106:, who filed in 1960 a patent application for a Magnetic Resonance Imaging device. Ivanov's main contribution was the idea of using magnetic field gradient, combined with a selective frequency excitation/readout, to encode the spatial coordinates. In modern terms, it was only proton-density (not relaxation times) imaging, which was also slow, since only one gradient direction was used at a time and the imaging had to be done slice-by-slice. Nevertheless, it was a true magnetic resonance imaging procedure. Originally rejected as "improbable", Ivanov's application was finally approved in 1984 (with the original priority date).
233:
223:(EPI) technique that would lead to scans taking seconds rather than hours and produce clearer images than Lauterbur had. Damadian, along with Larry Minkoff and Michael Goldsmith, obtained an image of a tumor in the thorax of a mouse in 1976. They also performed the first MRI body scan of a human being on July 3, 1977, studies they published in 1977. In 1979, Richard S. Likes filed a patent on k-space
135:
374:
Although MRI is most commonly performed in the clinic at 1.5 T, higher fields such as 3 T for clinical imaging and more recently 7 T for research purposes are gaining popularity because of their increased sensitivity and resolution. In research laboratories, human studies have been performed at 9.4 T
118:
In the 1960s, the results of work on relaxation, diffusion, and chemical exchange of water in cells and tissues of various types appeared in the scientific literature. In 1967, Ligon reported the measurement of NMR relaxation of water in the arms of living human subjects. In 1968, Jackson and
Langham
280:
system, and built the first high-field device, overcoming problems of coil design, RF penetration and signal-to-noise ratio to build the first whole-body MRI/MRS scanner. The results translated into the highly successful 1.5 T MRI product-line, delivering over 20,000 systems. In 1982, Bottomley
166:
by NMR. Damadian's initial methods were flawed for practical use, relying on a point-by-point scan of the entire body and using relaxation rates, which turned out not to be an effective indicator of cancerous tissue. While researching the analytical properties of magnetic resonance, Damadian created
122:
In the 1970s, it was realized that the relaxation times are key determinants of contrast in MRI and can be used to detect and differentiate a range of pathologies. A number of research groups had showed that early cancer cells tended to exhibit longer relaxation times than their corresponding normal
264:
Radiology
Department founded the Radiologic Imaging Laboratory (RIL). With the support of Pfizer, Diasonics, and later Toshiba America MRI, the lab developed new imaging technology and installed systems in the United States and worldwide. In 1981 RIL researchers, including Leon Kaufman and Lawrence
114:
By 1959, Jay Singer had studied blood flow by NMR relaxation time measurements of blood in living humans. Such measurements were not introduced into common medical practice until the mid-1980s, although a patent for a whole-body NMR machine to measure blood flow in the human body was filed by
55:
further refined the techniques used in MR image acquisition and processing, and in 2003 he and
Lauterbur were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their contributions to the development of MRI. The first clinical MRI scanners were installed in the early 1980s and significant
423:
for their "discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging". The Nobel citation acknowledged
Lauterbur's insight of using magnetic field gradients to determine spatial localization, a discovery that allowed the acquisition of 3D and 2D images. Mansfield was credited with introducing the
206:
expanded on Carr's technique and developed a way to generate the first MRI images, in 2D and 3D, using gradients. In 1973, Lauterbur published the first nuclear magnetic resonance image and the first cross-sectional image of a living mouse in
January 1974. In the late 1970s,
253:. On 28 August 1980 they used this machine to obtain the first clinically useful image of a patient's internal tissues using MRI, which identified a primary tumour in the patient's chest, an abnormal liver, and secondary cancer in his bones. This machine was later used at
281:
performed the first localized MRS in the human heart and brain. After starting a collaboration on heart applications with Robert Weiss at Johns
Hopkins, Bottomley returned to the university in 1994 as Russell Morgan Professor and director of the MR Research Division.
