2208:
2152:, recommended by Pombal, to investigate allegations against the Jesuits that had been raised in the King of Portugal's name. Benedict was skeptical as to the gravity of the alleged abuses. He ordered a minute inquiry, but to safeguard the Society's reputation, all serious matters were to be referred back to him. Benedict died the following month, however, on May 3. On May 15, Saldanha, having received the papal brief only a fortnight before, omitting the thorough visitation of Jesuit houses that had been ordered, and pronouncing on the issues the pope had reserved to himself, declared that the Jesuits were guilty of exercising illicit, public, and scandalous commerce, both in Portugal and in its colonies. Pombal moved quickly during the papal
1270:
386:
1738:
127:
24:
1831:
1526:
115:
411:
1207:
453:
1396:
882:
1956:, and through his widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart. The reform of the wine industry in 1757 provoked riots that were suppressed with considerable bloodshed. When the appatic King Joseph died on February 24, 1777, he was succeeded by the first Queen of Portugal,
1730:. The commercial part of the treaty established that English textiles would be preferred in Portugal, and that Portuguese wines (mainly port) would be preferred in England by paying only two thirds of the rates settled with France. The Methuen Treaty played a major part in the development of the port wine industry as the decisions provided great stimulus to wine production in the hinterland of
1977:
1143:- which began with the Dutch rebelling against Spanish rule in their own north European territory, but soon developed into the Dutch Republic becoming a major new maritime power and attacking the Spanish colonies. This campaign directly impacted Portuguese colonies as well, many of which were invaded by the Dutch - leading to the
2249:
In the following weeks the
Marchioness Leonor of Távora, her husband, the Count of Alvor, as well as all of their sons, daughters and grandchildren were imprisoned. The conspirators, the Duke of Aveiro and the Távoras' sons-in-law, the Marquis of Alorna and the Count of Atouguia, were arrested with
1327:
The victories were possible because John IV made several decisions that strengthened the
Portuguese forces. On December 11, 1640, he created the Council of War to organize the operations (Mattoso Vol. VIII 1993). Next, the king created the Junta of the Frontiers, to take care of the fortresses near
1019:
after the earthquake in 1755. However, historians also argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial
2276:
The
Marchioness, however, was not spared. She and her other defendants who had been sentenced to death were publicly tortured and executed on January 13, 1759, in a field near Lisbon. The king was present along with his bewildered court. The Távoras were their peers and kin, but the prime minister
1844:
Melo sought to replace
Portugal's stagnant absolutism with an enlightened despotism and overhaul all aspects of economic, social and colonial policy to make Portugal a more efficient contender with the other great powers of Europe, and thus secure its own power status as a result. Impressed by the
2048:
Like the king, Prime
Minister Sebastião de Melo survived the earthquake and is reported to have said, "Now? Bury the dead and feed the living." With the pragmatism that characterized his coming rule, the Prime Minister immediately began organizing recovery and reconstruction. He sent firefighters
1548:
John V's last years of life were dedicated to devout acts and to subservience to the clergy (Madeira & Aguiar 2003). His early economic measures, which were unpopular among the upper nobility (Mattoso Vol. IV 1993), became ineffective and public affairs were so dependent on the monarch's rule
1536:
John V used the crown's treasure to develop
Portugal's weakened economy by creating new manufactures across the country; however, the majority of the investment was used to patronize the arts and intellectuals and regain Portugal's lost prestige among its European neighbors (Carmo Reis 1987). His
2257:
and attempted murder of the king. The evidence presented in their common trial was very simple: (a) the confessions of the executed killers; (b) the murder weapon that belonged to the Duke of Aveiro and (c) the assumption that only the Távoras would have known the whereabouts of the king in that
2288:
a few days afterwards and the Jesuit Order declared outlaws. All its estates were confiscated and all the
Jesuits expelled from Portuguese territory, both in Europe and the colonies. The Alorna family and the daughters of the Duke of Aveiro were sentenced to life imprisonment in monasteries and
1664:
The conditions for the
Brazilian independence started to form. As the Portuguese elites received most of the profits from gold mining in Brazil, the plantations and mine owners started to protest the reassertion of imperial control and the constant imposition of new taxes. The first sign of
1124:, and Portugal maintained independent laws, currency, and government. However, the joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of a separate foreign policy, and Spain's enemies became Portugal's. The war with England led to a deterioration of relations with Portugal's oldest ally (since the
1521:
were "the
Magnanimous", "the Magnificent" or "the Portuguese Sun-King" and he is perhaps the best example of an absolutist monarch in Portugal. His long reign was characterized by a strengthening of the king's powers, made possible by the large revenues flowing to Portugal from Brazil.
2200:
in 1758 ended with the public execution of the entire Távora family and its closest relatives in 1759. Some historians interpret the whole affair as an attempt by the Prime
Minister Melo (future Marquis of Pombal) to limit the growing powers of the families of the high nobility.
1644:. The rush eventually spread to many other regions of Brazil. In the 1720s, the rush suffered another stimulus with the discovery of diamonds and the two mining industries grew fast. By the 18th century, perhaps 80 percent of the gold in Europe originated in Brazil.
