1718:
left in the
Nastaliq script (a modified form of the Arabic script) and is the national language of Pakistan. It's also one of the official languages of the Indian states of Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir. Considered as one, these tongues constitute the second most spoken language in the world, sometimes called Hindustani. In their daily lives, Hindi and Urdu speakers communicate in their 'different' languages without major problems. ... Both Hindi and Urdu developed from Classical Sanskrit, which appeared in the Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India) at about the start of the Common Era. The first old Hindi (or Apabhransha) poetry was written in the year 769 AD, and by the European Middle Ages it became known as 'Hindvi'. Muslim Turks invaded the Punjab in 1027 and took control of Delhi in 1193. They paved the way for the Islamic Mughal Empire, which ruled northern India from the 16th century until it was defeated by the British Raj in the mid-19th century. It was at this time that the language of this book began to take form, a mixture of Hindvi grammar with Arabic, Persian and Turkish vocabulary. The Muslim speakers of Hindvi began to write in the Arabic script, creating Urdu, while the Hindu population incorporated the new words but continued to write in Devanagari script.
1098:
loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through
Persian, as a result of which a thorough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.
1581:
that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from
Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.
1214:, as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as
786:, has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words. It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages.
1064:... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.
51:
1646:
Indo-European family of languages. According to Dr Gian Chand Jain, Indo-Aryan languages had three phases of evolution beginning around 1,500 BC and passing through the stages of Vedic
Sanskrit, classical Sanskrit and Pali. They developed into Prakrit and Apbhransh, which served as the basis for the formation of later local dialects.
1331:
985:
Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.
1097:
forms from
Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic
1580:
On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad
Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates
1717:
kaa hay for 'How much is it?' -- but the written form for Hindi will be यह कितने का है? and the Urdu one will be یہ کتنے کا ہے؟ Hindi is written from left to right in the
Devanagari script, and is the official language of India, along with English. Urdu, on the other hand, is written from right to
1527:
Whilst the
Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new
1645:
Urdu nouns and adjective can have a variety of origins, such as Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pushtu and even
Portuguese, but ninety-nine per cent of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit/Prakrit. So it is an Indo-Aryan language which is a branch of Indo-Iranian family, which in turn is a branch of
984:
The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the
1092:
The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and
English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are
804:
established Hindustani as a medium of poetic expression in the imperial city. Hindustani soon gained distinction as the preferred language in courts of India and eventually replaced Persian among the nobles. To this day, Rekhta retains an important place in literary and cultural spheres. Many
696:
from Central Asia who spoke Chagatai as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also Chagatai, but later adopted Persian. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian language into the Indian subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and
1209:
is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It twas compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with
1229:
Dar, Kamran Shaukat, Ahmad Bin Shafat, and Muhammad Umair Hassan. "An efficient stop word elimination algorithm for Urdu language." 2017 14th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON). IEEE,
1712:
Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other -- they'd both say yeh
756:, when in 1837 Hindustani in the Persian script (i.e. Urdu) replaced Persian as the official language and was made co-official along with English. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native
692:, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as their language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the official language of religion was Arabic. Most of the sultans and the nobility of the sultanate period were
416:
with regards to their formal aspects, such as modern technical vocabulary, they continue to be all but indistinguishable in their vernacular form. From the colonial era onwards, Hindustani has also taken in many words from English, with an urban
1042:
Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and
504:. The introduced words were primarily nouns and were employed for cultural, legal and political concepts. These Persian and Arabic loanwords form 25% of Urdu's vocabulary. As a form of Hindustani and a member of the
1130:
Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one
767:
British rule of India introduced some English words into Hindustani; further influences occurred over time as English became a world language, with a new variety of Hindustani emerging known as Hinglish.
1457:
It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.
764:
in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the independence of India and Pakistan after the withdrawal of the British.
535:
dialect. In these cities, the language continued to be called "Hindi" as well as "Urdu". While Urdu retained the grammar and core vocabulary of the local Hindi dialect, it adopted the
968:
1528:
language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.
824:
couplets are read to this day in the subcontinent. Persian has sometimes been termed an adopted classical language of South Asia alongside Sanskrit due to this role.