2191:
Villringer, A.; Rosen, B. R.; Belliveau, J. W.; Ackerman, J. L.; Lauffer, R. B.; Buxton, R. B.; Chao, Y. S.; Wedeen, V. J.; Brady, T. J. (February 1988). "Dynamic imaging with lanthanide chelates in normal brain: contrast due to magnetic susceptibility effects".
395:(USFDA) proffered 510(k) approval of Hyperfine Research's bedside MRI system. The Hyperfine system claims 1/20th the cost, 1/35th the power consumption, and 1/10th the weight of conventional MRI systems. It uses a standard electrical outlet for power.
50:
The factors leading to image contrast (differences in tissue relaxation time values) had been described nearly 20 years earlier by physician and scientist Erik
Odeblad and Gunnar Lindström. Among many other researchers in the late 1970s and 1980s,
2709:
Sadeghi‐Tarakameh, Alireza; De la Barre, Lance; Lagore, Russell L.; Torrado‐Carvajal, Angel; Wu, Xiaoping; Grant, Andrea; Adriany, Gregor; Metzger, Gregory J.; Van de
Moortele, Pierre‐Francois; Ugurbil, Kamil; Atalar, Ergin (2019-11-21).
424:
mathematical formalism and developing techniques for efficient gradient utilization and fast imaging. The research that won the Prize was done almost 30 years earlier while Paul
Lauterbur was a professor in the Department of Chemistry at
2485:
Hajnal, J. V.; De Coene, B.; Lewis, P. D.; Baudouin, C. J.; Cowan, F. M.; Pennock, J. M.; Young, I. R.; Bydder, G. M. (July 1992). "High signal regions in normal white matter shown by heavily T2-weighted CSF nulled IR sequences".
190:
notes "The patent included the idea of using NMR to 'scan' the human body to locate cancerous tissue." However, it did not describe a method for generating pictures from such a scan or precisely how such a scan might be done.
1661:"Magnetic resonance neurography and diffusion tensor imaging: origins, history, and clinical impact of the first 50,000 cases with an assessment of efficacy and utility in a prospective 5000-patient study group"
2590:
Reichenbach, J.R.; Venkatesan, R.; Schillinger, D.J.; Kido, D.K. & Haacke, E.M. (1997). "Small vessels in the human brain: MR venography with deoxyhemoglobin as an intrinsic contrast agent".
131:
and several others. This also initiated a program to catalog the relaxation times of a wide range of biological tissues, which became one of the main motivations for the development of MRI.
2067:
Sijbers, J.; Scheunders, P.; Bonnet, N.; Van Dyck, D.; Raman, E. (1996). "Quantification and improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio in a magnetic resonance image acquisition procedure".
1517:
Tanaka, K.; Yamada, T.; Shimizu, T.; Sano, F.; Abe, Z. (1974). "Fundamental investigations (in vitro) for a non-invasive method of tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance".
47:
who developed a mechanism to encode spatial information into an NMR signal using magnetic field gradients in
September 1971; he published the theory behind it in March 1973.
1793:
Damadian, R.; Minkoff, L.; Goldsmith, M.; Stanford, M.; Koutcher, J. (1976). "Field focusing nuclear magnetic resonance (FONAR): visualization of a tumor in a live animal".
2375:
Filler, A. G.; Howe, F. A.; Hayes, C. E.; Kliot, M.; Winn, H. R.; Bell, B. A.; Griffiths, J. R.; Tsuruda, J. S. (1993-03-13). "Magnetic resonance neurography".
570:
Odeblad, Erik; Bhar, Baidya Nath & Lindström, Gunnar (July 1956). "Proton magnetic resonance of human red blood cells in heavy water exchange experiments".
2040:
1859:
1027:
2787:"A volume birdcage coil with an adjustable sliding tuner ring for neuroimaging in high field vertical magnets: ex and in vivo applications at 21.1T"
1422:
Weisman, I. D.; Bennett, L. H.; Maxwell, L. R.; Woods, M. W.; Burk, D. (1972-12-22). "Recognition of cancer in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance".
