35:
419:
587:
312:
553:
793:
571:
After the collapse of
Comecon in 1989, the computer hardware sector in its former member countries could not compete with foreign manufacturers, and virtually disappeared. Tens of thousands of IT scientists and engineers migrated to Western Europe for employment, not always in fields related to their
485:
By 1972 the
Comecon countries had produced around 7,500 computers, compared to 120,000 in the rest of the world. The USSR, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania had all set up computer production and research institutes. Collaboration between Romania and the other countries was
613:
The first models entered serial production in 1972. According to CIA sources, by 1975 the
Comecon countries had managed to build only 10% to 15% of the anticipated number of ES computers. Production continued until 1995. The total number of ES EVM mainframes produced was more than 15,000.
455:
devices. The ES-1040 was successfully exported to countries outside the
Comecon, including India, Yugoslavia and China. Each country specialized in a model of the ES series: R-10 in the case of Hungary, R-20 in Bulgaria, R-20A in Czechoslovakia, R-30 in Poland and R-40 in East Germany.
679:
TPA (Tárolt
Programú Analizátor, meaning "Stored-Program Analyser") was a Hungarian product line of computers. It could not be referred as a computer, though, as computers were meant to be produced by the Soviet Union. The project started based on the freely available manuals of
478:, and established a leading role for East Germany in the joint development efforts. The relative success of Robotron was attributed to its greater organizational freedom, and the profit motive of securing export orders. In 1970, Cuba produced its first digital computer, the
617:
In the period from 1986 to 1997, a series of PC-compatible desktop computers, called ПЭВМ ЕС ЭВМ (Personal
Computers of ES EVM series), was also produced; the newer versions of these computers are still produced under a different name on a very limited scale in Minsk.
609:
for the Soviet Union and
Eastern Europe. Initially announced as a Soviet venture in 1967, in 1969 it became an international project, involving Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland. Romania and Cuba joined the project in 1973.
469:
In 1969 the
Intergovernmental Commission for Computer Technology was founded to coordinate computer production. Other cooperation initiatives included the establishment of joint Comecon development facilities in Moscow and Kiev. The
505:
to discuss the development of a new generation of computer systems. In June 1985 the “Conception of a new generation of computer systems” was approved in Prague, with the objective of creating a socialist response to the
Japanese
493:
The availability of western computing hardware differed considerably between communist countries; in the early 1970s they were most common in
Czechoslovakia, where a licensing agreement was signed with the French
567:
exported computer hardware to over 20 countries, manufacturing personal computers, word processing terminals and memory tapes and disks. At its peak, the country provided 40% of computers in the Comecon area.
659:
based microcomputers. Minicomputers developed within the framework of the program were intended for use as computer based control systems, measuring and computing systems and workstations for
1576:
34:
517:
chip and built a hardware clone using readily available parts. Over 50 different versions of the Spectrum were created in Eastern Bloc countries over the next few years, including the
698:
Due to CoCom restrictions 32 bit computers could not be exported to the Eastern Bloc. In practice 32-bit DEC computers and processors were available. Those were rebranded as TPA.
438:
437:
In October 1962 the "Commission for Scientific Problems in Computing" (Комиссия Научные Вопросы Вычислительной Техники, КНВВТ) was founded in Warsaw and modelled after the
687:
in 1966 and products made available in 1968. TPAs were 100% software compatible with their original counterparts. The project remained highly popular for about 25 years.
58:
418:
1047:
1215:
341:
1569:
451:
Each COMECON country was given a role in the development of the ES: Hungary was responsible for software development, while East Germany improved the design of
1334:
640:
81:
448:
mainframe (Unified System, ES, also known as RIAD) was introduced. The project also included plans for the development of a joint Comecon computer network.
777:
727:
663:
systems. As in the case of ES EVM, the program began as a Soviet venture and in 1974 became an international project involving Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,
254:
236:
53:
498:. Non-Soviet Eastern European countries had more access to Western technology, which allowed them to manufacture more sophisticated computer equipment.
381:
1184:
754:
1908:
1562:
1144:"Conception of New Generation Computer Systems – The Last Large-Scale Initiative in Computers of the COMECON Countries: A Glance after Twenty Years"
722:
707:
564:
231:
206:
91:
17:
160:
284:
1928:
1535:
systems. It contains "VAX — when you care enough to steal the very best" translated in broken Russian as a message to Soviet reverse engineers.
