History of Yorkshire - Knowledge (XXG)

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limits of cultivation on the Pennines. Both lay and monastic landowners exploited the minerals on their estates. There were forges producing iron, and lead was being mined and smelted in the northern dales. In the West Riding there were numerous small coal workings. Until the late 12th century the cloth industry was mostly urban, focussed on York and Beverley. By 1300 the towns of Hedon, Masham, Northallerton, Ripon, Selby, Whitby and Yarm were also involved in cloth manufacture. Around this time the balance of cloth manufacturing was changing in favour of the West Riding rural communities where it was a cottage industry and free of the restrictions of town

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vulnerable to attack from the north by the Scots and from across the North Sea by the Danes. Soon more complex motte and bailey castles were being built as the ruthless and ambitious barons appointed by King William to rule Yorkshire gained a hold on their territories. The parcels of land bestowed by William to his followers in Yorkshire were fewer and much larger than in more southern counties. Each was able to support a sizeable garrison in a strong castle. Large castles were established at

777:. York was founded in 71 AD as Eboracum, the Roman capital of Northern Britain and a fort was established there. There were still large areas of ill drained lowlands so the main routeways and settlements were built on higher ground on the Wolds and the edges of Holderness, the Vale of Pickering and the central Vales of Mowbray and York. The site of York and its access routes took advantage of the higher ground of the York moraine which crosses the vale from west to east. 915: 796:, in Nidderdale, in the Pennines as evidenced by inscribed pigs of lead found in the area. Beside the economic benefits of occupying and exploiting the raw materials of this northern region of Britain there were military reasons. The warlike Picts and Scots were kept at bay by stationing the Roman IX Legion in the area and most of the Roman settlements north of the Humber were military stations. The Romans built military settlements in the Pennines at 1246: 781: 426:, was surrounded by birch trees, some of which had been cleared and used to construct a rough platform of branches and brushwood. Lumps of turf and stones had been thrown on top of this construction to make a village site. The site was probably visited from time to time by about four or five families who were engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants as well as manufacturing tools and weapons and working skins for clothes. 1274:. The families who had previously held land were either deprived of their holdings or reduced to subtenants. Scholarship on the "harrying" does contain some dissent from this history. For instance the use of land value data does not confirm a specific policy of harrying. The difficulty experienced by kings administering the North compared to the South, produces a slanted view of land values and Domesday information. 3989: 142: 3977: 506: 220: 1556: 4762: 3725: 1799: 567: 3965: 1066: 1313:

When the Normans arrived in Yorkshire there were no monastic foundations. The old Northumbrian clifftop abbey of Whitby lay in ruins. In the centuries following the Conquest splendid abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. The first of these was Selby Abbey, founded in 1069 and the birthplace of

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campaign during the winter of 1069–70. Those who escaped initially hid in Yorkshire's woodland but many (some sources say 100,000) then died of famine or exposure when William salted the ground so nothing would grow. By 1071 the last native-led rebellion against Norman authority in Yorkshire had been

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and they are often accompanied by bronze artefacts. The great majority of known barrows are in prominent upland locations such as the Wolds, Moors and Pennine areas of Yorkshire, but some Bronze Age remains have been found on the fringe of the Vale of Pickering and there are a very few in the Vale of

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used in wooden shafts as arrows were found in the collection of flint when the cave was excavated. Animal bones which were found there included hare, fox, roe deer, badger and a large bird. Fish scales, particularly perch, were also found. Further south, the Marsden area of the Pennines also became a

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was born in York where he was educated at St Peters School. Nevertheless, a government inquiry of 1605-6 revealed that the plot lacked significant support in the county. The economy and character of many West Riding settlements became markedly different from the other areas of the county in the 17th

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reached Yorkshire in the spring of 1349. The population was reduced drastically by these misfortunes and consequently more land became available for the survivors. The following decades saw the rise of relatively wealthy farming families who founded dynasties of yeomen and minor gentlemen. The large

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During this period the majority of the Yorkshire population was engaged in small scale farming. A growing number of families were living on the margin of subsistence and some of these families turned to crafts and trade or industrial occupations. By 1300 Yorkshire farmers had reached the present-day

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As the Neolithic period gave way to the Bronze Age in the area, people continued to farm, clear forest and use stone tools. They also continued to hunt in the upland areas as finds of their barbed and tanged flint arrowheads show. Only gradually did metal tools and weapons become adopted. The Bronze

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On the North York Moors relics of this early hunting, gathering and fishing community have been found as a widespread scattering of flint tools and the barbed flint flakes used in arrows and spears. The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area of the Vale of Pickering dates back to the

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Yorkshire saw a steady rise in population. New industries created employment and wealth, and improved farming methods and imports of corn stopped food shortages. The steady rise in population created pressure to enclose common land for agriculture and the farming communities turned increasingly to

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During the 5,000 years following the arrival of the first migrants the climate improved steadily and a richer natural vegetation started to cover the land including birch, hazel, elm, pine and oak trees. By 5000 BC Britain was separated from mainland Europe after rising sea levels had created

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in which both Harold Hardrada and Tostig Godwinson were killed. The battle at Stamford Bridge can be seen as one of the pivotal battles in English history, it was the last time a Scandinavian army was able to seriously threaten England. On 28 September William Duke of Normandy landed on the south

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throughout the area. These early farmers were the first to destroy the forest cover of the North York Moors. Their settlements were concentrated in the fertile parts of the limestone belt and these areas have been continuously farmed ever since. The Neolithic farmers of the moors grew crops, kept

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period to the present day. Around 3000 BC arable farming and the domestication of animals started in the area. Permanent settlements were built by the Neolithic people and their culture involved ceremonial burials of their dead in barrows. The development of farming in the Vale of Pickering

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Yorkshire was not a homogeneous natural or topographical area and the contrasting conditions and natural resources led to differences in the way that the different areas of the county developed over time. These differences manifested themselves in contrasting economic developments as well as the

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The leading families in the East and West Ridings supported the House of Lancaster overwhelmingly, but in the North Riding loyalty was divided. The Nevilles of Sheriff Hutton and Middleham, the Scropes of Bolton, the Latimers of Danby and Snape, and the Mowbrays of Thirsk and Burton in Lonsdale