353:
177:
display different relaxation times than corresponding normal tissue. Zenuemon Abe and his colleagues applied the patent for a targeted NMR scanner,
1974:
2488:
572:
261:
2937:
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2642:
2306:
2256:
1398:
774:
420:
326:
257:, in London, from 1983 to 1993. Mallard and his team are credited for technological advances that led to the widespread introduction of MRI.
28:
2658:
Vaughan, T.; DelaBarre, L.; Snyder, C.; Tian, J.; Akgun, C.; Shrivastava, D.; Liu, W.; Olson, C.; Adriany, G.; et al. (December 2006).
1065:
2069:
1883:
Hinshaw, W.S.; Bottomley, P.A.; Holland, G.N. (1977). "Radiographic thin-section image of the human wrist by nuclear magnetic resonance".
762:
2972:
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2923:
2114:
376:
345:
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joined the GE Research Center in Schenectady, New York. His team ordered the highest field-strength magnet then available, a 1.5
2023:
1099:
357:
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recognized that oxygen-depleted blood with dHb was attracted to a magnetic field, and discovered the technique that underlies
2324:
2194:
1350:
881:
1630:
966:
2176:
Le Bihan, D.; Breton, E. (1987). "Method to Measure the Molecular Diffusion and/or Perfusion Parameters of Live Tissue".
392:
254:
153:
99:
840:
1836:
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187:
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273:
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cells and as such stimulated initial interest in the idea of detecting cancer with NMR. These early groups include
72:
40:
24:
19:
352:
was developed by John Detre and Alan P. Koretsky. In 1997, Jürgen R. Reichenbach, E. Mark Haacke and coworkers at
1952:
1327:
1869:
2122:
416:
212:
56:
development of the technology followed in the decades since, leading to its widespread use in medicine today.
2322:
Howe, F. A.; Filler, A. G.; Bell, B. A.; Griffiths, J. R. (December 1992). "Magnetic resonance neurography".
1984:
2785:
Qian, C.; Masad, I.S.; Rosenberg, J.T.; Elumalai, M.; Brey, W.W.; Grant, S.C.; Gor'kov, P.L. (August 2012).
2634:
1605:
349:
457:(1973). "Image Formation by Induced Local Interactions: Examples of Employing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance".
2284:
2078:
1864:
1665:
425:
408:
250:
236:
MRI Scanner Mark One. The first MRI scanner to be built and used, in Aberdeen Royal Infirmary in Scotland.
203:
68:
36:
2893:
2279:
Basser, Peter J. (2010). "Invention and Development of Diffusion Tensor MRI (DT-MRI or DTI) at the NIH".
2018:
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https://healthcare-in-europe.com/en/news/11-7-tesla-first-images-world-most-powerful-mri-scanner.html
80:
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pulse sequence to demonstrate high signal regions in normal white matter in 1992. In the same year,
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2083:
368:
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220:
1408:
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1979:
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634:
484:
310:
92:
2712:"In vivo human head MRI at 10.5T: A radiofrequency safety study and preliminary imaging results"
167:
a hypothetical magnetic resonance cancer-detecting machine in 1972. He patented such a machine,
1753:
Mansfield, P.; Grannell, P. (1975). "Diffraction and microscopy in solids and liquids by NMR".
1322:
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technology were crucial to the development of practical MRI, which requires a large amount of
144:
64:
44:
32:
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459:
429:
380:
290:
269:. In the 1980s the book was considered the definitive introductory textbook to the subject.
149:
124:
1583:
2791:
2157:
843:[Regards To Nobel From Ivanov: How a Soviet rocket lieutenant surpassed America].
609:
412:
306:
208:
183:
in 1973. They published this technique in 1974. Damadian claims to have invented the MRI.
