309:
for life. The president would not be responsible to the legislature and would have power to select his vice president. Other provisions, generally centralist in their tendencies, were repugnant to some, while a few desired a monarchy. Panama escaped armed violence over the constitutional question but joined other regions in petitioning Bolívar to assume dictatorial powers until a convention could meet. Panama announced its union with Gran
Colombia as a "Hanseatic State", i.e., as an autonomous area with special trading privileges until the convention was held.
355:—in deciding to send delegates to the Panama conference—was not disposed to obligate the United States to defend its southern neighbors. Adams instructed his delegates to refrain from participating in deliberations concerning regional security and to emphasize discussions of maritime neutrality and commerce. Nevertheless, many members of the United States Congress opposed participation under any conditions. By the time participation was approved, the delegation had no time to reach the conference. The British and
407:. This company secured an exclusive concession from Colombia allowing construction of a crossing, which might be by road, rail, river, or a combination. After surveys, a railroad was chosen, and a new contract so specifying was obtained in 1850. The railroad track followed generally the line of the present canal. The first through train from the Atlantic to the Pacific side ran on the completed track on January 28, 1855.
152:
201:
22:
700:, a French national representing the interests of Lesseps's company, the native Panamanian leaders conspired to take advantage of United States interest in a new regime on the isthmus. In October and November 1903, the revolutionary junta, with the protection of United States naval forces, carried out a successful uprising against the Colombian government. Acting, paradoxically, under the
611:(1899–1902) by rebellious radical Liberals who had taken refuge in Nicaragua. Like the rest of Colombia, opinion in Panama was divided, and revolts in the southwest had hardly been suppressed when Liberals from Nicaragua invaded the Pacific coastal region and nearly succeeded in taking Panama City in mid-1900. The fortunes of war varied, and although a local
743:. Isthmian patriots particularly resented the haste with which Bunau-Varilla concluded the treaty, an effort partially designed to preclude any objections an arriving Panamanian delegation might raise. Nonetheless, the Panamanians, having no apparent alternative, ratified the treaty on December 2, and approval by the
769:
of the larger country through two provisions whereby the United States guaranteed the independence of Panama and received in return the right to intervene in Panama's domestic affairs. For the rights it obtained, the United States was to pay the sum of US$ 10 million and an annuity, beginning 9 years
704:
of 1846 between the United States and
Colombia—which provided that United States forces could intervene in the event of disorder on the isthmus to guarantee Colombian sovereignty and open transit across the isthmus—the United States prevented a Colombian force from moving across the isthmus to Panama
513:
fame, headed the company. The terms of the concession required completion in twelve years, with the possibility of a six-year extension at
Colombia's discretion. The lease was for ninety years and was transferable, but not to any foreign government. The company also purchased most of the stock of the
484:
and gave the United States and its citizens the right of free transit of persons and goods over any road or canal that might be constructed in the isthmus. In addition, the United States guaranteed the neutrality of the isthmus and
Colombia's sovereignty over it, with a view to ensuring uninterrupted
370:
drawn up at that congress would have bound all parties to mutual defense and to the peaceful settlement of disputes. Furthermore, because some feared that monarchical elements sympathetic to Spain and its allies might regain control of one of the new republics, the treaty included a provision that if
615:
gave supporters of the
Colombian government temporary security in the Panama-Colón region, the rebels were in control throughout the isthmus. Meanwhile, by early 1902 the rebels had been defeated in most of Colombia proper. At that point, the Colombian government asked the United States to intercede
517:
A ceremonious commencement of work was staged by de
Lesseps on January 1, 1880, but serious earth moving did not start until the next year. As work progressed, engineers judged that a sea-level canal was impracticable. De Lesseps, a promoter but not an engineer, could not be convinced until work had
438:
was completed in the United States. This development reduced passenger and freight traffic across the isthmus and diminished the amount of gold and silver shipped east. During the height of the gold rush, however, from 1855 to 1858, only one-tenth of the ordinary commercial freight was destined for
339:
lest their collaboration compromise the league's position with the
British. Furthermore, Bolívar felt that the neutrality of the United States in the war between Spain and its former colonies would make its representation inappropriate. In addition, slavery in the United States would be an obstacle
334:
