1217:
management of geodesy and cartography, (Główny Zarząd
Geodezji i Kartografii) and health services (Centralny Zarząd Służby Zdrowia). Ministry of Internal Affairs also had control over the command of the Internal Security Corp. (Dowództwo Korpusu Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego or KBW), command of the Border Guard (Dowództwo Wojsk Ochrony Pogranicza or KOP), and management of Information of Internal Troops (Zarząd Informacji Wojsk Wewnetrznych). Through the 1980s the MSW had 24,390 staff in Security Services, 62,276 in the Citizen's Militsiya, 12,566 in Motorized Reserves of the Citizens Militia (Zmotoryzowane Odwody Milicji Obywatelskiej, or ZOMO), 20,673 in Administratively-Economic Units (Jednostki administracyjno-gospodarcze) and 4,594 in ministry schools, not including students.
1272:, or Odział II Szt Gen LWP) and bore the same name as its precursor from before the war. Odział II Szt Gen WP was established on July 18, 1945, but its origins can be traced to May 1943, when the first reconnaissance company was created in Polish Army units in the USSR. Between July 1947 and June 5, 1950, the Second Section of General Staff of the Polish People's Army operated within the structure of the Ministry of Public Security together with the civilian intelligence branch as Department VII. On June 5, 1950, it returned to the Ministry of Defense. The first head of Odział II Szt Gen WP was Colonel
1025:(who had survived the war and lived to 1980), made slow headway against British and American obfuscations, mendacities and fabrications. The Polish Enigma-breaking effort had been much more sophisticated than those English-language accounts made out, and had in fact relied largely on mathematical analysis. Historians' efforts to gain access to documentation of other Polish intelligence operations met with British stonewalling and with claims that the pertinent Polish archives had been destroyed by the British.
1385:) and without much organizational change; at least none that was visible to the general public. The new Polish conservative government declared dissolution of the WSI and creating new services in October 2005, since the agency skipped serious external reforms after the collapse of communism in 1989. Throughout the transformation the WSI were allegedly involved in dubious operations, arms sales to UN-sanctioned states and corruption scandals. In 2006, the WSI was split into
1358:, or UOP) was formed and staffed mainly by the former SB officers who successfully passed a verification procedure. Its mission was primarily general espionage and intelligence gathering as well as counter-espionage and fighting against high ranked organized crime. It was commanded by a career intelligence officer but was directly supervised by a civilian government official, Coordinator for the Special Services.
1253:, more commonly known as the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa or UB, and the name was changed to the Main Directorate of Information of the Committee for Public Security, or GZI KdsBP. In November 1956 the GZI Kds.BP separated from the Committee for Public Security, and returned to its previous role, becoming again the Main Directorate of Information of the Ministry of Defense. After the reform instituted by
780:, created in 1924. On a number of occasions, soldiers crossed the border disguised as smugglers, partisans or bandits. They gathered information on the disposition of Soviet troops and the morale of the Soviet populace. At the same time, Soviet forces carried out analogous missions on Polish soil. The situation finally stabilized in 1925; however, such missions continued to occur occasionally.
35:
1213:
fire rescue. The
Ministry of Internal Affairs was divided into departments. The most important of these were the first second and third departments. The first dealt with foreign operations and intelligence gathering, the second with spy activities both by Poland and other countries and the third was responsible for anti-state activities and the protection of the country's secrets.
1170:. They generally did not employ former officers of the "Dwojka" or follow the traditions of pre-war Polish intelligence services. Personnel were recruited for their "political reliability". New formations were trained by Soviet NKVD experts. Additionally, and especially in the early years (1945–49), Soviet officers in Polish uniforms overlooked their operations. After
811:. The situation only began to change in 1939, when war appeared certain and Britain and France entered into a formal military alliance with Poland. The most important result of the subsequent information-sharing was the disclosure to France and Britain of Polish techniques and equipment for breaking German
752:
Until the late 1930s the Soviet Union was seen as the most likely aggressor and Poland's main adversary. Section II developed an extensive network of agents within Poland's eastern neighbor and other adjoining countries. In the early 1920s Polish intelligence began developing a network for "offensive
890:, practically all of the General Staff's Section II (Intelligence) command apparatus managed to escape to Romania and soon reached France and Britain. Reactivating agent networks throughout Europe, they immediately began cooperating with French and British intelligence agencies. After the subsequent
1212:
the MSW was one of the biggest and strongest administrations. During this period its responsibilities included intelligence, counter-espionage, anti-state activity (SB), government protection, confidential communications, supervision of the local governments, militsiya, correctional facilities, and
511:
An extensive network of domestic and foreign informants developed rapidly. This was due to Poland's poor economic situation, itself the result of over a century of foreign occupation. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Poland's economic and political situation had forced hundreds of thousands to
1216:
With the exception of its own departments and sections, the MSW also had control over the
Militsiya (Komenda Główna Milicji Obywatelskiej or KG/MO), fire rescue (Komenda Główna Straży Pożarnych or KG/SP), territorial anti-aircraft defense, (Komenda Główna Terenowej Obrony Przeciwlotniczej KG/TOP),
1036:
from continental Europe in between 1939 and 1945 came from Polish sources. The total number of those reports is estimated about bout 80,000, and 85% of them were deemed high or better quality. Despite Poland becoming occupied, the Polish intelligence network not only survived but grew rapidly, and
798:
Until 1939 Polish intelligence services did not, as a rule, collaborate with the intelligence services of other countries with exception of
Imperial Japan. A partial exception was also France, Poland's closest ally; even then cooperation was lukewarm, with neither side sharing their most precious
783:
Polish
Intelligence produced fairly accurate pictures of the capabilities of Poland's main potential adversaries—Germany and the Soviet Union. Nonetheless, this information was of little avail when war came in September 1939. Good intelligence could not offset the overwhelming superiority of the
1577:
has argued that the western Allies did themselves a disservice in first keeping secret for three decades the major contribution that reading of German ciphers made to Allied victory, and then claiming for themselves all the glory of the Enigma-breaking achievement; for this has led a couple of
995:
On March 15, 1946, Section II was officially disbanded, and its archives were taken over by
Britain. At Section II's dissolution, it had 170 officers and 3,500 agents, excluding headquarters staff. Very likely at least some of the Polish agents continued working directly for Britain during the
1040:
Western Allies had limited intelligence assets in
Central and Eastern Europe, and extensive Polish intelligence network in place proved to be a major asset, even described as "the only allied intelligence assets on the Continent" following the French capitulation. According to
784:
German and Soviet armed forces. The conquest of Poland took four weeks—too short a time for intelligence services to make a significant contribution. With Poland conquered, her intelligence services had to evacuate their headquarters to allied French and
British territories.
