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1216:. Approximately 30,000 people took part in a public meeting led by the opposition parties. After the meeting was over some protestors left the central square and moved on to the nearby headquarters of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, attacking and burning the building. A police station was also attacked. At night rioters set fire to the Cultural Palace, where a theatre, museum and National art gallery were vandalised and burned. Torched cars, bank robberies and looting were reported. The organisations in the burning buildings were vandalised and looted. Police used tear gas, rubber bullets and water cannons against stone-throwing protestors. A four-day state of emergency was declared, the capital was placed under a 22:00 to 08:00 curfew, and alcohol sales banned, following which measures rioting did not resume. Five people were killed and hundreds arrested by the police during the suppression of the riots. Human rights groups expressed concerns about the handling of this unprecedented incident by the authorities.
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329:. In 1691 Chakhundorj's eldest son Galdandorj was given the title Jun Wang at Dolon Nor and given the area of present-day Ulaanbaatar. From that time onwards it became a clearly demarcated hereditary princedom called the Darkhan Chin Wangiin Khoshuu (Banner of the Darkhan Chin Wang). The Banner was centered on Mount Bogd Khan Uul and its boundaries are described in historical records of the period. Galdandorj (1691-1692) was the first Darkhan Chin Wang. His successors are: his eldest son Dondovdorj (1692-1743), Rinchendorj (1743-1755), Khajivdorj (1757-1759), Gejeedorj (1759-1771), Tsevdendorj (1771-1774), Sundevdorj (1774-1798), Nyambuudorj (1799-1832) all the way till Darkhan Chin Wang Puntsagtseren (1914-1921). Starting from 1728 till 1921 the 21 banners of Tusheet Khan Aimag held the "Khan Uuliin Chuulgan" (Assembly of Khan Uul) every three years at the north side of
342:(Minister-governor) of Urga and the President of the Khan Uul Assembly. One of his wives was Amarlingui Hichiyengui the 6th daughter of the Kangxi Emperor whom he received in marriage in 1697. Her tomb the Gunj Temple (1740) is partially intact in the forests north-east of Ulaanbaatar. Dondovdorj, an accomplished poet, composed the song "Tumen Ekh" praising a race horse. In 1696 Zanabazar and the Khalkha Mongolian nobles returned from Dolon Nor and camped at the north side of Mount Bogd Khan Uul. The gorge where khans and princes camped was called Tur Khurakhyn Am (State Gathering Gorge) while the one where monks and abbots camped was named Shajin Khurakhyn Am (Religion Gathering Gorge). Nobles and lamas continued to meet at this place for the next 330 years. Nukhtiin Am, on the south of Ulaanbaatar, was where
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investment world. Miners and bankers flocked to the city as construction and other sectors boomed. In
September 2011 Ulaanbaatar was featured on CNNGo TV - the same year Mongolia had the fastest GDP growth in the world at 17.3%. Developments in the Mongolian parliament in Ulaanbaatar came to be closely watched by foreign investors. The pace of growth slowed after the passing of SEFIL (Strategic Entities Foreign Investment Law) in 2012. Although the law was amended in 2013 the pace of growth has yet to return to previous boom levels. In the meantime Ulaanbaatar has been steadily increasing its international profile on a political and international relations level. Ulaanbaatar has been receiving regular OSCE delegations after Mongolia became a participating state of the
614:. As the city grew, it moved less and less. The movements of the city can be detailed as following: Shireet Tsagaan Nuur (1639), Khoshoo Tsaidam (1640), Khentii Mountains (1654), Ogoomor (1688), Inner Mongolia (1690), Tsetserlegiin Erdene Tolgoi (1700), Daagandel (1719), Usan Seer (1720), Ikh Tamir (1722), Jargalant (1723), Eeven Gol (1724), Khujirtbulan (1729), Burgaltai (1730), Sognogor (1732), Terelj (1733), Uliastai River (1734), Khui Mandal (1736), Khuntsal (1740), Udleg (1742), Ogoomor (1743), Selbe (1747), Uliastai River (1756), Selbe (1762), Khui Mandal (1772), Selbe (1778). In 1778, the city moved from Khui Mandal and settled for good at its current location, near the confluence of the
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Gandan Hill, an elevated position to the west of the Baruun
Damnuurchin markets. A part of the city was moved to nearby Tolgoit. The reason given for this move was that prevailing north-western winds brought the impure air of the Baruun Damnuurchin markets (known for its many Chinese and Russian shops as well as brothels) onto the inviolably sacred area of the Bogd Jebtsundamba's Zuun Khuree temple complex, located just to the east of the markets. Despite this, in 1855 the part of the camp that moved to Tolgoit was brought back to its 1778 location and the 7th Bogd Jebtsundamba moved back to the Zuun Khuree permanently. The Gandan Monastery flourished as a center of philosophical studies (
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Boxer
Rebellion. There was a telegraph line north to Kyakhta and southeast to Kalgan and weekly postal service along these routes. Beyond the Russian consulate was the Chinese trading post called Maimaicheng and nearby the palace of the Manchu viceroy. With the growth of Western trade at the Chinese ports the tea trade to Russia declined, some Chinese merchants left and wool became the main export. Manufactured goods still came from Russia but most were now brought from Kalgan by caravan. The annual trade was estimated at 25 million rubles, nine tenths in Chinese hands and one tenth Russian.
