604:
164:
were notable in their use of metallurgy and incorporation of iron weapons. Many of their advancements were in military equipment. They were not the first to develop them, but did make advancements on the wheel and the chariot. They made use of pivot-able axles on their wagons, allowing easy turning.
617:
Although wind power provided a source of energy away from riverside estate and saw massive improvements in its harnessing, it could not replace the consistent and strong power of the watermill. Water would remain the primary source of power of pre-industrial urban industry through the
Renaissance.
282:
to lift stones. These cranes were powered with human tread wheels and were based on earlier
Mesopotamian water-pulley systems. The Greeks would later develop mechanical artillery independently of the Chinese. The first of these would fire darts, but advancements allowed for stone to be tossed at
679:
At the end of the
Renaissance, scientists and engineers were beginning to experiment with steam power. Most of the early apparatuses faced problems of low horsepower, inefficiency, or danger. The need arose for an effective and economical power source because of the flooding of deep-mines in
53:
Engineering arose in early civilization as a general discipline for the creation of large scale structures such as irrigation, architecture, and military projects. Advances in food production through irrigation allowed a portion of the population to become specialists in
766:
has reduced design times and allowed for precision manufacturing. Engineers are able to simulate the forces and stresses of designs through computer programs. Automated and
Computerized manufacturing allowed many new fields to emerge from Mechanical Engineering such as
180:
likely used a mechanical pump powered by these pulleys to transport water to the roof gardens. The
Mesopotamians would advance even further by replacing "the substitution of continuous for intermittent motion, and the rotary for back-and-forth motion" by 1,200 BC.
227:
is another example of the use of engineering to boost efficiency of water transportation. Although the Early
Egyptians built colossal structures such as the pyramids, they did not develop pulleys for the lifting of heavy stone, and used the wheel very little.
594:
Metallurgy advanced by a large degree during the Middle Ages, with higher quality iron allowing for more sturdy constructions and designs. Mills and mechanical power provided a consistent supply of trip-hammer strikes and air from the bellows.
583:
became instrumental in the production of many goods such as food, fabric, leathers, and papers. These machines used were some of the first to use cogs and gears, which greatly increased the mills productivity. The
688:'s 1698 patent. He continuously worked on improving and marketing the invention across England. At the same time, others were working on improvements to Savery's design, which did not transfer heat effectively.
614:
was a notable engineer, designing and studying many mechanical systems that were focused around transportation and warfare His designs would later be compared to early aircraft design.
1208:
The Genius of
Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010
790:, and mechanical engineers can specialize in and work together. Mechanical Engineering is the most popular of all the engineering fields for college majors in the 21st century.
579:
The Middle Ages saw the wide spread adoption of machines to aid in labor. The many rivers of
England and northern Europe allowed the power of moving water to be utilized. The
657:, which would become the mathematical basis of physics. Newton was reluctant to publish his works for years, but he was finally persuaded to do so by his colleagues, such as
591:
Wind-power later became the new source of energy in Europe, supplementing the water mill. This advancement moved out of Europe into the Middle East during the
Crusades.
728:. These allowed mechanical engineering to develop as a separate field within engineering. They brought with them manufacturing machines and the engines to power them.
705:
brought steam powered factories utilizing mechanical engineering concepts. These advances allowed an incredible increase in production scale, numbers, and efficiency.
2402:
1748:
351:
with the
Cicilian Frontier and was a continuation of the complex city clocks in Eastern Rome. These grand machines diffused into the Arabian Empire under
2528:
474:
Dual-roller gins appeared in India and China between the 12th and 14th centuries. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by waterpower. The
810:
572:
two centuries before escapement devices were found in medieval European clocks and also invented the world's first known endless power-transmitting
845:
818:
2429:
1858:
1187:
1082:
1876:
1684:
1211:
762:
With the advents of computers in the 20th century, more precise design and manufacturing methods were available to engineers. The rise of
2200:
814:
799:
698:. This new design would greatly reduce heat loss, move water directly from the engine, and allow variety of proportions to be built in.
