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antagonising other tribes. This culminated into the split of the party into the MNC-Lumumba/MNC-L under
Lumumba and the MNC-Kalonji/MNC-K under Kalonji and Iléo. The latter began advocating federalism. Adoula left the organisation. Alone to lead his own faction and facing competition from ABAKO, Lumumba became increasingly insistent in his demands for independence. Following an October riot in Stanleyville he was arrested. Nevertheless, the influence of himself and the MNC-L continued to grow rapidly. The party advocated for a strong unitary state, nationalism, and the termination of Belgian rule and began forming alliances with regional groups, such as the Kivu-based Centre du Regroupement Africain (CEREA). Though the Belgians supported a unitary system over the federal models suggested by ABAKO and CONAKAT, they and more moderate Congolese were unnerved by Lumumba's increasingly extremist attitudes. With the implicit support of the colonial administration, the moderates formed the Parti National du Progrès (PNP) under the leadership of
943:, and under his leadership, it became increasingly hostile to the colonial authority and sought autonomy for the Kongo regions in the Lower Congo. In 1956 a group of Congolese intellectuals under the tutelage of several European academics issued a manifesto calling for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years. The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for "immediate independence". The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence and even when it started realizing the necessity of a plan for decolonization in 1957, it was assumed that such a process would be solidly controlled by Belgium. In December 1957 the colonial administration instituted reforms that permitted municipal elections and the formation of political parties. Some Belgian parties attempted to establish branches in the colony, but these were largely ignored by the population in favour of Congolese-initiated groups.
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1478:(AFDL). The AFDL, now seeking the broader goal of ousting Mobutu, made significant military gains in early 1997. Various Zairean politicians who had unsuccessfully opposed the dictatorship of Mobutu for many years now saw an opportunity for them in the invasion of Zaire by two of the region's strongest military forces. Following failed peace talks between Mobutu and Kabila in May 1997, Mobutu left the country on 16 May. The AFDL entered Kinshasa unopposed a day later, and Kabila named himself president, reverting the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He marched into Kinshasa on 20 May and consolidated power around himself and the AFDL.
1206:), capital of Katanga. In full view of the press he was beaten and forced to eat copies of his own speeches. For three weeks afterward, he was not seen or heard from. Then Katangan radio announced implausibly that he had escaped and been killed by villagers. It was soon clear that in fact he had been tortured and killed along with two others shortly after his arrival. In 2001, a Belgian inquiry established that he had been shot by Katangan gendarmes in the presence of Belgian officers, under Katangan command. Lumumba was beaten, placed in front of a firing squad with two allies, cut up, buried, dug up and what remained was dissolved in acid.
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1782:(FIB), which was the first UN peacekeeping force with a mandate to neutralize opposition rather than a defensive mandate, and the FIB quickly defeated M23. The FIB was then to fight the FDLR but were hampered by the efforts of the Congolese government, who some believe tolerate the FDLR as a counterweight to Rwandan interests. Since 2017, fighters from M23, most of whom had fled into Uganda and Rwanda (both were believed to have supported them), started crossing back into DRC with the rising crisis over Kabila's extension of his term limit.
2057:(ADF), mostly active in North and South Kivu has also been involved in Ituri province. President Tshisekedi declared a "state of siege" or state of emergency in the province in May 2021 to tackle ADF. However, ADF killed 57 civilians in one attack in the same month in one of its deadliest single attacks. 30 people were massacred in September 2021 by the ADF. The President is accused of promoting former rebel leaders and generals accused of war crimes to be in charge of the province.
1809:, a cattle herding group of Rwandan origin derided as outsiders, and other ethnic groups who consider themselves indigenous. Additionally, neighboring Burundi and Rwanda, who have a thorny relationship, are accused of being involved, with Rwanda accused of training Burundi rebels who have joined with Mai Mai against the Banyamulenge and the Banyamulenge is accused of harboring the RNC, a Rwandan opposition group supported by Burundi. In June 2017, the group was formed called the
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1927:, rose up into militias, such as the "Perci" militia, and attacked Luba villages. A Luba militia known as "Elements" or "Elema" attacked back, notably killing at least 30 people in the "Vumilia 1" displaced people camp in April 2015. Since the start of the conflict, hundreds have been killed and tens of thousands have been displaced from their homes. The weapons used in the conflict are often arrows and axes, rather than guns.
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legislators, gaining the support of almost 400 out of 500 members of the
National Assembly. The pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament were forced out. In April 2021, the new government was formed without the supporters of Kabila. President Felix Tshisekedi succeeded to oust the last remaining elements of his government who were loyal to former leader Joseph Kabila. In January 2021, DRC's President
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by regional governments interested in
Eastern Congo's vast mineral wealth. Some argue that much of the lack of security by the national army is strategic on the part of the government, who let the army profit from illegal logging and mining operations in return for loyalty. Different rebel groups often target civilians by ethnicity and militias often become oriented around ethnic local militias known as "
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1176:. UN forces were ordered to block any shipments of arms into the country. The United States also looked for a way to replace Lumumba as leader. President Kasavubu had clashed with Prime Minister Lumumba and advocated an alliance with the West rather than the Soviets. The U.S. sent weapons and CIA personnel to aid forces allied with Kasavubu and combat the Soviet presence.
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their homes. Police arrested anyone remotely connected to the opposition as well as innocent onlookers. Government propaganda, on television, and actions of covert government groups in the streets, acted against opposition as well as foreigners. The president's mandate was due to end on 19 December 2016, but no plans were made to elect a replacement at that time and this
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836:. The interests of the government and private enterprise became closely tied; the state helped companies break strikes and remove other barriers imposed by the indigenous population. The country was split into nesting, hierarchically organized administrative subdivisions, and run uniformly according to a set "native policy" (
1237:. Congolese government forces, supported by European mercenaries, fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965. The Simba rebels executed 20,000 Congolese and 392 Western hostages, including 268 Belgians, during the rebellion. Tens of thousands of people were killed in total during the suppression of the Simbas.
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meeting" would be authorised. On the scheduled day of the rally the ABAKO leadership told the crowd that had gathered that the event was postponed and that they should disperse. The mass was infuriated and instead began hurling stones at the police and pillaging
European property, initiating three days of
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also favored the Hema. While "Ituri conflict" often refers to the major fighting from 1999 to 2003, fighting has existed before and continues since that time. During the Second
Congolese Civil War, Ituri was considered the most violent region. An agricultural and religious group from the Lendu people
1968:
Kamwina Nsapu militia led by
Kamwina Nsapu attacked state institutions. The leader was killed by authorities in August 2016 and the militia reportedly took revenge by attacking civilians. By June 2017, more than 3,300 people had been killed and 20 villages have been completely destroyed, half of them
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Clashes between Hutu militias and militias of other ethnic groups has also been prominent. In 2012, the
Congolese army in its attempt to crush the Rwandan backed and Tutsi-dominated CNDP and M23 rebels, empowered and used Hutu groups such as the FDLR and a Hutu dominated MaĂŻ MaĂŻ Nyatura as proxies in
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Fearing that they were being overshadowed by
Lumumba and the MNC, Kasa-Vubu and the ABAKO leadership announced that they would be hosting their own rally in the capital on 4 January 1959. The municipal government (under Belgian domination) was given short notice, and communicated that only a "private
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The inability of the state and the world's largest United
Nations peacekeeping force to provide security throughout the vast country has led to the emergence of up to 120 armed groups by 2018, perhaps the largest number in the world. Armed groups are often accused of being proxies or being supported
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of the Lower Congo. However, they were restricted in their actions by the administration. While white settlers were consulted in the appointment of certain officials, the
Congolese had no means of expressing their beliefs through the governing structures. Though native chiefs held legal authority in
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led to the arrest and punishment of white officials who had been responsible for cold-blooded killings during a rubber-collecting expedition in 1900, including a Belgian national who caused the shooting of at least 122 Congolese natives. Estimates of the total death toll vary considerably. The first
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Similarly, in September 2016, violent protests were met with brutal force by the police and Republican Guard soldiers. Opposition groups claim 80 dead, including the Students' Union leader. From Monday 19 September Kinshasa residents, as well as residents elsewhere in Congo, were mostly confined to
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The response of the international community has been incommensurate with the scale of the disaster resulting from the war in the Congo. Its support for political and diplomatic efforts to end the war has been relatively consistent, but it has taken no effective steps to abide by repeated pledges to
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Hutu militia forces soon allied with the Zairian armed forces (FAZ) to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire. In turn, these Tutsis formed a militia to defend themselves against attacks. When the Zairian government began to escalate the massacres in November 1996, Tutsi
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In 1960, the country was very unstable—regional tribal leaders held far more power than the central government—and with the departure of the Belgian administrators, almost no skilled bureaucrats remained in the country. The first Congolese graduated from university only in 1956, and very few in the
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s were concerned only with social inequalities and their treatment by the Belgians. Questions of self-government were not considered until 1954 when ABAKO requested that the administration consider a list of suggested candidates for a LĂ©opoldville municipal post. That year the association was taken
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class institutionally manifested itself in elite clubs through which they could enjoy trivial privileges that made them feel distinct from the Congolese "masses". Additional groups, such as labor unions, alumni associations, and ethnic syndicates, provided other Congolese the means of organization.