1092:
On occupying Poland and installing a puppet government, the Soviet Union created new Polish intelligence and internal-security agencies. The Soviet special services had begun training Polish officers as early as 1943. That year, some 120 Poles had begun training at an
1225:
The first military special services in Poland after World War II were created in 1943 as part of the Polish military in the USSR. First organ that dealt with military counterespionage was called
Directorate of Information by the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army
897:
At that time
Britain was in a difficult situation, badly in need of intelligence from occupied Europe after rapid German advances had disrupted its networks and put German forces into areas where Britain had few agents. Following the personal intervention of
1012:
was made public in the 1970s, did a Polish contribution begin to become known; even then, however, the early versions published in Britain (and some versions even to the end of the 20th century) claimed that Polish intelligence had only been able to
1938:
Akcja Łom: Polskie działania dywersyjne na Rusi Zakarpackiej w świetle dokumenów Oddziału II Sztabu Głównego WP (Operation Crowbar: Polish Diversionary Operations in Transcarpathian Ruthenia in Light of Documents of Section II of the Polish General
550:
in early 1919, intelligence from the east proved vital to Poland's survival against a far superior enemy. A separate organization was formed within Polish Intelligence, taking over most intelligence duties for the duration of the war. This was a
1003:
The Polish intelligence contribution to Britain's war effort was kept secret due to Cold War exigencies. In later years, as official British histories were released, the Polish intelligence role barely rated a mention. Only when British wartime
917:
which they had developed in France. The Poles were the only Allied country that was given this unique status, though as the war progressed it was challenged by some agencies of the British government. Due to support from members of the British
991:
in 1943. Poland's networks supplied the western Allies with intelligence on nearly all aspects of the German war effort. Of 45,770 reports received by British intelligence during the war, nearly half (22,047) came from Polish agents.
1148:. By September 1945 Department 1 had become so large that three additional departments were created, as well as two separate sections. By the close of 1944, the Department of Public Security totaled 3000 employees.
1200:
The next big changes came in 1956. The Committee for Public Security was canceled and the Ministry of Internal Affairs took over their responsibilities. The MSW assumed control of the political police, under the
1582:, "be fooled by the spate of televisions films and propagands which has made seem like some great triumphant epic," and thus underestimate the hazards of later conflicts. (Kasparek's observation in Koaczuk,
1365:
and some perceived failures with organized crime cases. In 2002 the new, post-communist left-wing government reorganized the special services by dividing them into two agencies; the Internal Security Agency
925:
In the first half of 1941 Polish agents in France supplied Britain with intelligence on U-boat movements from French Atlantic ports. The Polish network in France grew to 1,500 members and, before and during
930:, supplied vital information about the German military in France. Agents working in Poland in the spring of 1941 supplied extensive intelligence about German preparations to invade the Soviet Union (
280:(beginning in 1772, until 1918) by three adjacent empires, intelligence played an important role in patriotic Poles' surveillance of their occupiers and in their planning and conduct of successive
1257:
in 1956, and the role the GZI played in repressions and executions, the Main Directorate of Information of Ministry of Defense was canceled in 1957 and replaced by the Military Internal Service (
844:
Six-and-a-half years after the initial Polish decryption of Enigma ciphers, French and British intelligence representatives were briefed on Polish achievements at a trilateral conference held at
860:, northwest of London. Without the head start provided by Poland, British reading of Enigma encryptions might have been delayed several years, if it would have gotten off the ground at all.
1702:
Peszke, Michael Alfred (2006-12-01). "A Review of: "Intelligence Co-Operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II — The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee"".
1659:
Schwonek, Matthew R. (2006-04-19). "Intelligence Co-operation Between Poland and Great Britain During World War II: The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee, Vol. 1 (review)".
