30:
543:
436:, seeking a review of the relationship between Poonch and Jammu and Kashmir. The Government of India responded that, since Poonch was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, all submissions should be made through the British Resident of Jammu and Kashmir government. The Resident stated that the order of 1928, eventually based on Currie's original award, definitely settled the status of Poonch as a 'subordinate Jagirdar of Kashmir'. Jagatdev Singh's claims were dismissed without further comment.
468:(agents) of the Raja. In the 1930s, 40 percent of the earnings were collected as tax, amounting to Rs. 1 million. Whereas proprietary rights were granted to landholders elsewhere in Kashmir following the Glancy Commission recommendations in 1933, the Poonchis did not benefit from the reforms due to the jagir's autonomy. For some unknown reason, the residents of the Mendhar tehsil were granted ownership rights, which caused further resentment in the other tehsils.
528:
382:(r. 1885–1925), a 'Council of Administration' was imposed on Jammu and Kashmir by the British. The Council is said to have started encroaching on Poonch, egged on by Pratap Singh's brother Amar Singh. Complaints were made to the British, who continued the original line that Poonch was a feudatory of Jammu and Kashmir and so it was an internal affair of Jammu and Kashmir.
347:, the British Resident in Lahore, in 1852, who confirmed that Gulab Singh was indeed their suzerain. The brothers were to give the Maharaja Gulab Singh a horse with gold trappings every year and consult him on all matters of importance. The House of Poonch however continued to contest this arrangement right up to 1940.
1098:
471:
After 1928, Maharaja Hari Singh started encroaching on the administration of Poonch and, a dual system of rule was established. A resident administrator of the
Maharaja was appointed in the Poonch jagir and further officials were loaned from the state. The Raja's courts had jurisdiction only in petty
475:
The
Maharaja also imposed additional taxes to generate his own revenue from the jagir. They included taxes on cattle and sheep, export/import taxes on items like soap and silk, and imaginative taxes on wives and widows. A 'horse tax' required a payment of 50 percent of the purchase price of a horse.
298:
After the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Dhyan Singh, Suchet Singh as well as Dhyan Singh's son Hira Singh were murdered in these struggles. Poonch was confiscated by the Sikh Durbar on the grounds that the Rajas had rebelled against
443:
became the new Raja while being a minor. Maharaja Hari Singh appointed a guardian, who was his military secretary, to look after the Raja's 'property'. The Raja's mother was prohibited from participating in the minority administration. In July 1940, a gathering of Poonch public passed a resolution
488:
states that, being a mountainous area, Poonch accorded small farms with poor soil, but had high costs of living. The
Kashmiri tax burden made the situation worse. Many Poonchi men worked outside the jagir to alleviate the situation. They worked in Punjab, the railways, British Indian army and the
460:
Until
Jagatdev Singh's accession in 1928, the Poonch jagir was autonomous, except for the payment of a token tribute of Rs. 231 to the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. The jagir had its own officials, including a bureaucracy, police and a standing army of one company. It is said that the local
350:
In 1852, the brothers
Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh quarrelled and the Punjab Board of Revenue awarded a settlement. Moti Singh was awarded the territory of the Poonch district, and Jawahir Singh that of the Mirpur district. Christopher Snedden remarks that Moti Singh's territory amounted to
342:
The brothers
Jawahir Singh and Moti Singh were not satisfied. They put forward a claim to being independent rulers of Poonch, maintaining that they were entitled to a share in the 'family property' of all the territories controlled by Gulab Singh. The matter was adjudicated by
1129:
369:
contested this action claiming that the territory should return to him as the sole surviving descendant of Dhyan Singh. The
British did not accept the claim saying that Jawahir Singh forfeited his territory when he agreed to the annual stipend.
290:
and, in 1827, appointed Dhyan Singh as the Raja of
Bhimber, Chibbal and Poonch (covering the Mirpur and Poonch districts as of 1947). Dhyan Singh spent most of his time in Lahore, subsequently becoming the
295:(prime minister) in the Sikh court. Gulab Singh is said to have managed his jagirs on his behalf. In 1837, the hill tribes of Poonch launched a rebellion, which Gulab Singh suppressed with some cruelty.