2028:
at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the King's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the hills of
1886:
with their alleged doctrinaire grip on science and education as an inherent drag on an independent, Portuguese style illuminism. Especially in England, he came in contact with the anti-Jesuit tradition of that country and in Vienna he made friends with
1647:
In Lisbon, gold from Brazil had an enormous impact on Portuguese society. The Royal Family had the right to collecting one-fifth of the gold mined in Brazil, growing rich and recovering the prestige of the previous centuries. The gold rush also caused
155:
1410:
John IV was a beloved monarch, a patron of fine art and music, and a proficient composer and writer on musical subjects. He collected one of the largest libraries in the world (Madeira & Aguiar, 2003). Among his writings is a defense of
1881:
in 1750. Melo seems to have been deeply embarrassed by Portugal's much lamented backwardness. Having lived in two major centers of European enlightenment as his country's ambassador to both Vienna and London, he increasingly identified the
2169:
The last straw for the Court of Portugal was the attempted assassination of the king on September 3, 1758, of which the Jesuits were alleged to have had prior knowledge (see the Távora affair below). Among those arrested and executed was
2065:
were constructed at high points around the city and at least 34 people were executed. The Portuguese Army was mobilized to surround the city to prevent the able-bodied from fleeing, so that they could be pressed into clearing the ruins.
1845:
English economic success, which he had witnessed while serving as ambassador in London, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal. He was responsible for the abolition of slavery in continental Portugal and in
1601:). Faced with this situation, the Portuguese focused their commercial interests on Brazil, which was partially under Dutch control. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch formally withdrew in 1654 after an English mediation.
1339:
After several decisive victories, John quickly tried to make peace with Spain. His demand that Spain recognize the legitimacy of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza, was not fulfilled until the reign of his son
2012:
Of a Lisbon population of 275,000, up to 90,000 were killed and eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th century
1011:, who had little inclination to rule. He initiated many reforms intended to modernize the country and attacked the power of the privileged nobility and clergy, notably in the case of the Távora affair and the expulsion of the
1652:
to Brazil and deprived Portugal of a large part of its population. The population was denuded to such an extent that John V prohibited emigration in 1709 (Mattoso Vol. IV 1993). It was also during this period that the
2226:
to the tents of Ajuda. Somewhere along the way two to three men intercepted the carriage and fired on its occupants. Joseph I was shot in an arm and his driver was badly wounded, but both survived and returned to
2140:
and Portugal, fearing an attempt to build an independent empire in the New World, forbade the Jesuits to continue the local administration of their former missions. Portuguese Jesuits were removed from the court.
2049:
into the city to extinguish the flames and ordered teams to remove the thousands of corpses. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of representatives of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and
1853:
industry, and the end of discrimination against non-Catholic Christians in Portugal. He also reorganized the army and navy, bringing the total Portuguese military strength to around 90,000 troops. The reformed
1517:, John maintained a lavish court paid for by the riches of Brazil and ruled as an absolutist king, ignoring the Cortes (which had only convened sporadically since 1640) and personally appointing ministers. His
2178:. The Jesuits were expelled from the kingdom; important non-Portuguese members of the Order were imprisoned. The Order was civilly suppressed in 1759. The Portuguese ambassador was recalled from Rome and the
1336:, paid for with regional taxes. John IV also organized the army, establishing the Military Laws of King Sebastian, and developed an intense diplomatic activity that restored good relations with England.
1674:
928:
276:
2234:
Immediately Melo took control of the situation. Concealing the attack and the king's injuries, he proceeded with a swift enquiry. A few days afterwards, two men were arrested for the shootings and
2204:
Clashes between Melo and nobility were common because the nobility despised him for his quick ascension to power. The clashes were tolerated by the king who trusted his prime minister's judgment.
2009:
and a fire, resulting in the near-total destruction of the city. The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the country's 18th century colonial ambitions.
1376:, first monarch of the House of Aviz. The Braganzas soon became one of the most powerful families of the kingdom, and for the next decades married many Portuguese royal family members. In 1565,
2222:
On the night of September 3, 1758, Joseph I was riding an unmarked carriage in a secondary and unfrequented road in the outskirts of Lisbon. The king was returning from an evening with his
2120:. Melo's quarrel with the Jesuits began over an exchange of South American colonial territory with Spain. By a secret treaty of 1750, Portugal relinquished to Spain the contested colony of
1834:
1790:
1952:, the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict laws upon all classes of Portuguese society from the nobility to the
1745:
In the alliance with England in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Portuguese gained the protection of both English and Dutch. Portugal suffered French attacks in Rio de Janeiro and
1758:
2088:-protected constructions in the world. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's "new" downtown, known as the
1866:. Britain invoked its alliance with Portugal and sent troops. Several months later, the conflict was settled with comparatively little fighting. In 1777, Spain and Portugal signed the
1388:. This connection with the Royal Family proved determinant in the rise of the House of Braganza to a Royal House. Catherine was one of the strongest claimants of the throne during the
1677:. A revolt led by prominent figures as well as military officers failed and Royal courts sentenced most of the conspirators to prison or exile. This situation was aggravated when the
1478:. Peter later married Marie Françoise. In the same year, Peter managed to gain enough support to force the king to relinquish control of the government and to name him Prince Regent.