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and the U.N. Secretary-General have frequently denounced human rights abuses and the humanitarian disaster that the war unleashed on the local population, but have shown little will to tackle the responsibility of occupying powers for the atrocities taking place in areas under their control, areas
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rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. As the Congolese government was reclaiming territory from the Simbas, the rebels resorted to taking the local white population hostage. Belgian and American forces pushed
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s. Popular opinion in Belgium was one of extreme shock and surprise. An investigative commission found the riots to be the culmination of racial discrimination, overcrowding, unemployment, and wishes for more political self-determination. On 13 January the administration announced several reforms,
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the country, changing his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Wa Za Banga, and demanded that African citizens change their Western names to traditional African names. Mobutu sought to repress any opposition to his rule, which he successfully did throughout the 1980s. However, with his regime
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Mai-Mai leaders from groups such as Corps du Christ and Mai-Mai Mazembe. Another alliance of Mai-Mai groups is CMC which brings together Hutu militia Nyatura and are active along the border between North Kivu and South Kivu. In September 2019, the army declared it had killed Sylvestre Mudacumura,
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was set up, a colonial army with white officers and black soldiers. In 1886, Leopold made Camille Jansen the first Belgian governor-general of Congo. Over the late 19th century, various Christian (including Catholic and Protestant) missionaries arrived intending to convert the local population. A
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suffered the most intensive enslavement. Over a strip of coastline about 400 kilometres (250 mi) long, about 4 million people were enslaved and sent across the Atlantic to sugar plantations in Brazil, the US and the Caribbean. From 1780 onwards, there was a higher demand for slaves in the US
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The political allies of former president Joseph Kabila, who stepped down in January 2019, maintained control of key ministries, the legislature, judiciary and security services. However, President Felix Tshisekedi succeeded to strengthen his hold on power. In a series of moves, he won over more
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Meanwhile, discontent surfaced among the MNC leadership, who were bothered by Lumumba's domination over the party's politics. Relations between Lumumba and Kalonji also grew tense, as the former was upset with how the latter was transforming the Kasai branch into an exclusively Luba group and
1508:. They attacked in August 1998, backed by Rwandan and Ugandan troops. Soon afterwards, Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe became involved militarily in the Congo, with Angola and Zimbabwe supporting the government. While the six African governments involved in the war signed a ceasefire accord in
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reported that returns from almost 2,000 polling stations in areas where support for Tshisekedi was strong had been lost and not included in the official results. They described the election as lacking credibility. On 20 December, Kabila was sworn in for a second term, promising to invest in
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s began interacting with others outside of their own locales and started discussing the future structures of a post-colonial Congolese state. Nevertheless, most political mobilisation occurred along tribal and regional divisions. In Katanga, various tribal groups came together to form the
2102:, a few weeks before the Presidential election, when mostly those of the Batende tribe massacred mostly those of the Banunu tribe. About 16,000 fled to neighboring Republic of the Congo. It was alleged that it was a carefully planned massacre, involving elements of the national military.
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also involved in the violence. After disagreements over negotiating with the government and the killing of CODECO's leader, Ngudjolo Duduko Justin, in March 2020, the group splintered and violence spread into new areas. In late 2020, CODECO briefly held the capital of the province,
1046:, the colonial army, was called into service and suppressed the revolt with considerable brutality. In wake of the riots Kasa-Vubu and his lieutenants were arrested. Unlike earlier expressions of discontent, the grievances were conveyed primarily by uneducated urban residents, not
1793:, in the first such declaration since the country's independence. The military and police took over positions from civilian authorities and some saw it as a powerplay since the civilian officials were part of the opposition to the President. A similar declaration was avoided for
1759:(Congolese Tutsis). In 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government where its soldiers would be integrated into the national army.
1530:(RCD) control a large section of the east; and government forces or their allies hold the west and south of the country. There were reports that the conflict is being prolonged as a cover for extensive looting of the substantial natural resources in the country, including
1152:
sent 20,000 peacekeepers to protect Europeans in the country and try to restore order. Western paramilitaries and mercenaries, often hired by mining companies to protect their interests, also began to pour into the country. In this period Congo's second richest province,
1553:
Few people in the Congo have been unaffected by the conflict. A survey conducted in 2009 by the ICRC and Ipsos shows that three-quarters (76%) of the people interviewed have been affected in some way–either personally or due to the wider consequences of armed conflict.
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Following the riots in Leopoldville (4–7 January 1959) and in Stanleyville (31 October 1959), the Belgians realised they could not maintain control of such a vast country in the face of rising demands for independence. Belgian and Congolese political leaders held a
1690:, Tshisekedi had a clear lead in his run for a second term. On 31 December 2023, officials said that President Felix Tshisekedi had been re-elected with 73% of the vote. Nine opposition candidates signed a declaration rejecting the election and called for a rerun.
1602:. Sixteen people died before policemen and MONUC took control of the city. A new election was held on 29 October 2006, which Kabila won with 70% of the vote. Bemba has decried election "irregularities". On 6 December 2006 Joseph Kabila was sworn in as president.
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census was only done in 1924, so it is even more difficult to quantify the population loss of the period. Roger Casement's famous 1904 report estimated ten million people. According to Casement's report, indiscriminate "war", starvation, reduction of births and
1813:(CNPSC) or Alliance of Article 64, a reference to Article 64 of the constitution, which says the people have an obligation to fight the efforts of those who seek to take power by force, in reference to President Kabila. It is one of three alliances of various
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in 2006. Joseph Kabila quickly sought peace. Foreign soldiers remained in the Congo for a few years and a power-sharing government between Joseph Kabila and the opposition party was set up. Joseph Kabila later resumed complete control over the Congo and was
1881:
in 2016. While the Congolese army maintains that the ADF is an Islamist insurgency, most observers feel that they are only a criminal group interested in gold mining and logging. In March 2021, the United States claimed that the ADF was linked to the
1002:(MNC). Diverse in membership, the party sought to peacefully achieve Congolese independence, promote the political education of the populace, and eliminate regionalism. The MNC drew most of its membership from the residents of the eastern city of
1494:
1383:
In 1992, after previous similar attempts, the long-promised Sovereign National Conference was staged, encompassing over 2,000 representatives from various political parties. The conference gave itself a legislative mandate and elected Archbishop
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was built in the 1890s. Reports of widespread murder, torture, and other abuses in the rubber plantations led to international and Belgian outrage and the Belgian government transferred control of the region from Leopold II and established the
1930:
Elema also began fighting the government mainly with machetes, bows and arrows in Congo's Haut Katanga and Tanganyika provinces. The government forces fought alongside a tribe known as the Abatembo and targeting civilians of the Luba and the
1352:
came to a close, internal and external pressures on Mobutu increased. In late 1989 and early 1990, Mobutu was weakened by a series of domestic protests, by heightened international criticism of his regime's human rights practices, by a
4341:"DRC aid workers in record appeal for Kasai conflict victims: More than 10 million people in central Democratic Republic of the Congo's Kasai region will need aid in 2018, NGOs warn, in the largest funding appeal in country's history"
1475:
1523:. Upon taking office, Kabila called for multilateral peace talks to end the war. Kabila partly succeeded when a further peace deal was brokered between him, Uganda, and Rwanda leading to the apparent withdrawal of foreign troops.
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broke out, resulting in a regional war in which many different African nations took part and in which millions of people were killed or displaced. Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated by his own bodyguard in 2001, and his son,
5148:
1342:
1550:, lasted a full six weeks, beginning in April 2002. In June, they signed a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. By June 2003, all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo.
463:
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controlled much of western and central Africa including what is now the western portion of the DR Congo between the 14th and the early 19th centuries. At its peak it had many as 500,000 people, and its capital was known as
782:
caused the country's depopulation. European and U.S. press agencies exposed the conditions in the Congo Free State to the public in 1900. By 1908 public and diplomatic pressure had led Leopold II to annex the Congo as the
964:. Hostile to immigrant peoples, it advocated provincial autonomy and close ties with Belgium. Most of its support was rooted in individual chiefs, businessmen, and European settlers of southern Katanga. It was opposed by
5464:
1515:
Kabila was assassinated in 2001 by a bodyguard called Rashidi Kasereka, 18, who was then shot dead, according to Justice Minister Mwenze Kongolo. Another account of the assassination says that the real killer escaped.
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its fight. The Nyatura and FDLR even arbitrarily executed up to 264 mostly Tembo civilians in 2012. In 2015, the army then launched an offensive against the FDLR militia. The FDLR and Nyatura were accused of killing
1392:, leader of the UDPS, as prime minister. By the end of the year Mobutu had created a rival government with its own prime minister. The ensuing stalemate produced a compromise merger of the two governments into the
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1546:. The conflict was reignited in January 2002 by ethnic clashes in the northeast and both Uganda and Rwanda then halted their withdrawal and sent in more troops. Talks between Kabila and the rebel leaders, held in
1499:
Kabila demonstrated little ability to manage the problems of his country, and lost his allies. To counterbalance the power and influence of Rwanda in DRC, Ugandan troops created another rebel movement called the
2131:
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and Banyindu are estimated to have burnt more than 100, mostly Banyamulenge, villages and stole tens of thousands of cattle from the largely cattle-herding Banyamulenge. About 200,000 people fled their homes.
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52:
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as his chief of staff. In June 2020, chief of staff Vital Kamerhe was found guilty of embezzling public funds and he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. However, Kamerhe was released in December 2021.
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508:). In the late 15th century, Portuguese sailors arrived in the Kingdom of Kongo, and this led to a period of great prosperity and consolidation, with the king's power being founded on Portuguese trade.
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1825:. was formed and even briefly capturing a few strategic towns. In May 2019, Banyamulenge fighters killed a Banyindu traditional chief, Kawaza Nyakwana. Later in 2019, a coalition of militias from the
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s. Forming an African middle class in the colony, they held skilled positions (such as clerks and nurses) made available by the economic boom. While there were no universal criteria for determining
1810:
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1187:. Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasavubu who publicly blamed him for the massacres in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country. On 14 September 1960, with
5457:
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1026:, Ghana, in December 1958 (Kasa-Vubu was informed that the documents necessary for his travel to the event were not in order and was not permitted to go). Lumumba was deeply impressed by the
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and returned to the Congo with a more radical party programme. He reported on his trip during a widely attended rally in LĂ©opoldville and demanded the country's "genuine" independence.