497:, over 60,000 men from Poonch served in the army, while the rest of the state contributed only about 10,000 men. The physical proximity of Poonch to the military recruiting grounds in Punjab, such as
489:
British merchant navy in Bombay. The army was an especially important employer. It was said that every male Muslim in the jagir was, had been or would be a soldier in the
British Indian army. During
362:. Ranbir Singh paid Jawahir Singh an annual stipend of Rs. 100,000 until his death, and confiscated his territory (the Mirpur district) afterwards because Jawahir Singh had no heirs.
255:
made Siraj-Ud-Din the ruler of Poonch. Siraj-Ud-Din and his descendants Raja
Shahbaz Khan, Raja Abdul Razak, Raja Rustam Khan and Raja Khan Bahadur Khan ruled this area up to 1792.
448:. By 1945, the Maharaja's administration was deeply unpopular in Poonch, especially among the families of military servicemen, who contrasted it with that of their counterparts in
393:, whereas he maintained that it was a 'state'. This was apparently a very emotive issue for Baldev Singh and, subsequently, to the residents of Poonch. Baldev Singh's successor
461:
officials, most of whom were Hindus, were disgruntled because their salaries were lower than in the rest of state. This led to inefficiency and corruption.
243:
who invaded this area in 1020. Ghaznavi failed to enter Kashmir, as he could not capture the fort of Lohara (modern day Loran, in district of Poonch).
18:
This article is about the history of the Poonch district of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. For the Poonch district of Pakistan, see
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1068:
644:
432:
and implemented several encroachments on the administration of Poonch. Frictions continued. In 1936, Jagatdev Singh sent a 'memorial' to the
1314:
574:
29:
401:(r. 1928–1940) continued the complaints. In 1927, the British resident in Kashmir Evelyn Howell got involved and he advised Maharaja
578:
69:
223:
At the time of Xuanzang's visit, the Kashmir Valley controlled all the territories adjacent to it in the south and the west, including
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336:
132:
45:
344:
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expressing 'profound sorrow and deep indignation and resentment' at the Maharaja's proclamation and his description of Poonch as a
1329:
168:. It is likely that the Kashmir Valley was under the control of this region. The Abhisaras submitted to the invader, along with
1319:
358:(r. 1857–1885), who succeeded Gulab Singh. The British agreed with the assessment and forced Jawahir Singh into exile in
1191:
1168:
127:, as a fief. After the death of Ranjit Singh, Dhyan Singh was murdered in Sikh intrigues, and the region was transferred to
389:(r. 1892–1918), who succeeded Moti Singh, complained in 1895 that Jammu and Kashmir started referring to Poonch as a
566:
744:
1309:
582:
522:
506:
472:
cases. All serious crimes were referred to the courts in Srinagar. The Raja of Poonch lost his prestige and power.
144:
601:. The district itself was eventually converted into a 'Poonch Division' and divided into four separate districts:
585:. When a ceasefire was effected, the Poonch district was split across the two countries. The former capital city,
440:
1054:
602:
550:
320:
19:
910:
235:
Around 850CE, Poonch became a sovereign state ruled by Raja Nar, who was basically a horse trader. According to
398:
712:
394:
379:
355:
386:
366:
546:
65:
23:
562:
518:
339:. Gulab Singh reinstated the jagir of Poonch to Jawahir Singh, the eldest remaining son of Dhyan Singh.
140:
116:
542:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
716:
570:
493:, 31,000 men from Jammu and Kashmir served in the army, a great majority of them from Poonch. During
464:
The Raja of Poonch owned all the land in the jagir. The actual 'holders of land' were referred to as
312:
1228:
485:
331:
rivers was transferred to Gulab Singh, including Poonch. He was recognised an independent ruler, a
161:
136:
88:
276:
1217:
1177:
1121:
606:
217:
581:. In response, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir joined India, and the conflict turned into an
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1238:
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that, while Poonch was clearly subsidiary to Jammu and Kashmir, it was only referred to as an
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1209:
1113:
762:
760:
634:
433:
316:
240:
614:
598:
531:
505:, facilitated their enrolment. Poonchis enlisted as 'Punjabi Musalmans' and served in the
212:, the districts of Rajouri, Poonch and Abhisara had been under the sway of the Republican
57:
893:
891:
889:
864:
862:
1144:
1140:
147:. The war ended a year later with the region being divided between India and Pakistan.