Although the league or confederation envisioned by Bolívar was to foster the blessings of liberty and justice, a primary purpose was to secure the independence of the former colonies from renewed attacks by Spain and its allies. In this endeavor Bolívar sought
Britain's protection. He was reluctant
308:
The termination of hostilities against the royalists in 1824 failed to bring tranquillity to Gran
Colombia. The constitution that Bolívar had drafted for Bolivia was put forward by him to be adopted in Gran Colombia. The country was divided principally over the proposal that a president would serve
761:
Furthermore, the United States was entitled to acquire additional areas of land or water necessary for canal operations and held the option of exercising eminent domain in Panama City. Within this territory
Washington gained "all the rights, power, and authority . . . which the United States would
374:
The treaty was ratified only by Colombia and never became effective. Bolívar, having made several futile attempts to establish lesser federations, declared shortly before his death in 1830 that "America is ungovernable; those who served the revolution have plowed the sea." Despite his disillusion,
378:
Three abortive attempts to separate the isthmus from Colombia occurred between 1830 and 1840. The first was undertaken by an acting governor of Panama who opposed the policies of the president, but the Panamanian leader reincorporated the department of Panama at the urging of Bolívar, then on his
414:
The railroad also created a new city and port at the Atlantic terminus of the line. The town that immediately sprang up to accommodate the railroad offices, warehouses, docks, and shops and to lodge both railroad workers and passengers soon became, and remains, the second largest in the country.
777:
of US$ 25 million was finally concluded between these two countries in 1921 and finally by 1922. Ironically, however, friction resulting from the events of 1903 was greatest between the United States and Panama. Major disagreements arose concerning the rights granted to the United States by the
575:, rebellions, and violence were almost continuous, staged by troops of the central government, by local citizens against centrally imposed edicts, and by factions out of power. The chaotic conditions that had prevailed under the federalist constitution of 1863 culminated in the 1884 election of
533:
Despite the French company's disastrous financial experience, an estimated two-fifths of the excavation necessary for the eventual canal had been completed. Many headquarters and hospital buildings were finished. Some of the machinery left on the site was usable later, and the railroad had been
529:
stocks and bonds on the market but also with venal French politicians and bureaucrats who demanded large bribes for approving the issue of securities. His efforts to get the French government to guarantee his bonds were blocked by the United States, on the grounds that such action would lead to
410:
The gold rush traffic, even before the completion of the railroad, restored Panama's prosperity. Between 1848 and 1869, about 375,000 persons crossed the isthmus from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 225,000 crossed in the opposite direction. Prices for food and services were greatly inflated,
312:
In 1826 Bolívar honored Panama when he chose it as the site for a congress of the recently liberated Spanish colonies. Many leaders of the revolutions in Latin America considered the establishment of a single government for the former Spanish colonies the natural follow-up to driving out the
782:. Panama, although admitting that the clauses were vague and obscure, later held that the original concession of authority related only to the construction, operation, and defense of the canal and that rights and privileges not necessary to these functions had never been relinquished.
375:
however, he did not see United States protection as a substitute for collective security arrangements among the Spanish-speaking states. In fact, he is credited with having said, "The United States seems destined by Providence to plague America with misery in the name of Liberty."
504:
Colombia's attempt to attract canal interest finally brought French attention to bear on Panama. After several surveys, a concession of exclusive rights was obtained from Colombia, and a company was formed in 1879 to construct a sea-level canal generally along the railroad route.
566:, and thirteen interventions by the United States, acting under the provisions of the Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty. Partisan clashes and foreign intervention exacerbated racial antagonisms and economic problems and intensified grievances against the central government of Colombia.
587:
took place. A revolt headed by a radical Liberal general and centered in Panama City developed into a three-way fight. Colón was virtually destroyed. United States forces landed at the request of the Colombian government but were too late to save the city from being
595:
Additional United States naval forces occupied both Colón and Panama City and guarded the railroad to ensure uninterrupted transit until Colombian forces landed to protect the railroad. The new constitution of 1886 established the Republic of Colombia as a
379:
deathbed. The second attempted separation was the scheme of an unpopular dictator, who was soon deposed and executed. The third secession, a response to civil war in Colombia, was declared by a popular assembly, but reintegration took place a year later.
