1218:, Amin began to pay more attention to the formerly deprived Muslims in Uganda, a move which turned out to be a mixed blessing for them. Muslims began to do well in what economic opportunities yet remained, the more so if they had relatives in the army. Construction work began on Kibuli Hill, the site of Kampala's most prominent mosque. Many Ugandan Muslims with a sense of history believed that the Muslim defeat by Christians in 1889 was finally being redressed. Christians, in turn, perceived that they were under siege as a religious group; it was clear that Amin viewed the churches as potential centres of opposition. A number of priests and ministers disappeared in the course of the 1970s, but the matter reached a climax with the formal protest against army terrorism in 1977 by
850:
1027:
South Asian descent in Uganda, of whom 23,000 had had their applications for citizenship both processed and accepted. Although the latter were ultimately exempted from the expulsion, many chose to leave voluntarily. The expulsion took place against a backdrop of
Indophobia in Uganda, with Amin accusing a minority of the Asian population of disloyalty, non-integration and commercial malpractice, claims Indian leaders disputed. Amin defended the expulsion by arguing that he was giving Uganda back to the ethnic Ugandan.
66:
888:(UPC) coalition that it had replaced. The army itself was an arena of lethal competition, in which losers were usually eliminated. Within the officer corps, those trained in Britain opposed those trained in Israel, and both stood against the untrained, who soon eliminated many of the army's most experienced officers. In 1966, well before the Amin era, northerners in the army had assaulted and harassed soldiers from the south. In 1971 and 1972, the
2102:
1046:. In total, some 5,655 firms, ranches, farms, and agricultural estates were reallocated, along with cars, homes and other household goods. Although Amin proclaimed that the "common man" was the beneficiary of this drastic act — which proved immensely popular in Uganda and most of Africa — it was actually the Ugandan army that emerged with the houses, cars, and businesses of the departing Asian minority. This
432:
52:
622:
1144:, former head of government and leader of the banned DP, was seized directly from his courtroom. Like many other victims, he was forced to remove his shoes and then bundled into the trunk of a car, never to be seen alive again. Whether calculated or not, the symbolism of a pair of shoes by the roadside to mark the passing of a human life was a bizarre yet piercing form of state terrorism.
380:
355:
106:
1075:, gold Rolex wristwatches, and other luxury items that were purchased for Amin and flown back to Uganda where they were distributed among Ugandan army officers and soldiers. Amin later justified his rewarding and doting on the Ugandan army by quoting an old African proverb, which summed up to Amin's treatment of his army: "A dog with a bone in its mouth can't bite."
1977:
1207:
respects, Amin's government in the 1970s resembled the governments of nineteenth-century
African monarchs, with the same problems of enforcing orders at a distance, controlling rival factions at court, and rewarding loyal followers with plunder. Indeed, Amin's regime was possibly less efficient than those of the pre-colonial monarchs.
1199:
rambling speeches to which civil servants were told to pay close attention. The bureaucracy soon became paralysed as government administrators feared to make what might prove to be a wrong decision that would displease or anger Amin in the slightest which would result in their immediate arrest and imprisonment or
933:, when various battalion commanders were viewed as potential problems or became real threats. Each purge provided new opportunities for promotions from the ranks. The commander of the Uganda Air Force, Smuts Guweddeko, had previously worked as a telephone operator; the unofficial executioner for the regime, Major
1136:
Although jubilant at his success, Amin realized that Obote, with
Nyerere's aid, might try again. He had the SRB and the newly formed Public Safety Unit (PSU) redouble their efforts to uncover subversives and other imagined enemies of the state. General fear and insecurity became a way of life for the
1050:
of foreign property proved disastrous for the already declining economy. With the economy now run by
Ugandan army officers and supporters (many of whom had no experience in how to run a business), all of the local businesses and stores were soon run into the ground from a combination of mismanagement
1026:
In August 1972, Amin gave most of Uganda's 80,000 Asians, most of whom were the descendants of indentured servants and other laborers from India, 90 days to leave the country, and seized their property, homes and businesses. At the time of the expulsion, there were approximately 80,000 individuals of
962:
During his eight years as Uganda's ruler, Amin never forgot the source of his power. He spent much of his time rewarding, promoting, and manipulating the officers and soldiers of the
Ugandan army. Financing his ever-increasing military expenditures was a continuing concern. Early in 1972, he reversed
1261:
In
October 1978, Amin sent troops still loyal to him against the mutineers, some of whom fled across the Tanzanian border. Amin then claimed that Tanzanian President Nyerere, his perennial enemy, had been at the root of his troubles. Amin accused Nyerere of waging war against Uganda, and, hoping to
1127:
