846:
798:
786:
810:
474:
19:
834:
822:
229:
563:
128:
184:
582:, became a widely used substance for candle making. The wax was made by crystallizing the oil, and was the first candle substance to become available in mass quantities. Like beeswax, spermaceti wax did not create a repugnant odor when burned, and produced a significantly brighter light. It was also harder than either tallow or beeswax, so it would not soften or bend in the summer heat. The first "standard candles" were made from spermaceti wax.
620:
631:, England, patented a machine that revolutionised candle making. It allowed continuous production of molded candles, using a cylinder with a moveable piston to eject candles as they solidified. This method produced about 1,500 candles per hour: (according to his patent, "with three men and five boys will manufacture two tons of candle in twelve hours"). Now poorer people could now easily afford candles.
347:
858:
748:
770:. Candles became available in a broad array of sizes, shapes and colors, and consumer interest in scented candles began to grow. During the 1990s, new types of candle waxes were being developed due to an unusually high demand for candles. Paraffin, a by-product of oil, was quickly replaced by new waxes and wax blends owing to rising costs.
100:
373:) made candles from fats saved from the kitchen or sold their own candles from within their shops. The trade of the chandler is also recorded by the more picturesque name of "smeremongere", since they oversaw the manufacture of sauces, vinegar, soap and cheese. The popularity of candles is shown by their use in
719:
from palm trees. An accidental discovery swept all his ambitions aside when his son George Wilson, a talented chemist, distilled the first petroleum oil in 1854. George also pioneered the implementation of the technique of steam distillation, and was thus able to manufacture candles from a wide range
773:
Candle manufacturers looked at waxes such as soy, palm and flax-seed oil, often blending them with paraffin to achieve the performance of paraffin with the price benefits of the other waxes. The creation of unique wax blends, now requiring different fragrance chemistries and loads, encouraged candle
114:
In Europe, a number of techniques were used to make candles in the early periods. These may be dipping or drawing a wick in molten wax or tallow, shaping it by hand by rolling soft wax around a wick, or pouring wax or tallow over the wick. Moulds were used later, and in the 19th century, large-scale
423:
existed prior to 1330 and acquired its charter in 1484. By 1415, tallow candles were used in street lighting. The first candle mould comes from the 15th century in Paris. Sieur de Brez introduced the technique of using a mould, although candles had a tendency to stick to the mould and break when it
695:
Paraffin could be used to make inexpensive candles of high quality. It was a bluish-white wax, burned cleanly, and left no unpleasant odor, unlike tallow candles. A drawback to the substance was that early coal- and petroleum-derived paraffin waxes had a very low melting point. The introduction of
270:
Beeswax was a byproduct of honey collection, and it was collected after honey had been extracted, and purified by boiling it in seawater a few times. The early candles were produced using a number of methods: dipping or drawing the wick in molten fat or wax repeatedly until it reached the desired
845:
635:
524:. A type of Chinese candles has a bamboo rod as its core, onto which paper is wound spirally with rush pith as wick, and this is then repeatedly dipped in melted wax or fats and cooled until the desired size is reached. The candles may be coloured and sometimes decorated with characters.
387:, fat from cows or sheep, became the standard material used in candles in Europe. The unpleasant smell of tallow candles is due to the glycerine they contain. The smell of the manufacturing process was so unpleasant that it was banned by ordinance in several European cities.
175:
moon-shaped honey cakes said to be lit by little torches or candles, and this has been proposed as the origin of the tradition of putting candles on birthday cakes. However, cakes with any resemblance to modern
Western birthday cakes only arose by around 1600 in Europe. and
1418:
106:
104:
101:
105:
704:, solved this problem. Stearin is hard and durable, with a convenient melting range of 54–72.5 °C (129.2–162.5 °F). By the end of the 19th century, most candles being manufactured consisted of paraffin and stearic acid.
653:. This technique makes wicks curl over as they burn, maintaining the height of the wick and therefore the flame. Because much of the excess wick is incinerated, these are referred to as "self-trimming" or "self-consuming" wicks.
220:
and beeswax. Beeswax candles were expensive and their use was limited to the wealthy. Oil lamps were the most widely used source of illumination in Roman Italy, but candles were common and regularly given as gifts during
797:
711:, based in London, was the largest candle manufacturer in the world. The company traced its origins back to 1829, when William Wilson invested in 1,000 acres (1.6 sq mi; 4.0 km) of coconut plantation in
785:
103:
167:, and a possible depiction of a lit candle in the tomb of Amenemhat. However, the candles used in the early periods may not resemble current forms and were likely made from plant materials dipped in animal fat.