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587:(1215-1294). Zanabazar (1635-1723), known as a child prodigy able to recite the Jambaltsanjod (praise of Manjusri) at age three, was enstated in Urga in 1639. His Urga (palatial residence) was known as the Shira Busiin Ord (Yellow Screen Palace). There he was proclaimer "teacher of multitudes", ordained by high lama Wensa Brulgu Luvsandanzanjamts and received the name Luvsandambiijaltsan (Blo-bzang-bstan-pa'i-rgyal-mtshan). In 1651 Zanabazar returned to Mongolia from Tibet and founded seven
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781:. In 1863 the Russian Consulate of Urga was opened in a newly built two-storey building on Consul Hill. A small onion-domed Chapel of the Holy Trinity was opened the same year. There were protests from some Urga monks who complained that the Consulate on Consul Hill was higher than the sacred pole of the Bogd Jebtsundamba. Most of the major Mongolian khans and nobles had representative residence quarters in Urga located in the south-east and south-west
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goods which our caravans bring, but of a better quality than those brought by our caravans; and in so great quantities, that the merchandises which the merchants of Pekin, who go continually between Pekin and Urga to trade with our people, and the goods which the lamas of the
Mongols bring from their parts, amount every year to four or five times as much value as the caravans that come to Pekin in the name of his Czarish Majesty.
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118:(Hunnu) royal tombs which are over 2,000 years old. A Xiongnu tomb has been found in Chingeltei district. The Xiongnu tombs of Belkh Gorge near Dambadarjaalin monastery are under city protection. The Xiongnu tombs of Mount Songinokhairkhan however are under national protection. Wooden cups, plates, ceramic vessels and a 12 branch deer horn were found in the "Xiongnu Queen Tomb" (
99:(1st millennium BCE) are to be found at Ikh Tenger Gorge on the north side of Mt. Bogd Khan Uul facing the city. The paintings show human figures, horses, eagles and abstract designs like horizontal lines and large squares with over a hundred dots within them. The same style of painting from the same era is found very close to the east of the city at Gachuurt, as well as in
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demonstrations in
January and February were held accompanied by the forming of Mongolia's first opposition parties. On March 7, ten dissidents assembled in Sükhbaatar Square and went on a hunger strike. Thousands of supporters joined them. More came on March 8, and the crowd grew more unruly; seventy people were injured and one killed. On March 9 the communist
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61:'s archeological work in 1949 and 1960 revealed many Paleolithic sites on Mt. Bogd Khan Uul, Buyant-Ukhaa and Mt. Songinokhairkhan. In 1962 various Paleolithic tools were discovered at Mt. Songinokhairkhan as well as Buyant-Ukhaa (23 stone tools) that scholars date from 300,000 years ago to 40,000-12,000 years ago. Okladnikov also revealed an
333:, the site of Ulaanbaatar. The Assembly discussed a wide range of issues including finances, military census, livestock tax and legal issues. There were 26 Presidents of the Khan Uul Assembly starting from Tusheet Khan Vanjildorj (1728-1732) till Puntsagtseren (1914-1921). There were also a total 30 Deputy Presidents or Speakers. The
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agricultural fields and artificial lakes. The
Chinese had large, beautifully decorated shops selling different articles. A pair of highly ornate 11 metre tall inscribed columns (1783) standing in front of the surviving Dari Ekh Temple (1778) in the former Maimaicheng district is now under national protection. The large store
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first international conference of the
Ulaanbaatar Dialogue on Northeast Asian Security. In August 2014 Ulaanbaatar hosted the Northeast Asian Mayors' Forum and became sister cities with Beijing. In August and September 2014 Ulaanbaatar was visited by both Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin. In 2016 Ulaanbaatarwill host the 11th
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591:(monastic departments) in Urga. They were the Department of the Treasury, Department of Administration, Department of Meals, Department of the Honored Doctor, Department of Amdo, Department of Orlog and the Department of Khuukhen Noyon. In his old age he established four more monastic departments in Urga.