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134:
279:
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of IBM's System/360 and System/370 mainframes. The objective of the project, which was also known as Ryad ('series'), was to create a
334:
109:
1507:
1309:
1278:
1117:
1003:
961:
900:
871:
787:
1270:
The Globalization of Industry and Innovation in Eastern Europe: From Post-socialist Restructuring to International Competitiveness
129:
114:
1403:
1585:
1442:
717:
221:
155:
139:
586:
712:
216:
1417:
Goodman, Seymour E.; et al. (Committee to Study International Developments in Computer Science and Technology) (1988).
601:(ЕС ЭВМ, Единая система электронных вычислительных машин, meaning "Unified System of Electronic Computers") was a series of
1521:
681:
635:(СМ ЭВМ, Система Малых ЭВМ, meaning "System of Small Electronic Computers") was an intergovernmental program for creating
462:-3, developed at the Armenian Institute for Computers, was the first third-generation computer in the Comecon area, using
434:
countries had developed experimental computer designs, yet none of them had managed to create a stable computer industry.
327:
315:
185:
175:
1051:
1207:
1151:
301:
289:
124:
1467:
119:
1245:
1498:
190:
1341:
854:
1766:
507:
866:
Hans Dieter Hellige (ed.): Geschichten der Informatik. Visionen, Paradigmen, Leitmotive. Berlin, Springer 2004,
510:
initiative. The document planned the development of the IT industry in socialist countries up to the year 2010.
606:
165:
1176:
746:
180:
1676:
1596:
1938:
1855:
1706:
1671:
245:
1811:
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Computer design and production began to be coordinated between the Comecon countries in 1964, when the
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1825:
1711:
1631:
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487:
389:
26:
1870:
1666:
1796:
1746:
1681:
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526:
377:
76:
1865:
1373:
501:
In 1983 the representatives of the national academies of sciences of the Comecon countries met in
471:
1875:
1806:
1606:
522:
463:
170:
1761:
1701:
1641:
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993:
957:
896:
867:
783:
602:
557:
518:
44:
1820:
1074:
951:
920:
890:
466:. Development on the Nairi system began in 1964, and it went into serial production in 1969.
1933:
1801:
1786:
1716:
1626:
1513:
1301:
The Digital Flood: The Diffusion of Information Technology Across the U.S., Europe, and Asia
828:
546:
459:
100:
1731:
1880:
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1835:
1601:
591:
86:
1771:
1741:
1661:
1656:
1616:
1538:
1922:
1399:
808:
359:
1446:
1445:[System of Small Electronic Computers (SM EVM)] (in Russian). Archived from
376:
manufacturers created copies of Western designs based on intelligence gathering and
855:
First Decade on Scientific Cooperation between the Socialist Countries in Computing
636:
475:
452:
406:
of 25.4 mm. This made Soviet chips unsellable on the world market outside the
373:
367:
1554:
806:
Fred Langa, "An Editor's View" sidebar to "Computing in the U.S.S.R.", April 1991
1335:"Use of Western Technology in the Ryad Computers of the USSR and Eastern Europe"
552:
514:
495:
474:
computer, released in 1969, demonstrated the technical and managerial skills of
1073:
Goodman, Seymour E .; Jarmoszko, A . Tomasz; Geipel, Gary L . (December 1988).
1890:
1830:
1721:
1517:
644:
1143:
1791:
1636:
402:
of a 25 mm length (colloquially a "metric inch") instead of a standard
1549:
1756:
1532:
1528:
1237:
656:
538:
67:
643:. The program initially included two major architectural lines based on
1816:
1696:
1691:
1420:
Global Trends in Computer Technology and Their Impact on Export Control
668:
648:
479:
431:
407:
1845:
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632:
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598:
581:
445:
423:
1885:
1840:
1781:
1776:
684:
585:
551:
502:
417:
363:
1543:
1402:[Historical overview of the ES EVM family] (in Russian).
1751:
1646:
1621:
1524:
953:
The History, Present State, and Future of Information Technology
664:
403:
385:
1558:
1075:"Computer Technologies In Eastern Europe: The Impact Of Reform"
366:
embargo, computers could not be imported on a large scale from
1651:
660:
652:
513:
In 1985 Ukrainian researchers managed to reverse-engineer the
16:
For the history of computer hardware in the Soviet Union, see
1206:
Binder, David; Times, Special to the New York (4 July 1985).
1494:
Soviet calculators and computers collection by Sergei Frolov
33:
1503:
651:
architecture. Later the program included a family of DEC
380:. This redevelopment led to some incompatibilities with
830:
The Partial Integration of the CEMA Computer Industries
1267:
Hirschhausen, Christian von; Bitzer, Jürgen (2000).
439:
International Federation for Information Processing
1550:List of Soviet Russian made CPUs and support chips
1171:
1169:
356:history of computing hardware in the Eastern Bloc
1539:Soviet Bloc computers with references to Romania
1048:"Cumpleaños 40 de la primera computadora cubana"
1031:. Reed Business Information. 1972. p. 508.