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In the early years of Norman rule the new rulers built ringwork castles. These were circular defensive enclosures formed by the construction of a bank and a ditch. Examples of which are Kippax, near Leeds and Castleton on the North York Moors. Yorkshire at this time was frontier country. It was

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started around 700 BC in this area. There was a continuation and development of settlement patterns which originated in the Bronze Age. Heavily defended settlements on coastal and inland promontories were established. In East Yorkshire a new burial rite in which the dead were buried within

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as the most important ancient site between Stonehenge and the Orkney Islands. There is a dearth of evidence of human occupation in the Vale of York until the early Bronze Age around 2300 BC, when the inhabitants of the Yorkshire region began to use implements made of bronze. The metal was

1097:. The Vikings destroyed all the early monasteries in the area and took the monastic estates for themselves. Some of the minster churches survived the plundering and eventually the Danish leaders were converted to Christianity. In the late 9th century Jorvik was ruled by the Christian king 1691:

to help raise some money. However, many of the people in Northumberland and Yorkshire claimed to have already paid their part through local taxes, and were unwilling to give more money to defend a country of no geographical threat to them, as Yorkshire and Northumberland are in

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became leader of the Danes and he apportioned lands to his followers; however, most of the English population were allowed to retain their lands under the lordship of their Scandinavian conquerors. Ivar the Boneless became "King of all Scandinavians in the British Isles". The

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from the Schleswig-Holstein peninsula began colonising the Wolds, North Sea and Humber coastal areas. This was followed by the subjugation of the whole of east Yorkshire and the British kingdom of Ebruac in about 560. The name the Angles gave to the territory was Dewyr, or

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Henry I of England. There followed the abbeys of St Mary's, York, Rievaulx, Fountains, Whitby, Byland, Jervaulx, Kirkstall, Roche, Meaux and many other smaller establishments. During the succeeding 70 years religious orders flourished, particularly after the promotion of

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The Humble Petition of The Gentry and Commons of the County of York, presented to His Majestie at York, 22 April 1642 : and His Majesties message sent to the Parliament, 24 April 1642 : concerning Sir John Hothams Refusall to give His Majestie entrance into

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were established. The ridings were arranged so that their boundaries met at Jorvik, which was the administrative and commercial centre of the region. The Swedish Munsö dynasty became overlords of Jorvik because the Danes in Britain had promised loyalty to the Munsö

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In 402 AD the Roman garrison was recalled from York because of military threats in other parts of the Roman empire. Their most abiding legacy in this area is the road system which they left behind. Many modern main roads in Yorkshire, including parts of the

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between what is now Germany and eastern England, making it possible for groups of hunters to wander into the area. When the first people arrived the climate would have been sub arctic and the animals that the Paleolithic groups found would have been included the

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The Norman landowners were keen to increase their revenues by establishing new towns and planned villages. Among others, the boroughs of Richmond, Pontefract, Sheffield, Doncaster, Helmsley and Scarborough were established in this way as were the villages of

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suppressed. The severity of the Norman campaign is shown by the fall of land values in Yorkshire by two-thirds between 1069 and 1086. Domesday Book records that 25 continental magnates introduced into Yorkshire by the Conqueror held over 90% of the county's

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into Northumbria during the mid-9th century, but was captured and executed in a snake pit at the Anglian court. The Danes embarked on a mission of vengeance, but were also part of the greater Scandinavian imperialist movement. In 865 his eldest son

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had a profound and permanent effect on the Yorkshire landscape. Thousands of acres of monastic property was divided and sold to form the estates of the gentry and the newly rich industrial entrepreneurs. This happened right across the county from

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as abbess. Further monastic sites were established at Hackness and Lastingham and Celtic Christianity became more influential in Northumbria than the Roman system. This caused conflict within the church until the issue was resolved at the

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around Derventio, Petuaria and in the area around present day Bridlington. A line of signal stations, one of which is located at Castle Hill, Scarborough, was built along the North Yorkshire coast warn of the approach of shipping.

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supported the House of York. The Nevilles’ great rivals, the Percies, together with the Cliffords of Skipton, Ros of Helmsley, Greystock of Hinderskelfe, Stafford of Holderness and Talbot of Sheffield fought for the Lancastrians.

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seasonal hunting ground for early humans in the Mesolithic period. There were seasonal hunting encampments on the high ground by 7000 BC. Stone Age tools have been found at Pule Hill, Warcock Hill, Standedge and March Hill.

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near Scarborough, where, due to waterlogged conditions, a considerable quantity of organic remains as well as flint tools, have survived. This is Britain's best-known Mesolithic site. The site, on the eastern shores of glacial

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and London. Rebellion broke out in April 1489. The Earl met the rebels, but a scuffle broke out and he was killed. The rebels then asked for pardon but were denied it by the king who sent a large army to the north, led by the

2172:. After an extended period of little change, it was subject to a number of significant reforms of local government structures in the 20th century, some of which were controversial. The most significant of these was the 563:. The Street House Long Barrow at Loftus on the Cleveland coastline between Saltburn and Staithes was a Bronze Age mound that had been erected on top of a much earlier burial monument dating from the Neolithic period. 2027:. Under the act, the ridings lost their lieutenancies and shrievalties and the administrative counties, county boroughs and their councils were abolished. The area of Yorkshire was divided between a number of 1937:

sector of the textile industry was the first to adapt the machinery developed by the Lancashire cotton industry and had become completely factory based by the 1860s including large horizontally integrated

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era opened in 793 with an attack on the monastery at Lindisfarne. Danish Vikings crossed the North Sea to plunder the coast of Northumbria whilst Norwegians raided Orkney, the Western Isles and Ireland.

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and a staunch opposer to Henry's rule. The results of this rebellion were that Henry was unable to get enough money to defend Brittany and he became aware of the lawless nature of the North of England.