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By 1908 there was a
Russian quarter with a few hundred merchants and a Russian club and informal Russian mayor. East of the main town was the Russian consulate built in 1863 with an Orthodox church, post office and 20 Cossack guards. It was fortified in 1900 and briefly occupied by troops during the
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between Russia and China - mostly
Siberian furs for Chinese cloth and later tea. The route ran south to Urga, southeast across the Gobi to Kalgan and southeast over the mountains to Peking. Urga was also a collection point for goods coming from further west. These were either sent to China or shipped
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was born at Mount
Songinokhairkhan in present-day Ulaanbaatar in 1724 as the son of Darkhan Chin Wang Dondovdorj and Tsagaan Dari Bayart. Dondovdorj carried the titles Jun Wang, Darkhan Chin Wang, Khoshoi Chin Wang and Efu and also sat on the Tusheet Khan throne for two years (1700-1702). He played a
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and assumed the title Bogd Khan. Khüree as the seat of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtu was the logical choice for the capital of the new state. However, in the tripartite Kyakhta agreement of 1915 (between Russia, China, Mongolia), Mongolia's status was changed to mere autonomy. In 1919, Mongolian nobles,
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A 1913 panorama of Urga. The large circular compound in the middle is the Zuun Khuree temple-palace complex. The Gandan temple complex is to the left. The palaces of the Bogd are to the south of the river. To the far bottom right of the painting is the Maimaicheng district. To its left are the white
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The Moscow trade expedition of the 1910s estimated the population of Urga at 60,000 based on Nikolay Przhevalsky's study in the 1870s. The city's population swelled during the Naadam festival and major religious festivals to more than 100,000. In 1919 the number of monks had reached 20,000, up from
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and Khan Malik till the land of the Hindu, but they escaped. So he took many border people of the Hindu region captive and came back bringing many camels and goats. From there Genghis Khan returned, spending the summer at the Irtysh River and reaching the Black Forest of the Tuul River in autumn of
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attended by 1,215 delegates from 104 countries. Aung San Suu Kyi was one of the attendees. It has also hosted the North Korea-Japan talks on abduction issues. In November 2013 Ulaanbaatar organized the first Meeting of Women Parliamentarians of Northeast Asian Countries. In June 2014 it hosted the
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forbade "singing, playing with archery, myagman, chess, usury and smoking"). Executions were forbidden where the holy temples of the Bogd Jebtsundama could be seen, so capital punishment was carried out a certain distance away from the city. In 1839 the 5th Bogd Jebtsundamba moved his residence to
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at this time. In 1758 the Qianlong Emperor appointed the Khalkha Vice General Sanzaidorj as the first Mongol amban of Urga with full authority to "oversee the Khuree and administer well all the Khutugtu's shabinar". In 1761 a second amban was appointed for the same purpose, a Manchu one. In 1786 a
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In 1984 a rich 13th century tomb of a 50- to 60-year-old, 175 cm (69 in) tall warrior with an ornate golden belt was excavated at Dadart Uul of Mt. Songinokhairkhan. He was buried with a sheep scapula, a dagger with iron blade and wooden handle, a 65 cm (26 in) bark quiver with
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What they call the Urga is the court, or the place where the prince (Tusheet Khan) and high priest (Bogd Jebtsundamba Khutugtu) reside, who are always encamped at no great distance from one another. They have several thousand tents about them, which are removed from time to time. The Urga is much
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In regard to our commerce with China, it is, at present, in a very languishing condition; and nothing in the world would bring more prejudice to our caravans, than the commerce which is carried on at Urga; for from this place is brought, monthly, even weekly, to Pekin, not only the same sorts of
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decree was issued in Peking which gave right to the Urga ambans to make final decisions concerning the administrative affairs of Tusheet Khan and Setsen Khan territories. With this, Urga became the highest civil authority in the country. Based on Urga's Mongol governor Sanzaidorj's petition the
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After the Oyu Tolgoi investment agreement was signed in 2009 the first phase of the Mongolian mining boom started. Ulaanbaatar as the capital of the country came to be labelled one of the world's top frontier investment destinations. From 2009 to 2012 Ulaanbaatar's position rapidly rose in the
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was forming up in Russia, and in March they crossed the border. Ungern and his men rode out in May to meet Red Russian and Red Mongolian troops, but suffered a disastrous defeat in June. In July the Communist Soviet-Mongolian army became the second conquering force in six months to enter Urga.