108:
96:
416:
Jagatdev Singh ascended as the Raja in 1928 at a young age, and the reigning Maharaja
1303:
778:
610:
586:
280:
181:
120:
104:
77:
1200:
Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War",
749:, Official web site of the Poonch District (Jammu and Kashmir), 2016, archived from
164:
invaded the lower Jhelum belt to fight Porus, the Jhelum valley region was known as
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535:
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264:
61:
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728:
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272:
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173:
128:
124:
112:
1099:"Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh"
527:
1213:
502:
417:
402:
324:
139:. After the departure of the British in August 1947, the tribesmen of Poonch
1154:
766:
750:
594:
73:
829:
354:
In 1859, Jawahir Singh was accused of 'treacherous conspiracy' by Maharaja
565:
in the western part of the-then Poonch district. The rebels led by Sardar
252:
213:
209:
190:
53:
1160:
Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir
853:
1125:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
897:
868:
813:
811:
498:
300:
176:(Taxila), and the region was consolidated into the Alexander's empire.
1221:
449:
359:
224:
103: 1003–1320 CE). Afterwards Poonch came under the control of the
95:, but also known by its capital city, Lohara, which gave rise to the
1117:
703:, 1996, p 133, 219/220, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee;
541:
526:
287:
205:
169:
49:
33:
The Poonch Jagir in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1946)
28:
1038:
283:, enrolled in the Maharaja's army and rose to high positions.
286:
In 1822, Ranjit Singh appointed Gulab Singh as the Raja of
911:"Poonch: A History of Conflict and Division - Azadi Times"
476:
Evidently, these taxes generated considerable resentment.
227:, which is said to have been subjugated at a recent date.
56:. The Pakistani part of the erstwhile district is now the
64:
territory, whilst the Indian part of the district is the
143:, inviting Pakistani assistance and giving rise to the
880:
841:
817:
802:
790:
729:
Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994
671:
Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994
659:
Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir 1994
76:; while the capital of the Indian-controlled side is
239:, Raja Trilochanpal of Poonch gave a tough fight to
299:the state and handed it over to Faiz Talib Khan of
439:With the death of Jagatdev Singh in 1940, his son
420:(r. 1925–1949), son of Amar Singh, imposed a
91:conquests. In later sources, the region is called
72:. The capital of the Pakistan-controlled side is
767:Snedden, Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris 2015
307:Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1947)
1186:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
854:Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects 2004
378:After Maharaja Ranbir Singh was succeeded by
8:
1027:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
1015:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
1003:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
991:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
979:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
967:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
955:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
943:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
931:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
898:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
869:Snedden, Kashmir: The Unwritten History 2013
830:Satinder Singh, Raja Gulab Singh's Role 1971
573:, which provided arms, and then launched an
428:mentioned, among others, that Poonch was a
315:(1845–1846) and the subsequent Treaties of
263:In 1819 this area was captured by Maharaja
739:
737:
639:, Rowman & Littlefield, pp. 2–,
83:In ancient times, Poonch was part of the
1277:Present day districts on OpenStreetMap:
1060:Culture and Political History of Kashmir
561:After independence in 1947, there was a
204:evidence, and evidence from 7th century
193:in the 7th century transliterated it as
22:. For the Poonch district of India, see
715:. Department of Modern Indian History,
625:
636:Historical Dictionary of Ancient India
48:, which is currently divided between
7:
707:, p 269-71, N. R. Ray, N. K. Sinha;
691:Watters, Yuan Chawang, Vol I, p 284.
351:two-thirds of Dhyan Singh's estate.
1254:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
1039:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
781:, Daily Excelsior, 6 November 2016.
597:was established by Pakistan in the
323:, the entire territory between the
46:princely state of Jammu and Kashmir
701:Political History of Ancient India
14:
409:in the original grant, not as a
335:, of the newly created state of
1149:. London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd.
1077:Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007),
1063:, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.,
185:mentions Poonch under the name
1234:Kashmir: The Unwritten History
1097:Huttenback, Robert A. (1961),
1:
1251:Snedden, Christopher (2015),
805:, Chapters III, IV.