391:
was discovered to be an excellent substance for candle production without the unpleasant odour, but remained restricted in usage for the rich and for churches and royal events, due to their great expense.
439:. As in Europe, these candles were fairly expensive, and most commoners used oil lamps instead. Elites, though, could afford to spend large sums on expensive candles. For example, the Abbasid caliph
319:(266–420) makes a solid reference to the beeswax candle in regard to its use by the statesman Zhou Yi (d. 322). An excavated earthenware bowl from the 4th century AD, located at the
809:
450:
In early modern Syria, candles were in high demand by all socioeconomic classes because they were customarily lit during marriage ceremonies. There were candle makers' guilds in the
271:
size, building the candle by hand by rolling soft wax around a wick, or pouring fat or wax onto a wick to build up the candle. The use of moulds was a 14th-century development.
435:
Caliphates, beeswax was the dominant material used for candle making. Beeswax was often imported from long distances; for example, candle makers from Egypt used beeswax from
1242:
1149:
115:
industrial manufacturing technique was introduced for the mass production of candles. Candle use declined with the arrival of other methods of lighting such as
102:
338:
from this region used oil from this fish for illumination. A simple candle could be made by putting the dried fish on a forked stick and then lighting it.
1175:
527:
The
Japanese have similar candle-making techniques as the Chinese, but they also developed a method of moulding candles using paper tubes. They may use
1731:
833:
664:. Two paraffin wax candles were made from the naturally occurring paraffin wax present in the oil, and these candles illuminated a lecture at the
501:
has a low melting point and it therefore may be encased with the harder beeswax. The
Chinese may have started cultivating the tallow tree in the
139:
Before candles were invented, ancient people used open fire, torches, splinters of resinous wood, and lamps to provide light at night. Primitive
408:
473:
424:
was being removed from the mould. Real improvement for the efficient production of candles with mould was only achieved in the 19th century.
1622:
821:
766:
From then on, candles came to be marketed as more of a decorative item. Candles retain their unique symbolic significance, for instance as
350:
The oldest surviving bees wax candles north of the Alps from the alamannic graveyard of
Oberflacht, Germany dating to 6th/7th century A.D.
212:
and other plant fibre soaked in fat, pitch or oil. Candles of antiquity were made from various forms of natural fat, tallow, and wax, and
755:
Despite advances in candle making, the candle industry declined rapidly upon the introduction of superior methods of lighting, including
420:
1792:
335:
275:
1476:
Batchelor, Robert (December 2017). "John Bradby Blake, the
Chinese tallow tree and the infrastructure of botanical experimentation".
267:
decreed that tallow be excluded from use in altar candles, and high beeswax content was necessary for the candles of the high altar.
1771:
1715:
1688:
1606:
1554:
1431:
1115:
962:
18:
627:
The manufacture of candles became an industrialised mass market in the mid 19th century. In 1834, Joseph Morgan, a pewterer from
362:, the most common fuel for oil lamps, unavailable throughout much of Europe. As a consequence, candles became more widely used.
1596:
1544:
1833:
902:
732:
728:
673:
208:, and the earliest Etruscan candlestick may date from the 7th century BC. Candles may have evolved from tapers with wicks of
155:, but it is unclear when and where candles were first used. Objects that could possibly be candle holders have been found in
688:, and developed a commercially viable method of production. The paraffin wax was processed by distilling residue left after
1705:
1250:
1570:
1373:
1153:
1527:
1131:
233:
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during the 1500s and 1600s. However, candle makers had a relatively low social position in
Safavid Iran, comparable to
1828:
316:
701:
600:
532:
85:
736:
244:
228:
760:
735:
from the mid-nineteenth century. Manufacturers included Will & Baumer, Mack Miller, Muench
Kruezer, and
604:
1735:
1067:
857:
562:
291:
201:
187:
127:
1417:
Beg, M.A.J. (1997). "SAMMĀ'". In
Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.).
774:
wick manufacturers to innovate to meet performance needs with the often tougher-to-burn formulations.
505:
region in the 7th century. Wax from the plant was commonly used to make
Buddhist ceremonial candles.
1339:
1224:
591:
183:
164:
160:
132:
1598:
Laws of Men and Laws of Nature: The
History of Scientific Expert Testimony in England and America
1511:
1493:
724:
60:
since the 19th century. In China, textual evidence suggests that candles may have been made from
1630:
708:
638:
634:
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1788:
1767:
1711:
1684:
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665:
498:
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180:
used torches and oil lamps, and may have adopted candle use only in a later period from Rome.