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trade town grew "four trees" or 4.24 km (2.63 mi) east of the city center at the confluence of the Uliastai and Tuul rivers. This trade district was kept at a distance in order not to block the way of pilgrims or defile the holy city (as demanded by the 4th Bogd Jebtsundamba). It had
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Since Mongolia's transition to a market economy in 1990, the city has experienced further growth - especially in the ger districts, as construction of new blocks of flats had basically broken down in the 1990s. The population has more than doubled to over one million inhabitants, about 50% of
233:(After defeating the Merkits with Temujin and Jamukha)...Toghrul Khan returned home, following the edge of Mount Burkhan Khaldun, going past Ogort Forest, continuing past Gachuurt suvchid and Uliastai suvchid, hunting along the way, till he came to the Black Forest of the Tuul River. (SHM 115)
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The city has become increasingly Anglophone and English signs are common on streets and billboards. Korean culture also has a strong influence in the city as reflected in the numerous Korean businesses in the city center and the adoption of Korean styles among a large number of urban youth.
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from Chinese imprisonment and killing a part of the Chinese garrison. Baron Ungern's capture of Urga was followed by clearing out Mongolia's small gangs of demoralized Chinese soldiers and, at the same time, looting and murder of foreigners, including a vicious pogrom that killed off the
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in their full sense. Dissident leaders demanded free elections and economic reform. On January 14, 1990 the protesters, having grown from two hundred to over a thousand, met at the Lenin Museum in Ulaanbaatar. A demonstration in Sükhbaatar Square on Jan. 21 followed. Afterwards, weekend
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Sando went to quell a major fight between Gandan lamas and Chinese traders started by an incident at the Da Yi Yu shop in the Baruun Damnuurchin market district. He was unable to bring the lamas under control and was forced to flee back to his quarters. In 1911, with the
672:(Administration of Ecclesiastical Estate) of Urga was given full authority to supervise the administrative affairs of the shabinar (lay subjects of the Bogd). It also functioned and would continue to function as the chief judicial court of the city. Sunduvdorj was the
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in 1226. A drainage channel carried roof water out through the east and west gates of the complex. In 2003 Japanese and Koreans made special programs about this palace where many important events of Genghis Khan's life took place. Genghis Khan's father
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over the opposition of the Bogd Khan, agreed with the Chinese resident Chen Yi on a settlement of the "Mongolian question" along Qing-era lines, but before this settlement could be put into effect, Khüree was occupied by the troops of Chinese warlord
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Mongolia's entire population. This causes a number of social, environmental, and transportation problems. In recent years, construction of new buildings has gained new momentum, especially in the city center, and apartment prices have skyrocketed.
1145:, connecting Ulaanbaatar with Moscow and Beijing, was completed in 1956, and cinemas, theaters, museums etc. were erected. On the other hand, most of the temples and monasteries of pre-socialist Khüree were destroyed following the anti-religious
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nomadic pastoral culture. Mt. Bogd Khan Uul was probably an important religious cult location for these people. Bronze Age square slab tombs are found at the Shajin Khurakh and Tur Khurakh gorges of Mount Bogd Khan Uul facing the city.
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three iron arrows inside, two light curved stirrups (13th century type) and remains of a cast iron tripod cauldron. His highly ornate belt composed of 39 parts with a scarab at his right hip has led to speculations this is the tomb of
276:, which should actually be reduced to thirty-five li (17km), West-North-West, because of a big detour we made in the mountains, holding to the south and south-west to avoid the marshes of the plains. We camped on the banks of the
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1913 color photo of the Yellow Palace with Dechingalav temple (1739). To its right is the smaller golden roof of the Abtai Khan ger temple (1585). To the left is the Maidar temple (1833) and edge of the big Bat Tsagaan temple
280:, which separates into many branches, still ornamented by beautiful trees. On the way we passed many streams that empty into the River, and for a distance of about thirty li, we followed the edge of a high mountain, called
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lay quarters which they occasionally visited. The south-west lay quarters also included the Tibetan and Buryat quarters and had a number of Red Hat temples, shamanic shrines as well as Yellow Hat temples. The quarters
1121:. On February 22, 1921 the Bogd Khan was once again elevated the Great Khan of Mongolia in Urga. However, at the same time Baron Ungern was taking control of Urga, a Soviet-supported Communist Mongolian force led by
668:) made most of the religious decisions in the city. It had also become the commercial center of Outer Mongolia. From 1733 till 1778 Urga basically moved around in the vicinity of its present location. In 1754 the
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Mongolia came to the control of the Soviet Russia. On October 29, 1924 the town was renamed to Ulaanbaatar (Mongolian "red hero"), by the advice of T.R. Ryskulov, the Soviet representative in Mongolia.