892:Science, Technology, and Ecopolitics in the USSR
1142:Zakharov, Victor; Lavrenjuk, Yuri (July 2017).
857:, 8th IT STAR Workshop on History of Computing.
1050:(in Spanish). Juventud Rebelde. Archived from
1570:
895:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59-65.
822:
820:
818:
335:
8:
1367:"Soviet RYAD Computer: A Program in Trouble"
1329:
1327:
1325:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
921:"Riads Solidly Implanted in Comecon Nations"
853:Bl. Sendov, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences:
1577:
1563:
1555:
728:History of computer hardware in Yugoslavia
410:, and made test machinery more expensive.
342:
328:
22:
1021:
1019:
884:
882:
880:
486:limited, due to the autarkic policies of
382:International Electrotechnical Commission
1909:History of computing in the Soviet Union
1436:
1434:
1273:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 287.
1137:
1135:
1133:
747:"Home Computers Behind The Iron Curtain"
723:History of computing in the Soviet Union
708:History of computer hardware in Bulgaria
18:History of computing in the Soviet Union
1423:. National Academy Press. p. 149.
738:
358:is somewhat different from that of the
300:
244:
198:
147:
99:
66:
43:
25:
1208:"Bulgaria's Ambitious High-Tech Goals"
1177:"The Land Where the Spectrum Lived On"
92:Free software and open-source software
1400:"Исторический обзор семейства ЕС ЭВМ"
1372:. CIA. September 1977. Archived from
7:
1218:from the original on 1 December 2016
1154:from the original on 5 November 2017
956:. Informing Science. p. 94-97.
931:from the original on 4 November 2017
757:from the original on 8 November 2017
1109:Small-State Security in the Balkans
1087:from the original on 28 August 2017
927:. IDG Enterprise: 41. 3 July 1978.
827:Goodman, Seymour E. (August 1982).
1248:from the original on 8 August 2017
1187:from the original on 21 March 2017
691:compatible TPAs appeared in 1976,
426:mainframe in Dresden, East Germany
14:
1508:Moscow State Technical University
1340:. CIA. April 1980. Archived from
1046:Sanz Araujo, Lucía (2010-04-16).
82:Software configuration management
1504:Museum of Soviet Arcade Machines
1427:from the original on 2017-11-12.
1406:from the original on 2017-11-08.
1318:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1287:from the original on 2017-11-05.
1126:from the original on 2017-11-04.
1035:from the original on 2017-11-04.
1012:from the original on 2017-11-04.
970:from the original on 2017-11-05.
909:from the original on 2017-11-04.
843:from the original on 2017-08-28.
311:
310:
1586:List of Soviet computer systems
796:from the original on 2017-11-04
718:History of computing in Romania
998:. Springer. pp. 109–110.
782:, Google eBooks, p. 497,
713:History of computing in Poland
1:
1929:History of computing hardware
1522:Digital Equipment Corporation
641:Ministry of Instrument Making
622:Small Machines System project
565:computer industry of Bulgaria
430:By the end of the 1950s most
1499:Pioneers of Soviet Computing
1468:"Tárolt Programú Analizátor"
1443:"Система малых ЭВМ (СМ ЭВМ)"
776:Deza, Michel (28 May 2009),
302:Glossary of computer science
1527:microprocessor used in the
388:standards, such as spacing
1955:
1474:(in Hungarian), 2019-10-22
1298:Cortada, James W. (2012).
950:Targowski, Andrew (2016).
625:
579:
15:
1904:
1592:
1544:Computing in East Germany
1112:. Springer. p. 110.
779:Encyclopedia of Distances
655:compatible computers and
508:fifth generation computer
59:Hardware 1960s to present
1304:. OUP USA. p. 298.
607:general purpose computer
161:Graphical user interface
992:Wilczynski, J. (1974).
110:Artificial intelligence
671:, Poland and Romania.
595:
576:Unified System project
560:
427:
120:Early computer science
38:
1106:Braun, Aurel (1983).
995:Technology in Comecon
889:Rezun, Miron (1996).
695:compatibles in 1983.
589:
555:
421:
362:. As a result of the
246:Timeline of computing
130:Programming languages
115:Compiler construction
37:
753:. 15 December 2014.
156:General-purpose CPUs
140:Software engineering
54:Hardware before 1960
27:History of computing
1682:Electronika MS 1504
1677:Electronika MS 1502
1398:Пржиялковский В.В.
1244:. 1 November 1997.