128:
52:
2541:"Early development of arterial spin labeling to measure regional brain blood flow by MRI"
2298:
2803:
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807:
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665:
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454:
404:
298:
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199:
2092:
1250:
1197:
529:"Some preliminary observations on the proton magnetic resonance in biological samples"
2961:
2771:
2558:
2501:
2390:
2053:
1999:
1308:
1198:"Distinction between the preneoplastic and neoplastic state of murine mammary glands"
724:
585:
364:
314:
302:
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2525:
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1739:
1182:
947:
681:
638:
232:
173:
on February 5, 1974. Lawrence Bennett and Dr. Irwin Weisman also found in 1972 that
2038:
Froelich, Jerry W. (17 February 1984). "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Imaging".
1920:
1467:
488:
337:
277:
246:
103:
1443:
1166:
931:
134:
2246:
1358:
1196:
Hazelwood, C. F.; Chang, D.C.; Medina, D.; Cleveland, G.; Nichols, B. L. (1972).
889:
31:, starting early in the twentieth century. One researcher was American physicist
2929:
1638:
974:
318:
88:
76:
23:(MRI) includes the work of many researchers who contributed to the discovery of
1202:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2811:
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2377:
1502:
1485:
1379:
1005:
547:
528:
225:
179:
169:
84:
2745:
2509:
2453:
2398:
2345:
2215:
1776:
1486:"Non-invasive measurements of biological information with application of NMR"
1451:
1241:
967:"A Short History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging from a European Point of View"
862:
841:"Привет Нобелю От Иванова: Как советский лейтенант-ракетчик перегнал Америку"
673:
336:, and Aaron Filler, Franklyn Howe and colleagues published the first DTI and
1814:
1730:
1711:
1145:
Damadian, R. (March 1971). "Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance".
848:
704:
403:
Reflecting the fundamental importance and applicability of MRI in medicine,
322:
174:
152:, an Armenian-American doctor and professor at the Downstate Medical Center
2829:
2763:
2695:
2576:
2471:
2337:
2207:
1844:
1696:
1552:
1300:
1232:
939:
825:
630:
593:
556:
119:
published the first NMR signals from a living animal, an anesthetized rat.
2613:
2517:
2406:
2353:
2223:
2100:
1822:
1530:
1459:
1259:
1174:
1128:
43:, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging. MR imaging was invented by
1912:
138:
Raymond Damadian's "Apparatus and method for detecting cancer in tissue".
2736:
1291:
1274:
652:
Hahn, E. L. (1950). "Nuclear Induction Due to Free Larmor Precession".
216:
162:
2727:
2677:
1960:
1120:
746:
719:
1904:
480:
816:
791:
1934:
506:(14th ed.). TRTF – The Round Table Foundation: TwinTree Media.
504:
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. A critical introduction. e-Textbook
1214:
231:
157:
133:
2894:"US FDA grants 510(k) clearance to Hyperfine Research MRI system"
2870:"First Bedside MRI Provides Images in 2 Minutes Instead of Hours"
1631:"Does Dr. Raymond Damadian Deserve the Nobel Prize for Medicine?"
509:
1403:
1490:
Transactions of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers
333:
2430:"Magnetic Resonance Neurography and Diffusion Tensor Imaging"
910:
Singer, R.J. (1959). "Blood-flow rates by NMR measurements".
2248:
Bold fMRI. a guide to functional imaging for neuroscientists
91:
produced a one-dimensional NMR spectrum as reported in his
763:"Free Precession Techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance"
769:. Vol. 1. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley and Sons. p. 253.
332:
In the early 1990s, Peter Basser and Le Bihan working at
75:, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging. In 1950,
1604:
Maugh, Thomas H. II & Piller, Charles (2003-10-11).
1399:"NBS Examines a Mouse and Opens a New Medical Specialty"
697:
Free Precession Techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
98:
The next step (from spectra to imaging) was proposed by
2925:
Magnetic Resonance In Medicine: A Critical Introduction
865:[Patents by Vladislav Aleksandrovich Ivanov].