1093:
on July 24, 1580, followed by many other cities and towns throughout the country. However, Philip II marched into Portugal and defeated the troops loyal to the Prior of Crato in the
2207:
154:
1960:. The Queen disliked the Marquis and the Marquis was not fond of the new Queen (Madeira & Aguiar 2003), so she dismissed him from his post and prohibited him of leaving his
1155:) - where the Portuguese had long controlled the coastal regions (though not the whole island) - was lost to the Dutch, as were Portuguese colonies in the East Indies (today's
1228:, and government posts in Portugal were occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province and Portuguese nobles lost all of their power.
1699:
2073:
and engineers, and less than a year later, Lisbon was already free from debris and undergoing reconstruction. The king was keen to have a new, perfectly ordained city. Big
2077:
and wide rectilinear avenues were the signatures of the new Lisbon. At the time, somebody asked the Marquis of Pombal the need of such wide streets. The Marquis answered:
1754:
53:
1549:
that they became almost inoperative (Carmo Reis 1987). In his later years, Portugal lapsed into stagnation. John V died on July 31, 1750, and was succeeded by his son
1392:
of 1580 but lost the struggle to her cousin Philip II of Spain. Eventually Catherine's grandson became John IV of Portugal as he was held to be the legitimate heir.
2261:
The Távoras denied all charges but were eventually sentenced to death. Their estates were confiscated by the crown, their name erased from the peerage and their
910:
2277:
wanted the lesson to be learned. Afterwards, the ground was salted to prevent future growth of vegetation. Nowadays, this field is a square of Lisbon, called
1284:, was acclaimed King of Portugal throughout the country as John IV. By December 2, 1640, John was already sending a letter as sovereign of the country to the
1633:). Settlements in southeastern Brazil, nearer the gold regions, grew at a rapid pace, eventually eclipsing the older settlements of the northeastern coast.
988:
forced Portugal to depend more on its colonies, first India and then Brazil. This shift from India to Brazil was a natural consequence of the rise of the
1694:
654:
474:
153:
2097:
1427:(1648). By 1654, however, most of Brazil was back in Portuguese hands and had effectively ceased to be a viable Dutch colony. John married his daughter
1269:
785:
2602:
2319:
2117:
1807:(Mattoso Vol. IV 1993). He enjoyed the Royal Family's riches of the Brazilian gold and decided, instead of ruling, to delegate all his powers to
1485:
ruler of Portugal for the next 16 years. When Afonso died in 1683, Peter succeeded him as Peter II of Portugal. Peter II is considered the first
1004:
1537:
foreign policy followed two simple rules: political neutrality in European conflicts, and attempts to increase his prestige in Rome. The title "
2637:
2333:, captured the city, and threatened to advance on Lisbon. The arrival of a force of British troops helped the Portuguese army commanded by the
1607:
cultivation was introduced in Brazil at the beginning of the 17th century, and proved to be a great success. The colony's economy was based on
2582:
980:
and the Lisbon earthquake contributed to the decline of Portugal's position in Europe and the world. These events, those at the end of the
126:
1770:
1023:
Soon after the death of Joseph in 1777, his daughter Maria I dismissed Pombal, and prohibited him from coming within 20 miles of her.
946:
664:
649:
584:
404:
2504:
1697:
in 1807, the tense situation was attenuated as Prince Regent John declared Brazil a Vice-Kingdom and Portugal's official name became the
2309:
1859:
1750:
1389:
1062:
769:
1937:, introduced vocational training, created hundreds of new teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences to the
2338:
2334:
1630:
775:
2196:
The Távora affair was a political scandal of the 18th-century Portuguese court. The events triggered by the attempted murder of King
2617:
2612:
2607:
2492:
2478:
1222:, which mainly affected Portuguese merchants (Carmo Reis 1987). The Portuguese nobility began to lose its importance at the Spanish
1032:
903:
75:
1899:
war, which was watched closely by the rest of Europe, and he launched some conspiracy theories about the order's desire for power.
1722:, the British Ambassador Extraordinary to Portugal where he negotiated the treaty. The Methuen Treaty cemented allegiances in the
1877:, Portugal was considered one of Europe's unenlightened backwaters; it was a country of three million with 200,000 people in 538
1412:
604:
2158:. In three weeks, the Jesuits were stripped of all Portuguese possessions, and before Cardinal Rezzonico had been made pope as
830:
2132:, the autonomous Jesuit missions that had been nominal Spanish colonial territory. The Jesuits, disagreeing with transfers of
2359:
2265:
outlawed. The original sentence ordered the execution of all of them, including women and children. Only the intervention of
1070:
872:
849:
2537:
2266:
996:. A similar shift occurred after Brazil gained independence, leading Portugal to focus more on its possessions in Africa.