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which lasted from 31 March 1961 until it was reintegrated on 5 August 1961. After some reverses, UN and Congolese government forces succeeded in recapturing the breakaway provinces of
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infrastructure and public services. However, Tshisekedi maintained that the result of the election was illegitimate and said that he intended also to "swear himself in" as president.
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1634:. The protests began following the announcement of a proposed law that would allow Kabila to remain in power until a national census can be conducted (elections had been planned for
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1854:, are accused of attacking Hutus. In North Kivu, in 2017, an alliance of Mai-Mai groups called the National Movement of Revolutionaries (MNR) began attacks in June 2017 includes
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913:, it was generally accepted that one would have "a good knowledge of French, adhere to Christianity, and have some form of post-primary education." Early on in their history,
595:. Lumumba was handed over to the Katangan government and executed in 1961. The secessionist movements were later defeated by the Congolese government as were the Soviet-backed
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took 45% of the votes and his opponent Jean-Pierre Bemba 20%. That was the origin of a fight between the two parties from 20 to 22 August 2006 in the streets of the capital,
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543:. However, de facto control of such a huge area took decades to achieve. Many outposts were built to extend the power of the state over such a vast territory. In 1885, the
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773:. Under Leopold II, the Congo Free State became one of the most infamous international scandals of the turn of the twentieth century. The report of the British Consul
917:
s sought to use their unique status to earn special privileges in the Congo. Since opportunities for upward mobility through the colonial structure were limited, the
1447:-led government had been using Hutu refugee camps in eastern Zaire as bases for incursions into Rwanda. In October 1996 Rwandan forces attacked refugee camps in the
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5410:
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1067:. It advocated centralisation, respect for traditional elements, and close ties with Belgium. In southern LĂ©opoldville Province, a socialist-federalist party, the
5361:
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1638:). By Wednesday 21 January clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives (although the government claimed only 15 people had been killed).
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512:(1506–1543) had raids carried out on neighboring districts in response to Portuguese requests for slaves. After his death, the kingdom underwent a deep crisis.
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3149:"Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers: President Laurent Kabila's blind faith in his teenage warriors was a fatal error"
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1887:
1280:" in 1971 and required citizens to adopt African names and drop their French-language ones. The name comes from Portuguese, adapted from the Kongo word
2037:
known as the "Cooperative for the Development of Congo" or CODECO allegedly reemerged as a militia in 2017 and began attacking the Hema as well as the
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The Tutsi militia was soon joined by various opposition groups and supported by several countries, including Rwanda and Uganda. This coalition, led by
78:
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Currently, the Ugandans and the MLC still hold a 200-mile (320 km) wide section of the north of the country; Rwandan forces and its front, the
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Forbath, Peter (1977). The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers. Harper & Row. p. 19.
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invasions into the southeast Shaba region. These rebels were driven out with the aid of French and Belgian paratroopers plus Moroccan troops. An
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as prime minister. Although presidential and legislative elections were scheduled repeatedly over the next two years, they never took place.
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existed from the 14th to the early 19th century. Until the arrival of the Portuguese it was the dominant force in the region along with the
67:
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which led to more people being enslaved. By 1780, more than 15,000 people were shipped annually from the Loango Coast, north of the Congo.
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head of the FDLR, and in November that year the army declared it had killed Juvenal Musabimana, who had led a splinter group of the FDLR.
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where the worst violence in the country took place. In particular Rwanda and Uganda have escaped any significant sanction for their role.
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formally relinquished personal control of the Congo Free State. The renamed Belgian Congo was put under the direct administration of the
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2011:
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was re-elected for a second term as president. After the results were announced on 9 December, there was violent unrest in Kinshasa and
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769:, a non-governmental organization. Leopold was the sole shareholder and chairman. The state included the entire area of the present
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264:
118:
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1996:, constituting people from the Chokwe, Pende, and Tetela, have committed ethnically motivated attacks against the Luba and Lulua.
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328:
1842:
and of burning their houses. The Nande-dominate UPDI militia, a Nande militia called Mai-Mai Mazembe and a militia dominated by
1121:(Moyen Congo) also chose the name Republic of the Congo upon its independence, so the two countries were more commonly known as
519:
occurred from approximately 1500 to 1850, with the entire west coast of Africa targeted, but the region around the mouth of the
484:, approximately 90,000 years ago. The first real states, such as the Kongo, the Lunda, the Luba and Kuba, appeared south of the
6311:
4913:
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as the winner of the vote. He was officially sworn in as president on 24 January 2019. in the ceremony of taking of the office
1559:
612:
weakened in the 1990s, Mobutu was forced to agree to a power-sharing government with the opposition party. Mobutu remained the
251:
844:
whereby traditional leaders were retained in positions of authority under colonial oversight. There was also a high degree of
3702:
881:
used by the U.S. nuclear programme during World War II was Congolese—led to substantial interest in the region from both the
92:
56:
2283:
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with free elections and a constitution. As details of the reforms were delayed, soldiers in September 1991 began looting
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ethnic groups, who together made up around 40% of Ituri's population, with other groups including the Ndo-Okebo and the
1319:
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999:
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in July 2003 until the election was over. A constitution was approved by voters and on 30 July 2006 the Congo held its
1341:
in the 1980s. Although Mobutu successfully maintained control during this period, opposition parties, most notably the
6699:
6695:
2050:, but retreated. In June 2019, attacks by CODECO led to 240 people being killed and more than 300,000 people fleeing.
1821:
warlord William Yakutumba whose Mai-Mai Yakutumba is the largest component of the CNPSC and has had friction with the
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programs aimed at making the territory into a "model colony". Notable advances were made in treating diseases such as
1851:
628:
6304:
4587:
1779:
1418:
674:
560:
Following unrest, Belgium granted Congo independence in 1960. However, the Congo remained unstable, leading to the
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demand accountability for the war crimes and crimes against humanity that were routinely committed in Congo. The
699:, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, which is believed to have been used to catch giant river catfish.
45:
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1984:
The UN discovered dozens of mass graves. There was an ethnic nature to the conflict with the rebels being mostly
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force twice as large as that in any other African colony. The Congo's rich natural resources, including uranium—
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After trying to get help from the United States and the United Nations, Prime Minister Lumumba turned to the
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and declared himself president for the next five years. Mobutu quickly consolidated his power, despite the
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Yellen, John E. (1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa".
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1234:
1018:. Belgian officials appreciated its moderate and anti-separatist stance and allowed Lumumba to attend the
825:
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and troops loyal to him mutinied, claiming a violation of the peace treaty and formed a rebel group, the
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near the intersection of the Congolese, Rwandan and Burundi borders meet, scattering refugees. They took
1331:
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broke out in the capital and rampant looting began. On 11 July 1960 the richest province of the country,
867:. One of the results of these measures was the development of a new middle class of Europeanised African
6631:
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1345:(UDPS), were active. Mobutu's attempts to quell these groups drew significant international criticism.
1122:
1039:
2032:. During Belgian rule, the Hema were given privileged positions over the Lendu while long time leader
1172:
viewed the Soviet presence as an attempt to take advantage of the situation and gain a proxy state in
6506:
2169:
1903:
1890:. By 2021, the ADF was considered the deadliest of the many armed groups in the east of the country.
1797:, in a move believed to avoid antagonizing armed groups with ties to regional powers such as Rwanda.
1547:
1376:
to protest their unpaid wages. Two thousand French and Belgian troops, some of whom were flown in on
1076:
923:
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516:
4660:
The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis
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After rising insecurity, President Tshisekedi declared a "state of siege" or state of emergency in
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817:
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410:
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1877:(ADF) has been waging an insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and is blamed for the
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some jurisdictions, in practice they were used by the administration to further its own policies.
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During the latter stages of World War II a new social stratum emerged in the Congo, known as the
852:
came from across the social spectrum, but were nonetheless always treated as superior to blacks.
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3724:
2381:
European atrocity, African catastrophe : Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its aftermath
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1974:
1767:
1618:, where official tallies showed that a strong majority had voted for the opposition candidate
1505:
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1165:
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779:
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509:
4273:
2363:"Report of the British Consul, Roger Casement, on the Administration of the Congo Free State"
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Apartheid, Colonialism, and the Cold War: the United States and Southern Africa, 1945–1952
4226:
4094:"Sud-Kivu : Les miliciens envahissent les localités abandonnées par l'armée à Kalehe"
1978:
1414:
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Beginning in 1964, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban backed rebels called the
631:
took power and renamed the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Afterwards, the
3093:
1105:, and full independence granted on 30 June 1960. The elections produced the nationalist
971:
4778:
4715:
3473:"DRC : Tshisekedi pardons those convicted in the killing of Laurent-Désiré Kabila"
3459:"Felix Tshisekedi's Newly-Independent Agenda for the DRC: Modernizer or Strongman 2.0?"
3413:"DR Congo court gives 20-year sentence to president's chief of staff Kamerhe for graft"
3384:
3069:
Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: The Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa
2302:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | the Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program"
2071:
2042:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1855:
1839:
1830:
1790:
1763:
1747:(CNDP). Starting in 2004, CNDP, believed to be backed by Rwanda as a way to tackle the
1736:
1512:
in July 1999, the Congolese rebels did not and the ceasefire broke down within months.
1273:
1149:
1064:
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1027:
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interests. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of
774:
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608:
544:
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1778:, a provincial capital with a population of one million people. The UN authorized the
6724:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
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6082:
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6062:
6057:
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6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5625:
4994:
4989:
4935:
4843:
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2348:
2222:, but many Batwa in certain areas of the country also refer to themselves as Bambuti.