1479:
812:
came to both influence and be affected by Indian culture, producing a distinct melding of Middle Eastern and South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was
50:
272:
947:
3228:
2403:
1598:
2630:
709:
of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature. However, the armies, merchants, preachers,
531:, the latter of which is in an Awadhi-speaking area; and thus, modern Hindustani has a noticeable Awadhi influence even though it is primarily based on
3254:
1908:
1817:
3274:
1632:
1548:
All verbs in Urdu are of Sanskrit origin. According to lexicographers, only about 25 percent words in Urdu diction have Persian or Arabic origin.
911:
412:
and independence this collection of dialects became the basis for modern standard Hindi and Urdu. Although these official languages are distinct
2021:
1303:
3011:
1892:
1867:
1842:
1675:
1450:
1425:
1284:
1159:
1123:
1085:
1013:
3279:
2260:
752:
dialect. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The non-communal nature of the language lasted until the
1037:
2942:
2255:
2812:
2616:
2580:
2250:
1739:
246:
2723:
2606:
2467:
1764:
1573:
1520:
1198:
1059:
1780:
3223:
2926:
2894:
2713:
2688:
2554:
2534:
2396:
3269:
2947:
2866:
2760:
2718:
2672:
2626:
2601:
2575:
2559:
2298:
2275:
1662:
669:
of the Mughal army. The language spread from the interaction of Persian-speaking Muslim soldiers to the local people who spoke
2796:
2755:
2739:
2667:
2636:
2365:
1965:
1790:
1170:
in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.
843:
681:
system. A large number of Persian words were adopted in Hindustani, as were even grammatical elements such as the enclitic
2845:
2840:
2611:
2503:
2498:
2472:
2447:
848:
748:, they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the
3249:
2370:
258:
87:
59:
265:
2876:
2389:
1976:
Pain and Grace: A Study of Two Mystical Writers of Eighteenth-century Muslim India, By Annemarie Schimmel, BRILL, 1976
833:
737:
698:
442:
413:
2270:
170:
3135:
2621:
2360:
2014:
3208:
3004:
1956:
Smith, Ian (2008). "Pidgins, Creoles, and Bazaar Hindi". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.).
1602:
1512:
1483:
1151:
744:, for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi Sultanate expanded south to the
713:, and later the court, also incorporated the local people and elements of the medieval Hindu literary language,
2528:
2078:
342:. It is also one of the most widely spoken languages in the world by total number of speakers. It developed in
241:
972:
2314:
355:
303:
408:
in long form, was thus created. This form was elevated to the status of a literary language, and after the
3167:
2973:
2968:
2871:
2412:
2319:
2186:
618:
550:, the Persian-origin name for the northwestern Indian subcontinent. The works of the 13th century scholar
190:
2662:
2549:
2345:
2282:
2007:
1218:, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Persian.
438:
236:
213:
1624:
1148:
Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān
922:
3213:
3183:
3056:
3051:
2997:
2963:
2462:
2437:
2213:
2181:
2093:
2063:
1374:
838:
509:
501:
477:
359:
227:
94:
3031:
2596:
2138:
2098:
2073:
2046:
1417:
1005:
821:
674:
662:
637:
397:
381:
339:
286:
208:
67:
30:
3218:
3130:
3046:
2781:
2646:
2539:
2519:
2477:
2452:
2416:
2041:
1902:
733:
497:
446:
434:
409:
199:
760:
script. This literary standard, called simply Hindi, replaced Urdu as the official register of
3154:
2910:
2850:
2833:
2765:
2524:
2457:
2442:
2381:
2340:
2242:
2143:
2133:
1961:
1939:
1888:
1863:
1838:
1786:
1760:
1735:
1671:
1569:
1516:
1446:
1421:
1394:
1280:
1194:
1155:
1119:
1081:
1009:
493:
1274:
3198:
3193:
2828:
2791:
2693:
2641:
2544:
2482:
2335:
2265:
2176:
2128:
2088:
2056:
1931:
1386:
1215:
1211:
1115:
817:
722:
351:
218:
180:
175:
110:
38:
476:
was established as the capital, the imperial court and concomitant immigration infused the
3188:
3104:
3036:
2205:
2171:
2163:
2148:
2115:
609:
489:
469:
185:
126:
1989:
1254:
Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920
778:, in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', also known as
736:
arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a
3259:
2350:
2051:
745:
693:
472:
and the Mughal Empire in India, where Persian was adopted as the official language and
418:
3264:
3243:
3162:
3099:
3089:
3041:
2223:
2083:
706:
702:
670:
666:
628:
505:
347:
335:
115:
34:
1681:
362:
resulted in the core Indo-Aryan vocabulary of the Indian dialect of Hindi spoken in
3066:
2355:
2218:
1658:
1002:
Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari
795:
331:
104:
99:
1832:
1352:
1258:...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).