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officially recognized an annual ceremony on Mt. Bogd Khan Uul in 1778 and provided the annual imperial donations. The city was the seat not only of the Jebtsundamba Khutugtus, but also of two
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By the time of Zanabazar's death in 1723 Urga had already become the preeminent monastery in Mongolia in terms of religious authority. A council of seven of the highest ranking lamas (
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camped at the site of Ulaanbaatar on August 5, 1698 and continued north the next day along the Selbe River valley (present-day Sukhbaatar District). He says in his Journal:
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697:(Shop of the Pious Merchant) and ruins of another old Chinese shop are still visible. There were 14 temples in Maimaicheng: 8 Chinese and 6 Mongolian, including the
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of the late 1930s. The Gandan monastery was reopened in 1944 when US Vice President Henry Wallace asked to see a monastery during his visit to Mongolia.
346:(1635-1723) consecrated and meditated under a tree called Janchivsembe, the shadow of which was used to choose the location of Gandan Monastery in 1838.
757:) where Red Hat sect monks freely took wives. Urga was visited by many foreign envoys and travelers, including Egor Fedorovich Timkovskii (1820), N.M.
567:, around 230 kilometres (143 miles) south-west from the present site of Ulaanbaatar, and was intended by the Mongol nobles to be the seat of the first
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in November 2012. In April 2013 Ulaanbaatar (as capital of the country holding presidency) successfully hosted the 7th Ministerial Conference of the
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wrote an account of his travels through this region in 1712, describing how his party rested and fished ten to twenty salmon and pike in the river
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260:. A simple 13th century rock painting of a Mongolian woman with distinct Mongolian headdress can be seen on the north side of Mt Bogd Khan Uul.
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Since 1778 Urga may have had around 10,000 monks. They were regulated by a monastic rule called the Internal Rule of the Grand Monastery or
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Monasteries and Temples of Bogdiin Khuree, Ikh Khuree or Urga, the Old Capital City of Mongolia in the First Part of the Twentieth Century
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Painting of Urga showing Gandan and Zuun Khuree. Dates to 1809-1833 (between founding of Gandan and construction of the Maidar temple).
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buildings of the Russian consulate area. The Manjusri monastery can be seen on Mount Bogd Khan Uul at the bottom-right of the painting
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mountains (i.e., Mount Songino Khairkhan). Before Khalkha Mongolian nobles went and pledged allegiance to the Manchu emperor at
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government resigned. The provisional government announced Mongolia's first free elections, which were held in July. The
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65:(40,000-12,000 years ago) site on the south-east base of the Zaisan Hill on the northern edge of Mt. Bogd Khan Uul.
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753:). Women were not allowed to enter the area and its Yellow Hat monks were forbidden to go to the lay quarters (
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became blood brothers with Toghrul here and later Genghis Khan himself became son of Toghrul at this place.
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In 1921 the city changed hands twice. First, on February 4, 1921, a mixed Russian/Mongolian force led by
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north to Russia via Kyakhta because of legal restrictions and the lack of good trade routes to the west.
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Travels of the Russian mission through Mongolia to China and residence in Peking in the years 1820-1821
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the Year of the Rooster (1225), where he set up his Ordo (royal camp) and spent the winter. (SHM 264)
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began in the 1950s, and most of the city today is the result of construction from 1960 to 1985. The
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Construction materials from Tereljiin Dorvoljin (209BC-93AD) within the sphere of larger Ulaanbaatar.
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Kuzmin, S.L. History of Baron Ungern: an Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK, 2011, p. 165-200
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carried out large scale looting of Xiongnu tombs in 87-74 BC. Located on the banks of the sacred
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Engraving of N.A. Charushin's panorama photo of the old center of Urga from trip (1888) with
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The Russian Consulate of Urga (Ulaanbaatar) and the Holy Trinity Church, both built in 1863.
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Bronze mirror with inscription found in Xiongnu tomb (c. 200BC) in Zuun Salaa, Ulaanbaatar.
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is said to have worshipped the mountain in the 16th century as well. The French missionary
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1874 photo of the Dechingalav, Maidar, Bat Tsagaan and Abtai Khan temples in central Urga.
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In the socialist period, and especially following the Second World War, most of the old
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Ruins of a shop (once part of a long row) in the center of the old Maimaicheng district.
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This Shireet tsagaan nuur is located in Övörkhangai's Bürd sum. P. Enkhbat, O. Pürev,
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Detail of the South-East Lay Quarters and surrounding areas in Jugder's 1913 painting.
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Tuul" or Queen Tuul in legend), the area of Ulaanbaatar was well within the sphere of
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part in bringing Urga inside his banner territory. From 1733 to 1743 he was both the
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Remaining buildings of the Dari Ekh Temple (1778) in the old Maimaicheng district.
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1523:. Presentation of the Director of the General Archives Authority D. Ulziibaatar.
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1763:"Amnesty International Are the Mongolian Authorities getting away with murder?"
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Simple 13th century rock painting of a Mongolian woman in southern Ulaanbaatar.