1992:
and have selectively killed non-Luba people while the government allied militia, the
1924:
1878:
1843:
1723:
1712:
1679:
pardoned all those convicted in the murder of Laurent-Désiré Kabila in 2001. Colonel
1667:
1623:
1611:
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1520:
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1145:
1031:
841:
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222:
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1989:
1932:
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561:
549:
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341:
232:
212:
3166:
2839:
1495:
International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
905:
869:
691:
was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the
679:
4737:
4696:
4663:. American Politics and Political Economy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4658:
4295:
3305:
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2868:
1380:
planes, arrived to evacuate the 20,000 endangered foreign nationals in Kinshasa.
840:)—in contrast to the British and the French, who generally favored the system of
4833:
4638:
The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800
4554:"As violence in the Congo escalates, thousands are in effect being held hostage"
2038:
1985:
1965:
1920:
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1440:
1218:
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1154:
1011:
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was deposed and Mobutu seized complete power of the country and then renamed it
569:
520:
34:
17:
1683:
and his co-defendants, who have been incarcerated for 15 years, were released.
4579:"'Along the Main Road You See the Graves': U.N. Says Hundreds Killed in Congo"
3495:
3491:"DR Congo presidential election: partial results give Tshisekedi a clear lead"
2853:
2340:
2185:
2020:
region of the north-eastern DRC involved fighting between the agriculturalist
1794:
1786:
1658:. On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate
1615:
1203:
1060:
874:
4706:
4392:"Mystery militia sows fear – and confusion – in Congo's long-suffering Ituri"
4314:"DRC's Kasai-Oriental province requires emergency assistance 600,000 says UN"
4016:"27 killed in DRC after MaĂŻ-MaĂŻ fighters target Hutu civilians in North Kivu"
3530:
3052:
2269:
1956:
province, where the Kamwina Nsapu militia clashes with security forces began.
2175:
1993:
1210:
1003:
855:
During the 1940s and 1950s, the Congo experienced an unprecedented level of
848:. Large numbers of white immigrants who moved to the Congo after the end of
627:
invaded Zaire, in which Mobutu lost his power during this process. In 1997,
1770:(M23), which was believed to be backed by Rwanda. On 20 November 2012, M23
4808:
4725:
4687:
1728:
1055:, declared that independence would be granted to the Congo in the future.
4449:"Rebel splits and failed peace talks drive new violence in Congo's Ituri"
3310:
1805:
Ethnic conflict in Kivu has often involved the Congolese Tutsis known as
1740:
1599:
1424:
1373:
1368:
In April 1990, Mobutu declared the Third Republic, agreeing to a limited
1349:
1327:
1314:
Relative peace and stability prevailed until 1977 and 1978 when Katangan
1303:
886:
584:
369:
3835:"Inside the Congolese army's campaign of rape and looting in South Kivu"
1101:
At the end of the conference, on 27 January 1960, it was announced that
616:
and promised elections within the next two years that never took place.
3377:"REFILE-Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as Congo president"
3277:
1814:
1700:
1531:
1323:
1307:
1299:
1168:
agreed to help, offering advanced weaponry and technical advisors. The
1138:
a military mutiny by Congolese soldiers against their European officers
953:
806:
365:
4266:"Refugees reaching Zambia accuse DRC troops of killing civilians -U.N"
1253:
Unrest and rebellion plagued the government until November 1965, when
4471:"Congo army says it killed 33 militiaman in days of intense fighting"
3780:"In eastern Congo, a local conflict flares as regional tensions rise"
3032:
2145:
2098:
Nearly 900 people were killed between 16 and 17 December 2018 around
1743:
who were integrated into the army defected and called themselves the
1543:
1535:
1509:
1456:
1428:
1213:, those loyal to the deposed Lumumba set up a rival government under
624:
505:
501:
6296:
3986:"Congo rebels kill at least 8 civilians in mounting ethnic violence"
3552:"Thousands Flee Across Congo's Borders After Violence in East Rages"
3273:"UPDATE 2-Congo protests enter third day, rights group says 42 dead"
3806:"Heavy Fighting in Eastern DR Congo, Threats to Civilians Increase"
2132:
List of heads of government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
2041:
to control the resources in the region, with the Ndo-Okebo and the
1656:
presidential election to determine the successor to Kabila was held
1476:
Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre
812:
Belgian rule in the Congo was based around the "colonial trinity" (
5994:
4962:
3399:"DR Congo: Felix Tshisekedi Appoints Vital Kamerhe Chief of Staff"
2896:"Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo/Zaire (1960-1997)"
2210:
The two major divisions of Pygmies in the DRC are the Bambuti, or
2099:
2047:
2021:
1969:
by government troops. The militia has expanded to the neighboring
1948:
1913:
1727:
1452:
1444:
1432:
1294:
1245:
1023:
970:
604:
361:
4849:
Kivu Security Tracker - data on armed groups and casualty figures
4423:"UN: 1,300 civilians killed in DRC violence, half a million flee"
3519:"DRC president declared election winner as opposition cries foul"
2996:"Thousands of Troops on Rampage Of Looting and Violence in Zaire"
2626:
2624:
2622:
1755:(FDLR), rebelled against the government, claiming to protect the
3912:"At least 21 Hutus killed in 'alarming' east Congo violence: UN"
2155:
1775:
1748:
1632:
protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out
1539:
1460:
1436:
6300:
5446:
4864:
4527:"At least 30 dead in DR Congo massacre blamed on ADF jihadists"
4201:"ADF rebels killed 57 civilians in DR Congo's Ituri region: UN"
3352:"Surprise Winner of Congolese Election Is An Opposition Leader"
1578:
Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1006:, where Lumumba was well known, and from the population of the
3334:"Clashes in Kinshasa leave 50 dead, say DRC opposition groups"
2219:
2127:
List of heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1916:
1202:
On 17 January 1961 Mobutu sent Lumumba to Élisabethville (now
1188:
1133:
new nation had any idea how to manage a country of such size.
28:
3427:"DRC: Under what conditions has Vital Kamerhe been released?"
1811:
National Coalition of the People for the Sovereignty of Congo
4848:
2972:
African Struggles Today: Social Movements Since Independence
2873:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–18.
1113:
as president. On independence the country adopted the name "
4124:"Rwandan Hutu militia commander killed in Congo, army says"
3612:"Congo Warns Return of M23 Rebels in East Could Block Vote"
2937:
Anthony Mockler, 'The New Mercenaries,' Corgi Books, 1985,
2084:
where clashes had broken out over access to fishing ponds.
968:'s Association Générale des Baluba du Katanga (BALUBAKAT).
4680:
The Congo Since Independence: January 1960 – December 1961
3861:"Eastern Congo rebels aim to march on Kinshasa: spokesman"
2254:. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapters 1 and 2.
2117:
Former place names in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3960:"DRC: Rebels kill at least 10 in troubled eastern region"
3219:"DR Congo election: Questions hang over Kabila's victory"
2429:
2427:
1935:
tribes who were believed to be sympathetic to the Elema.
1233:
the Simbas out of Stanleyville in November 1964 during a
832:
flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became
4146:"Congo army kills leader of splinter Hutu militia group"
4042:"DR Congo militia attack kills dozens in eastern region"
3751:"Is President Tshisekedi's 'state of siege' a cover-up?"
2728:
2726:
2677:
2675:
2112:
Economic history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
476:
The earliest known human settlements in what is now the
4386:
4384:
4382:
4296:"DR Congo Kasai conflict: 'Thousands dead' in violence"
4244:"DR Congo: Ethnic Militias Attack Civilians in Katanga"
3669:"DRC: Thousands flee amid surge in 'horrific violence'"
3445:"DR Congo names new cabinet, cements president's power"
1582:
Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006
599:
rebels. Following the end of the Congo Crisis in 1965,
4801:
Politics in the Congo: Decolonization and Independence
4227:"Democratic Republic of the Congo – Batwa and Bambuti"
3774:
3772:
2402:
2400:
4739:
The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
4720:. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
3251:"DR Congo President Joseph Kabila begins second term"
3034:
Zaire after Mobutu a case of a humanitarian Emergency
2800:
The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History
1195:
and arrested Lumumba. A technocratic government, the
572:
attempted to gain independence with Belgian support.
4742:(illustrated, reprint ed.). London: Zed Books.
3237:"DRC Presidential Election Results Lack Credibility"
1481:
In September 1997, Mobutu died in exile in Morocco.
1157:, also announced its independence on 8 August 1960.
1079:
was in charge of the LĂ©opoldville Province chapter.
6640:
6615:
6334:
6141:
5993:
5940:
5902:
5624:
5491:
5352:
5275:
5209:
5076:
5010:
4899:
1443:) who had fled Rwanda following the ascension of a
1396:(HCR-PT) in 1994, with Mobutu as head of state and
1257:, by then commander in chief of the national army,
1103:
elections would be held in the Congo on 22 May 1960
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4824:BBC, Country profile: Democratic Republic of Congo
4777:
4635:
3725:"Congo says M23 fighters captured downed air crew"
2797:
1292:, Leopoldville became Kinshasa and Katanga Shaba.
954:Confédération des associations tribales du Katanga
531:arrived in and explored what is now the DR Congo.
4642:(2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
4497:"Survivors recall horror of Congo ethnic attacks"
4417:
4415:
4413:
3306:"DR Congo unrest: Catholic church backs protests"
3239:(Press release). Carter Center. 10 December 2011.
2841:Dragon Rouge: The Rescue of Hostages in the Congo
2804:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. p. 108.
2284:"Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as DR Congo president"
1394:High Council of Republic-Parliament of Transition
1334:remained in the region for some time afterwards.