into south-western Uganda. His small army contingent in twenty-seven trucks set out to capture the southern
Ugandan military post at Masaka but instead settled down to await a general uprising against Amin, which did not occur. A planned seizure of the airport at Entebbe by soldiers in an allegedly
1183:
of the hostages by
Israeli commandos was a severe blow to Amin. Humiliated, he retaliated against an elderly hostage—75-year-old Dora Bloch— who was hospitalized in poor health at the time of the raid and was left behind. Bloch was kidnapped from her hospital bed and killed on Amin's orders, along
1152:
During the eight years under Amin's rule, the
Ugandan environment and ecological system was subjected to abuse and destruction by widespread poaching and deforesting committed by both smugglers and Uganda Army soldiers. Amin encouraged officers to engage in poaching and ivory trade, using these as
1206:
Shortly after Amin seized power, the
Minister of Defence demanded, and was given, command of the Ministry of Education office building, but then the decision was reversed by Amin for no clear reason. Important education files were lost during their transfer back and forth by wheelbarrow. In many
812:
kingdom, which Obote had attempted to dismantle. They seemed willing to forget that their new president, Idi Amin, had been the tool of that military suppression. Amin stated intentions about his government's intent to play a mere "caretaker role" until the country could recover sufficiently for
1253:
initiated by the United States in July 1978, verbal condemnation was not accompanied by action. In September 1978, Amin banned nearly all Christian Church activities for their subversiveness. By early 1978 Amin's circle of close associates had shrunk significantly — the result of defections and
919:
Amin recruited his followers from his own tribe, the Kakwas, along with Sudanese and Nubians. By 1977, these three groups formed 60% of the 22 top generals and 75% of the cabinet. Similarly, Muslims formed 80% and 87.5% of these groups even though they were only 5% of the population. This helps
1198:
Amin's government, conducted by often erratic personal proclamation, continued on. Because he was illiterate his entire life — a disability shared with most of his fellow military officers and soldiers — Amin relayed orders and policy decisions orally by telephone, over the radio, and in long
872:
Uganda then became a military dictatorship which was, in effect, governed from a collection of military barracks scattered across the country, where battalion commanders, acting like local warlords, represented the coercive arm of the government. The Ugandan General Service Unit (GSU), an
95:
1153:
benefits provided to troops in order to keep them loyal. Soldiers frequently engaged in poaching in national parks and game reserves. In course of the Uganda–Tanzania War, Uganda Army troops and Tanzanian soldiers hunted for food and profit across Uganda, causing further
769:
officers that Amin and his supporters in the army were to be arrested. Various versions emerged of the way this news was leaked to Amin. Also, the role of the foreign powers in the coup had been debated after the fact. Documents declassified by the British
841:(OAU) initially refused to accept the legitimacy of the new military government. Nyerere, in particular, opposed Amin's regime, and he offered hospitality to the exiled Obote, facilitating his attempts to raise a force and return to power.
945:
led to their disappearances and, later, deaths. Several army officers who were suspected of having been involved in the murder of Stroh and Siedle were later appointed to high-ranking positions: Among these were Military Tribunal chairman
705:. The real value of salaries and wages collapsed by 90% in less than a decade. The number of people killed as a result of his regime is unknown; estimates from international observers and human rights groups range from 100,000 to 500,000.
1291:
sent 3,000 troops to aid Amin, but the Libyans soon found themselves on the front line, while behind them Ugandan Army units were using supply trucks to carry their newly plundered wealth in the opposite direction. Tanzania and the UNLA
1307:. Though pro-Amin forces were left scattered and disjointed by the seizure of the capital, combat operations in the country continued until 3 June, when Tanzanian forces reached the Sudanese border and eliminated the last resistance.
93:
937:, had formerly been a nightwatch officer. By the mid-1970s, only the most trustworthy military units were allowed ammunition, although this prohibition did not prevent a series of mutinies and murders. An attempt by an American
1062:
Uganda's export crops were sold by government parastatals, but most of the foreign currency they earned went for purchasing weapons and imports for the army. The most famous example of this was the so-called "whisky runs" to
1172:
1254:
executions. Because of his violent temper as well as his erratic and unpredictable behaviour, it was increasingly risky to be too close to Amin, as his vice president and formerly trusted associate, General
1132:
passenger aircraft was aborted when Obote's pilot blew out the aircraft's tires and it remained in Tanzania. Amin was able to mobilize his more reliable Malire Mechanical Regiment and expel the invaders.
923:
The Ugandan army grew from 10,000 to over 25,000 by 1978. Amin's army was largely a mercenary force. Half the soldiers were Sudanese, 26% Congolese, only 24% were Ugandan, mostly Muslim and Kakwa.