3203:
2123:
813:
753:
714:
551:
520:, and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit.
454:
343:
1332:
Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent.
1020:
Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims.
17:
3140:
2191:
2068:
1565:
757:
624:
327:
131:
1943:
1398:
969:"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation"
2786:
2153:
547:
536:
485:
458:
367:
1994:
1923:
1935:
1802:
Alam, Muzaffar. "The Pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics." In
1353:"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti"
3061:
2228:
1390:
1205:
On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population.
1191:
Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia
718:
678:
632:
513:
422:
322:
respectively. It is widely spoken and understood as a second language in
311:
120:
1862:. Essential grammars (1. publ ed.). London: Routledge. p. 05.
1034:
The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis
3094:
1338:. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
749:
729:. By 1800, Delhi dialect had become the dominant base of the language.
689:
528:
517:
393:
137:
1594:
1475:
717:. This new contact language soon incorporated other dialects, such as
3114:
3109:
2201:
1375:"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact"
912:"Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, Language contact and change"
800:
773:
741:
372:
147:
142:
677:
form was adopted, with additional letters to accommodate the Indian
1887:(in enghinurd). New Delhi, India: Heritage Publishers. p. 09.
598:
Calling for my beloved all day, not a moment of happiness or peace.
2030:
884:
867:
761:
726:
627:
built a new walled city in Delhi in 1639 that came to be known as
532:
524:
481:
473:
462:
377:
363:
323:
315:
307:
291:
76:
649:("the language of the army/camp") derives. This was shortened to
3020:
888:
871:
807:
710:
385:
319:
295:
81:
2993:
2385:
2003:
508:
category of Indo-Aryan languages, 75% of Urdu words have their
2978:
1782:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
1732:
Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach
1546:. PTI for the Ministry of External Affairs. 1995. p. 23.
805:
distinctly Persian forms of literature, such as ghazals and
725:, and in the 17th century the dialect of the new capital at
376:, or "mixed" speech, which came to be known as Hindustani,
1166:
Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending
798:(1667–1707) visited Delhi in 1700. His Rekhta or Hindavi
1999:
453:
dialects were elevated to literary languages, including
2989:
919:
Sadaf Munshi, Doctor of Philosophy, University of Texas
29:
This article is about the history and evolution of the
588:
piyā piyā ma͠i karat hū̃ pahrõ, pal bhar sukh nā cain.
1357:
International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter
1239:
Khalid, Kanwal. "LAHORE DURING THE GHANAVID PERIOD."
661:
or "camp language" (cognate with the English word, "
560:سیج وہ سُونی دیکھ کے روؤں میں دن رَین پِیا پِیا مَیں
554:
are typical of the Hindustani language of the time:
3176:
3153:
3123:
3082:
3075:
2956:
2935:
2919:
2903:
2887:
2859:
2821:
2805:
2774:
2748:
2732:
2706:
2681:
2655:
2589:
2568:
2512:
2491:
2430:
2423:
2328:
2307:
2291:
2241:
2200:
2162:
2114:
2107:
645:, "army"), and it may be from this that the phrase
603:The language went by several names over the years:
523:The new court language developed simultaneously in
496:words from the court; this occurred as a result of
1928:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
1664:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
1379:ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics
1924:"The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu"
1734:. Concept Publishing Company, 2009. p. 120.