2238:. The men confessed their guilt and stated that were following orders of the Távora family, which was plotting to put the
2149:
1867:
1723:
1486:
1462:, the Queen Mother, Afonso assumed the control of the country. His reign was short due to a conspiracy of his wife, Queen
1094:
969:
814:
793:
704:
327:
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was longer lasting and more troublesome to Portugal. The Dutch captured a large portion of the Brazilian coast including
1715:
1309:
896:
834:
818:
731:
559:
529:
432:
36:
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1777:. The joint forces of the Portuguese and English suffered 5,000 casualties and 8,000 soldiers were made prisoners. An
699:
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522:
205:
1463:
1046:
945:
continued to enjoy the widespread influence in the world during this period that had characterized the period of the
46:
40:
32:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2413:
2113:
1919:
1838:
1737:
1377:
1301:
1074:
1058:
634:
479:
301:
1689:, the isolation of Spain's colonies in relation to mainland Spain led to a series of independence wars throughout
949:. By the end of this period, however, the fortunes of Portugal and its empire had declined, culminating with the
1317:
838:
780:
689:
669:
114:
1144:
1040:
57:
2577:
1774:
1450:
Afonso VI became King of Portugal when he was thirteen years old. The young king suffered from an illness that
1369:
1332:, and the garrisons and sea ports. In December 1641, he created a tenancy to assure upgrades on all Portuguese
826:
484:
132:
1097:. Philip II was crowned Philip I of Portugal in 1580 (he was subsequently recognized as official king by the
1020:
economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.
2330:
1719:
1321:
1078:
743:
314:
146:
2444:
Country Studies – Brazil. (2005, November 13). Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 17:15, November 13, 2005, from
1625:(General Mines). The Portuguese colonists began an exploration of Brazil's interior beyond the line of the
1163:) and South America were also attacked by the Dutch. Brazil was partially conquered by both France and the
2342:
2121:
2002:
1992:
1984:
1830:
1594:
1236:
1125:
973:
954:
737:
644:
594:
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Geographic.org – Portugal. (2005, November 13). Geographic.org. Retrieved 17:30, November 13, 2005, from
2392:
1938:
1746:
1626:
1598:
1538:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1399:
1381:
1341:
1251:
1244:
1050:
856:
822:
694:
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Geographic.org – Brazil. (2005, November 13). Geographic.org. Retrieved 17:30, November 13, 2005, from
1240:
1090:
564:
2216:
2197:
2021:
1874:
1796:
1711:
1574:
1570:
1550:
1467:
1385:
1365:
1345:
1259:
1066:
1008:
763:
614:
499:
236:
193:
1944:
But Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and
2547:
2451:
2285:
2270:
2175:
2129:
2038:
1957:
1888:
1863:
1816:
1686:
1682:
1281:
1273:
1192:
1117:
958:
933:
809:
756:
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577:
441:
264:
224:
176:
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1304:, consisted mainly of periodic skirmishes near the border and five significant battles, being the
2089:
1658:
1529:
1510:
1416:
1373:
1313:
1248:
1215:
1113:
1106:
1082:
1007:, was a period of dictatorship and wide-ranging reforms. The Marquis of Pombal was appointed by
861:
549:
504:
469:
1525:
1459:
2532:
2457:
2250:
their families. Gabriel Malagrida, the Jesuit confessor of Leonor of Távora was also arrested.
1258:, who had governed Portugal in his name. The moment was well chosen, as Spain was fighting the
1206:
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2474:
2297:
2171:
2159:
2145:
2133:
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1808:
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in 1697 and ruled alone. He encouraged the focusing of Portuguese exploration of Brazil after
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1305:
1255:
1148:
1098:
942:
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by blocking the Franco-Spanish advance and driving them back across the border following the
2258:
evening, since he was returning from a liaison with Teresa of Távora, who was also arrested.
2322:. Joseph refused to accept and protested that his 1704 alliance with Britain was no threat.
2315:
2223:
2191:
1965:
1934:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1846:
1762:
1670:
1586:
1582:
1569:. English, French and Dutch conquered Portuguese possessions in Asia. Of the huge Empire of
1403:
1224:
1176:
1136:
1086:
1012:
950:
539:
462:
2567:
2557:
2552:
1870:, which mainly resolved a number of border disputes between their South American colonies.
1235:
on 1 December 1640, 60 years after the crowning of Philip I. The revolution was planned by
1203:, while Dutch privateers captured Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
2562:
2293:
1855:
1821:
1804:
1678:
965:
886:
345:
186:
2096:), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, like the
1263:
2572:
2325:
In spring 1762, Spanish and French troops invaded Portugal from the north as far as the
2020:
Owing to a stroke of luck, the Royal Family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe. King
1640:
began with thousands of colonists and slaves pouring into the rugged mountains north of
2239:
2182:
sent home in disgrace. Relations between Portugal and Rome were broken off until 1770.