1210:
Religious conflict was another characteristic of the Amin regime that had its origins in the nineteenth century. After rediscovering his Islamic allegiance in the effort to gain foreign aid from
782:. The documents however unveil an outrightly positive assessment of Amin's personality by the British authorities as well as recommendations of support and the sale of arms to the new regime.
793:, where the first shell fired by a pro-Amin tank commander killed two Roman Catholic priests in the airport waiting room. Amin's troops easily overcame the disorganized opposition to the
929:
The army, which had been progressively expanded under Obote, was further doubled and redoubled under Amin. Recruitment was largely, but not entirely, in the north. There were periodic
1471:
1258:, discovered. When Adrisi was injured in a suspicious auto accident, troops loyal to him became restive. The once reliable Malire Mechanized Regiment mutinied, as did other units.
94:
814:
1960:
Ethnicity and Military Rule in Uganda: a study of ethnicity as a political factor in Uganda, based on a discussion of political anthropology and the application of its results
785:
In any case, Amin decided to forestall Obote and strike first. In the early morning hours of 25 January 1971, mechanized army units loyal to him attacked strategic targets in
1157:. It is reported that Uganda lost 75% of its elephants, 98% of its rhinos, 80% of its crocodiles, 80% of its lions and leopards, in addition to numerous species of birds.
884:
Despite its outward display of a military chain of command, Amin's government was arguably more consumed with rivalries, regional divisions, and ethnic politics than the
1123:
Another near-obsession for Amin was the threat of a counter-attack by former president Obote. Shortly after the expulsion of Asians in 1972, Obote did launch such
1067:
in England during the early years of Amin's rule. Ugandan army transport planes flew thousands of miles to England where they were loaded with crates of expensive
1059:
collapsed from lack of maintenance and neglect, and sugar production all over the country gradually ground to a halt as unmaintained machinery jammed permanently.
999:. In 2008 Amin's dream of building one of Africa's largest mosques came true, and construction was finally completed more than 30 years after it initially began.
1090:. The smuggling problem became an obsession with Amin; toward the end of his rule, he appointed his mercenary and political adviser, the former British citizen
758:
1226:. Although Luwum's body was subsequently recovered from a clumsily contrived "car accident", subsequent investigations revealed that Luwum had been shot dead.
1137:
populace, as thousands of people disappeared. In an ominous twist, people sometimes learned by listening to the radio that they were "about to disappear."
650:
926:
On 7 August 1973, Idi Amin decreed Swahili was to be Uganda's official language. 12 out of the 20 districts had chosen this, the other 8 wanted Luganda.
1756:
774:
reveal that, contrary to earlier speculations, it was not directly facilitated by Great Britain but benefited from covert support by Israel which saw
2598:
1356:
2025:
1094:, to take all necessary steps to eliminate the problem. These steps included orders to the Ugandan police and army to shoot smugglers on sight.
972:
1012:
helped to build Amin's secret police. During the Tanzanian invasion in 1979, East Germany attempted to remove evidence about its involvement.
2444:
1947:
1898:
1679:
1502:
1391:
1479:
857:
Amin's military experience, which was virtually his only experience, determined the character of his rule. He renamed Government House "the
849:
2588:
1103:
874:
574:
2254:
976:
950:, chief technical officer of the airforce Captain Taban, Minister of Transport Juma Sabuni, and Minister for Provincial Administration
2178:
2122:
2086:
1807:
1175:
in June 1976, when he offered the Palestinian hijackers of an Air France flight from Tel Aviv a protected base at the old airport at
941:, Nicholas Stroh, and his colleague, Robert Siedle, to investigate one of these barracks outbreaks in 1971 at the Simba battalion in
498:
478:
373:
360:
2142:
1455:
1425:
2543:
2244:
2038:
2071:
2593:
2259:
1284:
1021:
771:
694:
643:
534:
260:
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agencies, and even informed the newly inducted civilian cabinet ministers that they would be subject to military discipline.