1238:"Heart of Darkness"
545:(East Germany) and
464:integrated circuits
378:reverse engineering
1672:Electronika SS BIS
1347:on 23 January 2017
1212:The New York Times
596:
561:
541:(Czechoslovakia),
428:
390:integrated circuit
176:Personal computers
135:Prominent pioneers
39:
1916:
1915:
647:architecture and
556:A Bulgarian-made
488:Nicolae Ceaușescu
352:
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125:Operating systems
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667:, East Germany,
558:Pravetz computer
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101:Computer science
23:
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1836:Scorpion ZS-256
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1183:. 6 July 2015.
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592:Leipziger Messe
590:ES 1030 at the
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446:Edinaya Sistema
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148:Modern concepts
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1657:Electronika BK
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1514:Steal The Best
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1488:External links
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1409:
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1379:on 16 May 2017
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1447:the original
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1374:the original
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563:In 1985 the
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476:VEB Robotron
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453:disk storage
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374:Eastern Bloc
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368:Western Bloc
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285:2020–present
232:Soviet Union
212:Eastern Bloc
211:
1546:(in German)
1191:12 November
935:12 November
572:expertise.
549:(Romania).
515:ZX Spectrum
496:Groupe Bull
255:before 1950
181:Video games
1923:Categories
1907:See also:
1891:Vector-06C
1856:Specialist
1831:Radio-86RK
1518:micrograph
1478:2019-10-23
1453:2017-11-09
1383:5 November
1351:5 November
1252:4 November
1222:4 November
1158:5 November
1091:4 November
1058:20 October
812:, page 129
761:7 November
734:References
645:DEC PDP-11
384:(IEC) and
237:Yugoslavia
199:By country
1792:Orion-128
1637:Dubna 48K
1617:ATM Turbo
1472:Wikipédia
1181:Kotaku UK
874:. p. 267.
535:Leningrad
280:2010–2019
275:2000–2009
270:1990–1999
265:1980–1989
260:1950–1979
1797:Pentagon
1762:Microsha
1757:Micro-80
1533:VAX 6200
1529:MicroVAX
1425:Archived
1404:Archived
1316:Archived
1285:Archived
1246:Archived
1216:Archived
1185:Archived
1152:Archived
1124:Archived
1082:Archived
1033:Archived
1010:Archived
968:Archived
929:Archived
907:Archived
838:Archived
794:archived
755:Archived
751:Hackaday
702:See also
657:Multibus
543:Spectral
539:Didaktik
531:Scorpion
527:Pentagon
392:pins at
316:Category
207:Bulgaria
166:Internet
77:Software
68:Software
45:Hardware
1934:Comecon
1821:PS-3000
1817:PS-2000
1812:Promina
1807:Pravetz
1707:Hrazdan
1697:GVS-100
1692:ES PEVM
1607:Aragats
1506:at the
669:Hungary
649:HP 2100
523:Baltica
480:CID-201
432:COMECON
424:ES-1040
414:History
408:Comecon
397:⁄
222:Romania
171:Laptops
1861:Strela
1846:SM EVM
1737:Korvet
1717:Irisha
1702:Hobbit
1687:ES EVM
1642:Elbrus
1308:
1277:
1116:
1002:
960:
899:
870:
786:
693:VAX-11
689:PDP-11
633:SM EVM
628:SM EVM
603:clones
599:ES EVM
594:, 1975
582:ES EVM
519:Hobbit
217:Poland
1896:Vesna
1886:UT-88
1871:CUM-1
1841:Setun
1826:Radon
1802:Poisk
1787:Nairi
1782:MIR-3
1777:MIR-2
1767:Minsk
1732:KVM-1
1712:Iskra
1632:Dnepr
1627:Besta
1612:Argon
1520:of a
1377:(PDF)
1370:(PDF)
1345:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
1242:WIRED
1085:(PDF)
1078:(PDF)
841:(PDF)
834:(PDF)
685:PDP-8
547:Cobra
503:Sofia
472:R-300
460:Nairi
364:CoCom
191:Cloud
1881:Ural
1851:Sneg
1752:MESM
1727:Kiev
1722:Juku
1647:UKNC
1622:BESM
1602:Agat
1531:and
1525:CVAX
1516:, a
1385:2017
1353:2017
1306:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1254:2017
1224:2017
1193:2017
1160:2017
1114:ISBN
1093:2017
1060:2020
1000:ISBN
958:ISBN
937:2017
897:ISBN
868:ISBN
784:ISBN
763:2017
665:Cuba
422:The
404:inch
386:IEEE
354:The
87:Unix
1866:SVS
1772:MIR
1742:M-1
1652:DVK
1148:HAL
682:DEC
675:TPA
661:CAD
653:VAX
293:...
1925::
1876:UM
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