1256:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7.
500:in Hindustan and became the fruit of a composite
37:. For the history of the Hindustani culture, see
33:. For the history of the Hindustani people, see
1480:The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1336:International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH
1276:Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish
576:पिया पिया मैं करत हूँ पहरों, पल भर सुख ना चैन ॥
3005:
2397:
2015:
995:
993:
443:medieval Indo-Aryan language of central India
360:contact between the Hindu and Muslim cultures
266:
8:
1755:Bhatia, Tej K.; Ritchie, William C. (2006).
1503:
1501:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1141:
1139:
963:
961:
1837:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 120.
1831:Parthasarathy, R.; Kumar, Swargesh (2012).
1806:, vol. 32, no. 2. (May, 1998), pp. 317–349.
1625:"Urdu's origin: it's not a "camp language""
1599:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1443:History Of Printing And Publishing In India
1247:
1245:
498:cultural contact between Hindus and Muslims
3079:
3012:
2998:
2990:
2427:
2404:
2390:
2382:
2111:
2022:
2008:
2000:
1990:An introduction to the Hindustani language
1885:Hindi and Urdu since 1800: a common reader
1670:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–22.
1538:
1536:
1445:. National Book Trust, India. p. 31.
673:. Soon, the Persian script in the cursive
641:("Army/camp Market", from the Turkic word
631:. The market close to the royal fort (the
565:
559:
306:, with federal status in the republics of
299:
273:
259:
45:
370:, being enriched with Persian loanwords.
1818:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1706:Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005).
594:Seeing the empty bed I cry day and night
1960:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254.
1562:Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories
1509:First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936
1056:Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4
903:
859:
582:sej vo sūnī dekh ke rovũ ma͠i din rain,
226:
198:
160:
66:
1900:
1834:Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect
1635:from the original on 24 September 2015
1469:
1467:
1465:
1076:Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007).
653:around the year 1800. The Mughal term
572:सेज वो सूनी देख के रोवुँ मैं दिन रैन ।
566:کَرَت ہُوں پہروں، پَل بھر سُکھ نہ چَین
468:During the reigns of the Turko-Afghan
1907:: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (
1368:
1366:
1346:
1344:
1326:
1324:
1298:
1296:
1273:Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011).
1268:
1266:
7:
2261:Anti-Hindi agitations of West Bengal
1759:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 789.
1605:from the original on 7 November 2017
2256:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
1922:King, Robert D. (10 January 2001).
1883:Shackle, C.; Snell, Rupert (1990).
449:. After the tenth century, several
2251:Anti-Hindi agitations of Karnataka
1486:from the original on 19 April 2010
1373:Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985).
366:, whose earliest form is known as
354:exerted a strong influence on the
25:
1710:. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12.
1060:Tata Institute of Social Sciences
488:) with large numbers of Persian,
3255:Indo-European language histories
1560:Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017).
705:asserts that Persian became the
49:
2299:Department of Official Language
2276:Hindutva boycott of Hindi films
1304:"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head"
1038:University of Wisconsin–Madison
623:("Indian"). The Mughal Emperor
484:(the earliest form is known as
3275:Linguistic history of Pakistan
3229:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
1252:Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008).
844:List of Hindi-language authors
88:Regional or dialectal variants
1:
3224:Progressive Writers' Movement
1858:Agnihotri, Rama Kant (2007).
1815:H. Dua, 2006, "Urdu", in the
1351:Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009).
849:List of Urdu-language writers
688:The official language of the
665:"), was used to describe the
539:writing system from Persian.
314:in its standardized forms of
1757:The Handbook of Bilingualism
1544:India Perspectives, Volume 8
302:) is one of the predominant
3280:Linguistic history of India
1860:Hindi: an essential grammar
834:Linguistic history of India
480:dialect of Hindi spoken in
441:descends directly from the
410:partition of colonial India
400:".), also locally known as
3296:
1412:Alfred C. Woolner (1999).
1032:Dhulipala, Venkat (2000).