1606:"Scientist Claims Exclusion From Nobel Prize for MRI"
1380:"Apparatus And Method For Detecting Cancer In Tissue"
1975:"Mallard MRI body scanner, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1983"
289:In 1986, Charles L. Dumoulin and Howard R. Hart at
2000:"Radiologic Imaging Laboratory records, 1977-2000"
375:(2006), 10.5 T (2019), and up to 11.7T (2024) <
2245:Faro, Scott H.; Mohamed, Feroze B. (2010-01-15).
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
2630:Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness
1093:Jackson, J.A. & Langham, W.H. (April 1968).
309:and colleagues demonstrated that susceptibility
2115:"Biographical Sketch: Paul A. Bottomley, Ph.D."
2004:UCSF Library Archives & Special Collections
1935:"Celebrated scientist donates medal collection"
1545:"The Inventor of the MRI on Real Science Radio"
1140:
1138:
863:"Патенты автора Иванов Владислав Александрович"
765:. In Grant, David M.; Harris, Robin K. (eds.).
301:, obtained the first images and later patented
267:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Medicine
1006:"Chapter 20 : The history of MR imaging"
383:studies have been performed at up to 21.1 T.
249:built the first full-body MRI scanner at the
110:Relaxation times and early development of MRI
8:
1957:British Society for the History of Radiology
2041:Journal of the American Medical Association
1788:
1786:
1484:; Tanaka, Kunio & Hotta, Masao (1974).
1273:Plewes, Donald; Kucharczyk, Walter (2012).
1043:"First MAGNETOM scanner in the USA in 1983"
449:
447:
445:
1068:[Obituary for Alexander Ganssen].
792:"Russian claims first in magnetic imaging"
767:Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
699:(PhD). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
2819:
2753:
2735:
2685:
2566:
2461:
2288:
2082:
1729:
1686:
1501:
1384:United States Patent and Trademark Office
1290:
1249:
1231:
1213:
815:
745:
546:
2627:Rosenblum, Bruce; Kuttner, Fred (2011).
527:Odeblad, E. & Lindström, G. (1955).
354:Washington University School of Medicine
2489:Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
2019:"Radiologic Imaging Laboratory Records"
961:
959:
957:
573:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
441:
340:brain images. Joseph Hajnal, Young and
262:University of California, San Francisco
160:and normal tissue can be distinguished
2660:"9.4T human MRI: preliminary results"
1279:Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
880:Bateneva, Tatiana (29 October 2003).
839:Bateneva, Tatiana (27 October 2003).
421:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
327:Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
142:In a March 1971 paper in the journal
29:physics of magnetic resonance imaging
7:
790:MacWilliams, Bryon (November 2003).
1837:"First MRI and ultrasound scanning"
1712:"Magnetic resonance zeugmatography"
607:Hahn, E. L. (1950). "Spin echoes".
211:, a physicist and professor at the
27:(NMR) and described the underlying
2446:10.1227/01.neu.0000351279.78110.00
2299:10.1093/med/9780195369779.003.0047
1679:10.1227/01.NEU.0000351279.78110.00
14:
2848:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
971:European Magnetic Resonance Forum
115:Alexander Ganssen in early 1967.
2559:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.005
2502:10.1097/00004728-199207000-00002
2054:10.1001/jama.1984.03340310071034
2024:The Online Archive of California
1349:Stracher, Cameron (2002-06-14).
1100:Review of Scientific Instruments
510:"Magnetic Resonance in Medicine"
2606:10.1148/radiology.204.1.9205259
1629:Saryan, Levon A. (2003-11-08).
1066:"Nachruf auf Alexander Ganssen"
1041:Braun, Bianca (June 24, 2013).
358:Susceptibility weighted imaging
245:During the 1970s a team led by
2716:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
2539:Koretsky, A.P. (August 2012).
2325:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
2195:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
1858:Wakefield, Julie (June 2000).
1648:– via HighBeam Research.