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Detail of Manjusri monastery on Mount Bogd Khan Uul in Jugder's 1913 painting.
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1913 color photo of Mongol Lamas of Zuun Khuree wearing Buddhist robes/togas.
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318:
186:
92:
1455:
Travels from St. Petersburgh in Russia, to various parts of Asia (Volume 2)
1442:
Travels from St. Petersburgh in Russia, to various parts of Asia (Volume 1)
594:
As a mobile monastery-town, it was often moved to various places along the
575:, son of Tusheet Khan Gombodorj (1597-1655). Gombodorj was the grandson of
862:
Detail of the Maimaicheng and Russian consulate in Jugder's 1913 painting.
458:
Elephant head from the 13th century ruins of Bukheg Balgas in Ulaanbaatar.
229:
mentions this area in many places, for example in Paragraphs 115 and 264:
1166:
411:
219:
190:
112:
104:
27:
1080:
in China headed for total collapse, Mongolian leaders in Ikh Khüree for
470:
Buddha head from the 13th century ruins of Bukheg Balgas in Ulaanbaatar.
808:
627:
623:
595:
371:
322:
257:
143:
139:
115:
82:
30:, dates to 1639 when it was first established as a moveable monastery.
1356:"Монгол ардын айзам уртын дуу ТҮМЭН ЭХ Төв Халхын уртын дууч Ч НАМЖИЛ"
1084:
met in secret on Mount Bogd Khan Uul and resolved to end 220 years of
1066:
Green areas were increased in the city center during the communist era
37:
or ancient human statue was chosen as the ceremonial foundation site (
1085:
1081:
718:
246:
206:
147:
131:
123:
1721:"BBC.Fatal clashes in Mongolia capital the situation had stabilised"
1038:
1255:
1157:
Ulaanbaatar was the site of demonstrations that led to Mongolia's
1061:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1008:
807:
796:
685:
911:
Maidar Temple (1833) of Zuun Khuree in Urga photographed in 1913.
790:) of the Mongol and Manchu governors of Urga were located in the
496:
A street sketch of Khüree, 1876, with the temple in the distance.
1243:
1234:
959:
1913 photo of monks on Tasgan Hill facing the city to the south.
639:
frequented by merchants from China and Russia, and other places.
552:
544:
1050:
89:, the bones of which are found abundantly around Ulaanbaatar.
1228:
July 19, 2009 FIM Asian Motocross Championship in Ulaanbaatar
643:
Another early mention is in the Journal of Swedish explorer
606:
rivers, as supply and other needs would demand. During the
53:
Human habitation at the site of Ulaanbaatar dates from the
1293:
Narrative of the Chinese embassy to the Tourgouth Tartars
1700:"ABC News.Mongolia clamps down after 5 killed in unrest"
1653:
Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists
583:(1464-1517/1543?) the 29th Great Khan and descendant of
166:(1206–1368). At Nalaikh District there is the important
77:
revealed tools and materials fashioned according to the
69:
mentions it as an inspiration for his prehistoric novel
935:
1913 color photo of the ceremonial Gate of Zuun Khuree.
1196:
In 2008, Ulaanbaatar was the scene of riots after the
504:
Detail of 19th-century painting of Urga (Ulaanbaatar).
103:
Aimag and southern Siberia, indicating a common South
1042:
Sanduo (三多), an ethnic Mongol, was the 62nd and last
1600:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords Of The Trans-Siberian
1501:
Lindon Wallace Bates, The Russian Road to China,1910
1021:
in 1727 Urga (Ulaanbaatar) was a major point of the
610:
wars of the late 17th century, it was even moved to
1088:control of their country. On December 29, 1911 the
1570:
1509:
1507:
1235:Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe
1159:transition to democracy and market economy in 1990
1013:Four-wheeled carriage between Kykhta and Khuree
987:Mongol horsemen on the streets of Urga in 1920.
649:
636:
270:
238:Genghis Khan...crossing the Indus River chased
236:
231:
111:To the north of Ulaanbaatar there are the vast
213:stayed with Yesui Khatun before attacking the
358:3000-year-old Bronze Age red ochre paintings.
8:
197:monarch who was identified as the legendary
729:(Temple of the Mixed-Ethnicity People) and
622:, back then also on the caravan route from
1387:
1385:
744:(for example, in 1797 a decree of the 4th
1054:Outdoor market near Gandan hill in 1972.
414:(722AD) in Nalaikh District, Ulaanbaatar.
249:the next year taking Queen Yesui with him
1742:"BBC. Streets calm in riot-hit Mongolia"
1514:From Khutagtiin Khuree to Niislel Khuree
1223:
534:
526:
515:
507:
499:
491:
374:(Hunnu) tombs just north of Ulaanbaatar.