657:with the local equivalent
607:("of Hindus or Indians"),
421:variety emerging known as
334:and as such is considered
28:
3027:
2037:
1730:Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009).
1708:Hindi, Urdu & Bengali
1513:Brill Academic Publishers
1152:Brill Academic Publishers
1146:Strnad, Jaroslav (2013).
1110:Kuiper, Kathleen (2010).
973:Google Arts & Culture
952:Columbia University press
396:meaning "language of the
346:, principally during the
1078:The Indo-Aryan Languages
439:vocabulary of Hindustani
2315:World Hindi Secretariat
1441:Kesavan, B. S. (1997).
1414:Introduction to Prakrit
1279:. Penguin Books India.
358:of central India; this
356:Western Hindi languages
304:languages of South Asia
3270:Early modern languages
3168:Hindi-Urdu controversy
2320:World Hindi Conference
2292:National organizations
2271:Hindi–Urdu controversy
1958:Language in South Asia
1515:. 1993. p. 1024.
1193:. Verso. p. 113.
191:Hindustani orthography
171:Hindi–Urdu controversy
2346:Sahitya Akademi Award
2283:Punjabi Suba movement
1995:History of Hindustani
1936:10.1515/ijsl.2001.035
1779:Sigfried J. de Laet.
1189:Ahmad, Aijaz (2002).
1062:. 1943. p. 264.
617:("of Hindustan") and
2308:Global organizations
2214:Andaman Creole Hindi
2182:Caribbean Hindustani
1804:Modern Asian Studies
1631:. 17 December 2011.
1391:10.1075/itl.70.02sin
1112:The Culture of India
1000:Farooqi, M. (2012).
928:on 21 September 2016
839:Hindustani etymology
754:British Raj in India
502:Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
247:Phonological history
3250:Hindustani language
1593:Taj, Afroz (1997).
1474:Taj, Afroz (1997).
1418:Motilal Banarsidass
1330:Salwathura, A. N. "
1308:read.dukeupress.edu
954:. encyclopedia.com.
340:Indian subcontinent
68:Hindustani language
31:Hindustani language
1687:on 10 October 2014
1595:"About Hindi-Urdu"
1476:"About Hindi-Urdu"
734:Wali Mohammed Wali
671:varieties of Hindi
510:etymological roots
447:Shauraseni Prakrit
419:English-influenced
228:Linguistic history
3237:
3236:
3149:
3148:
2987:
2986:
2702:
2701:
2417:world's languages
2379:
2378:
2243:Language politics
2237:
2236:
1894:978-81-7026-162-9
1869:978-0-415-35671-8
1844:978-8-180-69799-9
1677:978-0-19-906313-0
1452:978-81-237-2120-0
1427:978-81-208-0189-9
1286:978-0-14-341639-5
1207:Farhang-e-Asafiya
1161:978-90-04-25489-3
1125:978-1-61530-149-2
1087:978-1-135-79711-9
1015:978-1-137-02692-7
870:: बोलचाल हिन्दी,
283:
282:
16:(Redirected from
3287:
3080:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2877:Standard Chinese
2428:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2266:Hindi imposition
2112:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2001:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1828:
1822:
1813:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1686:
1680:. Archived from
1669:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1339:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1143:
1134:
1133:
1116:Rosen Publishing
1107:
1101:
1100:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1029:
1023:
1022:
997:
988:
987:
981:
979:
965:
956:
955:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
927:
921:. Archived from
916:
908:
892:
881:
875:
864:
780:Colloquial Hindi
599:
595:
590:
584:
577:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
546:is derived from
352:Persian language
338:in the northern
301:
294:: हिन्दुस्तानी,
275:
268:
261:
181:Hindi literature
176:Persian and Urdu
53:
46:
39:culture of India
21:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3172:
3145:
3131:Aurangabad Urdu
3119:
3071:
3023:
3018:
2988:
2983:
2952:
2931:
2915:
2899:
2883:
2855:
2817:
2801:
2770:
2744:
2728:
2698:
2677:
2651:
2585:
2564:
2508:
2487:
2419:
2410:
2380:
2375:
2324:
2303:
2287:
2233:
2196:
2158:
2103:
2033:
2028:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1899:
1895:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1797:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1638:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1568:. p. 310.