794:
564:
247:
2059:
2205:
1176:
838:
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against Uganda, Nyerere mobilized his citizen army reserves and counter-attacked, joined by Ugandan exiles united as the
1249:
This latest in a long line of atrocities was greeted with international condemnation, but apart from the continued trade
861:", instituted an advisory defence council composed of military commanders, placed military tribunals above the system of
2583:
2338:
2137:
813:
civilian rule. Amin repudiated Obote's non-aligned foreign policy, and his government was quickly recognized by Israel,
1193:
2409:
2394:
2200:
2018:
964:
65:
885:
2367:
2333:
636:
609:
604:
411:
2512:
2232:
1992:
1322:
1241:
1154:
85:
1030:
Many of the expellees were citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies and 27,200 subsequently emigrated to the
2384:
2215:
2147:
203:
2081:
1316:
1275:
995:
in the capital city, but it was never completed during his rule because much of the money intended for it was
544:
273:
1357:"The African who kicked out the Asians, who said Hitler was right, who has made his country a state sinister"
2132:
2054:
1287:(UNLA). The Ugandan Army retreated steadily, expending much of its energy by looting along the way. Libya's
1124:
448:
468:
2424:
2389:
2348:
2300:
2227:
2185:
2127:
2101:
2011:
988:
862:
719:
71:
1986:
2285:
2239:
1928:
672:
166:
1915:
2190:
1129:
739:
431:
1835:
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996 ed. John E. Jessup page 23
1599:
Swahili State and Society: The Political Economy of an African Language, Ali Al'Amin Mazrui, page 75
2439:
2434:
2414:
2399:
2353:
2249:
2210:
2195:
2110:
2066:
1958:
754:
683:
676:
458:
173:
159:
51:
1179:, from which to press their demands in exchange for the release of Israeli hostages. The dramatic
1140:
State terrorism was evidenced in a series of spectacular incidents; for example, High Court Judge
873:
intelligence agency created by the previous government, was disbanded and replaced by the Ugandan
2429:
2419:
2379:
2315:
2166:
2152:
1877:
1722:
1563:
1555:
1280:
1263:
1262:
divert attention from his internal troubles and rally Uganda against the foreign adversary, Amin
1141:
599:
151:
1781:
King, Christabel (8 July 1979). "Hungry Tanzanian troops join poachers in Uganda's game parks".
1581:
Mambo, Andrew; Schofield, Julian (2007). "Military Diversion in the 1978 Uganda-Tanzania War".
1118:— An unnamed embassy official makes a cynical remark about state violence during Amin's regime.
2578:
2536:
2464:
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2310:
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2273:
2220:
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1943:
1894:
1675:
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1451:
1421:
1387:
1200:
1180:
1166:
1072:
934:
735:
690:
420:
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With the Ugandan economy faltering, the rural African producers and farmers, particularly of
2472:
2404:
2325:
2305:
1869:
1795:
1714:
1545:
1219:
1064:
554:
314:
130:
126:
1891:
Uganda: The Bloodstained Pearl of Africa and Its Struggle for Peace. From the Pages of Drum
1860:
Hansen, Holger Bernt (2013). "Uganda in the 1970s: a decade of paradoxes and ambiguities".
757:, was prepared to rid himself of the potential threat posed by Idi Amin. Departing for the
17:
2552:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2477:
2454:
2449:
1970:
1293:
1288:
968:
904:, who were identified with Obote. Then the Kakwa fought the Lugbara. Amin came to rely on
731:
698:
286:
163:
1299:
on 11 April 1979, and Amin fled by air, first to Libya and later to a permanent exile at
975:. Amin expelled the remaining Israeli advisers, to whom he was much indebted, and became
726:'s regime had terrorized, harassed, and tortured people. Frequent food shortages led to
2295:
1255:
1031:
889:
826:
822:
222:
57:
2572:
2557:
1981:
1881:
1567:
1068:
947:
897:
830:
818:
798:
702:
626:
326:
156:
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and formally annexed a section across the Kagera River boundary on 1 November 1978.
1518:
1304:
1223:
1215:
1110:
1047:
1009:
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996:
992:
980:
901:
893:
858:
802:
766:
750:
723:
140:
1937:
1873:
92:
1621:
1056:
727:
1550:
1533:
1417:
1091:
951:
938:
866:
1083:
762:
105:
967:— never a major issue for Amin — to secure financial and military aid from
1998:
881:
became the scene of torture and executions over the next couple of years.
1939:
Politics and Violence in Eastern Africa: The Struggles of Emerging States
1705:
Patel, Hasu H. (1972). "General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda".