433:, where recent excavation has revealed continuous habitation since the Late Mesolithic Age, about 5000 BC. This site has revealed a great deal of dwelling and occupation evidence from the 4219: 1843:'s cavalry routed Prince Rupert's forces and during the next few months the remaining royalist garrisons in the north fell. At the end of the war many of the old castles of Yorkshire such as 983:

in 633 was followed by continuing struggles between Mercia and Northumbria for supremacy over Deira. Edwin's successor, Oswald, was sympathetic to the Celtic church and around 634 he invited

808:, which were maintained to stop insurrections by the Brigantians, and temporary Roman military camps on the North York Moors at Cawthorne and Goathland. There were, however, clusters of 4192: 4224: 665:

used in the process. According to Dr Stephen Sherlock, this discovery plays a pivotal role in understanding the main aspects of the Neolithic economy. As there is no local source of

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by William I after the Conquest made them attractive for succeeding monarchs to give to their sons to support a royal lifestyle. These honours were, in some cases, combined to form

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in the Vale of York. York was the pre-eminent centre of population before the conquest and was one of only four pre-existing towns. The others included Bridlington and Pocklington.

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Jorvik was the direct predecessor to the shire of York and received further Danish royal aids after the invasion and takeover of Jorvik by England, from the Munsö descendants,

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century. Farmers combined mining, metal working, weaving, tanning and other crafts with agriculture in these towns which were not subject to the restrictive practices of

2635: 27:. The region was first occupied after the retreat of the ice age around 8000 BC. During the first millennium AD it was inhabited by celtic Britons and occupied by 305:

then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh. To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the

274:, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood. The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the 832:

and Isurium Brigantum expanded to become the largest civilian settlement in the area. Around this time York became the Roman military capital of northern Britain,

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The 19th century was a time of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation in Yorkshire. Yorkshire was already a centre of industry in textiles, concentrated in the

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but was denied entry. After some initial successes the Parliamentary forces were defeated across most of Yorkshire but they staged a comeback and in 1644 at the

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and the military threat lessened so more civilian settlements grew to the south of the wall. In the early 3rd century York was granted the honorary rank of a

4027: 1889:, but these were abolished upon the government suspecting its link with independent Northern influence on national affairs, especially in connection to the 443:

animals, made pottery and were highly skilled at making stone implements. They buried their dead in the characteristic long low burial mounds on the moors.

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words and aspects of pronunciation derive from old Norse due to the Viking influence in this region. The name "Yorkshire", first appeared in writing in the

1998: 1968: 1721: 971:, in 617. He converted to the Christian religion, along with his nobles and many of his subjects, in 627 and was baptised at Eoforwic. His defeat at the 895:(Dukes of the Britons). However, the Romano-British kingdom rapidly broke up into smaller kingdoms and York became the capital of the British kingdom of 533:. The complex includes many large ancient structures including a cursus, henges, burial grounds and settlements. They are thought to have been part of a 2756: 2140:

The remaining areas of the East Riding and the North Riding, the city of York and northern and eastern areas of the West Riding became North Yorkshire.

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in political orientation, not happy being used against their Scottish neighbours. National government conceded to their sensitivities by appointing a

1226: 3769: 2808: 2160: 2018: 1395:, but many were converted to the manufacture of blades. As early as the 14th century Sheffield was noted for the production of knives, as noted in 4390: 377:, between around 43,000 and 10,000 years ago, evidence of human activity in Yorkshire itself is, so far, restricted to that revolving around a 1905:

dispossessed of their lands and experiencing discrimination at home, found a warm welcome from Yorkshiremen in the cities of the West Riding.

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Yorkshire was effectively part of the Roman Empire from 71 AD to about 410 AD. Initially, Roman advances in Britain stopped at the

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identified three different tribes of people living in the Yorkshire area. The area now covered by Yorkshire was mostly the territory of the

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in this area. The appearance of the terrain differed greatly from that which exists today. During the early part of this period there was a

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British Canoe Union, Yorkshire; Humberside Region, Access and Recreation Committees; prepared by Mike Twiggs; David Taylor (1 March 1992).

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and date from between 3500 and 2500 BC. This monument complex has been called 'The Stonehenge of the North' and has been described by

454:. The valley was an important place of worship in prehistoric times and it houses a number of important scheduled monuments dating back to 1705:. The Rebel leader, John á Chambre was hanged for treason, so they found a new leader in Sir John Egremont (an illegitimate member of the 579:

square ditched barrows, and sometimes accompanied by grave goods including carts or chariots, appears from about 500 BC. This is the

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began systematically to destroy or remove local resistance to their rule by confiscating their religious rights and economic livelihood.

1229:. Harold Godwinson had to travel from London gathering his army as he went to face the invasion. Within five days, on 25 September 1066, 3714: 1257:

did not immediately gain control over the whole of the country, and rebellions in the north of England, including Yorkshire, led to the

899:. Most of what became Yorkshire fell under the rule of the kingdom of Ebrauc but Yorkshire also included territory in the kingdoms of 1913: 3561: 2782: 1053:. After their landing in East Anglia, the Danes headed north and took York in 866, eventually conquering the whole of Northumbria and 3969: 4575: 3633: 3477: 3446: 3405: 3351: 3145: 3106: 3068: 3032: 2993: 2951: 2915: 2870: 2732: 2610: 2554: 2518: 2461: 2411: 2254: 1792: 1639: 1379:, situated amongst a number of fast-flowing rivers and streams surrounded by hills containing raw materials such as coal, iron ore, 3312: 1620: 4020: 3823: 3611:. The Family Topographer: Being a Compendious Account of the ... Counties of England. Vol. 6. London: J.B. Nichols and Son. 3285: 2177: 1945:

Steel production at this time involved long working hours, in unpleasant conditions that offered little or no safety protection.

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in the south. In all 120 religious institutions were closed in Yorkshire. The unpopularity of the Tudor royals resonated in the

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Binfield, Clyde; Hey, David (1997). "Introduction: The Cutlers' Company and the Town". In Clyde Binfield and David Hey (ed.).