395:"Two") was formed in October 1918, even before Poland had declared her independence. Initially called the "General Staff Information Department," Division II was divided into sections (
52:
2203:
2066:
1193:), which was responsible for the military police and counter-espionage agency, was also controlled by the Kds.BP. The MSW was responsible for the supervision of local governments,
1992:
Zanim złamano Enigmę: Polski radiowywiad podczas wojny z bolszewicką Rosją 1918–1920 (Before Enigma Was Broken: Polish Radio Intelligence during the Polish-Soviet War, 1918–1920)
1189:
The Kds.BP was responsible for intelligence and government protection and. From September 3, 1955, to 28 November 1956, the Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army (
661:
against Germany), her international situation was unenviable. By mid-1921, Section II had been restructured into three main departments, each overseeing a number of offices:
2301:
1238:
1190:
1074:
863:
Key Polish Cipher Bureau personnel escaped from Poland on September 17, 1939, on the Soviet Union's entry into eastern Poland, and eventually reached France. There, at "
512:
emigrate. With the advent of Polish independence, many émigrés offered their services to Polish intelligence agencies. Others Poles who had been living in the former
1330:, or WSW), in order to have intelligence and counter-intelligence working under one structure as the Second Directorate for Intelligence and Counter-intelligence (
871:" (October 1939 – May 1940). Following the fall of northern France to the Germans, the Polish-French-Spanish cryptological organization, sponsored by French Major
657:, Polish Intelligence had to restructure to cope with new challenges. Though Poland had won most of her border conflicts (most notably the war with Russia and the
2221:
2215:
2167:
1156:
325:
1298:(in his 88th order) transformed the Second Section of General Staff of the Polish People's Army to Second Directorate of General Staff of the Polish Army (
2059:
1250:
1082:
2274:
2102:
388:
350:
99:
71:
658:
2078:
1539:
1125:
2311:
1367:
1052:, for the Western Allies, the intelligence provided by the Home Army was considered to be the best source of information on the Eastern Front.
856:, on July 26, 1939, barely five weeks before the outbreak of World War II. This formed the basis for early Enigma decryption by the British at
581:
The fourth department, Offensive Intelligence "C", became the most developed because it carried out all the duties connected with "front-line"
264:. Kulczycki is reported to have received as reward for his services the Turks' supplies of coffee beans and to have established Vienna's first
78:
2340:
2107:
2052:
1970:
Bitwa o tajemnice: służby wywiadowcze Polski i Niemiec, 1918–1939 (Secret Battle: The Intelligence Services of Poland and Germany, 1918–1939)
1756:
1612:
1269:
2238:
2209:
1029:
158:
1895:
1490:
1386:
1261:, or WSW). The WSW continuously operated as the main military police and counterespionage service until the fall of communism in Poland.
1241:, or GZI WP) in his 95th order. From 30 November 1950, the GZI WP became the Main Directorate of Information of the Ministry of Defense (
979:
and non-Jewish populations. Polish intelligence gave the British crucial information on Germany's secret-weapons projects, including the
85:
2345:
793:
1327:
1258:
166:
142:
2284:
2184:
2178:
2121:
1374:). The move was widely perceived as a way of cleansing the higher ranks of the officers appointed by previous right-wing governments.
1361:
Most of the time the agency evaded public attention, although it was dragged into political fighting over appointments of its chiefs,
1378:
1335:
1166:
The Ministry of Public Security was responsible for both intelligence and counter-espionage, as well as surveillance of citizens and
2021:
1999:
1977:
1955:
1925:
1907:
1889:
1860:
1837:
1815:
1630:"Intelligence Cooperation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II. The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee"
329:
118:
67:
1299:
2135:
1512:
1246:
1179:
1178:, the Ministry of Public Security was canceled and replaced by two separate administrations - the Committee for Public Security (
1121:
had also undergone the same training in order to prepare them for work in future special services in their respective countries.
2140:
1334:). In 1991 the Second Directorate for Intelligence and Counter-intelligence was transformed into Military Information Services (
430:
1144:. The largest and the most important department in the RBP, Department 1, was responsible for counter-espionage and headed by
945:
829:. His work was facilitated, perhaps decisively, by intelligence provided by Bertrand. With the help of fellow mathematicians
56:
2243:
2162:
1347:
1202:
1078:
2190:
2092:
309:
2269:
919:
297:
1137:
1331:
1307:
1302:). Internal organization was transformed from sections to directorates and intelligence work among the United States,
1209:
913:
requested and obtained (at that time without any reservations) the right to use, without British oversight, their own
2248:
1355:
1234:
1183:
1152:
92:
1849:
On the Border of War and Peace: Polish Intelligence and Diplomacy in 1937–1939, and the Origins of the Ultra Secret
1518:
1442:
242:
1326:. In 1990 the Second Directorate of General Staff of the Polish Army was join with the Military Internal Service (
1254:
45:
2306:
1852:
1485:
887:
199:
2145:
1528:
1390:
438:
1965:
1821:
1470:
953:
903:
2296:
1265:
1141:
1056:
1033:
632:
1151:
On December 31, 1944, the PKWN was joined by several members of the Polish government in exile, among them
2279:
1475:
1295:
1167:
906:
in September 1940, cooperation between British and Polish intelligence organizations entered a new phase.