1237:
878:
775:
680:
668:
321:
192:
1559:
1534:"The Ethnic Politics of Coup Avoidance: Evidence from Zambia and Uganda"
1726:
1296:
1250:
942:
909:
905:
809:
790:
786:
743:
116:
2482:
2091:
2034:
1924:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1300:
1079:
1052:
1035:
508:
398:
1718:
896:(Amin's ethnic group) from the West Nile were slaughtering northern
1757:"Idi Amin encouraged the slaughter, now Uganda is saving elephants"
1173:
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations
2492:
2003:
1414:
Curbing Corruption: Toward a Model for Building National Integrity
1211:
1087:
1043:
1039:
984:
930:
913:
848:
834:
779:
144:
1980:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1649:
Gareth M. Winrow: The foreign policy of the GDR in Africa, p. 141
2007:
808:
The Amin coup was warmly welcomed by most of the people of the
1034:. Of the other refugees who were accounted for, 6,000 went to
734:, with one contributing factor being Obote's persecution of
987:
heritage. He also commissioned the construction of a great
797:, and Amin almost immediately initiated mass executions of
722:'s independence from Great Britain in 1962 to early 1971,
1971:
Life Under Idi Amin: The Story of Theresa Nanziri Bukenya
1936:
Anderson, David M.; Rolandsen, Øystein H., eds. (2017).
1448:
Uganda since Independence: a Story of Unfulfilled Hopes
742:
had emerged. The regime was disliked, particularly in
1608:
701:
of businesses and industry, and the expansion of the
693:
was devastated by Idi Amin's policies, including the
1412:
Stapenhurst, Rick; Kpundeh, Sahr John, eds. (1999).
1384:
Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence
667:
existed from 1971 to 1979, when Uganda was ruled by
2463:
2366:
2272:
2165:
2109:
2045:
1184:with the entire civilian staff of Entebbe airport.
1002:Following his foreign policy reversal in 1972, the
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320:
310:
296:
283:
270:
257:
244:
232:
216:
202:
186:
172:
150:
136:
122:
112:
34:
1966:. Uppsala: Scandinavian Inst. of African Studies.
1844:
1240:when informed that his government had run out of
920:explain why Amin survived eight attempted coups.
865:, appointed soldiers to top government posts and
738:. During Obote's regime, flagrant and widespread
298:• Last pro-Amin holdouts ousted from Uganda
1472:"Revealed: how Israel helped Amin to take power"
1229:
1108:
675:. Amin's rule formally came to an end with the
1161:Palestinian hijackers of Air France Flight 139
2019:
759:1971 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
644:
27:Military dictatorship of Idi Amin (1971–1979)
8:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1519:"Documents on Idi Amin's 1971 coup released"
1497:. London: Portobello Books. pp. 42–43.
1326:, a book and film about living close to Amin
1583:Journal of Political and Military Sociology
983:, he rediscovered his previously neglected
2372:
2278:
2171:
2115:
2026:
2012:
2004:
1450:. London: Hurst & Co. pp. 65–70.
1171:Amin attempted to establish ties with the
805:troops, whom he believed to be pro-Obote.
651:
637:
405:
104:
31:
1549:
1495:Africa. Altered States, Ordinary Miracles
1441:
1439:
1437:
1386:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1355:Munnion, Christopher (12 November 1972).
1750:
1748:
1700:
1698:
1051:and abuse of power, cement factories at
1016:Expulsion of Asians and nationalisations
1335:
590:
524:
438:
419:
408:
1823:
1739:
1342:
1125:an attempt across the Tanzanian border
1006:became Amin's largest arms supplier.
295:
282:
269:
256:
243:
239:
215:
211:
201:
185:
181:
171:
7:
1104:State Research Bureau (organisation)
958:Muammar Gaddafi and the Soviet Union
778:as an agent to de-stabilise Islamic
746:where people had suffered the most.
686:Uganda and Amin fleeing into exile.
1862:Journal of Eastern African Studies
25:
2100:
1975:
1893:. Kampala: Fountain Publishers.
1478:. 17 August 2003. Archived from
620:
430:
378:
353:
90:
64:
50:
2599:Contemporary history by country
1668:Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981).
1622:"Idi Amin's dream mosque opens"
1285:Uganda National Liberation Army
1281:Declaring a formal state of war
1022:Expulsion of Asians from Uganda
2072:Early independence (1962–1971)
1755:Oliver Poole (5 August 2015).
1:
1957:Hansen, Holger Bernt (1977).
1917:Human Rights in Uganda Report
1845:Anderson & Rolandsen 2017
1382:Weinstein, Jeremy M. (2009).
1222:ministers, led by Archbishop
1038:, 4,500 refugees ended up in
979:. To induce foreign aid from
839:Organization of African Unity
765:, he relayed orders to loyal
1874:10.1080/17531055.2012.755315
1609:Amnesty International (1978)
2589:History of Uganda by period
2445:Water supply and sanitation
1889:Seftel, Adam, ed. (2010) .
1808:Amin:The Wild Man of Africa
1707:Issue: A Journal of Opinion
1264:invaded Tanzanian territory
877:(SRB). SRB headquarters at
18:History of Uganda (1971–79)
2615:
1551:10.1177/000203971104600201
1532:Lindemann, Stefan (2011).