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had senior influence over many people in the North of England and consequently, Yorkshiremen fought under his command in the

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organisation and agitation in the UK. By the 1860s, the growing conflict between capital and labour provoked the so-called '

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Age was a time of major changes in burial rituals. The bodies were buried beneath circular mounds of earth which are called

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moved in to quell civil war between Cartimandua and Venutius, bringing an end to British rule in England. A fort at Danum (

4785: 4698: 4415: 3930: 2202: 522: 252: 4545: 4435: 4241: 2166: 1890: 1771: 940: 51: 20: 734:), at a crossing over the River Don was built around 71 AD. The Romans advanced along the road that ran along the 4475: 4044: 4013: 3894: 3828: 1606: 1365: 1341:

The Danish invasions ceased at this time, but the Scots continued their invasions throughout the medieval period. The

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The history of local government in Yorkshire is both unique and complex, largely due to its size, being the largest

707:, just south of the Don, takes its name from the remains of the Roman fort found here. This was first built in wood 4703: 4515: 4490: 4485: 4405: 4345: 4063: 1898: 1514:

and France through the personal connections of their feudal and titular Peers which may have been connected to the

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became the second most important manufacturing area in the United Kingdom, while the predominant industries of the

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was transferred from the West Riding to Humberside. The area became part of the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1996.

2091: 2024: 1588: 1234: 766: 584: 232: 155: 112: 1360: 325: 4663: 4535: 4520: 4430: 4425: 4307: 3787: 3777: 3744: 2185: 2123: 2002: 1964: 1930: 972: 718:, the last ruler of the Brigantes, depended on Roman support to withstand the forces of her estranged husband, 487: 466:, a prehistoric earthwork dating from the Bronze Age, crosses the area near Rudston. There is also evidence of 298: 159: 108: 104: 1305: 627:

as the staple foods. The Brigantes lived in small villages, and raised cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses.

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where the English army was defeated and Harold Godwinson killed, allowing William to become King of England.

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was formed to oversee the trade. In Leeds in 1629 manufacturers were employing men full-time as clothiers.

1185:, Yorkshire became the stage for two major battles that would help decide who would succeed to the throne. 649:

In March 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of an almost 6,000 year-old salt-making complex at a

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described the conditions prevalent in Sheffield at that time. The city became one of the main centres for

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Mesolithic period, around 7000 BC The most important remaining settlement of this period is that at

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much of the fighting took place in Yorkshire, where their estates were interlocked and woven together.

3371:. Blackthorne History of Yorkshire. Vol. 7. Pickering, Yorkshire: Blackthorne Press. p. 14. 2579: 1238:

coast of England forcing Harold Godwinson to rush south from Yorkshire with his army. They met at the

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family). Unfortunately for the rebels, Egrement proved to be unreliable and so fled to the Court of

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in 1065. It was originally composed of three sections called Thrydings, subsequently referred to as

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flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby.

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The Ouse is the name given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The

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occupation as revealed by aerial photographs showing traces of fields, trackways and farms. The

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by several rivers. In eastern and central Yorkshire the many rivers empty their waters into the

4678: 4643: 4530: 4460: 4385: 4380: 4143: 4073: 3915: 3889: 3884: 3655: 3629: 3612: 3483: 3473: 3442: 3411: 3401: 3372: 3347: 3151: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3112: 3102: 3074: 3064: 3056: 3038: 3028: 3020: 2999: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2957: 2947: 2939: 2921: 2911: 2876: 2866: 2738: 2728: 2616: 2606: 2560: 2550: 2524: 2514: 2417: 2407: 2345: 2335: 1994: 1963:', which culminated in a series of explosions and murders carried out by union militants. The 1848: 1817: 1806: 1450: 1331: 1287: 1245: 1218: 1170: 1102: 1050: 1038: 884:

At the end of Roman rule in the 5th century, Northern Britain may have come under the rule of

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The Genesis of Industrial Capital: A Study of West Riding Wool Textile Industry, c. 1750-1850

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In the early decades of the 14th century Yorkshire suffered from a series of poor harvests,

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A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: A new one-volume abridgement by Christopher Lee

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A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: A new one-volume abridgement by Christopher Lee

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A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: A new one-volume abridgement by Christopher Lee

2144: 2112: 2006: 1933:. Steel continued to be concentrated around Sheffield, as was the production of coal. The 1844: 1840: 1802: 1755: 1291: 1262: 1190: 1131: 1115: 1009: 1004: 932: 908: 780: 542: 530: 491: 451: 378: 236: 194: 116: 68: 2833: 2465: 630:

Fortifications were constructed in Brigantia and notable forts can still be discerned on

1828:. Most were either neutral, divided or changed sides. At an early stage in the conflict 4766: 4312: 3759: 2276: 2148: 1902: 1779: 1751: 1747: 1706: 1702: 1680: 1295: 1266: 1122:

economy and quarrelled with the native Danish Jelling dynasty (which originated in the

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suffered from a decline in manufacturing which affected its traditional coal, steel,

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recorded in world history and was carried out by the Norman conquerors on the native

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The Rudston Monolith, almost 26ft high, close to Rudston Parish Church of all Saints

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seems to have been the tribal capital of the Brigantes up until the Roman conquest.

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and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller

267: 260: 96: 28: 2367: 505: 219: 2111:. The area was returned to Yorkshire in 1996 as part of the ceremonial county of 681:

Roman wall and the west corner tower of the fort at York, with medieval additions

4175: 3879: 3692: 3509: 2809:"How new archaeological discovery in Yorkshire could rewrite British prehistory" 2662: 2078: 2072: 1956: 1939: 1759: 1555: 1535: 1417: 1388: 1299: 1271: 1135: 1127: 1110: 1046: 992: 964: 948: 853: 809: 770: 715: 559:

York. During the early Bronze Age, barrow burials were performed on the site of

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was owner of colonial New York as the Duke of York, as well as governor of the

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The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the Swale, which drains

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name which probably derives from "Efor" or "the place of the yew-trees." Many

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Duke of Normandy. In the late summer of 1066 Harold Hardrada, accompanied by

490:

and is made from moor grit conglomerate, a material that can be found in the

404:

in the northern Pennines, may have been used as a hunting lookout during the

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The advancing Romans built roads northwards through the northern terrain to

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The remaining areas of the West Riding became the metropolitan counties of