1559:
1558:
1554:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1523:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1329:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1272:
1271:
1264:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1162:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1126:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1016:
999:
998:
991:
977:
975:
967:
966:
959:
946:
945:
941:
931:
929:
925:
914:
910:
909:
905:
900:
895:
882:
878:
874:: بول چال ہندی)
865:
861:
857:
830:
792:
784:Simplified Urdu
667:common language
601:
597:
596:
593:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
470:Delhi Sultanate
431:
336:a lingua franca
279:
186:Urdu literature
154:
153:
136:
125:
109:
42:
23:
22:
18:History of Urdu
15:
12:
11:
5:
3293:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2733:Other European
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Jnanpith Award
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1984:External links
1982:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1949:
1914:
1893:
1875:
1868:
1850:
1843:
1823:
1821:, 2nd edition.
1808:
1795:
1785:UNESCO, 1994.
1772:
1765:
1747:
1741:978-8180695681
1740:
1722:
1698:
1676:
1650:
1616:
1585:
1574:
1552:
1532:
1521:
1497:
1461:
1451:
1433:
1426:
1404:
1362:
1340:
1320:
1292:
1285:
1262:
1241:
1232:
1222:
1199:
1174:
1160:
1135:
1124:
1102:
1086:
1068:
1047:
1040:. p. 27.
1024:
1014:
989:
957:
939:
902:
901:
899:
896:
894:
893:
887:: आसान उर्दू,
876:
858:
856:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
836:
829:
826:
791:
788:
746:Deccan Plateau
694:Turkic peoples
613:("of Delhi"),
556:
430:
427:
406:Lashkari Zaban
388:(derived from
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
231:
230:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
203:
202:
196:
195:
194:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
165:
164:
158:
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
145:
140:
134:
129:
123:
118:
113:
107:
102:
97:
90:
86:
84:
79:
71:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3292:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3163:Urdu movement
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3090:Standard Urdu
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:Austroasiatic
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:Indo-European
2422:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2224:Haflong Hindi
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2187:Chhattisgarhi
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Kinship terms
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1766:9780631227359
1762:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:Rahman, Tariq
1654:
1651:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:9781438468075
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:9789004097964
1518:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1420:. p. 5.
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:9781859843581
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1080:. Routledge.
1079:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
986:
974:
970:
964:
962:
958:
953:
949:
943:
940:
924:
920:
913:
907:
904:
897:
890:
886:
880:
877:
873:
869:
863:
860:
854:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
803:
802:
797:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
775:
769:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:lingua franca
704:
703:Muzaffar Alam
700:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:
635:) was called
634:
630:
629:Shahjahanabad
626:
622:
621:
616:
612:
611:
606:
600:
589:
583:
555:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:Western Hindi
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
428:
426:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:Zabaan-i-Ordu
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Mughal Empire
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
293:
289:
288:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
242:Kinship terms
240:
238:
235:
234:
233:
232:
229:
225:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
201:
197:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:
163:
159:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
135:
133:
130:
128:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
92:
91:
89:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
35:Indian people
32:
27:
19:
3136:British Urdu
2860:Sino–Tibetan
2822:Austronesian
2656:Indo-Iranian
2356:Hindi cinema
2219:Bombay Hindi
1972:
1957:
1952:
1927:
1917:
1884:
1878:
1859:
1853:
1833:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1803:
1798:
1781:
1775:
1756:
1750:
1731:
1725:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1682:the original
1663:
1653:
1644:
1637:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1588:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1526:
1508:
1488:. Retrieved
1456:
1442:
1436:
1413:
1407:
1385:(1): 33–60.
1382:
1378:
1359:(50): 16–17.