1273:
1191:
1164:
1101:
1019:
821:. By contrast, presidents
2530:
2375:
2281:
2174:
2118:
2098:
1993:Federal Research Division
1323:The Last King of Scotland
1042:and 2,500 went to nearby
665:Second Republic of Uganda
332:
306:
240:
228:
212:
198:
182:
103:
86:Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty
80:
46:
41:
36:Second Republic of Uganda
2179:Administrative divisions
2067:British rule (1894–1962)
1674:. Taylor & Francis.
1671:Uganda: a modern history
1493:Dowden, Richard (2008).
1446:Mutibwa, Mukasa (1992).
886:Uganda People's Congress
374:Third Republic of Uganda
361:First Republic of Uganda
1194:Uganda Army (1971–1980)
2594:Military dictatorships
1233:
1231:Then print some more.
1115:
854:
1942:. London: Routledge.
1929:Amnesty International
1796:Entebbe's unsung hero
1192:Further information:
1102:Further information:
912:rebels from southern
875:State Research Bureau
852:
673:military dictatorship
167:military dictatorship
160:presidential republic
123:Common languages
2077:Idi Amin (1971–1979)
1783:The Sunday Telegraph
1637:Who influenced whom?
1482:on 6 September 2009.
1155:environmental damage
1130:East African Airways
1113:are open 24 hours .
2584:Totalitarian states
2082:Uganda–Tanzania War
1317:Uganda–Tanzania War
1276:Uganda–Tanzania War
1270:Uganda–Tanzania War
789:and the airport at
755:President of Uganda
695:expulsion of Asians
679:, which ended with
677:Uganda-Tanzania War
565:1986–1994 civil war
545:Uganda–Tanzania War
535:Expulsion of Asians
274:Uganda–Tanzania War
261:Expulsion of Asians
2339:Telecommunications
1361:The New York Times
1142:Benedicto Kiwanuka
855:
469:Early independence
2566:
2565:
2526:
2525:
2410:Human trafficking
2395:Domestic violence
2362:
2361:
2268:
2267:
2255:Political parties
2201:Foreign relations
2161:
2160:
2092:Uganda since 1986
1949:978-1-317-53952-0
1900:978-9970-02-036-2
1681:978-0-85664-643-0
1611:, pp. 15–16.
1504:978-1-84627-155-7
1393:978-0-521-67797-4
1201:summary execution
1167:Operation Entebbe
1073:transistor radios
935:Isaac Maliyamungu
749:By January 1971,
661:
660:
627:Uganda portal
586:
585:
520:
519:
404:
403:
390:
389:
386:
385:
366:
365:
248:Amin seizes power
218:• 1977-1979
188:• 1971–1979
96:
16:(Redirected from
2606:
2546:
2539:
2498:
2488:
2373:
2329:
2279:
2172:
2123:Cities and towns
2116:
2104:
2055:Early (pre-1894)
2028:
2021:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1953:
1932:
1922:
1904:
1885:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1752:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1665:
1650:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1624:. 19 March 2008.
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1553:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1409:
1398:
1397:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1245:
1242:foreign exchange
1220:Church of Uganda
1119:
1086:, especially to
1065:Stansted Airport
653:
646:
639:
625:
624:
623:
582:
531:
530:
516:
445:
444:
434:
424:
406:
382:
381:
370:
369:
357:
356:
350:
349:
334:
333:
315:Ugandan shilling
108:
98:
97:
68:
54:
32:
21:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2522:
2513:Public holidays
2496:
2486:
2459:
2358:
2327:
2264:
2250:Law enforcement
2157:
2143:Protected areas
2105:
2096:
2041:
2032:
1988:Country Studies
1985:
1976:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1909:Further reading
1901:
1888:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1719:10.2307/1166488
1704:
1703:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1667:
1666:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1635:Dale C. Tatum.
1634:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1538:Africa Spectrum
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1476:The Independent
1470:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1401:
1394:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1364:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1313:
1278:
1272:
1247:
1235:
1196:
1190:
1169:
1163:
1150:
1121:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1024:
1018:
969:Muammar Gaddafi
960:
847:
732:hyper-inflation
716:
711:
699:nationalisation
691:Ugandan economy
657:
621:
619:
614:
580:
569:1986–1994
559:1981–1986
549:1978–1979
514:
503:1979–1986
493:1971–1979
489:Second Republic
483:1963–1971
473:1962–1963
463:1894–1962
422:
415:
379:
354:
299:
289:
287:Fall of Kampala
279:30 October 1978
276:
263:
253:25 January 1971
250:
219:
189:
99:
91:
76:
75:
74:
69:
61:
60:
55:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Climate change
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Stock exchange
2331:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:Prime Minister
2213:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2087:Third Republic
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1973:
1968:
1954:
1948:
1933:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1847:, p. 163.