100:
1106:The Journal of Asian Studies
1315:History of Indian districts
1257:, Oxford University Press,
1083:, Pearson Education India,
1346:
881:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
842:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
818:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
803:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
791:Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930
569:, sought support from the
523:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
516:
424:(instruction) on him. The
145:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
87:region and formed part of
17:
1325:Poonch District, Pakistan
1214:10.1017/s0026749x00002845
709:Journal of Indian History
599:Pakistani Poonch district
534:of Pakistan-administered
20:Poonch District, Pakistan
397:(r. 1918–1927) and
251:In 1596, Mughal emperor
44:) was a district of the
1330:History of Azad Kashmir
1237:, HarperCollins India,
713:University of Allahabad
549:in Indian-administered
259:Sikh Empire (1819–1846)
1320:Poonch district, India
682:MBH 7.4.5; 7/91/39-40.
591:Indian Poonch district
558:
557:territory to its left.
539:
34:
24:Poonch district, India
1163:, C. Hurst & Co,
567:Muhammad Ibrahim Khan
545:
530:
519:1947 Poonch rebellion
117:Maharaja Ranjit Singh
89:Alexander the Great's
32:
1229:Snedden, Christopher
1202:Modern Asian Studies
1080:Demystifying Kashmir
717:University of Kerala
633:Roy, Kumkum (2009),
571:Dominion of Pakistan
345:Sir Frederick Currie
313:First Anglo-Sikh War
115:. The Sikh monarch,
1183:Kashmir in Conflict
1178:Schofield, Victoria
957:, pp. 237–238.
945:, pp. 234–236.
933:, pp. 233–234.
844:, pp. 121–123.
779:A peep into Bhimber
593:. A new capital at
486:Christopher Snedden
441:Shiv Ratandev Singh
279:, belonging to the
119:gave Poonch to the
1310:History of Kashmir
705:A History of India
583:Indo-Pakistani War
559:
540:
538:(in green) in 1947
513:Division of Poonch
365:Moti Singh's son,
137:British suzerainty
35:
1287:Poonch (Pakistan)
1264:978-1-84904-342-7
1070:978-81-85880-31-0
993:, pp. 29–30.
981:, pp. 30–31.
969:, pp. 29–31.
832:, pp. 52–53.
793:, pp. 31–40.
746:History of Poonch
661:, pp. 67–68.
646:978-0-8108-5366-9
589:, came under the
577:of its own using
551:Jammu and Kashmir
374:Autonomy disputes
337:Jammu and Kashmir
133:Jammu and Kashmir
70:Jammu and Kashmir
1337:
1267:
1247:
1224:
1196:
1173:
1150:
1136:
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1128:, archived from
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1055:Bamzai, P. N. K.
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753:on 10 March 2016
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434:Viceroy of India
241:Mahmood Ghaznavi
111:and finally the
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579:Pashtun tribals
547:Poonch district
532:Poonch Division
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517:Main articles:
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507:Punjab Regiment
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376:
309:
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233:
231:Sovereign State
158:
156:Ancient history
153:
131:as part of the
66:Poonch district
58:Poonch Division
38:Poonch District
27:
12:
11:
5:
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1295:Poonch (India)
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1272:External links
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1244:978-9350298985
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267:. Brothers
202:Mahabharata
174:Takshashila
129:Gulab Singh
125:Dhyan Singh
113:Sikh Empire
107:, then the
1304:Categories
1193:1860648983
1170:1850656614
1155:Rai, Mridu
917:2023-06-25
621:References
503:Rawalpindi
418:Hari Singh
403:Hari Singh
311:After the
247:Mughal Era
208:traveler
195:Pun-nu-tso
1291:Sudhanoti
1231:(2013) ,
1180:(2003) ,
711:, p 304,
607:Sudhanoti
595:Rawalakot
563:rebellion
187:Paranotsa
162:Alexander
93:Paranotsa
74:Rawalakot
1157:(2004),
1143:(1930).
1057:(1994),
575:invasion
484:Scholar
333:maharaja
327:and the
321:Amritsar
253:Jahangir
214:Kambojas
210:Xuanzang
191:Xuanzang
166:Abhisara
141:rebelled
85:Abhisara
54:Pakistan
1126:2049956
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553:; with
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480:Economy
466:assamis
301:Rajouri
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360:Ambala
317:Lahore
225:Taxila
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1218:JSTOR
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1122:JSTOR
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446:jagir
430:jagir
426:sanad
422:sanad
411:jagir
391:jagir
385:Raja
329:Indus
293:diwan
288:Jammu
170:Ambhi
160:When
121:Dogra
50:India
1279:Bagh
1259:ISBN
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613:and
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