2172:
1947:
1281:
1273:
1264:
The first Polish Military Intelligence after World War II was the Second Section of General Staff of the
1175:
650:
2129:
1869:
1799:
1558:
1524:
1420:
1042:
357:
301:
1943:
1464:
293:
17:
2253:
1829:
1574:
960:(Polish for "Rigor"). Their information was used by the Americans and British to plan the amphibious
931:
777:
333:
277:
186:
162:
137:
2030:
2009:
1987:
1826:
Enigma: How the German Machine Cipher Was Broken, and How It Was Read by the Allies in World War Two
1936:
1804:
The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II
1563:
The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II
1496:
1285:
516:
and were now making their way home through war-torn Russia, provided priceless intelligence on the
361:
1277:
834:
2335:
1932:
1727:
1684:
1351:
1124:
In July 1944 in Moscow the temporary Polish puppet government was established by the name of the
987:, enabling Britain to set back these German programs by bombing the main development facility at
927:
371:
305:
254:
2204:
Centre for Radioelectronic Combat Reconnaissance and Support ″Lieutenant Colonel Jan Kowalewski″
2197:
2017:
1995:
1973:
1951:
1921:
1913:
1903:
1885:
1856:
1833:
1811:
1752:
1719:
1676:
1641:
1608:
1602:
1579:
1480:
1431:
1426:
1415:
899:
547:
525:
227:
1047:
964:
landings in North Africa in November 1942, the first large-scale Allied landings of the war.
543:
alone. Many of these provided intelligence on industrial production and economic conditions.
1880:(edited, with introduction and notes by) Andrzej Grzywacz, Marcin Kwiecień, Grzegorz Mazur,
1807:
1711:
1668:
1508:
1402:
1292:
1284:. The last commander of the Second Section of General Staff of the Polish People's Army was
1018:
872:
845:
826:
804:
800:
762:
736:
590:
422:
281:
261:
238:
1245:, or GZI MON). In September 1955 GZI MON became part of the Committee for Public Security (
2097:
1920:(The Carpathian Bridge: a Covert Polish Intelligence Operation), Warsaw, Sigma NOT, 1992,
1447:
1371:
1145:
1022:
961:
830:
822:
628:
617:
532:
521:
258:
1629:
1578:
subsequent generations of western politicians and military officers to, in the words of
616:
The third department, Offensive Intelligence "B," controlled an intelligence network in
1844:
1772:
1452:
1436:
1237:, transformed the ZI NDWP into the Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army (
1114:
1098:
972:
891:
857:
812:
654:
606:
598:
582:
536:
513:
407:
313:
207:
821:
The initial break into the Enigma ciphers had been made in late 1932 by mathematician
2329:
2012:; et al. (2005). "vol. I: The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee".
1731:
1688:
1534:
1303:
1171:
1009:
988:
381:
174:
447:(West) – Offensive intelligence for Austria, Germany, France and the United Kingdom;
1458:
1005:
949:
880:
808:
586:
456:
344:
265:
223:
211:
1773:"Projekt ustawy o Służbie Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego oraz Służbie Wywiadu Wojskowego"
1746:
799:
secrets. An important exception was the long-term collaboration between France's
1315:
1230:, or ZI NDWP). On November 30, 1944, the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army,
644:
540:
34:
2044:
1377:
The military intelligence continued to function under a slightly altered name (
2014:
Intelligence Co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II
1715:
1362:
1118:
984:
980:
838:
504:
482:
178:
1723:
1680:
1645:
757:) had several dozen bureaus, mostly attached to Polish consulates in Moscow,
1194:
968:
868:
517:
466:
426:
257:, and thus facilitated the victory of a Christian European coalition led by
215:
170:
154:
1881:
1197:, correctional facilities, fire rescue and the border and internal guards.
1017:
a German Enigma machine. The truth, which had previously been disclosed in
909:
The Poles placed their Section II at the disposal of the British, but as a
631:
who crossed the Polish lines in their thousands, especially after the 1920
2216:
6th Oliwa Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment ″Admiral Arendt Dickman″
1672:
1527:, home of military unit 2669; allegedly involved in the CIA's network of
997:
864:
624:
610:
490:
231:
219:
2289:
2116:
1311:
1231:
1110:
1062:
941:
770:
766:
594:
434:
182:
1902:, translated by George Słowikowski, London, The Windrush Press, 1988,
2075:
1350:
was disbanded by the first free government under the prime minister,
1323:
1319:
914:
883:"Free Zone" until it was occupied by German forces in November 1942.
853:
849:
815:
602:
486:
250:
246:
194:
134:
967:
Polish spies also documented German atrocities being perpetrated at
324:
Immediately upon achieving independence in 1918, Poland established
867:" outside Paris, they resumed cracking Enigma ciphers through the "
153:
Though the first official Polish government service entrusted with
876:
531:
In Western Europe (especially in Germany, France and Belgium) the
1832:, Frederick, Maryland, University Publications of America, 1984,
841:
German Enigma-enciphered messages on a regular and timely basis.