2113:
437:
2326:
2244:
2171:
2004:
1977:
1935:
1833:
1803:
1781:
1732:
1692:
1564:
1537:
1454:
1427:
1402:
1371:
1344:
1319:
1279:
1248:
1219:
1148:
1109:
1038:
1013:
976:
950:
921:
872:
867:
588:
allowed rotational force to be converted into directional force. Less significantly, tides of bodies of water were also harnessed.
838:
374:
338:
2538:
2533:
1657:
862:
153:
were built using three of the six simple machines, the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever, to create structures like the
1444:
830:
803:
716:, quickly increasing the speed at which people and goods could move across the world. The reason for these advances were the
2497:
1154:
1115:
982:
841:
in 1825. Education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science.
2453:
774:
Because of the increased complexity of engineering projects, many disciplines of engineer collaborate and specialize in
390:
334:
42:
771:. Although a majority of automobiles remain to be gas powered, electric vehicles have risen as a feasible alternative.
877:
695:
674:
603:
126:
114:
747:
would develop in the early 20th century as an offshoot of mechanical engineering, eventually incorporating rocketry.
2345:
Christiaan Huygens: a foreign inventor in the Court of Louis XIV, his role as a forerunner of mechanical engineering
1969:
Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England
2081:
1773:
1271:
732:
650:
177:
2163:
662:
515:
70:
642:
138:
2284:
2117:
1140:
The Wheel Inventions and Reinventions By Richard W. Bulliet page 98 (a BA and a PhD from Harvard university)
708:
During the 19th century, material sciences advances had begun to allow implementation of steam engines into
2039:
Koetsier, Teun (2001), "On the prehistory of programmable machines: musical automata, looms, calculators",
1449:. Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa. p. 309.
1179:
Man and Wound in the Ancient World: A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople
2430:"Electric vehicles will grow from 3 million to 125 million by 2030, International Energy Agency forecasts"
857:
783:
775:
768:
142:
17:
2360:
2193:
2182:
1765:
913:
763:
744:
702:
622:
468:
344:
314:. The first of its kind, it did not have the capability to move or power anything but its own rotation.
287:
168:
The application of mechanical engineering can be seen in the archives of various ancient societies. The
154:
1707:
271:
1912:
1892:
787:
548:
259:
224:
22:
2135:
1240:
479:
347:
is noted to have worked on a signal system using clocks in the Byzantine Empire in 850, connecting
192:
during the 4th century BC. It lifted water 3 to 8 metres with less expenditure of labor and time.
2260:
2396:
1742:
1630:
834:
634:
544:
502:
424:, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The earliest practical
421:
386:
359:
303:
1873:
109:
mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple
813:(ASME) was formed in 1880, becoming the third such professional engineering society, after the
665:
is also credited with developing the calculus independently of Newton during this time period.
373:
With the exception of a few machines, engineering and science stagnated in the West due to the
2322:
2318:
2240:
2197:
2167:
2095:
2027:
2000:
1973:
1967:
1931:
1854:
1829:
1799:
1777:
1728:
1688:
1560:
1554:
1533:
1508:
1450:
1423:
1398:
1367:
1340:
1315:
1311:
1275:
1244:
1215:
1183:
1144:
1105:
1078:
1070:
1034:
1009:
972:
946:
917:
611:
494:
150:
90:
66:
38:
2020:
1527:
1394:
1388:
1361:
1265:
829:
The first schools in the United States to offer an mechanical engineering education were the
258:(287–212 BC) developed several key theories in the field of mechanical engineering including
2310:
2085:
2048:
1622:
1593:
1498:
1299:
709:
505:, was the earliest type of programmable machine. The first music sequencer was an automated
318:
279:
263:
2415:
165:
They were also one of the first armies to use the move-able siege tower and battering ram.
145:, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the
2204:
2140:
2072:
1904:
1880:
1485:
Humphris, Jane; Charlton, Michael F.; Keen, Jake; Sauder, Lee; Alshishani, Fareed (2018).
1031:
An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900
691:
551:
498:
483:
460:
367:
352:
189:
173:
172:
appeared in Mesopotamia in 1,500 BC, improving water transportation. German Archaeologist
122:
62:
55:
1825:
1819:
1681:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures
684:, which could not be pumped out using alternative methods. The first working design was
1884:
1761:
638:
464:
452:
348:
267:
251:
244:
102:
86:
74:
2361:"Following in the footsteps of geometry: The mathematical world of Christiaan Huygens"
2052:
1710:. Encyclopædia Britannica 2010 - Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accessed: 9 May 2010.