1837:
1828:
1826:, p. 154.
1816:
1814:, 7 March 1977
1800:
1788:
1773:
1744:
1732:
1694:
1680:
1651:
1642:
1639:. p. 177.
1627:
1613:
1601:
1592:
1573:
1524:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1463:
1456:
1433:
1426:
1416:. Washington:
1399:
1392:
1374:
1347:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1274:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1256:Mustafa Adrisi
1228:
1189:
1186:
1165:Main article:
1162:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1032:United Kingdom
1020:Main article:
1017:
1014:
965:foreign policy
959:
956:
908:and on former
846:
843:
827:Kenneth Kaunda
823:Julius Nyerere
772:Foreign Office
736:Indian traders
715:
712:
710:
707:
659:
658:
656:
655:
648:
641:
633:
630:
629:
616:
615:
613:
612:
607:
602:
596:
593:
592:
588:
587:
584:
583:
577:
575:LRA insurgency
571:
570:
567:
561:
560:
557:
551:
550:
547:
541:
540:
537:
527:
526:
525:Special themes
522:
521:
518:
517:
511:
505:
504:
501:
499:Third Republic
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
479:First Republic
475:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
455:
454:
451:
441:
440:
436:
435:
427:
426:
417:
416:
409:
402:
401:
396:
392:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
376:
367:
364:
363:
358:
346:
345:
340:
330:
329:
324:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
268:
267:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
230:
229:
226:
225:
223:Mustafa Adrisi
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
206:
204:Vice President
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
170:
169:
154:
148:
147:
138:
134:
133:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
101:
100:
89:
78:
77:
70:
63:
62:
56:
49:
48:
47:
44:
43:
39:
38:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2611:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:Egyptian rule
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1982:public domain
1974:
1972:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1868:(1): 83–103.
1867:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:Time Magazine
1809:
1804:
1801:
1798:, Israel News
1797:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:, p. 95.
1741:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1457:1-85065-120-5
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:0-8213-4257-6
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1348:
1345:, p. 96.
1344:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:Scotch whisky
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:expropriation
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
957:
955:
953:
949:
948:Juma Butabika
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
924:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
870:
868:
864:
860:
851:
845:Once in power
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:Jomo Kenyatta
828:
825:of Tanzania,
824:
820:
819:United States
816:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:experiencing
729:
725:
721:
713:
708:
706:
704:
703:public sector
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
635:
634:
632:
631:
628:
618:
617:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
595:
594:
589:
578:
576:
573:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
523:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
500:
497:
496:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
460:
457:
456:
452:
450:
449:Early history
447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
433:
429:
428:
425:
418:
413:
407:
400:
397:
395:Today part of
393:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
362:
359:
352:
351:
348:
347:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
328:
325:
323:
322:ISO 3166 code
319:
316:
313:
309:
305:
301:
292:11 April 1979
291:
288:
278:
275:
265:
262:
252:
249:
235:
231:
227:
224:
221:
207:
205:
197:
194:
191:
177:
175:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
107:
102:
87:
83:
79:
73:
67:
59:
53:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2493:
2483:
2425:Prostitution
2390:Demographics
2349:Trade unions
2301:Conservation
2296:Central bank
2260:Rebel groups
2228:Human rights
2186:Constitution
2128:Conservation
2076:
1987:
1959:
1938:
1931:. June 1978.
1916:
1890:
1865:
1861:
1840:
1831:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1735:
1713:(4): 12–22.
1710:
1706:
1685:. Retrieved
1670:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1616:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1544:(2): 3–41 .