2137:
2034:
2025:
1930:
1929:
Further reforms were carried out in education. He created the basis for secular public
1892:
1707:
1641:
1590:
1562:
1503:
1420:
1164:
1140:
993:
977:
452:
2517:
1395:
2596:
2522:
2125:
2050:
1953:
1690:
1361:
1160:
1054:
1036:
985:
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by claiming that Great Britain had become too powerful due to its successes in the
2262:
2179:
2154:
2042:
1622:
1617:
1566:
1424:
1168:
989:
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to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of
2069:
Not long after the initial crisis, the prime minister and the king quickly hired
152:
2054:
1976:
1961:
1666:
1490:
1232:
1218:(and IV of Spain) who took a different approach to Portuguese issues. He raised
1121:
2587:
1210:
A monument honouring the "restorers" in Lisbon, in the plaza with the same name
2296:
for his competent handling of the affair, and later, in 1770, was promoted to
2085:
1998:
1896:
1654:
1649:
1608:
1542:
1231:
This situation culminated in a revolution by the Portuguese nobility and high
1188:
1184:
534:
2242:
in the throne. Both were hanged the following day, even before the attempted
1120:. Both monarchs gave excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish
2070:
2014:
1949:
1878:
1850:
1778:
1727:
1637:
1514:
1475:
1471:
1451:
1360:
began with John IV. The Dukes of the House of Braganza were a branch of the
1285:
1156:
1152:
937:
was in a transition period. Having been near its height at the start of the
494:
489:
2081:
The chaotic traffic of modern Lisbon reflects the prescience of the reply.
1749:
but managed to secure the colonies. In Europe, the Portuguese stood by the
1726:
and created favorable trading terms for both nations, especially regarding
1454:
the left side of his body and left him mentally unstable. After a six-year
2243:
2212:
1915:
1910:
and a series of powerful noble families surrounding the Távora family of
1518:
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1196:
352:
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2101:
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labor. In the late 17th century, colonial Brazilian explorers known as
1612:
1200:
1891:, a staunch adversary of the Austrian Jesuits and their influence. As
1781:
was signed with France in 1713 and peace was made with Spain in 1715.
1502:
was found in the territory. Peter's reign also saw the signing of the
1324:
17 June 1665; the Portuguese were victorious in all of these battles.
1280:
The support of the people became apparent almost immediately and soon
1883:
1693:, creating a tense situation between the colony and Lisbon. With the
1499:
1455:
1440:
1415:
and a Defense of Modern Music (Lisbon, 1649). Abroad, the Dutch took
1329:
1180:
1159:), and commercial interests in Japan. Portuguese colonies in Africa (
1016:
509:
166:
2037:
never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter
1902:
The Marquis did not confront only the Jesuits. In the course of the
2162:
on July 6, 1758, the Portuguese dispossession of the Society was a
1983:. Survivors lived in tents on the outskirts of the city after the
1922:
throughout Europe and its colonies, which culminated in 1773, when
2382:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83, 91–108, 160–62.
2326:
2228:
2206:
2030:
1975:
1945:
1829:
1800:
1736:
1731:
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gained total freedom, a decision that contrasted with the growing
1604:
1524:
1268:
1205:
1172:
1129:
1112:
Portugal's status was maintained under the first two kings of the
1102:
2452:
http://workmall.com/wfb2001/portugal/portugal_history_index.html
2578:
Images and historical depictions of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake
1578:
1541:" was eventually bestowed upon John V and his successors by a
1443:
as a dowry. John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son
1219:
17:
2314:
In 1762, France and Spain tried to urge Portugal to join the
2116:
from Portugal has been seen as a quarrel with Prime Minister
2458:
http://workmall.com/wfb2001/brazil/brazil_history_index.html
1348:(another son of John and future King Peter II of Portugal).
1765:, capturing Madrid on 28 June, but sustained defeat in the
1565:
with Spain was the loss of the Portuguese monopoly of the
2045:, which still stands on the site of the old tented camp.
2345:
in 1763, Spain agreed to hand Almeida back to Portugal.
1799:, who reigned as Joseph I. He loved the palatial life,
1769:
on April 14, 1707, against Spain and France led by the
2136:
populations from one territory to another, caused the
1795:
When John V died in 1750, he was succeeded by his son
927:
restoration in 1640 until the end of the reign of the
2144:
On April 1, 1758, a brief was obtained from the aged
1941:, and introduced new taxes to pay for these reforms.
1061:, was 70 years old. Henry's death was followed by a
1835:
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal
1791:
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal
1005:
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, Marquis of Pombal
2462:Madeira, Carlos (dir.); & Aguiar, João (2003).
1700:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1577:, the Portuguese were reduced to the stronghold of
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90:
1589:. Trade posts in Africa were lost to the English (
1015:. He was also the leader of the reconstruction of
2588:Encyclopædia Britannica on the Távoras Conspiracy
2273:, the heiress to the throne, saved most of them.
2057:to prevent disease. To halt disorder, especially
2024:and the court had left the city, after attending
1474:of her marriage to the king in 1667 based on his
1247:. They, together with several associates, killed
1135:Being united with Spain involved Portugal in the
2104:, were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles.