535:, where they could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns. The
2522:
2311:
1997:
The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India
1300:
685:
658:
487:
456:
441:
433:
363:
307:
220:
205:
134:
110:
1649:
802:, thirty years after the civil engineers formed the first such professional society
717:
646:
625:, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in
566:
536:
532:
417:
146:
1984:
The spinning jenny was basically an adaptation of its precursor the spinning wheel
1955:(First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press. pp. 23–24.
1598:
1581:
1503:
1486:
848:, requiring a degree from an accredited university and to pass a qualifying test.
798:
The first British professional society of mechanical engineers was formed in 1847
2068:"Loudspeakers Optional: A history of non-loudspeaker-based electroacoustic music"
1925:
1177:
1138:
1099:
966:
2016:
1307:
942:
573:
569:
425:
330:
326:
299:
236:
232:
82:
78:
30:
459:
by the early 11th century, both of which were fundamental to the growth of the
2509:
2461:
2130:
2090:
2067:
1853:(1 ed.). Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 4.
740:
562:
540:
448:
429:
405:
322:
255:
193:
2099:
1582:"Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe"
1512:
1487:"Iron Smelting in Sudan: Experimental Archaeology at The Royal City of Meroe"
2494:
751:
713:
580:
528:
510:
475:
413:
394:
311:
240:
94:
41:, and engineering technologies. It is one of the oldest and broadest of the
2313:
Engines Of The Imagination: Renaissance Culture And The Rise Of The Machine
641:
in 1657, which was the first reliable timekeeper for almost 300 years, and
1613:
Depuydt, Leo (1 January 1998). "Gnomons at Meroë and Early Trigonometry".
1302:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
939:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
1006:
Awake at the Wheel: Getting Your Great Ideas Rolling (in an Uphill World)
779:
736:
725:
654:
585:
520:
409:
213:
201:
98:
2237:
The Medieval Machine : The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages
2482:
1634:
721:
681:
626:
558:
275:
161:
118:
34:
26:
1883:, web page, accessed on line 23 October 2009; this web page refers to
1824:(2nd ed.). New York: Litton Educational Publishing, Inc. p.
1580:
Humphris J, Charlton MF, Keen J, Sauder L, Alshishani F (June 2018).
846:
regulating both the title of engineer and the practice of engineering
630:
393:
made remarkable contributions in the field of mechanical technology.
197:
169:
130:
1626:
2485:
History Review, New Series, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Feb. 1985), pp. 42–60.
602:
524:
506:
209:
185:
125:
machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC, and then in
106:
694:
would take all the advancements of the engineers and develop the
2343:
1927:
Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America
1930:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6.
519:, in the 9th century. In 1206, Al-Jazari invented programmable
2190:
2066:
Kapur, Ajay; Carnegie, Dale; Murphy, Jim; Long, Jason (2017).
247:, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BC.
486:
era of the 13th to 14th centuries. It was widely used during
133:
date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC, and
200:
were developed in Kush to store water and boost irrigation.
2510:
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001, engineering
1073:. In Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan; Hofmann, Daniela (eds.).
1796:
Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology
216:
applied mathematics in the form of advanced trigonometry.
97:
by the 5th millennium BC, followed by evidence of wheeled
1953:
Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History
1911:, p. 34-35, Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
1891:, pp. 34-5, Institute for the History of Arabic Science,
1723:
Lavan, Luke; Zanini, Enrico; Sarantis, Alexander (2007).
916:. pp. 20, 39, 59, 63–64, 104–106, 133–134, 149–150.
531:
musicians, including drummers operated by a programmable
1526:
Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (8 February 2007).
1056:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
645:
dedicated to clock designs and the theory behind them.
2185:, "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East",
2160:
Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction
1999:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 57.
451:
was invented in India by the 6th century AD, and the
21:
is a discipline centered around the concept of using
2239:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 1–24, 66–67.
1874:Taqi al-Din and the First Steam Turbine, 1551 A.D.
2500:23 February 2011 at Wikiwix, accessed 6 May 2008.