1356:
1335:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1275:
1257:
1253:
1235:
1225:
1206:
1204:
1190:
1167:
1165:
1147:
1129:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1093:replaced by
1091:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1001:
983:
976:. Retrieved
951:
948:"Hindustani"
942:
930:. Retrieved
923:the original
918:
906:
891:: آسان اردو)
879:
862:
806:
799:
796:Wali Deccani
793:
783:
779:
772:
770:
766:
731:
687:
682:
658:
654:
650:
647:Zaban-e-Urdu
646:
642:
636:
619:
614:
608:
604:
602:
587:
581:
557:
543:
541:
522:
467:
450:
433:Most of the
432:
405:
401:
389:
371:
332:Persian Gulf
285:
284:
161:
43:
26:
3194:Informatics
2974:Interlingue
2969:Interlingua
2957:constructed
2872:Gan Chinese
2749:Afroasiatic
978:25 February
814:Amir Khusro
715:Braj Bhasha
701:dynasties.
552:Amir Khusro
455:Braj Bhasha
445:, known as
350:, when the
344:north India
3244:Categories
3189:Literature
3141:Roman Urdu
3105:Hyderabadi
3057:Vocabulary
3032:Hindustani
2813:Vietnamese
2663:Hindustani
2631:in Ukraine
2617:Macedonian
2597:Belarusian
2581:Lithuanian
2550:Portuguese
2336:Literature
2192:Fiji Hindi
2154:Sansi Boli
2139:Hindustani
2099:Hindustani
2069:Devanagari
2047:Declension
1966:1139465503
1791:9231028138
1566:SUNY Press
1313:29 October
898:References
776:Hindustani
758:Devanagari
638:Urdu Bazar
625:Shah Jahan
615:Hindustani
544:Hindustani
478:Indo-Aryan
459:Khari Boli
437:and basic
330:, and the
328:Bangladesh
287:Hindustani
237:Vocabulary
214:Declension
132:Judeo-Urdu
127:Hyderabadi
3076:Varieties
3052:Phonology
2964:Esperanto
2920:Iroquoian
2846:Sundanese
2787:Malayalam
2775:Dravidian
2724:Hungarian
2647:Ukrainian
2607:Bulgarian
2468:Norwegian
2463:Icelandic
2438:Afrikaans
2413:Histories
2108:Varieties
2094:Etymology
2064:Phonology
1944:0165-2516
1903:cite book
1691:7 October
1399:0019-0829
1131:language.
932:24 August
794:The poet
771:The term
675:Nasta'liq
548:Hindustan
542:The term
537:Nastaleeq
486:Old Hindi
451:Śauraseni
429:Formation
414:registers
368:Old Hindi
300:ہندوستانی
3155:Politics
3100:Dhakaiya
3083:Dialects
3062:Nastaliq
3042:Alphabet
2927:Cherokee
2904:Koreanic
2895:Japanese
2834:Filipino
2714:Estonian
2689:Albanian
2555:Romanian
2535:Galician
2431:Germanic
2229:Hinglish
2144:Kannauji
2134:Haryanvi
2074:Numerals
2052:Pronouns
1661:(2001).
1633:Archived
1629:dawn.com
1609:27 March
1603:Archived
1484:Archived
1006:Springer
828:See also
816:, whose
738:register
719:Haryanvi
679:phonetic
659:Lashkari
633:Red Fort
514:Sanskrit
494:Chagatai
457:and the
423:Hinglish
402:Lashkari
312:Pakistan
209:Numerals
121:Hinglish
116:Dhakaiya
60:a series
58:Part of
3214:Writers
3095:Dakhini
3067:Braille
3047:Grammar
3037:History
2948:Turkish
2888:Japonic
2867:Chinese
2851:Cebuano
2829:Tagalog
2782:Kannada
2761:Aramaic
2719:Finnish
2673:Persian
2642:Slovene
2627:Russian
2602:Bosnian
2576:Latvian
2560:Spanish
2540:Italian
2520:Catalan
2483:Yiddish
2478:Swedish
2453:English
2415:of the
2366:Writers
2206:Creoles
2202:Pidgins
2177:Bagheli
2164:Eastern
2149:Kauravi
2129:Bundeli
2116:Western
2089:History
2084:Braille
2042:Grammar
1930:(150).