1541:
1537:
1527:
1513:
1494:
1488:
1480:the original
1475:
1466:
1447:
1413:
1383:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1363:. p. 35
1360:
1350:
1338:
1321:
1305:Saudi Arabia
1279:
1260:
1248:
1234:
1230:
1224:Janani Luwum
1216:Saudi Arabia
1209:
1205:
1197:
1170:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1111:Karume Falls
1109:
1082:, turned to
1077:
1061:
1029:
1025:
1010:East Germany
1008:
1004:Soviet Union
1001:
993:Kampala Hill
981:Saudi Arabia
961:
928:
925:
922:
918:
883:
871:
859:Command Post
856:
807:
784:
751:Milton Obote
748:
724:Milton Obote
717:
714:Taking power
688:
664:
662:
488:
459:British rule
343:Succeeded by
342:
337:
164:totalitarian
141:Christianity
81:
72:Coat of arms
29:
2286:Agriculture
2240:LGBT rights
1854:Works cited
1824:Seftel 2010
1740:Hansen 2013
1343:Hansen 1977
1236:—President
1148:Environment
1057:Fort Portal
977:anti-Israel
829:of Zambia,
728:food prices
579:1987–
513:1986–
421:History of
338:Preceded by
302:3 June 1979
266:August 1972
2573:Categories
2328:(currency)
2206:Government
2191:Corruption
1418:World Bank
1331:References
1188:Government
1092:Bob Astles
952:Ali Fadhul
939:journalist
867:parastatal
853:Amin, 1975
837:, and the
817:, and the
740:corruption
509:Since 1986
439:Chronology
152:Government
2440:Terrorism
2435:Squatting
2415:Languages
2400:Education
2354:Transport
2326:Shilling
2311:Fisheries
2211:President
2196:Elections
2138:Mountains
2111:Geography
1882:144443665
1687:12 August
1568:153799367
1128:hijacked
1084:smuggling
997:embezzled
863:civil law
763:Singapore
684:occupying
174:President
137:Religion
42:1971–1979
2579:Idi Amin
2553:Category
2430:Religion
2420:Polygamy
2380:Abortion
2316:Forestry
2245:Military
2233:Intersex
2167:Politics
2153:Wildlife
2039:articles
1766:27 April
1761:Standard
1589:(2): 12.
1560:41336253
1311:See also
1238:Idi Amin
879:Nakasero
776:Idi Amin
681:Tanzania
669:Idi Amin
610:Military
605:Economic
591:By topic
555:Bush War
453:pre-1894
412:a series
410:Part of
311:Currency
193:Idi Amin
162:under a
2537:Outline
2487:(dress)
2478:Cuisine
2465:Culture
2368:Society
2344:Tourism
2321:Poverty
2291:Banking
2274:Economy
2221:Cabinet
2047:History
1727:1166488
1367:1 April
1297:Kampala
1289:Gaddafi
1251:boycott
1177:Entebbe
985:Islamic
943:Mbarara
910:Anyanya
906:Nubians
890:Lugbara
815:Britain
810:Buganda
791:Entebbe
787:Kampala
753:, then
744:Buganda
709:History
600:Buganda
581:present
515:present
285:•
272:•
259:•
246:•
233:History
157:Unitary
131:Swahili
127:English
117:Kampala
113:Capital
84: "
82:Anthem:
2558:Portal
2497:(robe)
2484:Gomesi
2473:Cinema
2405:Health
2306:Energy
2148:Rivers
2037:
2035:Uganda
1999:Uganda
1984:.
1946:
1925:London
1897:
1880:
1725:
1678:
1566:
1558:
1501:
1454:
1424:
1390:
1301:Jeddah
1181:rescue
1098:Terror
1080:coffee
1053:Tororo
1036:Canada
989:mosque
931:purges
898:Acholi
799:Acholi
720:Uganda
697:, the
423:Uganda
414:on the
399:Uganda
236:
208:
178:
2544:Index
2518:Sport
2508:Music
2503:Media
2494:Kanzu
2455:Youth
2450:Women
2133:Lakes
1964:(PDF)
1921:(PDF)
1878:S2CID
1723:JSTOR
1564:S2CID
1556:JSTOR
1212:Libya
1088:Kenya
1044:Kenya
1040:India
973:Libya
914:Sudan
902:Langi
894:Kakwa
835:Kenya
803:Langi
780:Sudan
767:Langi
718:From
145:Islam
1944:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1768:2021
1689:2010
1676:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1369:2020
1294:took
1214:and
1055:and
900:and
892:and
801:and
795:coup
689:The
663:The
539:1972
58:Flag
1870:doi
1715:doi
1546:doi
991:on
971:of
833:of
761:at
671:'s
2575::
1997:-
1991:.
1927::
1923:.
1876:.
1864:.
1810:,
1759:.
1747:^
1721:.
1709:.
1697:^
1654:^
1587:35
1585:.
1562:.
1554:.
1542:46
1540:.
1536:.
1474:.
1436:^
1420:.
1402:^
1359:.
1303:,
1203:.
1071:,
954:.
916:.
327:UG
143:,
129:,
88:"
2027:e
2020:t
2013:v
1995:.
1952:.
1903:.
1884:.
1872::
1866:7
1785:.
1770:.
1729:.
1717::
1711:2
1691:.
1570:.
1548::
1521:.
1507:.
1460:.
1430:.
1396:.
1371:.
1244:.
652:e
645:t
638:v
20:)
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