1997:On November 1, 1755, at 9:20 am, a massive
1489:monarch of Portugal. He dismissed the historic
95:
45:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
2033:, then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The King's
2501:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
1695:transfer of the Royal court to Rio de Janeiro
1049:in 1578 saw both the death of the young king
904:
8:
2518:Second half of the 18th century in Portugal
2487:(Vol. VIII; 1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores.
2543:Portugal Chronology World History Database
1918:. Melo was an important precursor for the
1817:[sɨβɐʃtiˈɐ̃wʒuˈzɛðɨkɐɾˈvaʎuiˈmɛlu]
911:
897:
426:
87:
2473:(Vol. IV; 1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores.
2084:Pombaline buildings were among the first
1987:, as shown in this 1755 German engraving.
1621:found gold in what is today the state of
1585:on the coast of China, and the island of
1300:The subsequent war with Spain, named the
1214:When Philip II died, he was succeeded by
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1394:
1328:the border, the hypothetical defense of
2371:
1741:Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790.
871:
440:
429:
2329:, while a second column sponsored the
1581:, several small strongholds in India,
1254:and imprisoned the king's cousin, the
1118:Philip II of Portugal and III of Spain
961:, the first ruling Queen of Portugal.
2464:Portugal 860 anos – Figuras 1580–1926
2446:http://countrystudies.us/brazil/8.htm
1815:
1481:Peter continued as Prince Regent but
999:The early 18th century, known as the
323:
310:
297:
293:
269:
257:
253:
245:
229:
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7:
2499:Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment
2380:Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment
2118:Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal
1895:Melo engaged the Jesuits in a dirty
1466:, who joined with Afonso's brother,
92:Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
2507:. (2005, November 11). MSN Encarta.
2310:Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762)
1753:and, led by the Portuguese General
97:Reyno de Portugal et d'los Algarves
2414:"Portuguese development of Brazil"
1673:, was felt during the rule of the
14:
2300:, the name he is known by today.
1858:was put to the test in 1762 when
1809:Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo
1033:1580 Portuguese succession crisis
650:Imperial decline, war, and revolt
2603:Early modern history of Portugal
2548:Dutch-Portuguese war over Brazil
1629:(later according with Spain the
1139:, Spain's war with the emerging
972:regime, the movement toward the
880:
770:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
605:War of the Portuguese Succession
451:
409:
384:
150:
125:
113:
22:
2339:Battle of Valencia de Alcántara
2005:) struck Lisbon, followed by a
1509:Peter was succeeded by his son
2360:Timeline of Portuguese history
2253:They were all accused of high
1071:Catherine, Duchess of Braganza
1065:, with three grandchildren of
1:
2638:History of Portugal by period
2573:The War of Spanish Succession
2528:Brazil under Dutch domination
2483:Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993).
2469:Mattoso, José (dir.) (1993).
2439:Atlas de História de Portugal
2001:(estimated at 8.5–9.0 on the
1724:War of the Spanish Succession
1681:started. During the reign of
1404:King of the House of Braganza
1085:. António had been acclaimed
1057:. Sebastian's successor, the
2148:, appointing the Portuguese
2130:Seven Reductions of Paraguay
1862:aided by France, during the
1849:in 1769, development of the
1310:Battle of the Lines of Elvas
732:Portugal during World War II
560:Portuguese House of Burgundy
530:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
2538:Changes to Brazil's economy
2466:. Livros SuperInteressante.
2355:List of Portuguese monarchs
2292:Sebastião de Melo was made
2079:one day they will be small.
1611:agriculture and powered by
1169:Dutch intrusion into Brazil
700:Portugal during World War I
2654:
2583:The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake
2437:Carmo Reis, A. do (1987).
2416:. Workmall.com. 2007-03-24
2395:. Workmall.com. 2007-03-24
2307:
2189:
2174:, the Jesuit confessor of
2098:Vila Real de Santo António
1990:
1920:suppression of the Jesuits
1839:Prime Minister of Portugal
1788:
1718:in 1703. It was named for
1378:John, 6th Duke of Braganza
1282:John, 8th Duke of Braganza
1075:John, 6th Duke of Braganza
1059:Cardinal Henry of Portugal
1030:
480:Roman conquest of Hispania
2558:Dutch conquest of Malacca
2553:Omani conquest of Mombasa
2041:began building the royal
1813:Portuguese pronunciation:
1803:, and was devoted to the
1370:Afonso, Count of Barcelos
1318:Battle of Castelo Rodrigo
1128:in 1386) and the loss of
363:
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294:
282:
254:
242:
214:
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104:
2618:18th century in Portugal
2613:17th century in Portugal
2608:16th century in Portugal
2563:Dutch conquest of Elmina
2114:expulsion of the Jesuits
2108:Expulsion of the Jesuits
2053:beyond the mouth of the
1761:, advanced into Spanish
1636:The world's first great
1464:Marie Françoise of Savoy
1384:, granddaughter of King
1312:on 14 January 1659, the
1047:Battle of Alcácer Quibir
984:, and the period of the
485:Romanization of Hispania
31:This article includes a
2441:(5th ed.). Edições Asa.