73:
69:
1360:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics
952:
1823:
1485:
890:
656:
In 1848 James Young established the world's first oil refinery at the Alfreton Ironworks in
619:
467:
767:
689:
320:
260:
177:
116:
1086:
1817:
1808:
756:
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502:
440:
279:
252:
243:
In Christian churches, candles gained significance in their decorative, symbolic and
168:
685:
677:
611:
in 1825. Like tallow, this was derived from animals, but had no glycerine content.
521:
486:
482:
416:
355:
331:
213:
57:
641:
became the largest candle manufacturer in the world by the end of the 19th century
346:
1782:
1761:
1678:
720:
of raw materials, including skin fat, bone fat, fish oil and industrial greases.
579:
517:
509:
366:
311:
302:
295:
190:
144:
77:
65:
49:
1574:
747:
1532:. Vol. 141. Smithsonian Institution US National Museum. 1928. p. 17.
1516:. Vol. 141. Smithsonian Institution US National Museum. 1928. p. 16.
1381:
661:
628:
575:
513:
378:
264:
222:
200:
It is often believed that the use of wicked candles developed in Italy in the
152:
45:
919:
894:
407:
by the 13th century, and a French guild was documented as early as 1061. The
712:
599:, yielded candles that produce clear, smokeless flames. The French chemists
586:
528:
374:
370:
359:
309:
dictionary of about 40 BC hints at candles being made of beeswax, while the
283:
256:
237:
156:
148:
81:
61:
23:
1458:
1107:
Celebration: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium of Food and Cookery 2011
716:
681:
657:
596:
539:
327:
140:
110:
Video of dipping candles as part of the process of making candles by hand
93:
1497:
954:
Exploring Candle Magick: Candle Spells, Charms, Rituals, and Divinations
294:(403–221 BCE); some excavated bronzewares from that era feature a
1489:
697:
608:
571:
455:
451:
432:
428:
396:
388:
205:
172:
151:
period have been found. Candles may have been produced after the early
53:
41:
33:
was developed independently in a number of countries around the world.
645:
At this time, candlemakers also began to fashion wicks out of tightly
143:
in which a lit wick rested in a pool of oil or fat were used from the
1068:"Amenemhat-TT82 < The West Wall, Funeral > In the top register"
650:
463:
459:
444:
412:
400:
384:
217:
52:) was used in the 18th and 19th centuries, and purified animal fats (
37:
746:
646:
633:
623:
Joseph Morgan's candle making machine revolutionized candle making
618:
561:
551:
543:
472:
436:
404:
345:
227:
209:
182:
126:
98:
89:
204:
period; a picture of a candlestick exists in an Etruscan tomb at
1353:
1351:
1349:
715:. His aim was to make candles from coconut oil. Later he tried
547:
415:
was formed in about 1300 in London, and in 1456 was granted a
255:
in Spain and Italy in the 4th century, the Christian festival
282:(259–210 BC), first emperor of China, was said by historian
68:(221–206 BCE). Chinese candles may be made from beeswax, or
251:
recorded at the end of the 3rd century, were documented as
44:
in Europe from the Roman period until the modern era, when
1132:"Processional Dancer Bringing Cake Offerings Illustration"
920:"The Spermaceti Candle and the American Whaling Industry"
323:, has a hollowed socket where traces of wax were found.
1150:"Interesting facts about candles you must know about!!"
1546:
Seven Centuries of Light: The Tallow Chandlers Company
1303:
1301:
1299:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
585:
By 1800, an even cheaper alternative was discovered.
578:, an oil that comes from a cavity in the head of the
497:, may be used to make candles together with beeswax.
1322:
1320:
1029:
1027:
978:
976:
974:
1050:
1048:
1046:
791:
Hand operated, water cooled, candle making machines
1763:Metal Candlesticks: History, Styles and Techniques
803:12" candles wound out from a hand-operated machine
365:Candles were commonplace throughout Europe in the
1104:Rusinek, Marietta (2012). Mark McWilliams (ed.).
885:Willhöft, Franz; Horn, Rudolf (2000). "Candles".
286:to contain candles made from whale fat. The word
80:derived from insects. While the Japanese may use
1176:"The Cake-Filled History of the Birthday Candle"
1623:"Using stearic acid or stearin in candlemaking"
1549:. Book Production Consultants plc. p. 74.
887:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
263:instituted the procession of lighted candles.
1420:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE)
751:Candles here are used to celebrate a birthday
481:In China, beeswax candles were common in the
147:period, and pottery and stone lamps from the
8:
1601:. Harvard University Press. pp. 89–91.
512:derived from insects and resembles the best
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1243:"How did the Romans celebrate 'Christmas'?"