1490:30 June
1216:Persian
1212:Persian
1095:tatsama
822:Hindavi
818:Persian
801:ghazals
750:Dakhini
740:called
723:Panjabi
690:Ghurids
610:Dahlavi
605:Hindavi
529:Lucknow
518:Prakrit
435:grammar
394:Mashafi
382:Hindavi
200:Grammar
162:History
138:Kauravi
111:Deccani
95:Andaman
3204:Poetry
3199:Cinema
3184:Awards
3115:Urdish
3110:Rekhta
2936:Turkic
2911:Korean
2797:Telugu
2766:Hebrew
2756:Arabic
2740:Basque
2707:Uralic
2668:Nepali
2637:Slovak
2622:Polish
2590:Slavic
2569:Baltic
2529:Quebec
2525:French
2513:Italic
2492:Celtic
2458:German
2443:Danish
2341:Awards
2172:Awadhi
1964:
1942:
1891:
1866:
1841:
1789:
1763:
1738:
1674:
1639:5 July
1572:
1519:
1449:
1424:
1397:
1283:
1197:
1158:
1122:
1084:
1043:Islam.
1012:
790:Poetry
774:bazaar
742:Rekhta
699:Afghan
492:, and
490:Arabic
384:, and
373:Rekhta
148:Urdish
143:Rekhta
105:Bombay
100:Bihari
62:on the
3260:Hindi
3219:Poets
3209:Music
3124:Forms
2943:Azeri
2841:Malay
2792:Tamil
2694:Greek
2682:other
2612:Czech
2545:Latin
2504:Welsh
2499:Irish
2473:Scots
2448:Dutch
2371:Poets
2361:Music
2057:Verbs
2031:Hindi
1793:p 734
1715:kitne
1685:(PDF)
1668:(PDF)
1230:2017.
926:(PDF)
915:(PDF)
885:Hindi
868:Hindi
855:Notes
808:nazms
762:Bihar
732:When
727:Delhi
711:Sufis
683:ezāfe
663:horde
620:Hindi
533:Delhi
525:Delhi
482:Delhi
474:Delhi
463:Delhi
398:Horde
378:Hindi
364:Delhi
324:Nepal
316:Hindi
308:India
292:Hindi
219:Verbs
77:Hindi
3265:Urdu
3177:Arts
3021:Urdu
2329:Arts
2204:and
2124:Braj
1962:ISBN
1940:ISSN
1909:link
1889:ISBN
1864:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1787:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1693:2014
1672:ISBN
1641:2015
1611:2018
1570:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1492:2019
1447:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1395:ISSN
1315:2023
1281:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1010:ISBN
980:2020
934:2016
889:Urdu
872:Urdu
820:and
655:Ordu
651:Urdu
643:ordu
527:and
516:and
386:Urdu
320:Urdu
318:and
310:and
296:Urdu
82:Urdu
2979:Ido
1932:doi
1387:doi
782:or
512:in
461:of
404:or
392:by
3246::
1938:.
1926:.
1905:}}
1901:{{
1643:.
1627:.
1601:.
1597:.
1578:.
1564:.
1535:^
1525:.
1511:.
1500:^
1482:.
1478:.
1464:^
1455:.
1416:.
1393:.
1383:70
1381:.
1377:.
1365:^
1355:.
1343:^
1334:"
1323:^
1306:.
1295:^
1265:^
1244:^
1203:.
1177:^
1168:-a
1164:.
1154:.
1150:.
1138:^
1128:.
1118:.
1114:.
1090:.
1058:.
1036:.
1018:.
1008:.
1004:.
992:^
982:.
971:.
960:^
950:.
917:.
721:,
685:.
465:.
425:.
380:,
326:,
298::
3013:e
3006:t
2999:v
2633:)
2629:(
2531:)
2527:(
2405:e
2398:t
2391:v
2023:e
2016:t
2009:v
1946:.
1934::
1911:)
1897:.
1872:.
1847:.
1769:.
1744:.
1695:.
1613:.
1494:.
1430:.
1401:.
1389::
1317:.
1289:.
936:.
883:(
866:(
810:,
290:(
274:e
267:t
260:v
150:)
93:(
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