2222:
Military Unit NIL "Brigadier General August Emil Fieldorf «Nil»"
1106:
1102:
1094:
758:
494:
2048:
1604:
The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War
976:
28:
2239:
Ministry of Public Security - Department of Security (MBP-UB)
1876:(Collection of Documents by Lt. Col. Edmund Charaszkiewicz),
1810:, Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Company, 2005,
1280:, and between October 1950 and March 1951 by soviet officer
1163:, or RTRP), and the departments were renamed as ministries.
1132:), or PKWN. The PKWN was organized as thirteen departments (
684:
Polish ciphers and codes, communication, and foreign press.
585:
and intelligence, as well as "long-range" intelligence and
316:
and loyal to Piłsudski and to a future independent Poland.
165:
was not formed until 1918, Kingdom of Poland and later the
1065:
network based out of New York City from 1941 during WWII.
1037:
near the end of the war had over 1,600 registered agents.
922:, the Poles kept their ciphers to the end of hostilities.
336:
was divided into divisions entrusted with specific tasks:
1276:. In November 1945 this position was occupied by General
539:; some one million people of Polish descent lived in the
2112:
Bureau of Criminal Intelligence and Information (BWiIK)
192:
Polish kings and Polish–Lithuanian military commanders (
1270:
Oddział II Sztabu Generalnego Ludowego Wojska Polskiego
1338:, or WSI), and continues to function under this name.
1243:
Główny Zarząd Informacji Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej
1136:). One of them was the Department of Public Security (
2210:
2nd Przasnysz Radioelectronic Reconnaissance Regiment
1228:
Zarząd Informacji Naczelnego Dowódcy Wojska Polskiego
1354:. A new agency, called the State Protection Office (
555:(Intelligence Bureau) comprising seven departments:
185:. Such agents included the 17th-century Polish poet
2262:
2231:
2155:
2085:
1851:. Boulder, East European Quarterly, distributed by
1182:, or Kds.BP) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (
206:were responsible for intelligence-gathering in the
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2302:Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army
2122:Central Investigations Bureau of the Police (CBŚP)
1032:to the Allies; 48% of all reports received by the
776:Short-range reconnaissance was carried out by the
623:Additional intelligence was obtained from Russian
475:– Contacts with military and civilian authorities;
2141:General Inspector of Financial Information (GIIF)
2128:Operations and Investigations Directorate of the
1174:'s death in 1953 and the later defection of Col.
1021:'s book and would later be detailed in papers by
1918:Przepust karpacki: tajna akcja polskiego wywiadu
1900:In the Secret Service: The Lighting of the Torch
1140:), or RBP, headed by long-time Polish communist
1596:
1594:
1592:
2185:National Centre for Cyberspace Security (NCBC)
1874:Zbiór dokumentów ppłk. Edmunda Charaszkiewicza
1607:. Harvard University Press. pp. 234–236.
1318:and Austria was expanded to countries such as
2060:
1300:Zarząd II Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego
245:secured a promise of military assistance for
8:
2035:Brudne gry: ostatnie akcje Służb Specjalnych
1157:Provisional Government of Republic of Poland
181:had also gathered intelligence, often using
1247:Komitet do spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
1180:Komitet do Spraw Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
975:'s report) and elsewhere in Poland against
2168:Military Counterintelligence Service (SKW)
2067:
2053:
2045:
1748:The Polish Resistance Home Army, 1939-1945
894:, most of Section II ended up in Britain.
2275:Second Department of Polish General Staff
1239:Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego
1191:Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego
1075:Główny Zarząd Informacji Wojska Polskiego
825:, working for the Polish General Staff's
226:. Intelligence networks also operated in
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
68:"History of Polish intelligence services"
2041:) , Warsaw, Agencja Wydawnicza CB, 1998.
308:organization which worked alongside the
1551:
1540:List of intelligence agencies of Poland
1251:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
1126:Polish Committee of National Liberation
1083:Ministerstwo Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
18:History of Polish Intelligence Services
1704:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies
1322:, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey and
1028:Polish intelligence supplied valuable
202:maintained intelligence networks. The
7:
2316:National Centre for Cryptology (NCK)
1601:Halik Kochanski (13 November 2012).
1130:Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego
746:Radio intelligence and wire-tapping.
421:(East) – Offensive intelligence for
57:adding citations to reliable sources
2312:Military Information Services (WSI)
2163:Military Intelligence Service (SWW)
2093:Central Anticorruption Bureau (CBA)
1994:. Warsaw, Oficyna Wydawnicza RYTM.
1368:Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego
1155:. It was then transformed into the
837:, Rejewski developed techniques to
794:Polish contribution to World War II
753:intelligence." The Eastern Office (
2285:Polish Agency of Trade Information
2270:Polish Military Organisation (POW)
2179:12th Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Base
2108:National Police Headquarters (KGP)
1161:Rząd Tymczasowy Republiki Polskiej
659:Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–19
328:. Reflecting the influence of the
25:
2249:Office for State Protection (UOP)
2191:Military Gendarmerie Headquarters
2115:Corresponding departments of the
1138:Resort Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego
524:and status of the parties in the
330:French Military Mission to Poland
312:. As such, it was independent of
214:and disputed territories such as
2098:Foreign Intelligence Agency (AW)
1332:Zarząd II Wywiadu i Kontrwywiadu
343:(Division I) – Organization and
278:when Poland had been partitioned
33:
2307:Internal Military Service (WSW)
2016:. London, Vallentine Mitchell.