1010:Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
882:"Best Regards To Alfred Nobel"
720:"Field Gradients in Early MRI"
1:
2093:10.1016/S0730-725X(96)00219-6
1444:10.1126/science.178.4067.1288
1167:10.1126/science.171.3976.1151
1095:"Whole-body NMR spectrometer"
932:10.1126/science.130.3389.1652
718:Carr, Herman Y. (July 2004).
71:in 1944 for his discovery of
39:in 1944 for his discovery of
2428:Filler, Aaron (2009-10-01).
2391:10.1016/0140-6736(93)90422-D
847:(in Russian). Archived from
586:10.1016/0003-9861(56)90025-X
393:Food and Drug Administration
154:State University of New York
1659:Filler, A. (October 2009).
391:In 2020, the United States
188:National Science Foundation
2989:
2973:Magnetic resonance imaging
2968:History of medical imaging
2070:Magnetic Resonance Imaging
1717:Pure and Applied Chemistry
1275:"Physics of MRI: A Primer"
1064:Haase, Axel (March 2012).
514:www.magnetic-resonance.org
73:nuclear magnetic resonance
60:Nuclear magnetic resonance
41:nuclear magnetic resonance
25:nuclear magnetic resonance
20:magnetic resonance imaging
2812:10.1016/j.jmr.2012.05.016
1503:10.9746/sicetr1965.10.290
1328:The Sydney Morning Herald
1323:"The man who did not win"
548:10.3109/00016925509172514
255:St Bartholomew's Hospital
2922:Rinck, Peter A. (2018).
2123:Johns Hopkins University
1777:10.1103/physrevb.12.3618
1710:Lauterbur, P.C. (1974).
674:10.1103/physrev.77.297.2
502:Rinck, Peter A. (2024).
417:University of Nottingham
213:University of Nottingham
2898:Verdict Medical Devices
2635:Oxford University Press
1860:"The "Indomitable" MRI"
1815:10.1126/science.1006309
1731:10.1351/pac197440010149
1355:The Wall Street Journal
1078:(3): 59. Archived from
350:arterial spin labelling
83:were first detected by
2338:10.1002/mrm.1910280215
2208:10.1002/mrm.1910060205
2126:. 2003. Archived from
1939:University of Aberdeen
1397:Schooley, Jim (2010).
1233:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1478
631:10.1103/PhysRev.80.580
426:Stony Brook University
419:were awarded the 2003
409:Stony Brook University
251:University of Aberdeen
237:
204:Stony Brook University
156:(SUNY), reported that
139:
69:Nobel Prize in Physics
37:Nobel Prize in Physics
2178:US Patent # 4,809,701
1635:The Armenian Reporter
761:Carr, Herman (1996).
695:Carr, Herman (1952).
344:described the use of
285:Additional techniques
235:
226:U.S. patent 4,307,343
180:U.S. patent 3,932,805
170:U.S. patent 3,789,832
137:
2440:(suppl 4): A29–A43.
2283:. pp. 730–740.
2165:(4): 12. April 1987.
2153:"Blood-flow checker"
2017:Crooks, Lawrence E.
1998:Crooks, Lawrence E.
81:free induction decay
2844:"510(k) Clearances"
2804:2012JMagR.221..110Q
1897:1977Natur.270..722H
1807:1976Sci...194.1430D
1801:(4272): 1430–1432.
1769:1975PhRvB..12.3618M
1673:(4 Suppl): A29–43.
1436:1972Sci...178.1288W
1430:(4067): 1288–1290.
1224:1972PNAS...69.1478H
1159:1971Sci...171.1151D
1153:(3976): 1151–1153.
1113:1968RScI...39..510J
924:1959Sci...130.1652S
918:(3389): 1652–1653.