2393:"Portuguese absolutism"
1868:Treaty of San Ildefonso
1685:and regency of her son
1513:in 1706. An admirer of
1506:of trade with England.
1419:(January 1641) and the
1322:Battle of Montes Claros
1116:, Philip I and his son
1079:António, Prior of Crato
957:, and the accession of
776:Transition to democracy
744:Portuguese Colonial War
665:Constitutional Monarchy
645:Great Lisbon earthquake
328:Treaty of San Ildefonso
60:more precise citations.
2523:Absolutism in Portugal
2316:Bourbon Family Compact
2284:Gabriel Malagrida was
2219:
2061:, in the ruined city,
2003:moment magnitude scale
1993:1755 Lisbon earthquake
1988:
1972:1755 Lisbon earthquake
1841:
1797:Prince Joseph Emmanuel
1742:
1533:
1407:
1372:, illegitimate son of
1344:during the regency of
1277:
1211:
974:independence of Brazil
955:1755 Lisbon earthquake
595:Portuguese Renaissance
96:
2568:Dutch blockade of Goa
2533:Brazil from 1661–1750
2210:
2122:Colónia do Sacramento
1979:
1939:University of Coimbra
1926:abolished the order.
1833:
1747:Portuguese Cape Verde
1740:
1716:Queen Anne of England
1627:Treaty of Tordesillas
1599:Portuguese Gold Coast
1561:A consequence of the
1539:Most Faithful Majesty
1528:
1433:Charles II of England
1429:Catherine of Braganza
1398:
1356:The Portuguese Royal
1320:7 July 1664, and the
1272:
1252:Miguel de Vasconcelos
1209:
1073:, who was married to
1069:claiming the throne:
695:Monarchy of the North
173:Common languages
2485:História de Portugal
2471:História de Portugal
2281:, the salty ground.
2217:Joseph I of Portugal
2128:in exchange for the
2124:at the mouth of the
1906:he accused both the
1875:Age of Enlightenment
1712:Peter II of Portugal
1316:on 8 June 1663, the
1308:on 26 May 1644, the
1276:, the Restoring King
1262:and also facing the
1145:Dutch–Portuguese War
1041:Dutch–Portuguese War
764:Carnation Revolution
615:Dutch-Portuguese War
2286:burned at the stake
1981:The Ruins of Lisbon
1889:Gerhard van Swieten
1710:was signed between
1368:for his half-uncle
1274:John IV of Portugal
1237:Antão Vaz de Almada
1193:Rio Grande do Norte
1095:Battle of Alcântara
1053:and the end of the
964:The opulent use of
953:, the catastrophic
934:Kingdom of Portugal
887:Portugal portal
405:Kingdom of Portugal
265:Francisco de Lucena
2497:Maxwell, Kenneth.
2220:
2090:Pombaline Downtown
1989:
1842:
1743:
1534:
1530:John V of Portugal
1417:Portuguese Malacca
1408:
1382:Princess Catherine
1314:Battle of Ameixial
1278:
1249:Secretary of State
1245:João Pinto Ribeiro
1212:
1114:Philippine Dynasty
1107:Philippine Dynasty
1083:Philip II of Spain
585:Imperial expansion
550:County of Portugal
505:Visigothic Kingdom
470:Prehistoric Iberia
33:list of references
2633:1770s in Portugal
2628:1570s in Portugal
2623:Portuguese Empire
2378:Kenneth Maxwell,
2298:Marquis of Pombal
2246:was made public.
2172:Gabriel Malagrida
2150:Cardinal Saldanha
2146:Pope Benedict XIV
1935:secondary schools
1826:Marquis of Pombal
1785:Marquis of Pombal
1767:Battle of Almansa
1675:Marquis of Pombal
1495:Portuguese Cortes
1390:dynastical crisis
1358:House of Braganza
1352:John IV to John V
1346:Peter of Braganza
1306:Battle of Montijo
1260:Thirty Years' War
1256:Duchess of Mantua
1241:Miguel de Almeida
1149:Portuguese Ceylon
1126:Treaty of Windsor
1105:in 1581) and the
1099:Portuguese Cortes
1089:by the people of
943:Portuguese Empire
929:Marquis of Pombal
925:House of Braganza
921:
920:
794:COVID-19 pandemic
726:Ditadura Nacional
655:Transfer of Court
640:House of Braganza
600:Portuguese Empire
545:Almoravid dynasty
475:Pre-Roman Peoples
425:
424:
421:
420:
417:
416:
397:
396:
277:Marquis of Pombal
272:• 1756–1777
260:• 1640–1642
232:• 1750–1777
220:• 1640–1656
199:Absolute Monarchy
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2331:Siege of Almeida
2320:Seven Years' War
2279:Terreiro Salgado
2176:Leonor of Távora
1924:Pope Clement XIV
1908:Society of Jesus
1864:Seven Years' War
1847:Portuguese India
1819:
1814:
1755:Marquis of Minas
1671:Minas Conspiracy
1631:Treaty of Madrid
1587:Portuguese Timor
1557:Empire in Brazil
1137:Eighty Years War
1087:King of Portugal
913:
906:
899:
885:
884:
883:
862:Madeiran history
798:
790:
786:Financial crisis
705:1926 coup d'état
578:Age of Discovery
565:1383–1385 Crisis
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1822:Count of Oeiras
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1805:Catholic Church
1793:
1787:
1771:Duke of Berwick