1884:, Księgarnia Akademicka, 2000,
1661:The Journal of Military History
1184:Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych
44:needs additional citations for
2103:Internal Security Agency (ABW)
2039:seria: "Tajna Historia Polski"
1491:Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski
1387:Służba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego
1346:After the changes of 1989 the
1249:), which was the successor of
946:Mieczyslaw Zygfryd Slowikowski
465:– Preparation of a front-line
370:(Division III) – Training and
167:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
143:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
2254:Internal Revenue Intelligence
2136:Tax and Customs Service (SCS)
1878:opracowanie, wstęp i przypisy
1535:List of Poles in intelligence
1383:Military Information Services
1291:On November 15, 1951, Polish
1101:). At the same time, in NKVD-
713:Nationalities and minorities;
535:often formed the backbone of
2341:Polish intelligence agencies
2189:Criminal Directorate of the
1972:. Warsaw, Książka i Wiedza.
1896:Mieczysław Rygor-Słowikowski
1745:Ney-Krwawicz, Marek (2001).
1379:Wojskowe Służby Informacyjne
1336:Wojskowe Służby Informacyjne
920:Special Operations Executive
431:Belarusian People's Republic
298:Polish Military Organization
2117:Voivodeship Police Commands
1828:, edited and translated by
1628:Soybel, Phyllis L. (2007).
1370:) and Intelligence Agency (
1310:, France, the Netherlands,
1308:Federal Republic of Germany
1210:fall of communism in Poland
940:was set up in July 1941 in
597:(still in the hands of the
568:Offensive Intelligence "C";
565:Offensive Intelligence "B";
562:Offensive Intelligence "A";
455:– General intelligence and
173:in neighbouring countries.
2362:
2346:Military history of Poland
2130:Border Guard Headquarters
1519:History of the Polish Army
1443:Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki
1328:Wojskowa Służba Wewnętrzna
1259:Wojskowa Służba Wewnętrzna
1072:
1054:
791:
642:
546:After the outbreak of the
243:Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki
241:, the Polish merchant-spy
169:had developed networks of
1853:Columbia University Press
1716:10.1080/13518040601028578
1391:Służba Wywiadu Wojskowego
1097:school in Kuybyshev (now
875:, continued its work at "
589:in countries surrounding
2196:Reconnaissance Group of
2146:State Protection Service
1529:extraordinary renditions
727:Intelligence technology;
720:Intelligence Department:
665:Organization Department:
131:This article covers the
2297:Border Protection Corps
1109:, hundreds of Germans,
1057:Home Army and V1 and V2
1034:British secret services
730:Central agents' bureau;
691:Information Department:
571:Defensive Intelligence;
459:abroad (East and West);
410:and close intelligence;
230:and among the restless
1486:Zbigniew Siemiątkowski
1296:Konstantin Rokossovsky
1168:suppression of dissent
200:Stanisław Koniecpolski
2244:Security Service (SB)
2079:intelligence agencies
1870:Edmund Charaszkiewicz
1800:Michael Alfred Peszke
1751:. PUMST. p. 98.
1673:10.1353/jmh.2006.0128
1559:Michael Alfred Peszke
1421:Edmund Charaszkiewicz
1356:Urząd Ochrony Państwa
1348:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
1235:Michał Rola-Żymierski
1203:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
1153:Stanisław Mikołajczyk
1105:schools all over the
1079:Służba Bezpieczeństwa
956:; using the codename
138:Intelligence services
1830:Christopher Kasparek
1634:The Sarmatian Review
1575:Christopher Kasparek
1513:Polish General Staff
1266:Polish People's Army
1142:Stanisław Radkiewicz
932:Operation Barbarossa
778:Border Defense Corps
737:Foreign cryptography
733:Counterintelligence;
577:Counterintelligence.
574:Internal propaganda;
334:Polish General Staff
237:In 1683, during the
187:Jan Andrzej Morsztyn
163:counter-intelligence
53:improve this article
2173:Polish IMINT Centre
1950:. Warsaw, Adiutor.
1948:Giennadij Matwiejew
1476:Tadeusz Puszczyński
1282:Konstantin Kahnikov
1274:Gieorgij Domeradzki
362:counterintelligence
141:dating back to the
1966:Władysław Kozaczuk
1822:Władysław Kozaczuk
1471:Tadeusz Pełczyński
1465:Wiktor Michałowski
1397:Notable operations
1352:Tadeusz Mazowiecki
1061:There was also an
1043:Marek Ney-Krwawicz
954:Maksymilian Ciężki
928:Operation Overlord
888:invasion of Poland
848:facilities in the
710:Statistics office;
306:special-operations
276:During the period
255:Kara Mustafa Pasha
249:, besieged by the
2323:
2322:
2198:3rd Ship Flotilla
1944:Kazimierz Badziak
1845:Richard A. Woytak
1758:978-0-9501348-9-5
1614:978-0-674-06816-2
1580:F.W. Winterbotham
1481:Tadeusz Schaetzel
1427:Roman Czerniawski
1416:Feliks Ankerstein
1410:Notable personnel
1255:Władysław Gomułka
1221:Military branches
1208:From 1956 to the
1088:Civilian branches
651:Polish–Soviet War
553:Biuro Wywiadowcze
548:Polish-Soviet War
526:Russian Civil War
503:– Ciphers (i.e.,
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2353:
2263:Defunct military
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2027:
2005:
1983:
1961:
1866:
1808:Piotr S. Wandycz
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1777:orka.sejm.gov.pl
1769:
1763:
1762:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1640:(1): 1266–1267.