496:
of 1850. The governments agreed specifically that neither would acquire rights to or construct a Nicaraguan canal without the participation of the other. This general principle was extended to any canal or railroad across Central America, to include the
630:
Throughout the period of turmoil, the United States had retained its interest in building a canal through either Nicaragua or Panama. An obstacle to this goal was overcome in December 1901 when the United States and Britain signed the
579:
as president of Colombia, supported by a coalition of moderate Liberals and Conservatives. Núñez called all factions to participate in a new constituent assembly, but his request was met by an armed revolt of the radical Liberals.
265:
on November 10, 1821. This act precipitated a meeting in Panama City on November 28, which is celebrated as the official date of independence. Considerable discussion followed as to whether Panama should remain part of
635:. This treaty nullified the provisions of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and signified British acceptance of a canal constructed solely by or under the auspices of the United States with guarantees of neutrality.
278:. The bishop of Panama, a native Peruvian who realized the commercial ties that could be developed with his country, argued for the latter solution but was voted down. A third possible course of action, a union with
778:
treaty of 1903 and the Panamanian constitution of 1904. The United States government subsequently interpreted these rights to mean that the United States could exercise complete sovereignty over all matters in the
426:
tended to be an unruly lot, usually bored as they waited for a ship to California, frequently drunk, and often armed. Many also displayed prejudice verging on contempt for other races and cultures. The so-called
479:
Nevertheless, Colombia continued to express interest in negotiating with the United States on building a canal. A treaty was signed in 1846 between the two countries. The treaty removed the existing restrictive
554:
in Colombia left the isthmus' affairs in constant turmoil. Local self-government for the department of Panama was extended when the Liberals were in power and withdrawn when the Conservatives prevailed. The
692:
served on the junta from the start, and five other members, all from prominent Panamanian families, were added. Arango was considered the brains of the revolution, and Amador was the junta's active leader.
475:
as his emissary in the 1830s to investigate both routes, but the project was aborted when Biddle abandoned his government mission and negotiated instead with Colombian capitalists for a private concession.
419:, in honor of Columbus. Both names were used for many years, but because the Panamanians insisted that no such place as Aspinwall existed and refused to deliver mail so addressed, the name Colón prevailed.
716:
recognition came on November 13. Five days later Bunau-Varilla, as the diplomatic representative of Panama (a role he had purchased through financial assistance to the rebels) concluded the
492:
Because the canal interests of Britain and the United States had continued to clash, particularly in Nicaragua, Britain and the United States sought to ease tensions by entering into the
371:
a member state substantially changed its form of government, it would be excluded from the confederation and could be readmitted only with the unanimous consent of all other members.
665:
of January 22, 1903, under which Colombia gave consent to such a project in the form of a 100-year lease on an area 10 kilometers wide. This treaty, however, was not ratified in
604:
reported that three-quarters of the Panamanians wanted independence from Colombia and would revolt if they could get arms and be sure of freedom from United States intervention.
592:. Millions of dollars in claims were submitted by companies and citizens of the United States, France, and Britain, but Colombia successfully pleaded its lack of responsibility.
522:
canal did not start until late in 1888, by which time the company was in serious financial difficulty. At the peak of its operations the company employed about 10,000 workers.
530:
government control in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. The end result in January 1889 was the appointment of a receiver to liquidate the company, whereupon all work stopped.
43:
439:
or originated in California. The balance concerned trade of the North Americans with Europe and Asia. The railroad company, because of its exceptionally high return on a
600:, with departments were distinctly subordinate to the central government. Panama was singled out as subject to the direct authority of the government. The United States
395:(1846–48), many heading for California used the isthmus crossing in preference to the long and dangerous wagon route across the vast plains and rugged mountain ranges.
754:
were extensive. They included a grant "in perpetuity of the use, occupation, and control" of a sixteen-kilometer-wide strip of territory and extensions of three
459:
Throughout the nineteenth century, governments and private investors in the United States, Britain, and France intermittently displayed interest in building a
727:
in Washington, D.C. Bunau-Varilla had not lived in Panama for seventeen years before the incident, and he never returned. Nevertheless, while residing in the
501:
in Mexico and Panama. In effect, since neither government was then willing or able to begin a canal, the treaty was for the time an instrument of neutrality.
559:
was disestablished under the Liberals and reestablished under the Conservatives. The fortunes of local partisans rose and fell abruptly and often violently.
770:
after ratification, of US$ 250,000 in gold coin. The United States also purchased the rights and properties of the French canal company for US$ 40 million.