808:2003Natur.426..375M
738:2004PhT....57g..83C
666:1950PhRv...77..297H
623:1950PhRv...80..580H
473:1973Natur.242..190L
413:Sir Peter Mansfield
369:computational power
313:may be employed in
221:echo-planar imaging
1980:The Science Museum
1351:"Scan and Deliver"
1292:10.1002/jmri.23642
1004:Rinck, P. (2017).
323:AT&T Bell labs
265:Crooks, published
241:Full-body scanning
238:
140:
2939:978-3-7460-9518-9
2928:(12th ed.).
2874:NextBigFuture.com
2728:10.1002/mrm.28093
2678:10.1002/mrm.21073
2644:978-0-19979-295-5
2385:(8846): 659–661.
2308:978-0-19536-977-9
2258:978-1-4419-1328-9
2077:(10): 1157–1163.
1891:(5639): 722–723.
1756:Physical Review B
1610:Los Angeles Times
1579:SRI International
1121:10.1063/1.1683420
776:978-0-47195-839-0
747:10.1063/1.1784322
467:(5394): 190–191.
65:Isidor Isaac Rabi
45:Paul C. Lauterbur
33:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2980:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2942:. Archived from
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2823:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2757:
2739:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2672:(6): 1274–1282.
2655:
2649:
2648:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2570:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2086:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1983:. Archived from
1971:
1965:
1964:
1959:. Archived from
1949:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1905:10.1038/270722a0
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:. Archived from
1855:
1849:
1848:
1843:. Archived from
1841:Benjamin S. Beck
1833:
1827:
1826:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1763:(9): 3618–3634.
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1724:(1–2): 149–157.
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1637:. Archived from
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1582:. Archived from
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1551:. Archived from
1541:
1535:
1534:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1407:. Archived from
1394:
1388:
1387:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1357:. Archived from
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1294:
1285:(5): 1038–1054.
1270:
1264:
1263:
1253:
1235:
1217:
1208:(6): 1478–1480.
1193:
1187:
1186:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1049:. Archived from
1038:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1012:(11th ed.).
1001:
986:
985:
983:
982:
973:. Archived from
963:
952:
951:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
888:. Archived from
877:
871:
870:
859:
853:
852:
836:
830:
829:
819:
787:
781:
780:
758:
752:
751:
749:
715:
709:
708:
692:
686:
685:
649:
643:
642:
604:
598:
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567:
561:
560:
550:
534:Acta Radiologica
524:
518:
517:
507:
499:
493:
492:
481:10.1038/242190a0
451:
399:2003 Nobel Prize
381:Non-human animal
291:General Electric
228:
219:, developed the
182:
172:
150:Raymond Damadian
127:, Hazlewood and
100:Vladislav Ivanov
2988:
2987:
2983:
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2981:
2979:
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2977:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2940:
2921:
2918:
2913:
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2903:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2792:J. Magn. Reson.
2784:
2783:
2779:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2637:. p. 127.
2626:
2625:
2621:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2290:10.1.1.645.9604
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2158:Popular Science
2151:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2133:on July 4, 2010
2130:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2037:
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2032:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1857:
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1852:
1835:
1834:
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1792:
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1784:
1752:
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1747:
1709:
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1658:
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1644:
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1628:
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1623:
1614:
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1598:
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1558:
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1516:
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1480:
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1421:
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1396:
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1378:
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1364:
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1348:
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1343:
1334:
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1321:
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1316:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1144:
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1136:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1040:
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1035:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1003:
1002:
989:
980:
978:
965:
964:
955:
909:
908:
904:
895:
893:
879:
878:
874:
861:
860:
856:
838:
837:
833:
817:10.1038/426375a
789:
788:
784:
777:
760:
759:
755:
717:
716:
712:
694:
693:
689:
654:Physical Review
651:
650:
646:
610:Physical Review
606:
605:
601:
569:
568:
564:
526:
525:
521:
508:
501:
500:
496:
455:Lauterbur, P.C.