1625:
1619:
1618:
1598:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1497:Halina Szymańska
1403:Operation Simoom
1293:Defence Minister
1051:
873:Gustave Bertrand
852:, just south of
801:Gustave Bertrand
755:Referat "Wschód"
633:Battle of Warsaw
629:prisoners of war
591:Bolshevik Russia
481:– Contacts with
423:Bolshevik Russia
380:(Division IV) –
282:Polish uprisings
262:Jan III Sobieski
239:Battle of Vienna
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2258:
2227:
2151:
2081:
2073:
2024:
2008:
2002:
1986:
1980:
1964:
1958:
1931:
1863:
1843:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1586:, 1984, p. 33.)
1573:
1569:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1505:
1448:Kazimierz Leski
1412:
1399:
1372:Agencja Wywiadu
1344:
1223:
1146:Roman Romkowski
1090:
1085:
1073:Main articles:
1071:
1059:
1045:
1023:Marian Rejewski
962:Operation Torch
886:After the 1939
831:Henryk Zygalski
823:Marian Rejewski
796:
790:
647:
641:
618:European Russia
533:Polish diaspora
522:order of battle
391:(colloquially,
322:
294:Józef Piłsudski
290:
274:
151:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2031:Henryk Piecuch
2028:
2022:
2010:Tessa Stirling
2006:
2000:
1988:Grzegorz Nowik
1984:
1978:
1962:
1956:
1929:
1914:Józef Kasparek
1911:
1893:
1867:
1861:
1841:
1819:
1806:, foreword by
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1764:
1757:
1737:
1710:(4): 787–790.
1694:
1667:(2): 528–529.
1651:
1620:
1613:
1588:
1567:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1525:Stare Kiejkuty
1522:
1516:
1515:Cipher Bureau)
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1437:Jan Kowalewski
1434:
1432:Józef Englicht
1429:
1424:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1343:
1340:
1222:
1219:
1089:
1086:
1070:
1067:
1010:Enigma ciphers
973:Witold Pilecki
892:fall of France
858:Bletchley Park
813:Enigma machine
792:Main article:
789:
786:
750:
749:
748:
747:
744:
734:
731:
728:
722:
721:
717:
716:
715:
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711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
693:
692:
688:
687:
686:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
667:
666:
655:Treaty of Riga
640:
637:
599:White Russians
583:reconnaissance
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
537:heavy industry
514:Russian Empire
509:
508:
498:
476:
470:
460:
450:
449:
448:
442:
411:
408:Reconnaissance
386:
385:
375:
365:
348:
321:
318:
314:Austro-Hungary
310:Polish Legions
289:
286:
273:
270:
208:Ottoman Empire
150:
147:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2358:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Cipher Bureau
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:Defunct civil
2230:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2023:0-85303-656-X
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2001:83-7399-099-2
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1979:83-05-13083-5
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:83-86100-31-1
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:83-85001-96-4
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:0-900075-40-6
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:83-7188-449-4
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1862:0-914710-42-7
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1838:0-89093-547-5
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1816:0-7864-2009-X
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:Biuro Szyfrów
1507:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Great Britain
1301:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1286:Igor Suchacki
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Józef Światło
1173:
1172:Joseph Stalin
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:Czechoslovaks
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1001:
999:
993:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:Agency Africa
935:
933:
929:
923:
921:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
846:Cipher Bureau
842:
840:
836:
835:Jerzy Różycki
832:
828:
827:Cipher Bureau
824:
819:
817:
814:
810:
806:
805:Cipher Bureau
803:and Poland's
802:
795:
787:
785:
781:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
745:
742:
741:Biuro Szyfrów
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
725:
724:
723:
719:
718:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
695:
694:
690:
689:
683:
680:
677:
674:
672:Organization;
671:
670:
669:
668:
664:
663:
662:
660:
656:
652:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
559:Organisation;
558:
557:
556:
554:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:, Moscow and
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:
454:
451:
446:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
409:
405:
402:
401:
400:
398:
394:
390:
383:
382:Quartermaster
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
354:(Division II)
353:
349:
346:
342:
339:
338:
337:
335:
331:
327:
319:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:vassal states
209:
205:
201:
197:
196:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
148:
146:
144:
140:
139:
136:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
2038:
2034:
2013:
1991:
1969:
1937:
1917:
1899:
1877:
1873:
1855:, New York.
