024:Surinam
2955:Suratte
2950:Malacca
2783:Surinam
2748:Cayenne
2738:Berbice
2660:Myanmar
2616:Batavia
2583:Malabar
2562:Suratte
2526:Malacca
2521:Formosa
2506:Celebes
2475:Batavia
2379:Outline
2335:Cuisine
2317:Culture
2253:Society
2211:Dollar
2189:Economy
1916:History
1826:. 1968.
1793:Reuters
1405:# 784.
1350:22 June
1324:22 June
1294:22 June
1268:22 June
804:elected
676:, with
652:Beatrix
633:Kingdom
577:bauxite
491:Maroons
486:African
346:Zeeland
297:tobacco
293:English
262:(1707?)
220:savanna
204:fishing
200:hunting
196:nomadic
192:Arawaks
3165:Guyana
3145:Brazil
2971:Dejima
2940:Bengal
2809:Arguin
2788:Tobago
2743:Brazil
2690:Tonkin
2670:Dejima
2665:Canton
2626:Malang
2606:Bantam
2578:Bantam
2557:Persia
2552:Bengal
2511:Ceylon
2400:Portal
2325:Anthem
2290:People
2219:Energy
2015:Cities
1906:
1847:
1552:6 June
1522:28 May
1492:28 May
1453:
1382:6 June
1229:"Home"
1213:6 June
1187:6 June
1165:6 June
1088:924217
1086:
975:Creek.
569:rubber
482:cotton
480:, and
474:coffee
460:, 1955
244:Wayana
242:, and
240:Warrau
232:Akurio
208:Caribs
59:Caribs
54:Arawak
26:on the
3150:Chile
2685:Timor
2491:Ambon
2386:Index
2360:Sport
2350:Music
2265:Crime
2037:Flora
2032:Fauna
1835:KITLV
1451:JSTOR
581:Alcoa
504:Broos
496:Alabi
478:cocoa
470:sugar
358:Dutch
342:Dutch
3175:Peru
2680:Siam
2340:Flag
2295:list
1845:ISBN
1806:2023
1773:2023
1741:2023
1709:2023
1679:2023
1649:2023
1615:2023
1554:2020
1524:2020
1494:2020
1462:2023
1419:2023
1384:2020
1352:2020
1326:2020
1296:2020
1270:2020
1215:2020
1189:2020
1167:2020
1084:OCLC
654:and
575:and
573:gold
553:Java
500:Boni
236:Trió
202:and
194:, a
3203:and
1447:116
1113:doi
670:NPS
515:by
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