1267:elected unopposed as president in a sham election
68:"History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
4780:Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo
4195:
4193:
4172:"At least 40 killed in latest DR Congo massacre"
3637:
3635:
3633:
3606:
3604:
2744:
2717:
2630:
2137:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
751:Children mutilated during King Leopold II's rule
579:tried to suppress secession with the aid of the
6731:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3643:"UN peacekeeping in Congo Never-ending mission"
3583:"In Congo, Wars Are Small and Chaos Is Endless"
2900:Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network
1745:National Congress for the Defence of the People
488:on the savannah from the 14th century onwards.
3906:
3904:
3577:
3575:
3573:
2914:"Kasavubu Regime Ousted By Army Coup in Congo"
1850:" (NDC), also called MaĂŻ-MaĂŻ Sheka and led by
1753:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
1467:militias erupted in rebellion against Mobutu.
1117:" (RĂ©publique du Congo). The French colony of
859:and the colonial administration began various
6312:
5458:
4876:
3197:"Human Rights Watch: War Crimes in Kisangani"
1343:Union pour la Démocratie et le Progrès Social
642:elected president by the Congolese government
457:
8:
4701:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2870:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002
1276:, President Mobutu renamed the country the "
873:in the cities. By the 1950s the Congo had a
4759:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth, and Reality
4238:
4236:
4100:(in French). 2 October 2017. Archived from
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3266:
3264:
2457:
1083:Independence and the Congo Crisis (1960–65)
6319:
6305:
6297:
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5443:
5281:
5215:
5082:
5016:
4883:
4869:
4861:
3525:. Agence France-Presse. 31 December 2023.
3167:"Kabila's son to be sworn in as president"
2654:
1650:Félix Tshisekedi presidency (2019–present)
1528:Rassemblement Congolais pour la DĂ©mocratie
1098:in Brussels beginning on 18 January 1960.
922:Among the most important of these was the
464:
450:
130:
4803:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2252:Congo : the epic history of a people
1306:Visits Zaire and Meets Mobutu during The
1179:On 23 August, the Congolese armed forces
809:government and its Ministry of Colonies.
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
4698:Political Awakening in the Belgian Congo
4359:"Local Context – Armed Political Groups"
3695:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city"
1964:province, starting in 2016, the largely
1244:
982:In October 1958 a group of LĂ©opoldville
746:
678:
4784:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
4068:"Rebellion fears grow in eastern Congo"
3014:"New Riots in Zaire: 300 Are Evacuated"
2902:. Paris Institute of Political Studies.
2780:
2768:
2756:
2732:
2705:
2693:
2681:
2666:
2642:
2565:
2517:
2493:
2481:
2235:
2203:
1888:Islamic State's Central Africa Province
1762:In April 2012, the leader of the CNDP,
1316:Front for Congolese National Liberation
1255:Lieutenant General Joseph-Désiré Mobutu
978:, founding member and leader of the MNC
144:
133:
4839:Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo
4229:. Minority Rights Group International.
3002:. Associated Press. 24 September 1991.
2445:
2433:
2418:
2406:
2076:In October 2009 a conflict started in
1365:of government funds for personal use.
1183:and perpetrated massacres against the
4619:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4339:Wambua, Catherine (23 January 2018).
3705:from the original on 20 November 2012
3094:"Capture of Zaire's capital complete"
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2505:
2469:
7:
4246:. Human Rights Watch. 11 August 2015
3808:. Human Rights Watch. 4 October 2017
3147:Stuart Jeffries (10 February 2001).
2894:Olivier, Lanotte (25 January 2016).
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
1884:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1504:(MLC), led by the Congolese warlord
1502:Movement for the Liberation of Congo
1288:("river that swallows all rivers").
893:Rise in Congolese political activity
771:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
766:Association Internationale africaine
564:, where the regional governments of
148:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
57:adding citations to reliable sources
4761:(2nd ed.). London: Zed Books.
4682:. London: Oxford University Press.
4272:. 23 September 2017. Archived from
2012:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1869:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1863:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1572:Transitional government (2003–2006)
1423:By 1996, tensions from the war and
1010:, where efforts were directed by a
4451:. The New Humanitarian. 5 May 2020
3332:Burke, Jason (20 September 2016).
3112:"Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name"
2970:Zeilig, Leo; Dwyer, Peter (2012).
956:(CONAKAT) under the leadership of
25:
4983:Transitional Government (2003–06)
4585:. 29 January 2019. Archived from
3383:. 24 January 2019. Archived from
3304:Jullien, Maud (21 January 2015).
3130:"Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco"
1519:Kabila was succeeded by his son,
647:re-elected in a disputed election
591:to support a coup led by Colonel
6627:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
6397:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5942:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5485:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5474:
4892:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3031:Emizet, Kisangani N. F. (1997).
2974:. Haymarket Books. p. 170.
1197:College of Commissioners-General
689:Democratic Republic of the Congo
478:Democratic Republic of the Congo
433:
155:
33:
4834:BBC, Q&A: DR Congo conflict
4552:Tampa, Vava (10 January 2022).
3992:. 8 August 2016. Archived from
3271:Ross, Aaron (21 January 2015).
1707:Conflict in Kivu (2004–present)
1560:United Nations Security Council
1361:, most notably his own massive
1269:in 1970 for a seven-year term.
1191:support, Colonel Joseph Mobutu
1020:All-African Peoples' Conference
535:of DR Congo began in 1885 when
44:needs additional citations for
4919:Colonial governors (1885–1960)
4844:BBC, In pictures: Congo crisis
4503:. 18 June 2019. Archived from
1688:the 2023 presidential election
1622:. Official observers from the
1129:, after their capital cities.
640:, succeeded him and was later
1:
4776:Willame, Jean-Claude (1972).
4717:Congo: Background of Conflict
3938:"Armed groups in eastern DRC"
3887:"Who are the Nyatura rebels?"
3072:. PublicAffairs. p. 23.
2329:African Archaeological Review
2250:Van Reybrouck, David (2015).
1259:seized control of the country
1075:served as its president, and
1040:violent and destructive riots
1030:ideals of Ghanaian President
899:Belgian Congo in World War II
885:and the United States as the
6741:History of Africa by country
5000:M23 offensive (2022–present)
4973:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
4948:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65)
4924:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
4615:Borstelmann, Thomas (1993).
4318:International Business Times
4126:. Reuters. 18 September 2019
4020:International Business Times
3940:. Irin news. 31 October 2013
2826:The Assassination of Lumumba
1923:often exploit and allegedly
1594:since independence in 1960.
1485:Second Congo War (1998–2003)
1388:as its chairman, along with
1000:Mouvement National Congolais
737:Congo Free State (1885–1908)
480:have been dated back to the
5115:Foreign policy under Mobutu
4678:Hoskyns, Catherine (1965).
3020:. Reuters. 23 October 1991.
1592:first multi-party elections
1272:Embarking on a campaign of
755:The Congo Free State was a
683:Map of the Kingdom of Kongo
548:railway between Matadi and
411:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi presidency
6757:
4958:State of Katanga (1960–63)
2379:Ewans, Sir Martin (2001).
2218:in the northeast, and the
2214:, who largely live in the
2091:
2069:
2016:The Ituri conflict in the
2009:
2003:
1942:
1897:
1866:
1780:Force Intervention Brigade
1721:
1710:
1575:
1488:
1419:Great Lakes refugee crisis
1412:
1265:of 1966 and 1967, and was
1086:
947:fermented in 1958 as more
926:(ABAKO), representing the
896:
803:King Leopold II of Belgium
794:
740:
729:
687:The area now known as the
675:Prehistoric Central Africa
668:
659:peaceful transfer of power
6736:History of Central Africa
5404:
5284:
5218:
5085:
5019:
4968:First Congo War (1996–98)
4734:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
4714:Merriam, Alan P. (1961).
4695:Lemarchand, René (1964).
3199:. Hrw.org. 20 August 2002
3082:– via Google Books.
2794:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges
2061:Conflict in the Northwest
1739:with other soldiers from
1606:Kabila overstays his term
1409:First Congo War (1996–97)
1386:Laurent Monsengwo Pasinya
1320:Angolan People's Republic
1221:on 30 December 1961, and
732:Belgian overseas colonies
265:Intl. African Association
6382:Central African Republic
5090:Administrative divisions
4829:BBC, DR Congo: Key facts
4799:Young, Crawford (1965).
4657:Gibbs, David N. (1991).
3184:DRC, Opinion survey 2009
2055:Allied Democratic Forces
1875:Allied Democratic Forces
1654:On 30 December 2018 the
1235:hostage rescue operation
1193:overthrew the government
1069:Parti Solidaire Africain
934:Up into the 1950s, most
759:privately controlled by
401:Joseph Kabila presidency
4995:M23 rebellion (2012–13)
4936:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
4757:Turner, Thomas (2007).
3889:. IBT. 22 February 2017
2838:Wagoner, F. E. (1980).
2341:10.1023/A:1021659928822
1945:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1817:militias and is led by
1644:caused further protests
1588:transitional government
1109:as prime minister, and
865:African trypanosomiasis
791:Belgian Congo (1908–60)
671:Early Congolese history
4953:Congo Crisis (1960–65)
4914:Colonization (1867–85)
3066:Jason Stearns (2012).
2867:Abbott, Peter (2014).
1957:
1912:starting in 2013, the
1848:Nduma Defense of Congo
1733:
1474:, became known as the
1431:had spilled over into
1404:Civil wars (1996–2003)
1311:
1250:
1096:Round Table Conference
1051:and the Belgian King,
979:
752:
684:
539:founded and ruled the
6542:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
6402:Republic of the Congo
4634:Freund, Bill (1998).