1848:
1825:
1803:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1747:
1740:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1603:
1583:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1459:Stefan Mayer
1382:
1376:
1360:
1345:
1342:1989–present
1290:
1278:Wacław Komar
1263:
1242:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1188:
1165:
1160:
1150:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1091:
1060:
1039:
1030:intelligence
1027:
1014:
1002:
994:
966:
957:
950:Gwido Langer
937:
936:
924:
911:quid pro quo
910:
908:
896:
885:
862:
850:Kabaty Woods
843:
820:
809:Gwido Langer
807:, headed by
797:
782:
775:
754:
751:
740:
648:
622:
615:
593:, including
587:surveillance
580:
552:
545:
530:
510:
500:
478:
472:
462:
457:surveillance
452:
444:
418:
413:
403:
396:
392:
387:
377:
367:
358:Intelligence
351:
345:mobilization
340:
326:armed forces
323:
302:intelligence
296:created the
291:
275:
266:coffee house
236:
224:Transylvania
203:
193:
191:
159:intelligence
152:
149:Commonwealth
132:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
1933:Paweł Samuś
1453:Jan Leśniak
1316:Switzerland
1046: [
985:V-2 rockets
948:, Lt. Col.
645:Prometheism
613:and Japan.
541:Ruhr Valley
485:in Berlin,
389:Division II
368:Oddział III
259:Polish King
179:ambassadors
133:history of
2330:Categories
2200:(gOR 3.FO)
2132:(ZOŚ KGSG)
1794:References
1782:2023-10-13
1363:lustration
1119:Bulgarians
1055:See also:
1006:decryption
989:Peenemünde
952:and Major
678:Personnel;
649:After the
643:See also:
505:cryptology
501:Sekcja VII
453:Sekcja III
378:Oddział IV
372:operations
352:Oddział II
272:Partitions
253:forces of
198:) such as
171:informants
109:March 2013
79:newspapers
2336:Espionage
2206:(CRiWWRE)
2193:(ZK KGŻW)
2181:(12.BBSP)
1732:219626554
1724:1351-8046
1689:161747036
1681:1543-7795
1646:1059-5872
1195:Militsiya
1186:or MSW).
1111:Romanians
1069:1945–1989
969:Auschwitz
900:Churchill
879:" in the
869:Phony War
788:1939–1945
763:Leningrad
681:Finances;
675:Training;
639:1921–1939
625:defectors
609:, China,
518:logistics
479:Sekcja VI
463:Sekcja IV
427:Lithuania
414:Sekcja II
393:"Dwójka,"
341:Oddział I
320:1918–1921
292:In 1914,
288:1914–1918
216:Wallachia
155:espionage
2224:(JW NIL)
2218:(6.ORel)
2212:(2.ORel)
2156:Military
1990:(2004).
1968:(1999).
1935:(1998).
1847:(1979).
1565:, p. 50.
1503:See also
1019:Bertrand
998:Cold War
904:Sikorski
865:PC Bruno
653:and the
611:Mongolia
491:Budapest
483:attachés
473:Sekcja V
467:bulletin
404:Sekcja I
232:Cossacks
220:Moldavia
2290:Estezet
1312:Belgium
1232:general
1134:resorty
1063:Estezet
958:"Rygor"
942:Algiers
915:ciphers
839:decrypt
816:ciphers
771:Tbilisi
767:Kharkov
595:Siberia
439:Galicia
435:Ukraine
251:Turkish
228:Muscovy
204:hetmans
195:hetmans
183:bribery
93:scholar
2076:Polish
2020:
1998:
1976:
1954:
1939:Staff)
1924:
1906:
1888:
1882:Kraków
1859:
1836:
1814:
1755:
1730:
1722:
1687:
1679:
1644:
1611:
1584:Enigma
1405:, 1990
1324:Israel
1320:Norway
1306:, the
1099:Samara
1081:, and
977:Jewish
854:Warsaw
707:South;
704:North;
607:Persia
603:Turkey
487:Vienna
429:, the
397:sekcje
332:, the
247:Vienna
210:, its
175:Envoys
135:Polish
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
2175:(ORO)
2148:(SOP)
2086:Civil
1728:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1638:XXVII
1546:Notes
1050:]
1015:steal
881:Vichy
877:Cadix
701:West;
698:East;
300:, an
100:JSTOR
86:books
2018:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1904:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1753:ISBN
1720:ISSN
1677:ISSN
1642:ISSN
1609:ISBN
1389:and
1117:and
1107:USSR
1103:NKGB
1095:NKVD
983:and
902:and
833:and
769:and
759:Kiev
627:and
495:Kiev
437:and
360:and
304:and
222:and
177:and
161:and
72:news
1712:doi
1669:doi
1008:of
981:V-1
944:by
934:).
601:),
445:IIb
419:IIa
399:):
55:by
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2033:,
1946:,
1942:.
1916:,
1898:,
1872:,
1824:,
1802:,
1775:.
1726:.
1718:.
1708:19
1706:.
1683:.
1675:.
1665:70
1663:.
1636:.
1632:.
1591:^
1561:,
1393:.
1381:-
1314:,
1288:.
1205:.
1113:,
1077:,
1048:pl
1000:.
818:.
773:.
765:,
761:,
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635:.
620:.
605:,
528:.
520:,
507:).
489:,
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425:,
406:–
356:–
284:.
268:.
234:.
218:,
189:.
157:,
145:.
2068:e
2061:t
2054:v
2037:(
2026:.
2004:.
1982:.
1960:.
1928:.
1910:.
1892:.
1865:.
1840:.
1818:.
1785:.
1761:.
1734:.
1714::
1691:.
1671::
1648:.
1617:.
1531:.
1521:.
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1493:.
1467:.
1461:.
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1366:(
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384:.
374:;
364:;
347:;
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116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
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