1679:Napoleonic Wars
1559:
1470:, to secure an
1460:Luísa de Guzman
1354:
1302:Restoration War
1298:
1296:Restoration War
1063:dynastic crisis
1043:
1031:Main articles:
1029:
992:as well as the
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2263:coat-of-arms
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2180:papal nuncio
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2163:
2160:Clement XIII
2155:sede vacante
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2093:
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2068:
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2043:Ajuda Palace
2019:
2011:
1996:
1980:
1943:
1928:
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1872:
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1759:Count Galway
1757:and English
1744:
1720:John Methuen
1705:
1698:
1663:
1646:
1635:
1623:Minas Gerais
1618:bandeirantes
1616:
1603:
1567:Indian Ocean
1560:
1547:
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1508:
1493:
1482:
1480:
1468:Prince Peter
1449:
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1355:
1338:
1326:
1299:
1279:
1230:
1223:
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1111:
1044:
1022:
1000:
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982:Aviz dynasty
963:
932:
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768:
736:
724:
660:Liberal Wars
627:
374:Succeeded by
373:
368:
142:
133:Coat of arms
72:
63:
52:Please help
44:
15:
2138:Guaraní War
2086:seismically
2055:River Tagus
1962:Marquessate
1879:monasteries
1873:During the
1687:Prince John
1667:nationalism
1659:slave trade
1655:Amerindians
1491:legislative
1435:, offering
1364:created by
1233:bourgeoisie
1147:. In Asia,
947:Discoveries
797:(2020–2023)
789:(2010–2014)
738:Estado Novo
555:Reconquista
442:History of
369:Preceded by
58:introducing
2597:Categories
2505:"Portugal"
2432:References
2420:2010-08-23
2399:2010-08-23
2289:convents.
2211:Attempted
2071:architects
1999:earthquake
1985:earthquake
1897:propaganda
1820:), future
1665:Brazilian
1650:emigration
1609:plantation
1543:papal bull
1487:absolutist
1413:Palestrina
1334:fortresses
1216:Philip III
1185:Pernambuco
1027:Background
970:absolutist
968:gold, the
923:From the
628:Bragantine
535:Al-Andalus
194:Government
177:Portuguese
2341:. At the
2015:Manueline
1851:port wine
1779:armistice
1728:port wine
1638:gold rush
1519:cognomens
1515:Louis XIV
1476:impotence
1472:annulment
1452:paralyzed
1445:Afonso VI
1423:captured
1402:, second
1400:Afonso VI
1342:Afonso VI
1286:Town Hall
1157:Indonesia
1153:Sri Lanka
1051:Sebastian
966:Brazilian
495:Gallaecia
490:Lusitania
183:Religion
105:1640–1777
66:July 2024
2349:See also
2244:regicide
2236:tortured
2224:mistress
2213:regicide
2198:Joseph I
2022:Joseph I
1916:regicide
1773:and the
1575:John III
1571:Manuel I
1551:Joseph I
1483:de facto
1437:Tangiers
1386:Manuel I
1380:married
1366:Afonso V
1177:Salvador
1151:(modern
1091:Santarém
1067:Manuel I
1009:Joseph I
873:Timeline
835:Military
823:Language
815:Archives
523:Medieval
444:Portugal
433:a series
431:Part of
342:Currency
237:Joseph I
2255:treason
2134:Guaraní
2102:Algarve
2075:squares
2063:gallows
2059:looting
2039:Maria I
2007:tsunami
1958:Maria I
1931:primary
1912:treason
1884:Jesuits
1763:Castile
1683:Maria I
1456:regency
1201:Sergipe
1189:Paraíba
1109:began.
1013:Jesuits
959:Maria I
850:Regions
831:Judaism
819:Economy
463:Ancient
326:•
313:•
300:•
287:History
225:John IV
206:Monarch
163:Capital
143:Anthem:
54:improve
2491:
2477:
1966:Pombal
1946:guilds
1669:, the
1511:John V
1500:silver
1441:Bombay
1425:Muscat
1374:John I
1330:Lisbon
1225:Cortes
1199:, and
1181:Recife
1167:. The
1130:Hormuz
1122:courts
1081:; and
1039:, and
1017:Lisbon
1003:after
976:, the
941:, the
510:Spania
435:on the
290:
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167:Lisbon
145:
2366:Notes
2327:Douro
2229:Ajuda
2031:Ajuda
1801:opera
1732:Porto
1613:slave
1605:Sugar
1595:Natal
1583:Macau
1290:Évora
1220:taxes
1197:Ceará
1173:Bahia
1103:Tomar
990:Dutch
839:Music
810:Topic
39:, or
2489:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2112:The
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1950:port
1933:and
1824:and
1714:and
1706:The
1597:and
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1045:The
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333:1777
320:1668
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