463:. The spinning wheel was also a precursor to the
399:Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices
290:is an example of ancient mechanical engineering.
208:were developed during the seventh century BC in
1366:. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 58.
467:, which was a key development during the early
401:in 1206 and presented many mechanical designs.
85:civilization is credited with the invention of
2418:– Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 6 May 2008
1293:
1291:
1237:Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture
778:. One of these collaborations is the field of
731:At the near end of the Industrial Revolution,
2454:"Mechanical Engineering | ZJU-UIUC Institute"
2022:Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500
1909:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
1889:Taqi al-Din and Arabic Mechanical Engineering
1393:. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. pp.
557:The medieval Chinese horologist and engineer
8:
1556:The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan
1363:Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels
1235:Clarke, Somers; Engelbach, Reginald (1990).
844:In the 20th century, many governments began
2389:A history of the growth of the steam engine
2218:Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4
2114:A 13th Century Programmable Robot (Archive)
1206:Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010).
1201:
1199:
1101:Economic Growth - David Weil - Google Books
2401:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1770:Islamic Technology: An illustrated history
1747:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1337:Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry
2089:
1597:
1502:
1390:Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti
754:based derivatives for many applications.
49:Dawn of civilization to early middle ages
1422:. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 91.
811:American Society of Mechanical Engineers
633:. The Dutch mathematician and physicist
397:, who was one of them, wrote his famous
358:Another grand mechanical device was the
129:circa 2000 BC. The earliest evidence of
1851:Electricity Generation Using Wind Power
1339:. Oxford University Press. p. 71.
1137:Bulliet, Richard W. (19 January 2016).
1075:The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe
1071:"Chapter 5: Central and Eastern Europe"
1008:. Morgan James Publishing. p. 15.
889:
2394:
1740:
1725:Technology in Trainsition A.D. 300-650
1360:Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000).
819:American Institute of Mining Engineers
497:were developed in the Muslim world. A
2382:
2380:
2230:
2228:
2226:
1718:
1716:
1685:Springer Science & Business Media
1212:Springer Science & Business Media
833:in 1817, an institution now known as
599:Renaissance and scientific revolution
547:invented by Al-Jazari, was the first
362:, which was reintroduced in 757 when
337:(200–265 AD) invented a chariot with
7:
2348:(Ph.D. thesis). The Open University.
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
283:enemy fortifications or formations.
1615:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1475:Fritz Hintze, Kush XI; pp. 222-224.
1298:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
1004:Mitchell Lewis Ditkoff (May 2008).
937:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999).
815:American Society of Civil Engineers
800:Institution of Mechanical Engineers
294:Late Antiquity to early Middle Ages
1553:Edwards, David N. (29 July 2004).
1157:from the original on 22 March 2023
1118:from the original on 22 March 2023
985:from the original on 22 March 2023
607:Da Vinci's flying machine concepts
105:during the 4th millennium BC. The
14:
2529:History of mechanical engineering
2428:DiChristopher, Tom (2018-05-30).
873:History of structural engineering
868:History of electrical engineering
117:. The lever was also used in the
1798:, Brill Publishers, p. 65,
1660:from the original on 5 June 2011
839:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
621:In the 17th century, during the
306:(c. 10–70 AD) created the first
121:water-lifting device, the first
1966:Žmolek, Michael Andrew (2013).
1648:Slayman, Andrew (27 May 1998).
1529:A History of Sub-Saharan Africa
1446:Ancient civilizations of Africa
863:History of chemical engineering
735:technology brought with it the
561:(1020–1101 AD) incorporated an
438:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
113:, and to move large objects in
2285:"Leonardo da Vinci and Flight"
1532:. Cambridge University Press.
908:De Camp, Lyon Sprague (1963).
831:United States Military Academy
804:Institution of Civil Engineers
1:
2289:National Air and Space Museum
2053:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2
1599:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085
1504:10.1080/00934690.2018.1479085
1465:– via Books.google.com.
1267:The Technology of Mesopotamia
1143:. Columbia University Press.
513:brothers, described in their
278:developed crane pulleys with
2131:"Episode 11: Ancient Robots"
2041:Mechanism and Machine Theory
1727:. Boston. pp. 373–374.