229:
816:
485:
transit for the duration of the treaty, which was to be twenty years or as long thereafter as the parties gave no notice to revise it. Called the
94:
66:
562:
According to one estimate, the period witnessed forty administrations of the Panamanian department, fifty riots and rebellions, five attempted
1153:
344:. Bolívar nevertheless acquiesced when the governments of Colombia, Mexico, and Central America invited the United States to send observers.
865:
186:
1267:
366:, which convened in June and adjourned in July 1826, was attended by four American states—Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Peru. The
73:
367:
1001:
669:, and the United States, determined to construct a canal across the isthmus, intensively encouraged the Panamanian separatist movement.
415:
United States citizens named it Aspinwall, after one of the founders of the Panama Railroad Company, but the Panamanians christened it
873:
644:
860:
855:
181:
176:
80:
113:
773:
Colombia was the harshest critic of United States policy at the time. A reconciliatory treaty with the United States providing an
1232:
1031:
1006:
925:
829:
758:
into the sea from each terminal "for the construction, maintenance, operation, sanitation, and protection" of an isthmian canal.
62:
435:
222:
576:
878:
47:
732:
538:
blacks. More than half were repatriated, but thousands remained, many of whom eventually worked on the United States canal.
915:
751:
701:
486:
1087:
672:
By July 1903, when the course of internal Colombian opposition to the Hay–Herrán Treaty became obvious, a revolutionary
551:
431:
of 1856, in which at least sixteen persons were killed, was the most serious clash of races and cultures of the period.
302:
976:
935:
845:
809:
657:
that the United States needed to control a canal somewhere in the Western Hemisphere. This interest culminated in the
166:
253:
Panama would remain as a royalist stronghold and outpost until 1821 (the year of Panama's revolution against Spain).
1111:
1077:
1021:
1016:
991:
245:
is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America.
215:
131:
632:
493:
1206:
986:
920:
286:
87:
662:
650:
392:
1176:
1011:
930:
905:
900:
717:
526:
448:
32:
534:
maintained. Another legacy of the French company's bankruptcy was a large labor force, now unemployed, mostly
320:
151:
1026:
681:
547:
404:
51:
36:
331:. Bolívar, however, was the one who made the most serious attempt to unite the Spanish American republics.
1128:
996:
966:
802:
736:
697:
685:
677:
525:
De Lesseps had to contend not only with enemies who hampered financing by spreading rumors of failure and
519:
498:
258:
689:
1186:
1143:
1059:
728:
673:
584:
440:
608:
472:
1191:
1138:
744:
617:
506:
423:
396:
324:
1133:
1097:
971:
961:
888:
589:
341:
658:
298:
1171:
1148:
949:
721:
654:
363:
289:, and was designated a department with two provinces, Panamá and Veraguas. With the addition of
791:
This article incorporates text from the public domain Library of Congress Panama country study.
1225:
1163:
1092:
1069:
1064:
1047:
837:
779:
571:
546:
During the last half of the nineteenth century, violent clashes between the supporters of the
422:
The gold rush and the railroad also brought the United States "Wild West" to the isthmus. The
352:
336:
140:
463:
across the Western Hemisphere. Several sites were considered, but from the start the ones in
416:
1241:
1196:
1123:
740:
556:
428:
348:
1181:
601:
468:
762:
possess and exercise if it were the sovereign ... to the entire exclusion" of Panama.
335:
to invite representatives of the United States, even as observers, to the congress of
1261:
1246:
981:
910:
755:
624:
597:
400:
294:
205:
1082:
766:
315:
1201:
356:
327:
proposed creating a single vast monarchy ruled by an emperor descended from the
254:
21:
661:
of June 29, 1902, providing for a canal through the isthmus of Panama, and the
514:
Panama Railroad Company, which, however, continued to be managed by Americans.
563:
510:
388:
774:
612:
535:
464:
444:
443:
that never exceeded US$ 7 million, paid a total of nearly US$ 38 million in
271:
666:
724:
709:
267:
713:
481:
290:
616:
and bring about an armistice in Panama, which was arranged aboard the
825:
279:
257:
immediately initiated plans to declare independence, but the city of
242:
794:
460:
447:
between 1853 and 1905. Panama received US$ 25,000 from Colombia's
328:
285:
Panama thus became part of Colombia, then governed under the 1821
262:
489:
of 1846, it was actually ratified and became effective in 1848.