81:. These Upper Paleolithic people hunted
1679:"BBC.Mongolia calls state of emergency"
1673:
1671:
1669:
1270:
971:1913 photo of Mongol woman next to the
816:
709:(White Hat Mosque of Chinese Muslims),
348:
321:(formerly Kublai Khan's summer capital
16:History of the capital city of Mongolia
1655:2005, University of California Press,
1551:
1540:
1333:. Asubi.mn. 2010-08-10. Archived from
1308:. Asubi.Mn. 2011-05-23. Archived from
1210:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
1172:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
1137:, often financed by the Soviet Union.
446:'s 12th-century palace in Ulaanbaatar.
430:'s 12th-century palace in Ulaanbaatar.
1331:"Khalkha Ochirbat Tusheet Khan Aimag"
923:1913 color photo of Gandan Monastery.
7:
1178:won the election and resumed power.
1258:have all performed in Ulaanbaatar.
14:
794:(Southeast Khoroo) lay quarters.
1466:Zsuzsa Majer, Krisztina Teleki,
1395:. Ulaanbaatar.mn. Archived from
992:
980:
964:
952:
940:
928:
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419:
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391:
379:
363:
351:
309:killed a deer with a gun in the
1815:Histories of cities in Mongolia
1112:captured the city, freeing the
725:(Temple of the Lord of Death),
1393:"Brief history of Ulaanbaatar"
370:Inscribed royal cups from the
1:
1279:Histoire generale des voyages
975:(hedge fence) of Zuun Khuree.
742:Yeke Kuriyen-u Doto'adu Durem
547:monastery, Ulaanbaatar, then
227:Secret History of the Mongols
1291:Staunton, Sir George Thomas
1135:Soviet-style blocks of flats
1071:13,000 in 1810. In 1910 the
618:and Tuul rivers and beneath
146:(Sumbe) (93AD-4th century),
1254:and the Korean K-pop group
999:The prison at Urga in 1920.
189:Toghrul (1130-1203) of the
1831:
1492:Vol.1, 1827 London, p. 128
1479:, 2006, Ulaanbaatar, p. 25
1189:
1110:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
1090:8th Jeptsundamba Khutughtu
1005:Urga and the Kyakhta Trade
779:Andrey Yefimovich Martynov
521:Gandantegchinlen Monastery
272:On the 5th, we made fifty
1453:John Bell, Lorenz Lange,
1379:, Ulaanbaatar 2001, p. 9f
1092:was declared ruler of an
733:(Temple of Craftsmen). A
335:2nd Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
1791:January 6, 2011, at the
1702:. Abc.net.au. 2008-07-02
1239:Community of Democracies
850:Temples of Urga in 1900.
95:rock paintings from the
1630:Montsame News Agency.
1214:parliamentary elections
705:(Astrological Temple),
1810:History of Ulaanbaatar
1744:. BBC News. 2008-07-03
1723:. BBC News. 2008-07-02
1681:. BBC News. 2008-07-01
1573:The Bloody White Baron
1569:Palmer, James (2009).
1457:, 1788, London, p. 233
1444:, 1763, London, p. 344
1248:Michael Learns to Rock
1229:
1143:Transmongolian Railway
1067:
1059:
1056:State Department Store
1047:
1014:
814:
805:
707:Tsagaan Malgaitiin Sum
654:
641:
569:Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
540:
532:
524:
513:
505:
497:
290:
253:
235:
142:(Hunnu) (209BC-93AD),
1358:. YouTube. 2012-11-07
1227:
1208:parties disputed the
1192:2008 riot in Mongolia
1153:Democratic revolution
1065:
1053:
1041:
1012:
811:
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543:Founded in 1639 as a
538:
530:
519:
511:
503:
495:
1533:OTHEN, CHRISTOPHER.
1198:Mongolian Democratic
1094:independent Mongolia
701:(Confucius Temple),
670:Erdene Shanzodba Yam
245:He rode against the
209:'s palace, is where
170:(c. 722 AD) with an
45:in the city center.
1295:1821, London, p. 30
1244:Asia Europe Meeting
1220:Recent developments
1046:(1910-1911) of Urga
331:Mount Bogd Khan Uul
286:Mount Bogd Khan Uul
195:Nestorian Christian
174:inscription in the
150:(Nirun) (402-555),
79:Levallois technique
1519:2017-10-10 at the
1488:Timkowski, George
1474:2009-02-27 at the
1423:4th edition, 2005
1230:
1212:'s victory in the
1068:
1060:
1048:
1015:
815:
806:
713:(Guanyin Temple),
541:
533:
525:
514:
506:
498:
120:Hunnu Khatni Bulsh
1621:Kuzmin, p.250-300
1577:. Perseus Books.