466:workers, fortune tellers, bricklayers, and
447:annually on candles for his royal palaces.
1362:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. pp. 79–80.
1087:"Let There be Light: A History of Candles"
1732:"Atkins & Pearce Candle Wick History"
946:
944:
942:
940:
880:
878:
477:Handmade Chinese candles with bamboo core
119:, although candles are still being made.
1707:An Economic History of London, 1800-1914
1704:Ball, Michael; David Sunderland (2001).
649:(rather than simply twisted) strands of
17:
1452:
1450:
874:
781:
1307:
1286:
1270:
1195:
1033:
1014:
998:
982:
516:, may also be used. The production of
334:which is found from Oregon to Alaska.
566:'Colonial'-style tapered candle molds
7:
1326:
1211:
1054:
1110:. Prospect Books. pp. 38–309.
1459:"A short history of Chinese lamps"
815:Workers packing candles into boxes
14:
1809:History and Psychology of Candles
595:, and a similar oil derived from
290:was used for "candle" during the
36:Candles were primarily made from
1457:Yue, Jingjin (2 February 2018).
856:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
784:
259:was named after the candle, and
1710:. Routledge. pp. 131–132.
851:A decorated Qing dynasty candle
550:butter was used for candles in
542:was used for temple candles in
427:In the Middle East, during the
315:(compiled in 648) covering the
1426:. Leiden: Brill. p. 288.
743:Decline of the candle industry
216:made true dipped candles from
135:that could be a candle holder.
1:
1784:Studies in Ancient Technology
1781:Forbes, Robert James (1966).
1463:Chinese Social Sciences Today
1152:. 20 May 2021. Archived from
489:dynasties. Wax from a plant,
403:, candle making had become a
232:Candles used for blessing in
193:
96:was used for temple candles.
1680:London's Industrial Heritage
1571:"A Brief History of Candles"
1374:"A Short History of Candles"
1340:"Candles in Chinese History"
957:. Career Press. p. 10.
680:from coal and oil shales at
234:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
163:cultures, as well as in the
1478:Curtis's Botanical Magazine
358:, trading disruptions made
330:or "candlefish", a type of
326:There is a fish called the
22:Candle moulding machine in
1850:
1136:World History Encyclopedia
951:Telesco, Patricia (2001).
707:By the late 19th century,
369:. Candle makers (known as
354:After the collapse of the
298:thought to hold a candle.
1543:Phillips, Gordon (1999).
1225:"Candles, Roman, 500 BCE"
839:Candle making with moulds
508:Another type of wax, the
443:spent 1.2 million silver
1653:"Stearic acid (stearin)"
1358:Needham, Joseph (1986).
1076:Item described as a lamp
895:10.1002/14356007.a05_029
863:Handmade candle in Japan
827:Candle making by dipping
737:Cathedral Candle Company
676:succeeded in distilling
409:Tallow Chandlers Company
305:(202 BC – 220 AD)
171:offered to moon goddess
1766:. Schiffer Publishing.
1760:Baur, Veronika (1996).
1677:Geoff Marshall (2013).
889:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
761:incandescent light bulb
605:Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac
570:With the growth of the
1249:. 2013. Archived from
752:
702:Michel Eugène Chevreul
642:
624:
601:Michel Eugène Chevreul
567:
478:
351:
240:
197:
136:
111:
27:
1834:History of technology
1683:. The History Press.
1657:howtomakecandles.info
918:Irwin, Emily (2012).
750:
637:
622:
607:(1778–1850) patented
574:in the 18th century,
565:
476:
421:Wax Chandlers Company
349:
292:Warring States period
231:
186:
130:
109:
21:
1229:Smith College Museum
759:, and from 1879 the
733:candle manufacturing
672:. In the mid-1850s,
535:for making candles.
520:was mastered by the
1595:Golan, Tal (2004).
592:Brassica campestris
495:Chinese tallow tree
165:tomb of Tutankhamun
133:tomb of Tutankhamun
92:, wax from boiling
74:Chinese tallow tree
1829:Industrial history
1490:10.1111/curt.12211
1342:. 9 February 2016.
1093:. 3 December 2021.
753:
725:Syracuse, New York
643:
625:
568:
479:
352:
247:. Wax candles, or
241:
198:
137:
112:
28:
1378:Millhouse Candles
1138:. 20 August 2021.
727:developed into a
666:Royal Institution
615:Industrialization
538:Wax from boiling
533:Japanese wax tree
499:Stillingia tallow
491:stillingia tallow
107:
86:Japanese wax tree
70:stillingia tallow
1841:
1798:
1777:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1734:. Archived from
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1722:
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1701:
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1694:
1674:
1668:
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1665:
1663:
1649:
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1629:. Archived from
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1573:. Archived from
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1380:. Archived from
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1178:. November 2017.