275:
798:
708:
President Roosevelt recognized the new Panamanian junta as the
451:
and benefited from transient trade and some inflow of capital.
569:
Between 1863 and 1886, the isthmus had twenty-six presidents.
15:
467:
and Panama received the most serious attention. President
750:
The rights granted to the United States in the so-called
293:
to the liberated area, the whole country became known as
399:
in 1848 increased traffic greatly. In 1847 a group of
282:
proposed by emissaries of that country, was rejected.
368:
Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation
1162:
1110:
1046:
948:
887:
836:
411:producing enormous profits from meals and lodging.
270:(then comprising both the present-day country and
261:preempted the move by proclaiming freedom from
653:(1898–1901) served to convince U.S. President
810:
223:
8:
50:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1116:
1052:
954:
893:
817:
803:
795:
639:The 1903 treaty and qualified independence
542:The spillover from Colombia's civil strife
230:
216:
125:
765:The Republic of Panama became a de facto
518:gone on for six years. Actual labor on a
383:The California gold rush and the railroad
347:Despite the sweeping implications of the
297:. Panama sent a force of 700 men to join
114:Learn how and when to remove this message
387:Even before the United States acquired
158:
139:
128:
733:Panamanian declaration of independence
696:With financial assistance arranged by
7:
48:adding citations to reliable sources
705:City to suppress the insurrection.
340:in discussing the abolition of the
645:Separation of Panama from Colombia
63:"History of Panama" 1821–1903
14:
607:Panama was drawn into Colombia's
359:sent unofficial representatives.
712:government on November 6, 1903;
199:
150:
20:
731:in New York City, he wrote the
436:First transcontinental railroad
879:Reunification of Gran Colombia
1:
676:had been created in Panama.
649:Naval operations during the
541:
455:The uncompleted French canal
303:Peruvian War of Independence
1268:History of Panama by period
1154:Water supply and sanitation
747:came on February 23, 1904.
1284:
642:
1219:
1119:
1055:
957:
896:
718:Isthmian Canal Convention
403:financiers organized the
962:Administrative divisions
874:Separation from Colombia
752:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty
702:Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty
487:Mallarino–Bidlack Treaty
682:Panama Railroad Company
405:Panama Railroad Company
698:Philippe Bunau-Varilla
686:Manuel Amador Guerrero
680:, an attorney for the
499:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
287:Constitution of Cúcuta
729:Waldorf-Astoria Hotel
633:Hay–Pauncefote Treaty
585:Panama crisis of 1885
494:Clayton–Bulwer Treaty
745:United States Senate
684:, headed the junta.
678:José Augustin Arango
651:Spanish–American War
552:Conservative parties
507:Ferdinand de Lesseps
393:Mexican–American War
325:Francisco de Miranda
44:improve this article
690:Carlos C. Arosemena
583:Early in 1885, the
342:African slave trade
301:in Peru, where the
1088:Telecommunications
722:Secretary of State
655:Theodore Roosevelt
609:Thousand Days' War
364:Congress of Panama
321:José de San Martín
1255:
1254:
1215:
1214:
1106:
1105:
1042:
1041:
1002:Political parties
992:National Assembly
977:Foreign relations
944:
943:
739:and designed the
663:Hay–Herrán Treaty
473:Charles A. Biddle
397:Discovery of gold
353:John Quincy Adams
337:plenipotentiaries
240:
239:
206:Panama portal
124:
123:
116:
98:
1275:
1235:
1228:
1117:
1078:Mineral industry
1073:
1053:
955:
894:
869:
819:
812:
805:
796:
274:) or unite with
232:
225:
218:
204:
203:
202:
190:
154:
144:
126:
119:
112:
108:
105:
99:
97:
56:
24:
16:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1207:Public holidays
1158:
1102:
1071:
1038:
1017:National Police
987:Law enforcement
940:
883:
867:
832:
823:
788:
741:Panamanian flag
647:
641:
557:Catholic Church
544:
457:
429:Watermelon Riot
385:
349:Monroe Doctrine
251:
236:
200:
198:
188:
142:
135:
120:
109:
103:
100:
57:
55:
41:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
958:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
939:
938:
933:
928:
926:National parks
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
871:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
834:
833:
824:
822:
821:
814:
807:
799:
793:
792:
787:
784:
756:nautical miles
643:Main article:
640:
637:
602:consul general
543:
540:
469:Andrew Jackson
456:
453:
441:capitalization
384:
381:
250:
247:
238:
237:
235:
234:
227:
220:
212:
209:
208:
195:
194:
193:
192:
184:
179:
174:
169:
161:
160:
156:
155:
147:
146:
137:
136:
129:
122:
121:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1280:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:Public Forces
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
953:
951:
947:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
892:
890:
886:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
800:
797:
790:
789:
785:
783:
781:
776:
771:
768:
763:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
646:
638:
636:
634:
628:
626:
625:Bay of Panama
622:
621:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
598:unitary state
593:
591:
586:
581:
578:
574:
573:
567:
565:
560:
558:
553:
549:
539:
537:
531:
528:
523:
521:
515:
512:
508:
502:
500:
495:
490:
488:
483:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
437:
432:
430:
425:
420:
418:
412:
408:
406:
402:
401:New York City
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
376:
372:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
338:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
310:
306:
304:
300:
299:Simón Bolívar
296:
295:Gran Colombia
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
233:
228:
226:
221:
219:
214:
213:
211:
210:
207:
197:
196:
191:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
148:
145:
138:
133:
127:
118:
115:
107:
104:November 2016
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65: –
64:
60:
59:Find sources:
53:
49:
45:
39:
38:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1129:Demographics
1083:Panama Canal
997:Penal system
967:Constitution
850:
772:
767:protectorate
764:
760:
749:
737:constitution
707:
695:
671:
659:Spooner Bill
648:
629:
619:
606:
594:
582:
577:Rafael Núñez
570:
568:
561:
545:
532:
524:
516:
503:
491:
478:
458:
434:In 1869 the
433:
424:forty-niners
421:
413:
409:
386:
377:
373:
361:
351:, President
346:
333:
316:peninsulares
314:
311:
307:
284:
252:
249:Independence
241:
171:
110:
101:
91:
84:
77:
70:
58:
42:Please help
30:
1144:LGBT rights
1060:Agriculture
916:Earthquakes
572:Coup d'état
305:continued.
255:Panama City
167:Before 1821
141:History of
1187:Literature
1072:(currency)
1007:Presidents
911:Darién Gap
786:References
780:Canal Zone
564:secessions
511:Suez Canal
391:after the
389:California
259:Los Santos
159:Chronology
74:newspapers
1134:Education
1098:Transport
1027:SENAFRONT
972:Elections
936:Volcanism
889:Geography
861:1964–1977
856:1904–1964
851:1821–1903
775:indemnity
627:in 1902.
620:Wisconsin
618:USS
613:armistice
536:Antillean
465:Nicaragua
445:dividends
272:Venezuela
182:1964–1977
177:1904–1964
172:1821–1903
31:does not
1262:Category
1242:Category
1149:Religion
950:Politics
830:articles
725:John Hay
710:de facto
268:Colombia
132:a series
130:Part of
1226:Outline
1172:Cuisine
1164:Culture
1112:Society
1093:Tourism
1070:Balboa
1065:Banking
1048:Economy
921:Islands
868:present
846:to 1821
838:History
714:de jure
623:in the
548:Liberal
527:dumping
482:tariffs
449:annuity
319:. Both
291:Ecuador
189:present
88:scholar
52:removed
37:sources
1247:Portal
1202:People
1139:Health
931:Rivers
906:Cities
828:
826:Panama
667:Bogotá
590:burned
280:Mexico
243:Panama
143:Panama
134:on the
90:
83:
76:
69:
61:
1233:Index
1197:Music
1192:Media
1177:Films
1124:Crime
1022:SENAN
901:Biota
866:1977–
720:with
674:junta
509:, of
471:sent
461:canal
417:Colón
357:Dutch
329:Incas
263:Spain
187:1977–
95:JSTOR
81:books
1182:Flag
735:and
688:and
550:and
520:lock
362:The
323:and
276:Peru
67:news
35:any
33:cite
1032:SPI
982:Law
46:by
1264::
818:e
811:t
804:v
231:e
224:t
217:v
117:)
111:(
106:)
102:(
92:·
85:·
78:·
71:·
54:.
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