1065: 458:

times. Rudston is the centre of a prehistoric landscape and four Neolithic

482:

in the United Kingdom. It is situated in the churchyard in the village of

2637:

25 years of archaeological research on the sands and gravels of Heslerton

2038: 1813: 1697: 1672: 1519: 1511: 1380: 1327: 1315: 1283: 1173:'s Church in York is a testament to the Norwegian influence in the area. 1079: 944: 888: 865: 793: 758: 747: 719: 669:, it is probable that the salt was produced by evaporation or sea water. 612: 575: 475: 467: 354: 287: 205: 190: 182: 174: 84: 76: 2305: 521:

that give the site its name. The complex is located near the village of

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was further divided in 296, York remained the administrative centre of

797: 769:

in the Tees lowlands is the site of the fortified river crossing where

688:

refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the

616: 483: 393: 374: 346: 36: 3394:

Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire

2122:. The area became the larger part of the new ceremonial county of the 2034:

Some areas of the historic county were transferred to other counties:

646:

In 2017 the remains of a horse and chariot were found in Pocklington.

450:

provides an insight into the activities of prehistoric peoples in the

301:

rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the

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completed the conquest of the area by his conquest of the kingdom of

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which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Anne's.

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still part of Yorkshire. Life was centred on agriculture, wheat and

438:

during the Neolithic period is evident in the distribution of earth

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was born. The last vestiges of feudal order remain to-date in the

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in 74 AD the Romans had discovered and were smelting lead at

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lifestyle dating from around 8000/7000 BC. In Victoria Cave,

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In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major

140: 3649: 1383:, and millstone grit for grindstones, made it an ideal place for 1233:

had reached Stamford Bridge and defeated the Norwegian Army in a

115:

remained fishing and agriculture. In modern times, the Yorkshire

75:, which caused great hardship. The Harrying was one of the first 1918: 1874: 1265:

condemned William the Conqueror for his cruelty in conducting a

1222: 988: 952: 722:. The territory remained independent until 69 AD, when the 662: 658: 370: 150:

styles of the vernacular architecture of the various areas. The

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The North of England. A History from Roman Times to the Present

2783:"Iron Age chariot and horse found buried together in Yorkshire" 1688: 1676: 1549: 1209:

towards York. They were met by the army of the northern earls

935:. Early rulers of Deira extended the territory north to the 1851:

were dismantled so that they could never again be fortified.

1322:

in 1114. Between 1114 and 1135 at least 14 were established.

3136:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1984). p. 2984:. Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 1984). p. 657:

Cliffs in Yorkshire. Researchers revealed three salt-making

2462:"Late Upper Palaeolithic (8,000 BC): Victoria Cave Harpoon" 2107:

and nearby areas were transferred from the North Riding to

517:

is an ancient monument complex that includes three aligned

333:

This refers to the period up to the arrival of the Romans,

1534:

monarchs of Scotland, including Scottish royal fiefdom of

1189:

was declared King by the English but this was disputed by

71:

of England in 1066, Yorkshire was subject to the punitive

3656:

Yorkshire History at the North East England History Pages

3437:. Regional History of England. London: Longman. pp. 3342:. Regional History of England. London: Longman. pp. 999:. Aidan soon established a monastery on the cliffs above 852:

here in 306 and it would be he who would institute Roman

699:, the southern boundary of the Brigantian territory. The 570:

A prehistoric settlement on Harkerside Moor in Swaledale.

2464:. Yorkshire Archaeological Society. 2008. Archived from 2023:

Local government in England was reformed in 1974 by the

1134:

after long contests with the Danes over controlling the

788:

Within a few years of defeating the Brigantian tribe at

765:(Aldborough) then onwards to Cataractonium (Catterick). 3668:

A mixed bag of information related to Yorkshire History

3468:. Cambridge University Press (published 1986). p. 2549:. Helmsley, Yorkshire: North York Moors National Park. 1820:

and some fled to American colonies during the usurping

4220:

Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

1967:

organised a meeting in Sheffield in 1866 at which the

400:

the southern area of the North Sea. Chapel Cave, near

3099:

Conquest, Anarchy and Lordship. Yorkshire, 1066 -1154

2247:"Eborakon poetry magazine – deadline 31st March 2014" 1952:

The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844

1522:

origins of Yorkshire's population, the local ties of

1449:

When conflict arose between the two Dukes during the

943:

was able to unite Deira with the northern kingdom of

396:

which was dated to within 110 years of 8270 BC.

2364:"The History and Archaeology of The Yorkshire Wolds" 1997:

into focus, as it tried to mobilise further reform.

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Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)

4043: 3903: 3837: 3811: 3768: 3735: 3626:

A history of Yorkshire, 'County of the Broad Acres'

2640:. The Landscape Research Centre Ltd. Archived from 2075:

were transferred from the West Riding to Lancashire

1580:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1249:

Richmond castle walls and towers seen from the Keep

1073:After the Danish subjugation of the region, in 875 750:, (Brough). This was the capital settlement of the 611:, inhabited what would become the East Riding. The 429:On the southern edge of the Vale of Pickering lies 278:, which flows northwards to join the main river at 247:, which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge. The 392:points were found that include the bone head of a 91:. The area proved to be notable for uprisings and 2908:A History of Yorkshire. County of the Broad Acres 2580:"Star Carr. Excavation in the Vale of Pickering" 1433:, the most notable of which were the duchies of 550:refined from ore and hammered or cast to shape. 3286:"History and Records of the Duchy of Lancaster" 309:flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at 1887:Secretary of State for the Northern Department 1391:were often initially built for the milling of 926:In the late 5th century and early 6th century 4021: 3708: 2725:Archaeology and Landscape in the Vale of York 2277:"Yorkshire Dialect Words of Old Norse Origin" 8: 2663:Northern Earth Journeys in Living Landscapes 2402:Singleton, F. B.; Rawnsley, S. (1986). 951:, whose capital was at Eoforwic, modern day 474:at over 25 feet (7.6 metres) is the tallest 3288:. Duchy of Lancaster Estate. Archived from 3015: 3013: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2723:Whyman, Mark; Howard, Andy J. (2005). 2300: 2298: 2118:most of the East Riding was transferred to 1999:Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell 1969:United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades 836:, following the province being split. When 4028: 4014: 4006: 3715: 3701: 3693: 2029:metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties 907:, which formed at around this time as did 876:, still follow the routes of Roman roads. 4267:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3133:The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain 3092: 3090: 3088: 2981:The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain 2718: 2716: 2714: 2540: 2538: 2490:. Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2094:was transferred from the North Riding to 1899:Governor General of British North America 1671:. Parliament wanted money to help defend 1640:Learn how and when to remove this message 313:. The western Pennines are served by the 154:area is even now very different from the 2697:"Thornborough Henges: Air Photo Mapping" 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2161:History of local government in Yorkshire 2081:was transferred from the West Riding to 2062:was transferred from the West Riding to 2049:was transferred from the West Riding to 2019:History of local government in Yorkshire 1917:The 19th-century interior of Marshall's 995:as a base for converting Northumbria to 714:, and was later rebuilt in stone. Queen 2683:The Kings England-Yorkshire East Riding 2547:The North York Moors Landscape Heritage 2406:. Chichester: Phillimore & Co Ltd. 2213: 1425:that were created in Yorkshire and the 1069:A medieval representation of Saint Olaf 615:occupied an area of what is now called 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2180:. It currently corresponds to several 1985:, was a prominent abolitionist in the 1675:, which was allied to England, in the 1364:Water-powered, belt-driven machinery, 1118:, but this dynasty was focused on the 173:areas and the underlying geology. The 3265:Research records (formerly PastScape) 3236:Research records (formerly PastScape) 3207:Research records (formerly PastScape) 3178:Research records (formerly PastScape) 3130:Morgan, Kenneth O., ed. (2000). 2545:Spratt, D. A.; Harrison (1989). 1832:attempted to establish a garrison at 1793:The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire 1775:cottage industries to make a living. 1518:. One must consider the historically 282:. In the far north of the county the 7: 3575:Aspects of Britain: Local Government 1895:Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond 1782:of 1605 had Yorkshire associations, 1578:adding citations to reliable sources 1489:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 1465:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 1416:and plundering Scottish armies. The 212:which reaches the North Sea via the 189:in the north-east of the county are 145:The natural sub-regions of Yorkshire 3964: 2946:. London: Cassell. pp. 65–66. 2727:. York: York Archaeological Trust. 2332:Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide 2184:and is mostly contained within the 1225:and the Norwegian Army encamped at 1041:led younger sons in control of the 1019:For the kingdom of Northumbria the 661:and fragments of dozens of ceramic 583:of the Parisii tribe. Before their 541:'ritual landscape' comparable with 373:that were occupied during the last 4277:History of the politics of England 3502:"Events that led to the first TUC" 2910:. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. 2759:. Tees Archaeology. Archived from 2578:Milner, Nicky (13 November 2006). 2511:Prehistoric People of the Pennines 1345:was fought against the Scots near 1101:. It was under the Danes that the 1016:opting to adopt the Roman system. 39:. The name comes from "Eborakon" ( 14: 4272:History of the economy of England 3545:English Local Government Reformed 1510:had significant connections with 177:chain of hills in the west is of 4760: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3963: 3824:Topographical areas of Yorkshire 3723: 2178:1990s UK local government reform 1805:was destroyed at the end of the 1696:, whereas Brittany is closer to 1554: 1130:, Ostmen or Gallgaidhill became 133:Topographical areas of Yorkshire 23:, centred on the county town of 4257:History of education in England 3652:: From Prehistory to modern day 3543:Redcliffe-Maud & Wood, B., 3063:. London: Cassell. p. 70. 3027:. London: Cassell. p. 66. 2865:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. 2685:. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 2601:Dyer, James (6 February 2002). 2436:"Sistine Chapel of the Ice Age" 1656:became King of England in 1485 1565:needs additional citations for 903:and an unnamed region ruled by 761:(York), Derventio (Malton) and 742:(Lincoln) and then crossed the 4252:Government in medieval England 2308:. Genuki.org. 24 October 2007. 1735:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1261:. The Anglo-Norman chronicler 891:, the last of the Roman-style 462:converge on the village area. 446:The historic landscape of the 162:and this differs greatly from 1: 3369:Yorkshire in the 17th Century 2203:History of the United Kingdom 1667:occurred during the reign of 1309:Fountains abbey from the west 708: 619:, but was at the time of the 334: 253:Yorkshire Dales National Park 223:The main rivers of Yorkshire. 