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1156:on 30 March 2023
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768:votive offerings
700:, discovered by
603:(1786–1889) and
572:whaling industry
336:Native Americans
195:
108:
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1091:Hellenic Museum
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816:
813:
804:
801:
792:
789:
780:
745:
709:Price's Candles
690:crude petroleum
639:Price's Candles
617:
589:, derived from
560:
344:
249:candelae cereae
245:ceremonial uses
125:
99:
12:
11:
5:
1847:
1845:
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1826:
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1803:External links
1801:
1800:
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1794:978-9004006263
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321:Luoyang Museum
274:In China, the
261:Pope Sergius I
253:Easter candles
178:ancient Greece
169:Ancient Greeks
131:Object in the
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31:Candle making
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1754:Bibliography
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1726:
1706:
1699:
1679:
1672:
1662:25 September
1660:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1637:25 September
1635:. Retrieved
1631:the original
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1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
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1437:. Retrieved
1419:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1377:
1368:
1359:
1334:
1329:, p. 8.
1282:
1266:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1246:
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1158:. Retrieved
1154:the original
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1057:, p. 7.
1010:
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927:EIU Historia
926:
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886:
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723:In America,
722:
706:
694:
686:West Lothian
678:paraffin wax
655:
644:
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590:
584:
569:
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526:
522:Yuan dynasty
507:
480:
449:
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417:coat of arms
394:
383:
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356:Roman empire
353:
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287:
273:
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248:
242:
199:
138:
113:
58:paraffin wax
50:sperm whales
35:
30:
29:
15:
1310:, pp.
1308:Forbes 1966
1289:, pp.
1287:Forbes 1966
1271:Forbes 1966
1196:Forbes 1966
1034:Forbes 1966
1015:Forbes 1966
999:Forbes 1966
983:Forbes 1966
674:James Young
580:sperm whale
518:Chinese wax
510:Chinese wax
454:capital of
405:guild craft
367:Middle Ages
342:Middle Ages
317:Jin dynasty
312:Book of Jin
303:Han dynasty
265:Papal bulls
191:candelabrum
159:and middle
145:Paleolithic
78:Chinese wax
66:Qin dynasty
1818:Categories
1742:2015-01-04
1581:2013-03-23
1388:2015-07-06
1273:, p.
1257:2015-03-06
1198:, p.
1072:Osiris.net
1036:, p.
1017:, p.
1001:, p.
985:, p.
904:3527306730
869:References
662:Derbyshire
629:Manchester
576:spermaceti
558:Modern era
514:spermaceti
379:Saint Lucy
223:Saturnalia
157:Babylonian
153:Bronze Age
46:spermaceti
26:circa 1920
1787:. Brill.
1327:Baur 1996
1212:Baur 1996
1055:Baur 1996
713:Sri Lanka
587:Colza oil
531:from the
529:Japan wax
464:bathhouse
375:Candlemas
371:chandlers
360:olive oil
307:Jizhupian
284:Sima Qian
276:mausoleum
257:Candlemas
238:Jerusalem
149:Neolithic
141:oil lamps
123:Antiquity
84:from the
82:Japan wax
62:whale fat
24:Indonesia
1529:Bulletin
1513:Bulletin
1498:48505841
933:: 45–53.
717:palm oil
682:Bathgate
658:Riddings
597:rapeseed
540:cinnamon
328:eulachon
202:Etruscan
188:Etruscan
94:cinnamon
1824:Candles
1439:13 June
1312:138–139
1291:135–138
778:Gallery
698:stearin
647:braided
609:stearin
468:porters
460:barbers
456:Isfahan
452:Safavid
445:dirhams
433:Fatimid
429:Abbasid
397:England
389:Beeswax
377:and in
296:pricket
206:Orvieto
196:550 B.C
173:Artemis
64:in the
54:stearin
42:beeswax
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651:cotton
419:. The
413:London
401:France
385:Tallow
218:tallow
214:Romans
161:Minoan
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48:(from
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1494:JSTOR
1424:(PDF)
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552:Tibet
544:India
493:from
437:Tunis
332:smelt
210:oakum
90:India
88:. In
76:, or
72:from
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1768:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1664:2014
1639:2014
1603:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1441:2022
1428:ISBN
1162:2021
1112:ISBN
959:ISBN
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731:for
487:Sung
485:and
483:Tang
431:and
399:and
301:The
40:and
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1200:140
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411:of
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