3477:The Africa Report.com
3431:The Africa Report.com
2745:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2718:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2631:Nzongola-Ntalaja 2002
2088:Yumbi Massacre (2018)
1952:
1852:Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga
1731:
1472:Laurent-Desire Kabila
1359:government corruption
1318:rebels, based in the
1298:
1263:Stanleyville mutinies
1248:
1115:Republic of the Congo
974:
761:Leopold II of Belgium
750:
682:
629:Laurent-Désiré Kabila
4396:The New Humanitarian
4276:on 23 September 2017
3784:The New Humanitarian
3701:. 20 November 2012.
3116:The Spokesman-Review
2383:. Richmond: Curzon.
2141:Cities in DR Congo:
1904:Mai-Mai Kata Katanga
1801:Mai Mai insurgencies
1718:Tutsi led insurgency
1567:Joseph Kabila period
1225:on 15 January 1963.
924:Alliance des Bakongo
801:On 15 November 1908
661:since independence.
533:Belgian colonization
529:Henry Morton Stanley
517:Atlantic slave trade
53:improve this article
6617:States with limited
4854:21 May 2022 at the
4104:on 29 December 2017
3867:. 29 September 2017
3387:on 25 January 2019.
3257:. 20 December 2011.
3225:. 10 December 2011.
3186:, by ICRC and Ipsos
3136:. 7 September 1997.
2918:archive.nytimes.com
2783:, pp. 131–132.
2604:, pp. 296–297.
2556:, pp. 274–275.
2082:Sud-Ubangi District
1894:Conflict in Katanga
1694:Continued conflicts
1630:On 19 January 2015
1332:Inter-African Force
1290:Among other changes
1199:, was established.
1181:invaded South Kasai
1071:(PSA) was founded.
879:much of the uranium
275:Intl. Congo Society
5253:Telecommunications
5100:Court of Cassation
5064:Former place names
4583:The New York Times
4533:. 6 September 2021
4364:Human Rights Watch
4152:. 10 November 2019
4048:. 28 November 2016
4022:. 20 February 2017
3841:. 18 December 2017
3587:The New York Times
3499:. 25 December 2023
3433:. 7 December 2021.
3285:on 21 January 2015
3173:. 19 January 2001.
2290:. 24 January 2019.
1958:
1900:Batwa-Luba clashes
1734:
1620:Étienne Tshisekedi
1610:In December 2011,
1390:Étienne Tshisekedi
1370:multi-party system
1312:
1274:cultural awareness
1251:
1174:sub-Saharan Africa
1123:Congo-LĂ©opoldville
980:
846:racial segregation
838:politique indigène
753:
685:
649:in 2011. In 2018,
527:In 1870, explorer
415:2019–present
352:Congo–Léopoldville
6718:
6717:
6644:other territories
6417:Equatorial Guinea
6328:History of Africa
6294:
6293:
5904:Republic of Congo
5440:
5439:
5400:
5399:
5319:Human trafficking
5271:
5270:
5205:
5204:
5173:Political parties
5166:National Assembly
5110:Foreign relations
5072:
5071:
4791:978-0-8047-0793-0
4768:978-1-84277-688-9
4649:978-0-333-69872-3
4626:978-0-19-507942-5
4591:on 1 January 2022
4477:. 28 October 2020
4367:. 22 January 2003
4074:. 31 October 2017
3918:. 8 February 2016
3786:. 28 October 2019
3731:. 31 January 2017
3618:. 3 February 2017
3558:. 30 January 2018
3479:. 5 January 2021.
2880:978-1-78200-076-1
2811:978-1-84277-053-5
2645:, pp. 25–27.
2592:, pp. 36–37.
2568:, pp. 22–23.
2436:, pp. 198–9.
2122:History of Africa
2000:Conflict in Ituri
1939:Conflict in Kasai
1768:March 23 Movement
1506:Jean-Pierre Bemba
1355:faltering economy
1337:Zaire remained a
1278:Republic of Zaire
1241:Zaire (1965–1997)
1166:Nikita Khrushchev
1127:Congo-Brazzaville
1077:Cléophas Kamitatu
958:Godefroid Munongo
780:Tropical diseases
655:elected president
486:equatorial forest
474:
473:
419:
418:
318:
317:
241:
240:
223:Kingdom of Chokwe
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
6748:
6705:
6704:(United Kingdom)
6700:Tristan da Cunha
6696:Ascension Island
6688:
6675:
6666:
6642:Dependencies and
6335:Sovereign states
6321:
6314:
6307:
6298:
5493:Congo Free State
5479:
5478:
5477:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5444:
5420:
5413:
5282:
5243:Franc (currency)
5216:
5083:
5017:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4862:
4812:
4795:
4783:
4772:
4753:
4729:
4710:
4691:
4674:
4653:
4641:
4630:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4419:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4398:. 13 August 2019
4388:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3996:on 9 August 2016
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3831:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3639:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:. Archived from
3268:
3259:
3258:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2967:
2961:
2951:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2844:. Fort Belvoir:
2835:
2829:
2824:De Witte, Ludo:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2460:, pp. 92–3.
2458:Borstelmann 1993
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2304:. Archived from
2298:
2292:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2247:
2223:
2208:
2034:Mobutu Sese Seko
2024:and pastoralist
1910:Katanga Province
1823:Congolese Tutsis
1677:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
1664:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
1660:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
1491:Second Congo War
1439:militia forces (
1249:Mobutu Sese Seko
1164:for assistance.
1144:, seceded under
1136:On 5 July 1960,
998:established the
941:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
814:trinité colonial
758:
743:Congo Free State
712:Kingdom of Lunda
704:Kingdom of Kongo
651:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi
633:Second Congo War
601:Joseph Kasa-Vubu
541:Congo Free State
504:, in modern-day
493:Kingdom of Kongo
482:Middle Stone Age
466:
459:
452:
438:
437:
436:
391:Second Congo War
324:
323:
285:Congo Free State
247:
246:
203:Kingdom of Lunda
183:Kingdom of Kongo
165:
164:
159:
149:
131:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
18:History of Zaire
6756:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6713:
6703:
6686:
6673:
6664:
6645:
6643:
6636:
6620:
6618:
6611:
6330:
6325:
6295:
6290:
6137:
5989:
5936:
5898:
5620:
5487:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5441:
5436:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5396:
5392:Public holidays
5348:
5267:
5201:
5139:Law enforcement
5068:
5006:
4963:Zaire (1965–97)
4895:
4889:
4856:Wayback Machine
4820:
4815:
4798:
4792:
4775:
4769:
4756:
4750:
4732:
4713:
4694:
4677:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4633:
4627:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4507:on 24 June 2019
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4432:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4380:
4370:
4368:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4302:. 20 June 2017.
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4234:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3997:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3892:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3675:. 30 April 2016
3667:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3589:. 30 April 2016
3581:
3580:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3415:. 20 June 2020.
3411:
3410:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3045:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2848:. p. 182.
2837:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2655:Lemarchand 1964
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2480:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2444:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2308:on 2 March 2015
2300:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1947:
1941:
1906:
1898:Main articles:
1896:
1886:as part of the
1871:
1865:
1803:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1696:
1652:
1608:
1586:DR Congo had a
1584:
1576:Main articles:
1574:
1569:
1497:
1489:Main articles:
1487:
1427:in neighboring
1421:
1415:First Congo War
1413:Main articles:
1411:
1406:
1339:one-party state
1322:, launched the
1243:
1215:Antoine Gizenga
1111:Joseph Kasavubu
1107:Patrice Lumumba
1091:
1085:
1073:Antoine Gizenga
988:Patrice Lumumba
976:Patrice Lumumba
901:
895:
826:private company
799:
793:
757:corporate state
756:
745:
739:
734:
728:
708:Kingdom of Luba
693:Semliki harpoon
677:
669:Main articles:
667:
657:; in the first
621:First Congo War
607:. He sought to
583:as part of the
577:Patrice Lumumba
537:King Leopold II
470:
434:
432:
405:2001–2019
395:1998–2003
385:1996–1997
381:First Congo War
375:1971–1997
356:1960–1971
346:1960–1965
335:post–1960
314:1940–1945
304:1908–1960
294:1885–1908
279:1879–1885
269:1876–1879
258:1876–1960
237:1856–1891
227:1800–1891
217:1625–1884
207:1600–1887
197:1585–1889
193:Kingdom of Luba
187:1390–1914
147:
140:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6754:
6752:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6723:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:Western Sahara
6706:
6689:
6676:
6667:
6653:Canary Islands
6649:
6648:
6646:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6629:
6623:
6621:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
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6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6301:
6292:
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6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
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6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
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5641:
5636:
5630:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
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5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Child marriage
5285:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5190:Prime Minister
5187:
5186:
5185:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5149:Chief of Staff
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4894: articles
4890:
4888:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4819:
4818:External links
4816:
4814:
4813:
4796:
4790:
4773:
4767:
4754:
4748:
4730:
4711:
4692:
4675:
4669:
4654:
4648:
4631:
4625:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4570:
4544:
4518:
4488:
4462:
4440:
4409:
4378:
4350:
4331:
4320:. 8 March 2017
4305:
4287:
4257:
4232:
4218:
4189:
4163:
4137:
4115:
4085:
4059:
4033:
4007:
3977:
3966:. 19 July 2016
3951:
3929:
3900:
3878:
3852:
3819:
3797:
3768:
3755:Deutsche Welle
3742:
3716:
3686:
3660:
3629:
3600:
3569:
3543:
3510:
3482:
3464:
3461:. 26 May 2021.
3450:
3436:
3418:
3404:
3390:
3368:
3343:
3324:
3296:
3260:
3242:
3228:
3210:
3188:
3176:
3158:
3139:
3121:
3118:. 20 May 1997.
3103:
3100:. 18 May 1997.
3085:
3079:978-1610391597
3078:
3058:
3043:
3023:
3018:New York Times
3005:
3000:New York Times
2987:
2981:978-1608461202
2980:
2962:
2946:
2930:
2905:
2886:
2879:
2859:
2830:
2828:, Verso, 2001.