40: 4242:English overseas possessions 3174:"Pontefract Castle (54370)" 2845:A Brief History of Doncaster 1891:American War of Independence 1334:on the North York Moors and 1181:In 1066, after the death of 692:between 43 and 410 AD. 181:origin. The central vale is 1981:, Member of Parliament for 1733:Between 1536 and 1540, the 1679:against France. Henry sent 1665:Yorkshire rebellion of 1489 1366:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet 1221:. Harold Hardrada occupied 365:in neighbouring North East 4802: 4069:Economy in the Middle Ages 3829:Cities, towns and villages 3203:"Richmond Castle (21618)" 3057:Churchill, Winston S. 3021:Churchill, Winston S. 2940:Churchill, Winston S. 2158: 2016: 728:Quintus Petillius Cerialis 235:and meandering across the 130: 21:historic county of England 4757: 3959: 3588:Local Government Act 1972 3313:"Revelations of Levisham" 3232:"Skipsea Castle (80781)" 2757:"Street House Long Cairn" 2174:Local Government Act 1972 2092:Startforth Rural District 2025:Local Government Act 1972 2003:Northern Territorial Army 1993:in Yorkshire brought the 1812:Many local families were 1750:on the North York Moors, 1729:. Printed at London, 1642 1479:held early office in the 1217:who they defeated at the 1183:King Edward the Confessor 947:, forming the kingdom of 251:rises on the edge of the 156:South Yorkshire Coalfield 123:and shipping industries. 4391:East Riding of Yorkshire 4308:Kingdom of Great Britain 3951:God's Own County/Country 3745:East Riding of Yorkshire 3558:Yorkshire ancient county 2861:Musgrove, Frank (1990). 2186:Yorkshire and the Humber 2124:East Riding of Yorkshire 1965:Sheffield Trades Council 1869:Some locals were closet 1746:in the north through to 991:to found a monastery at 973:Battle of Hatfield Chase 638:, amongst other places. 488:East Riding of Yorkshire 286:flows eastwards through 3687:University of Leicester 3661:5 February 2006 at the 3628:. Carnegie Publishing. 3398:Oxford University Press 2976:Morgan, Kenneth O. 2509:Spikins, Penny (2002). 2334:. Menasha Ridge Press. 2047:Sedbergh Rural District 1822:Commonwealth of England 1538:at several times. (See 1387:industries to develop. 1253:King William I and the 1049:, where they slew King 820:was completed from the 525:, close to the town of 387:late upper palaeolithic 231:before passing through 4113:Black Death in England 3926:On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at 3895:Dogger Bank earthquake 3683:Historical Directories 3603:Tymms, Samuel (1837). 3435:Yorkshire from AD 1000 3340:Yorkshire from AD 1000 3261:"York Castle (58151)" 2404:A History of Yorkshire 2182:counties and districts 2060:Bowland Rural District 1971:— a forerunner of the 1926: 1838:Battle of Marston Moor 1809: 1770:. During the reign of 1730: 1685:Earl of Northumberland 1589:"History of Yorkshire" 1473:Richard III of England 1460: 1373: 1343:Battle of the Standard 1310: 1250: 1205:fleet and army up the 1070: 1055:Kingdom of Strathclyde 923: 785: 682: 571: 510: 330: 224: 197:to the south east are 146: 3097:Dalton, Paul (2002). 2634:Powlesland, Dominic. 2605:. London: Routledge. 2159:Further information: 1975:(TUC) — was founded. 1973:Trades Union Congress 1916: 1864:Royal African Company 1801: 1739:Henry VIII of England 1724: 1455: 1363: 1320:archbishopric of York 1308: 1259:Harrying of the North 1248: 1215:Morcar of Northumbria 1142:. Then, in 954, King 1138:, which prompted the 1109:of Yorkshire and the 1068: 917: 846:Constantine the Great 783: 680: 607:. Another tribe, the 569: 508: 328: 222: 144: 131:Further information: 101:Industrial Revolution 73:harrying of the North 57:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 4786:History of Yorkshire 3904:Culture and heritage 3819:Geology of Yorkshire 3556:Vision of Britain - 3462:Hudson, Pat (2002). 3367:Binns, Jack (2007). 2681:Mee, Arthur (1964). 2283:. The Viking Network 2134:Goole Rural District 2071:and other places in 2045:and the rest of the 1883:Council of the North 1860:Hudson's Bay Company 1574:improve this article 1481:Council of the North 1406:The Canterbury Tales 1167:Canute IV of Denmark 1158:began overlordship. 1154:by Anglo-Saxons and 1140:Battle of Brunanburh 1014:Oswiu of Northumbria 957:Edwin of Northumbria 920:Edwin of Northumbria 824:to the shore of the 498:. It dates from the 408:period. Trapezoidal 259:before reaching the 137:Geology of Yorkshire 127:Geographical context 4164:Glorious Revolution 4132:English Renaissance 4084:English unification 4054:Prehistoric Britain 3737:Ceremonial counties 3624:Hey, David (2005). 3512:on 22 February 2007 3429:Hey, David (1986). 3334:Hey, David (1986). 2306:"Yorkshire Geology" 1979:William Wilberforce 1856:James II of England 1768:Rising of the North 1764:Pilgrimage of Grace 1715:Duchess of Burgundy 1193:King of Norway and 1163:Sweyn II of Denmark 1152:Battle of Stainmore 1126:with Guthrum). The 1089:name for York from 997:Celtic Christianity 893:Duces Brittanniarum 816:In the 2nd century 515:Thornborough Henges 89:Anglo-Scandinavians 4767:England portal 4416:Greater Manchester 4303:Kingdom of England 4262:History of English 4079:Anglo-Saxon period 4037:History of England 3770:Historic divisions 3673:Regia's Clan Ivarr 3586:Arnold-Baker, C., 3101:. Cambridge: CUP. 2699:. English Heritage 2251:University of York 2198:History of England 2083:Greater Manchester 1961:Sheffield Outrages 1927: 1834:Kingston upon Hull 1810: 1744:Guisborough Priory 1731: 1540:Earl of Huntingdon 1497:House of Lancaster 1493:Duchy of Lancaster 1469:Hundred Years' War 1374: 1311: 1251: 1240:Battle of Hastings 1071: 924: 834:Britannia Inferior 786: 683: 599:who lived between 572: 511: 509:Thornborough Henge 331: 311:Kingston upon Hull 225: 147: 4773: 4772: 4144:English Civil War 4074:Sub-Roman Britain 4003: 4002: 3936:Flags and symbols 3890:Wars of the Roses 3378:978-0-9546300-7-2 2834:Yorkshire history 2668:13 March 2005 at 2582:. York University 2468:on 6 January 2009 2341:978-1-871890-16-7 1818:English Civil War 1758:in the dales and 1650: 1649: 1642: 1624: 1495:, founded by the 1451:Wars of the Roses 1445:Wars of the Roses 1332:Appleton-le-Moors 1318:of Bayeux to the 1219:Battle of Fulford 1150:was slain at the 1061:Early Middle Ages 1051:Edmund the Martyr 1039:Ivar the Boneless 955:. A later ruler, 842:Britannia Secunda 763:Isurium Brigantum 712: 55 AD 561:Ferrybridge Henge 448:Great Wold Valley 351:woolly rhinoceros 338: 71 AD 303:Vale of Pickering 239:. Next, draining 193:in age while the 52:Yorkshire dialect 4793: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4476:Northamptonshire 4203:Second World War 4108:Late Middle Ages 4091:High Middle Ages 4030: 4023: 4016: 4007: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3967: 3966: 3727: 3726: 3717: 3710: 3703: 3694: 3689: 3639: 3620: 3609:Northern Circuit 3591: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3532:Local Government 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3508:. Archived from 3498: 3492: 3491: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3292:on 18 April 2009 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3257:Historic England 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3228:Historic England 3224: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3199:Historic England 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3170:Historic England 3166: 3160: 3159: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3094: 3083: 