1550:Missing or empty
1133:were replaced by
1123:Damdin Sükhbaatar
1058:in the background
1019:Treaty of Kyakhta
792:Zuun Omnod Khoroo
788:Amban Khan Khoroo
658:Khamba Nomon Khan
559:) in what is now
297:The Manchu envoy
168:Stele of Tonyukuk
87:woolly rhinoceros
63:Upper Paleolithic
59:Alexey Okladnikov
55:Lower Paleolithic
43:Sükhbaatar Square
26:, the capital of
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723:Erleg Khaani Sum
699:Kunz Bogdiin Sum
679:Qianlong Emperor
674:Erdene Shanzodba
523:of Urga in 1920.
488:Mobile monastery
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262:Abtai Sain Khan
240:Jalaldin Sultan
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176:Orkhon alphabet
162:(907-1125) and
136:nomadic empires
75:Zaisan Memorial
67:Byambyn Rinchen
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1602:. p. 276.
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1416:Kohn, Michael
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1190:Main article:
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1017:Following the
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731:Urchuudiin Sum
711:Dari Ehiin Sum
612:Inner Mongolia
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1535:Bright Review
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1429:1-74059-359-6
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1419:Lonely Planet
1413:
1410:
1399:on 2013-12-03
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1771:. Retrieved
1769:. 2009-01-15
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1746:. Retrieved
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1725:. Retrieved
1715:
1704:. Retrieved
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1683:. Retrieved
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1552:|title=
1543:cite journal
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1417:
1412:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
1376:
1371:
1360:. Retrieved
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1300:
1292:
1287:
1282:, 1753, p.61
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763:Pyotr Kozlov
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746:Jebtsundamba
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211:Genghis Khan
199:Prester John
185:
138:such as the
119:
110:
91:
70:
52:
38:
32:
20:
18:
1767:Amnesty.org
1663:. pp. 1-28
1440:John Bell,
1377:Улаанбаатар
1163:perestroika
1099:Xu Shuzheng
771:Jan Potocki
759:Przhevalsky
585:Kublai Khan
565:Övörkhangai
442:Remains of
426:Remains of
158:(745-840),
154:(555-745),
23:Ulaanbaatar
21:history of
1804:Categories
1773:2012-04-18
1748:2012-04-18
1727:2012-04-18
1706:2012-04-18
1685:2012-04-18
1642:, p. 33-34
1403:2013-11-24
1362:2013-11-25
1341:2013-11-24
1316:2013-11-25
1266:References
1206:Republican
1044:Qing Amban
662:Ded Khamba
581:Dayan Khan
311:"Han-shan"
305:while one
203:Marco Polo
172:Old Turkic
128:Tuul River
97:Bronze Age
49:Prehistory
1634:. 2006,
1114:Bogd Khan
721:Temple),
715:Geser Sum
664:and five
647:in 1722:
634:in 1721:
632:John Bell
573:Zanabazar
557:Karakorum
444:Wang Khan
428:Wang Khan
410:Stele of
344:Zanabazar
327:Zanabazar
319:Dolon Nor
266:Gerbillon
187:Wang Khan
93:Red ochre
1789:Archived
1632:Mongolia
1517:Archived
1472:Archived
1421:Mongolia
1306:"Мэдлэг"
1167:glasnost
1108:warlord
769:, Count
703:Odon Sum
688:, and a
561:Burd sum
551:(palace-
412:Tonyukuk
282:Han-alin
220:Yesukhei
191:Keraites
113:Noin-Ula
105:Siberian
101:Khovsgol
28:Mongolia
1431:, p. 52
899:(1654).
803:Potanin
690:Chinese
628:Kyakhta
624:Beijing
608:Dzungar
596:Selenge
372:Xiongnu
303:"Tu-la"
299:Tulišen
258:Jamukha
152:Göktürk
144:Xianbei
140:Xiongnu
116:Xiongnu
83:mammoth
1659:
1638:
1581:
1427:
1147:purges
1086:Manchu
1082:Naadam
783:khoroo
755:khoroo
751:tsanid
719:Guandi
686:ambans
600:Orkhon
589:aimags
323:Xanadu
247:Xi Xia
215:Tangut
207:Khatun
160:Khitan
156:Uighur
148:Rouran
132:Khatun
124:Wuhuan
35:balbal
1256:T-ara
1073:amban
973:Khais
666:Tsorj
616:Selbe
549:Örgöö
1657:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1556:help
1425:ISBN
1252:ONYX
1204:and
1176:MPRP
1165:and
777:and
683:Qing
604:Tuul
602:and
553:yurt
545:yurt
340:Said
278:Tula
225:The
193:, a
85:and
39:Shav
19:The
626:to
201:by
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1765:.
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