2817:
2810:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2737:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2671:
2659:
2657:, p. 241.
2647:
2635:
2618:
2616:, p. 277.
2606:
2594:
2582:
2580:, p. 276.
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2510:
2508:, p. 291.
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2448:, p. 198.
2438:
2423:
2411:
2396:
2390:978-0700715893
2389:
2371:
2354:
2335:(3): 173–198.
2319:
2293:
2275:
2260:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2152:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2094:Yumbi Massacre
2092:Main article:
2089:
2086:
2072:Dongo conflict
2070:Main article:
2067:
2066:Dongo Conflict
2064:
2062:
2059:
2006:Ituri conflict
2004:Main article:
2001:
1998:
1971:Kasai-Oriental
1943:Main article:
1940:
1937:
1895:
1892:
1867:Main article:
1864:
1861:
1802:
1799:
1791:Ituri province
1764:Bosco Ntaganda
1737:Laurent Nkunda
1719:
1716:
1711:Main article:
1708:
1705:
1695:
1692:
1651:
1648:
1607:
1604:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1486:
1483:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:Kengo Wa Dondo
1378:U.S. Air Force
1242:
1239:
1150:United Nations
1087:Main article:
1084:
1081:
1065:Albert Delvaux
1044:Force Publique
1028:Pan-Africanist
1016:Albert Kalonji
1008:Kasai Province
992:Cyrille Adoula
894:
891:
795:Main article:
792:
789:
775:Roger Casement
741:Main article:
738:
735:
727:
724:
720:Anziku Kingdom
666:
663:
587:, causing the
574:Prime Minister
545:Force Publique
472:
471:
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
443:
442:
429:
428:
421:
420:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
387:
386:
383:
377:
376:
373:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
332:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
296:
295:
292:
281:
280:
277:
271:
270:
267:
261:
260:
255:
243:
242:
239:
238:
235:
229:
228:
225:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
189:
188:
185:
179:
178:
176:pre–1876
173:
161:
160:
152:
151:
142:
141:
134:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6753:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6710:
6707:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6671:
6668:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6647:
6639:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:Guinea-Bissau
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6317:
6315:
6310:
6308:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5939:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
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5842:
5840:
5837:
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5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5626:Belgian Congo
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
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5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
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5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
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5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
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5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5468:
5463:
5461:
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5454:
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5448:
5445:
5433:
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5390:
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5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Social issues
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
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5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
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5280:
5278:
5274:
5264:
5261:
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5147:
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5137:
5133:
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5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
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5091:
5088:
5087:
5084:
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5079:
5075:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Deforestation
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4990:Kivu conflict
4988:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Early history
4907:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4886:
4881:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4749:9781842770535
4745:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4676:
4672:
4670:9780226290713
4666:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4640:
4639:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4463:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4429:. 8 June 2020
4428:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4332:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4207:. 4 June 2021
4206:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4178:. 27 May 2020
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4073:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3687:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3649:. 19 May 2016
3648:
3647:The Economist
3644:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3044:952-9520-48-4
3040:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:0-06-122490-1
2956:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:0-552-12558-X
2940:
2934:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2774:
2771:, p. 31.
2770:
2765:
2762:
2759:, p. 30.
2758:
2753:
2750:
2747:, p. 86.
2746:
2741:
2738:
2735:, p. 10.
2734:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:, p. 85.
2719:
2714:
2711:
2708:, p. 28.
2707:
2702:
2699:
2696:, p. 23.
2695:
2690:
2687:
2684:, p. 29.
2683:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2669:, p. 27.
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2633:, p. 84.
2632:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:
2544:, p. 51.
2543:
2538:
2535:
2532:, p. 29.
2531:
2526:
2523:
2520:, p. 22.
2519:
2514:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2496:, p. 25.
2495:
2490:
2487:
2484:, p. 24.
2483:
2478:
2475:
2472:, p. 70.
2471:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2421:, p. 29.
2420:
2415:
2412:
2409:, p. 28.
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:9780062200129
2257:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1962:KasaĂŻ-Central
1955:
1954:KasaĂŻ-Central
1951:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1879:Beni massacre
1876:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1844:Nyanga people
1841:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1789:, as well as
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1724:M23 rebellion
1717:
1714:
1713:Kivu conflict
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1668:Vital Kamerhe
1665:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1624:Carter Center
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Joseph Kabila
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:Joseph Kabila
1593:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1463:and Mugunga.
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:United States
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:Moise Tshombe
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1032:Kwame Nkrumah
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:businessman,
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
973:
969:
967:
963:
962:MoĂŻse Tshombe
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
932:
929:
925:
920:
916:
912:
911:évolué status
908:
907:
900:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
842:indirect rule
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
798:
797:Belgian Congo
790:
788:
786:
785:Belgian Congo
781:
776:
772:
768:
767:
762:
749:
744:
736:
733:
726:Colonial rule
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
681:
676:
672:
665:Early history
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
614:head of state
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:Joseph Mobutu
590:
589:United States
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
555:Belgian Congo
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
522:
518:
513:
511:
510:King Afonso I
507:
503:
499:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
445:
444:
441:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
402:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
371:
367:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
331:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:
313:
311:
308:
307:
303:
301:
300:Belgian Congo
298:
297:
293:
290:
286:
283:
282:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
266:
263:
262:
259:
256:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
244:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
224:
221:
220:
216:
214:
211:
210:
206:
204:
201:
200:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
172:
171:
170:Early history
167:
166:
163:
162:
158:
154:
153:
150:
143:
138:
132:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
6692:Saint Helena
6663:
6567:South Africa
6557:Sierra Leone
6396:
6362:Burkina Faso
5329:Prostitution
5304:Demographics
5228:Central Bank
5127:Human rights
5095:Constitution
5029:Conservation
4941:World War II
4900:
4800:
4779:
4758:
4738:
4716:
4697:
4679:
4659:
4637:
4616:
4593:. Retrieved
4588:the original
4582:
4573:
4561:. Retrieved
4558:The Guardian
4557:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4530:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4505:the original
4500:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4474:
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4443:
4431:. Retrieved
4426:
4400:. Retrieved
4395:
4369:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4344:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
4274:the original
4269:
4260:
4248:. Retrieved
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4204:
4180:. Retrieved
4175:
4166:
4154:. Retrieved
4149:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4102:the original
4097:
4088:
4076:. Retrieved
4071:
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4045:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4019:
4010:
3998:. Retrieved
3994:the original
3989:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3963:
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3915:
3891:. Retrieved
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3864:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3838:
3810:. Retrieved
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3783:
3759:. Retrieved
3757:. 6 May 2021
3754:
3745:
3733:. Retrieved
3728:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3698:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3672:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3646:
3620:. Retrieved
3615:
3591:. Retrieved
3586:
3560:. Retrieved
3555:
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3523:The Guardian
3522:
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3494:
3485:
3476:
3467:
3453:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3407:
3393:
3385:the original
3380:
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3355:
3346:
3338:The Guardian
3337:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3309:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3276:
3254:
3245:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3191:
3179:
3171:The Guardian
3170:
3161:
3153:The Guardian
3152:
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3026:
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2949:
2933:
2923:25 September
2921:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
2899:
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2869:
2862:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2799:
2788:
2781:Merriam 1961
2776:
2769:Hoskyns 1965
2764:
2757:Hoskyns 1965
2752:
2740:
2733:Hoskyns 1965
2713:
2706:Hoskyns 1965
2701:
2694:Hoskyns 1965
2689:
2682:Hoskyns 1965
2667:Hoskyns 1965
2662:
2650:
2643:Hoskyns 1965
2638:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2566:Hoskyns 1965
2561:
2549:
2537:
2525:
2518:Hoskyns 1965
2513:
2501:
2494:Willame 1972
2489:
2482:Willame 1972
2477:
2465:
2453:
2441:
2414:
2380:
2374:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2306:the original
2296:
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2278:
2251:
2216:Ituri forest
2206:
2097:
2075:
2052:
2015:
1983:
1959:
1929:
1917:Batwa people
1908:In Northern
1907:
1872:
1840:Nande people
1836:
1807:Banyamulenge
1804:
1784:
1772:took control
1761:
1757:Banyamulenge
1735:
1732:Flag of CNDP
1697:
1685:
1673:
1653:
1640:
1629:
1609:
1585:
1556:
1552:
1525:
1518:
1514:
1498:
1480:
1469:
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1449:Ruzizi Plain
1422:
1382:
1367:
1363:embezzlement
1347:
1336:
1313:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1252:
1227:
1211:Stanleyville
1208:
1201:
1178:
1159:
1135:
1131:
1119:Middle Congo
1100:
1092:
1089:Congo Crisis
1057:
1047:
1036:
1004:Stanleyville
983:
981:
966:Jason Sendwe
948:
935:
933:
928:Kongo people
918:
914:
910:
904:
902:
883:Soviet Union
868:
857:urbanization
854:
850:World War II
837:
813:
811:
800:
764:
763:through the
754:
716:Mongo people
701:
686:
618:
581:Soviet Union
562:Congo Crisis
559:
550:Stanley Pool
526:
514:
498:Mbanza-Kongo
490:
475:
368: /
342:Congo Crisis
334:
329:Independence
327:
310:World War II
257:
252:Colonization
250:
233:Yeke Kingdom
213:Kuba Kingdom
175:
168:
145:
115:
106:
96:
89:
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75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
6619:recognition
6572:South Sudan
6462:Ivory Coast
5223:Agriculture
4537:7 September
4280:13 December
4108:28 December
4078:13 December
3893:29 December
3871:13 December
3845:28 December
3812:13 December
3790:12 November
3709:18 November
3503:29 December
2446:Freund 1998
2434:Freund 1998
2419:Turner 2007
2407:Turner 2007
2184:Lubumbashi
2039:Alur people
1921:Luba people
1919:, whom the
1681:Eddy Kapend
1441:Interahamwe
1219:South Kasai
1185:Luba people
996:Joseph Iléo
945:Nationalism
889:developed.