3082: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3017: 3008: 3007: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2900: 2885: 2884: 2858: 2847: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2720: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2678: 2672: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2542: 2533: 2532: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2399: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2370:on 29 April 2009 2366:. Archived from 2360: 2354: 2353: 2327: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2253:. Archived from 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2218: 2155:Local government 2090:and the rest of 2058:and the rest of 1991:Edwardian period 1947:Friedrich Engels 1826:The Protectorate 1711:Margaret of York 1694:Northern England 1654:Earl of Richmond 1645: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1582: 1558: 1550: 1485:Middleham Castle 1427:North of England 1401:The Reeve's Tale 1397:Geoffrey Chaucer 1294:, Middleham and 1231:Harold Godwinson 1199:Tostig Godwinson 1187:Harold Godwinson 1156:Edred of England 1148:Fairhair dynasty 1144:Eric I of Norway 1045:into landing at 713: 710: 547:English Heritage 472:Rudston Monolith 369:contain several 339: 336: 255:and flows along 187:North York Moors 152:North York Moors 45: 42: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4576:By city or town 4570: 4516:South Yorkshire 4491:Nottinghamshire 4486:North Yorkshire 4406:Gloucestershire 4346:Buckinghamshire 4341:City of Bristol 4317: 4291: 4247:English society 4230: 4229: 4208:Postwar Britain 4198:Interwar period 4193:First World War 4127:Elizabethan era 4096:Norman Conquest 4064:Medieval period 4039: 4034: 4004: 3999: 3955: 3899: 3833: 3807: 3764: 3755:South Yorkshire 3750:North Yorkshire 3731: 3724: 3721: 3677: 3663:Wayback Machine 3650:History of York 3646: 3636: 3623: 3602: 3599: 3597:Further reading 3594: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3568: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3480: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3408: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3148: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3109: 3096: 3095: 3086: 3071: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3035: 3019: 3018: 3011: 2996: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2954: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2918: 2902: 2901: 2888: 2873: 2860: 2859: 2850: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2815:. 31 March 2021 2813:The Independent 2807: 2806: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2789:. 30 March 2017 2787:Daily Telegraph 2781: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2735: 2722: 2721: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2613: 2603:Ancient Britain 2600: 2599: 2595: 2585: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2521: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2445: 2443: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2414: 2401: 2400: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2342: 2329: 2328: 2313: 2304: 2303: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2194: 2163: 2157: 2145:South Yorkshire 2113:North Yorkshire 2021: 2015: 2013:Changes in 1974 2007:Richmond Castle 1911: 1903:Irish Catholics 1841:Oliver Cromwell 1803:Helmsley Castle 1772:Queen Elizabeth 1756:Fountains Abbey 1646: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1583: 1581: 1571: 1559: 1548: 1263:Orderic Vitalis 1227:Stamford Bridge 1211:Edwin of Mercia 1201:, took a large 1191:Harold Hardrada 1179: 1132:Kings of Jorvik 1116:Kings of Dublin 1063: 1010:Synod of Whitby 939:and about 600, 882: 711: 675: 643: 543:Salisbury Plain 531:North Yorkshire 492:Cleveland Hills 452:Yorkshire Wolds 379:hunter gatherer 342:land connection 337: 323: 270:, which drains 237:Vale of Mowbray 201:chalk uplands. 195:Yorkshire Wolds 139: 129: 95:throughout the 69:Norman Conquest 43: 12: 11: 5: 4799: 4797: 4789: 4788: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4566:Worcestershire 4563: 4558: 4556:West Yorkshire 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4481:Northumberland 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4461:City of London 4458: 4453: 4451:Leicestershire 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4411:Greater London 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4351:Cambridgeshire 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4315: 4313:United Kingdom 4310: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4213:Social history 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4136: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4104: 4103: 4098: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4076: 4071: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3774: 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(2000). 2967: 2952: 2931: 2916: 2886: 2871: 2848: 2837: 2826: 2800: 2774: 2748: 2733: 2710: 2688: 2673: 2655: 2644:on 1 June 2008 2626: 2611: 2593: 2570: 2555: 2534: 2519: 2501: 2479: 2453: 2442:. 13 July 2004 2427: 2412: 2381: 2355: 2340: 2311: 2294: 2268: 2257:on 2 June 2014 2238: 2226:etymonline.com 2212: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2190: 2170:English county 2156: 2153: 2149:West Yorkshire 2138: 2137: 2127: 2116: 2098: 2085: 2076: 2066: 2053: 2014: 2011: 2001:commanded the 1910: 1907: 1780:Gunpowder Plot 1752:Jervaulx Abbey 1748:Rievaulx Abbey 1703:Earl of Surrey 1648: 1647: 1562: 1560: 1553: 1547: 1544: 1447: 1446: 1414:cattle disease 1267:scorched earth 1178: 1175: 1169:'s martyrdom. 1165:right down to 1062: 1059: 1030:Ragnar Lodbrok 886:Romano-British 881: 878: 740:Lindum Colonia 674: 671: 653:site near the 500:Late Neolithic 480:Standing stone 431:West Heslerton 424:Lake Pickering 363:Creswell Crags 322: 319: 214:Humber Estuary 204:The region is 183:Permo-Triassic 128: 125: 67:Following the 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4798: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4768: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:Milton Keynes 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4546:West Midlands 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4536:Tyne and Wear 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521:Staffordshire 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:Isle of Wight 4434: 4432: 4431:Hertfordshire 4429: 4427: 4426:Herefordshire 4424: 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1585:Find sources: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1563:This article 1561: 1557: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516:Auld Alliance 1513: 1509: 1508:Richmondshire 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:House of York 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385:water-powered 1382: 1378: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1350: 1348: 1347:Northallerton 1344: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1084:Celtic Briton 1081: 1076: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1032:led a Danish 1031: 1027: 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