453:
452:
443:
438:
401:
389:
387:Bedside imaging
311:contrast agents
307:Arno Villringer
287:
243:
224:
209:Peter Mansfield
197:
178:
168:
112:
62:
53:Peter Mansfield
12:
11:
5:
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2917:
2916:External links
2914:
2911:
2910:
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2860:
2835:
2777:
2722:(1): 484–496.
2701:
2665:Magn Reson Med
2650:
2643:
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2600:(1): 272–277.
2582:
2553:(2): 602–607.
2531:
2496:(4): 506–513.
2477:
2420:
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2332:(2): 328–338.
2314:
2307:
2271:
2257:
2237:
2202:(2): 164–174.
2183:
2168:
2144:
2106:
2084:10.1.1.20.3169
2059:
2048:(7): 967–968.
2030:
2009:
1990:
1987:on 2017-04-04.
1966:
1963:on 2017-03-07.
1953:"John Mallard"
1944:
1941:. 21 May 2009.
1926:
1875:
1872:on 2012-09-09.
1850:
1847:on 2011-11-20.
1828:
1782:
1745:
1702:
1651:
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1596:
1565:
1536:
1525:(6): 337–350.
1509:
1496:(3): 290–297.
1482:Abe, Zen-uemon
1473:
1414:
1411:on 2017-10-24.
1389:
1371:
1341:
1314:
1265:
1188:
1134:
1107:(4): 510–513.
1085:
1082:on 2016-06-20.
1071:Physik Journal
1056:
1053:on 2015-03-05.
1033:
1015:
987:
953:
902:
872:
854:
851:on 2005-08-17.
831:
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687:
660:(2): 297–298.
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617:(4): 580–594.
599:
580:(1): 221–225.
562:
541:(6): 469–476.
519:
494:
440:
439:
437:
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405:Paul Lauterbur
400:
397:
388:
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299:Denis Le Bihan
295:MR angiography
286:
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274:Paul Bottomley
242:
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200:Paul Lauterbur
196:
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111:
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61:
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13:
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2327:
2326:
2318:
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2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2281:Diffusion MRI
2275:
2272:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
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2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
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1986:
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1898:
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1796:
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1662:
1655:
1652:
1641:on 2012-11-06
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1586:on 2012-01-03
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:"NSF history"
1569:
1566:
1555:on 2016-09-27
1554:
1550:
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1393:
1390:
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1381:
1375:
1372:
1361:on 2007-09-30
1360:
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1118:
1114:
1110:
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1102:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1074:(in German).
1073:
1072:
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1057:
1052:
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1044:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
988:
977:on 2007-04-13
976:
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921:
917:
913:
906:
903:
892:on 2009-12-13
891:
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869:(in Russian).
868:
867:Findpatent.ru
864:
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725:Physics Today
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365:semiconductor
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Graeme Bydder
339:
338:tractographic
335:
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328:
324:
320:
316:
315:perfusion MRI
312:
308:
304:
303:diffusion MRI
300:
296:
292:
284:
282:
279:
275:
270:
268:
263:
260:In 1975, the
258:
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96:
95:PhD thesis.
94:
90:
87:and in 1952,
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
57:
54:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
21:
2948:. Retrieved
2944:the original
2932:: BoD GmbH.
2924:
2902:. Retrieved
2900:. 2020-02-13
2897:
2888:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:
2863:
2852:. Retrieved
2850:. 2018-04-19
2847:
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2790:
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2622:
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2550:
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2487:
2480:
2437:
2434:Neurosurgery
2433:
2423:
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2376:
2370:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2280:
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2251:. Springer.
2247:
2240:
2199:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2121:
2109:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2022:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1985:the original
1978:
1969:
1961:the original
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1870:the original
1863:
1853:
1845:the original
1840:
1831:
1798:
1794:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1721:
1715:
1705:
1670:
1666:Neurosurgery
1664:
1654:
1643:. Retrieved
1639:the original
1634:
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1588:. Retrieved
1584:the original
1577:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1548:
1539:
1522:
1519:Biotelemetry
1518:
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