861:development
834:specialized
619:During the
570:South Kasai
146:History of
6725:Categories
6674:(Portugal)
6632:Somaliland
6552:Seychelles
6517:Mozambique
6502:Mauritania
6487:Madagascar
6442:The Gambia
6377:Cape Verde
5294:Corruption
5156:Parliament
5122:Government
5039:Ecoregions
4929:Atrocities
4531:Africanews
4427:Al Jazeera
4345:Al Jazeera
4205:Al Jazeera
4176:Al Jazeera
4046:Al Jazeera
3964:Al Jazeera
3673:Al Jazeera
3496:Africanews
3361:11 January
3317:21 January
3289:21 January
2854:1017224836
2614:Young 1965
2602:Young 1965
2590:Young 1965
2578:Young 1965
2554:Young 1965
2542:Gibbs 1991
2530:Young 1965
2506:Young 1965
2470:Gibbs 1991
2288:Al Jazeera
2230:References
2174:Kisangani
2010:See also:
1795:South Kivu
1787:North Kivu
1722:See also:
1666:appointed
1616:Mbuji-Mayi
1435:. Rwandan
1302:President
1204:Lubumbashi
1061:Paul Bolya
986:including
897:See also:
875:wage labor
822:missionary
730:See also:
609:Africanize
500:(south of
440:DRC Portal
424:See also:
289:Atrocities
109:March 2021
79:newspapers
6507:Mauritius
5324:Languages
5309:Education
5263:Transport
5233:Companies
5178:President
5105:Elections
5054:Volcanoes
5044:Mountains
5012:Geography
4707:905074256
4098:Actualité
3616:Bloomberg
3556:Bloomberg
3536:2 January
3531:0261-3077
3053:722758146
3037:. WIDER.
2349:128432105
2270:881042212
2164:Kinshasa
1994:Bana Mura
1357:, and by
557:in 1908.
6698: /
6694: /
6687:(France)
6681: /
6659: /
6655: /
6607:Zimbabwe
6582:Tanzania
6432:Ethiopia
6427:Eswatini
6407:Djibouti
6372:Cameroon
6357:Botswana
6143:DR Congo
5427:Category
5377:Football
5334:Religion
5144:Military
5078:Politics
5059:Wildlife
4852:Archived
4736:(2002).
4595:16 March
4563:21 March
4402:16 April
4324:10 March
4300:BBC News
4072:Irinnews
3839:Irinnews
3735:11 March
3703:Archived
3699:BBC News
3622:11 March
3311:BBC News
3255:BBC News
3223:BBC News
2796:(2007).
2312:10 March
2190:timeline
2180:timeline
2170:timeline
2160:timeline
2150:timeline
2106:See also
1831:Bafuliru
1741:RCD-Goma
1600:Kinshasa
1548:Sun City
1532:diamonds
1425:genocide
1374:Kinshasa
1350:Cold War
1310:Conflict
1304:Idi Amin
1053:Baudouin
939:over by
887:Cold War
787:colony.
718:and the
585:Cold War
137:a series
135:Part of
6683:RĂ©union
6679:Mayotte
6670:Madeira
6665:(Spain)
6661:Melilla
6592:Tunisia
6562:Somalia
6547:Senegal
6532:Nigeria
6522:Namibia
6512:Morocco
6477:Liberia
6472:Lesotho
6422:Eritrea
6392:Comoros
6367:Burundi
6342:Algeria
5483:in the
5411:Outline
5367:Cuisine
5354:Culture
5277:Society
5258:Tourism
5211:Economy
4901:History
4608:Sources
4511:23 June
4501:Reuters
4481:17 June
4475:Reuters
4270:Reuters
4250:7 March
4156:19 June
4150:Reuters
4130:19 June
4052:7 March
4026:7 March
4000:7 March
3990:Reuters
3970:7 March
3944:7 March
3922:7 March
3916:Reuters
3865:Reuters
3729:Reuters
3679:5 March
3653:8 March
3593:7 March
3562:5 March
3381:Reuters
3356:NPR.org
3278:Reuters
2186:history
2176:history
2166:history
2156:history
2146:history
2144:Bukavu
1960:In the
1925:enslave
1846:, the "
1815:Mai-Mai
1701:Mai-Mai
1455:, then
1348:As the
1324:Shaba I
1308:Shaba I
1300:Ugandan
1223:Katanga
1142:Katanga
984:évolués
870:évolués
830:capital
807:Belgian
697:Katanda
566:Katanga
366:Shaba I
93:scholar
6702:
6685:
6672:
6602:Zambia
6597:Uganda
6537:Rwanda
6492:Malawi
6452:Guinea
6347:Angola
5432:Portal
5362:Cinema
5314:Health
5248:Mining
5238:Energy
5161:Senate
5049:Rivers
5024:Cities
4809:307971
4807:
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4726:424186
4724:
4705:
4688:414961
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4433:5 June
4371:8 June
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1979:Lomami
1973:area,
1751:group
1686:After
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1542:, and
1536:copper
1521:Joseph
1510:Lusaka
1457:Bukavu
1429:Rwanda
1230:Simbas
1148:. The
1048:évolué
1042:. The
1012:Muluba
949:évolué
936:évolué
919:évolué
915:évolué
906:évolué
714:, the
710:, the
638:Joseph
625:Rwanda
506:Angola
502:Matadi
139:on the
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88:
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6577:Sudan
6527:Niger
6482:Libya
6467:Kenya
6447:Ghana
6437:Gabon
6412:Egypt
6352:Benin
5995:Zaire
5481:Years
5418:Index
5387:Music
5382:Media
5344:Women
5299:Crime
4978:2000s
3203:2 May
2366:(PDF)
2345:S2CID
2220:Batwa
2212:Mbuti
2198:Notes
2154:Goma
2100:Yumbi
2078:Dongo
2048:Bunia
2043:Nyali
2030:Nyali
2022:Lendu
2018:Ituri
1990:Lulua
1975:KasaĂŻ
1933:Tabwa
1914:Pygmy
1856:Nande
1827:Bembe
1819:Bembe
1453:Uvira
1445:Tutsi
1433:Zaire
1286:nzadi
1282:nzere
1155:Kasai
1024:Accra
818:state
816:) of
605:Zaire
597:Simba
521:Congo
426:Years
362:Zaire
100:JSTOR
86:books
6587:Togo
6497:Mali
6387:Chad
6286:2024
6281:2023
6276:2022
6271:2021
6266:2020
6261:2019
6256:2018
6251:2017
6246:2016
6241:2015
6236:2014
6231:2013
6226:2012
6221:2011
6216:2010
6211:2009
6206:2008
6201:2007
6196:2006
6191:2005
6186:2004
6181:2003
6176:2002
6171:2001
6166:2000
6161:1999
6156:1998
6151:1997
6133:1997
6128:1996
6123:1995
6118:1994
6113:1993
6108:1992
6103:1991
6098:1990
6093:1989
6088:1988
6083:1987
6078:1986
6073:1985
6068:1984
6063:1983
6058:1982
6053:1981
6048:1980
6043:1979
6038:1978
6033:1977
6028:1976
6023:1975
6018:1974
6013:1973
6008:1972
6003:1971
5985:1971
5980:1970
5975:1969
5970:1968
5965:1967
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5955:1965
5950:1964
5932:1964
5927:1963
5922:1962
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5912:1960
5894:1960
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5874:1956
5869:1955
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5854:1952
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5824:1946
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5814:1944
5809:1943
5804:1942
5799:1941
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5789:1939
5784:1938
5779:1937
5774:1936
5769:1935
5764:1934
5759:1933
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5744:1930
5739:1929
5734:1928
5729:1927
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5719:1925
5714:1924
5709:1923
5704:1922
5699:1921
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5689:1919
5684:1918
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5669:1915
5664:1914
5659:1913
5654:1912
5649:1911
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5616:1908
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5531:1891
5526:1890
5521:1889
5516:1888
5511:1887
5506:1886
5501:1885
5372:Flag
5195:List
5183:List
5132:LGBT
4805:OCLC
4786:ISBN
4763:ISBN
4744:ISBN
4722:OCLC
4703:OCLC
4684:OCLC
4665:ISBN
4644:ISBN
4621:ISBN
4597:2019
4565:2021
4539:2021
4513:2019
4483:2021
4457:2020
4435:2020
4404:2020
4373:2020
4326:2017
4282:2017
4252:2017
4213:2021
4184:2020
4158:2021
4132:2021
4110:2017
4080:2017
4054:2017
4028:2017
4002:2017
3972:2017
3946:2017
3924:2017
3895:2017
3873:2017
3847:2017
3814:2017
3792:2019
3763:2021
3737:2017
3711:2012
3681:2018
3655:2017
3624:2017
3595:2017
3564:2018
3538:2024
3527:ISSN
3505:2023
3363:2019
3319:2015
3291:2015
3205:2010
3074:ISBN
3049:OCLC
3039:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2939:ISBN
2925:2018
2875:ISBN
2850:OCLC
2846:DTIC
2806:ISBN
2385:ISBN
2314:2015
2266:OCLC
2256:ISBN
2188:and
2178:and
2168:and
2158:and
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2026:Hema
1988:and
1986:Luba
1977:and
1966:Luba
1902:and
1873:The
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1749:Hutu
1636:2016
1580:and
1540:zinc
1493:and
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1437:Hutu
1417:and
1326:and
1162:USSR
1125:and
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3098:CNN
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