1654:Archaeology Magazine Archive
1586:Journal of Field Archaeology
1491:Journal of Field Archaeology
1176:Gabriel, Richard A. (2012).
375:collapse of the Roman Empire
2391:. New York. pp. 35–36.
2220:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
1098:Weil, David (3 June 2016).
1077:. OUP Oxford. p. 113.
878:History of the steam engine
720:were developed in England,
696:Newcomen Atmospheric Engine
675:History of the steam engine
478:roller gin appeared in the
127:ancient Egyptian technology
115:ancient Egyptian technology
29:. It utilizes knowledge of
2555:
2082:Cambridge University Press
1849:Shepherd, William (2011).
1774:Cambridge University Press
1420:The excavations at Babylon
1272:The Rosen Publishing Group
809:In the United States, the
733:internal combustion engine
672:
490:around the 16th century.
2342:Marconell, M. H. (1996).
2309:Sawday, Jonathan (2007).
2164:University of Texas Press
2158:Howard R. Turner (1997),
2091:10.1017/S1355771817000103
1569:– via Google Books.
1542:– via Google Books.
1443:G. Mokhtar (1981-01-01).
1418:Koldewey, Robert (1914).
794:Professional associations
663:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
516:Book of Ingenious Devices
149:period (911-609) BC. The
25:, moving components, and
2216:Needham, Joseph (1986).
2112:Professor Noel Sharkey,
2047:(5), Elsevier: 589–603,
1924:Lakwete, Angela (2003).
1818:Eldridge, Frank (1980).
1559:. Taylor & Francis.
1264:Faiella, Graham (2006).
1069:Schier, Wolfram (2015).
416:, first appeared in the
243:, first appeared in the
77:(ramp) were known since
2118:University of Sheffield
1951:Pacey, Arnold (1991) .
1679:Selin, Helaine (2013).
1650:"Neolithic Skywatchers"
1335:Arnold, Dieter (1991).
651:Newton's Laws of Motion
509:player invented by the
436:, described in 1551 by
404:The earliest practical
389:(7th to 15th century),
377:during late antiquity.
325:(78–139 AD) improved a
231:The earliest practical
61:All six of the classic
43:engineering disciplines
2539:History of engineering
2534:Mechanical engineering
2198:Mechanical Engineering
2189:, May 1991, pp. 64–9 (
1995:Baber, Zaheer (1996).
1972:. BRILL. p. 328.
1387:Wood, Michael (2000).
1182:. Potomac Books, Inc.
1033:. Eburon. p. 24.
858:History of engineering
769:Industrial Engineering
608:
18:Mechanical engineering
2512:, accessed 6 May 2008
2359:Yoder, J. G. (1996).
2235:Gimpel, Jean (1976).
2194:Donald Routledge Hill
2183:Donald Routledge Hill
1766:Donald Routledge Hill
1708:"Heron of Alexandria"
910:The Ancient Engineers
750:Coal was replaced by
745:Aerospace Engineering
703:Industrial Revolution
669:Industrial Revolution
623:Scientific Revolution
606:
495:programmable machines
471:in the 18th century.
469:Industrial Revolution
288:Antikythera mechanism
266:, and his name sake,
188:was developed in the
155:Great Pyramid of Giza
2458:zjui.intl.zju.edu.cn
1913:University of Aleppo
1893:University of Aleppo
1794:Lucas, Adam (2006),
784:electrical engineers
527:. He described four
455:was invented in the
276:Museum of Alexandria
260:mechanical advantage
141:(1991-1802 BC). The
89:mechanism, with the
2481:R.A. Buchanan. The
2261:"Leonardo Da Vinci"
2187:Scientific American
2136:Ancient Discoveries
1241:Courier Corporation
1054:D.T. Potts (2012).
714:Steam-Powered Ships
565:mechanism into his
480:Indian subcontinent
345:Leo the Philosopher
304:Heron of Alexandria
101:in Mesopotamia and
2203:2007-12-25 at the
1879:2008-02-18 at the
1243:. pp. 86–90.
971:. BPI. p. 4.
835:Norwich University
788:computer engineers
653:and developed the
635:Christiaan Huygens
609:
545:astronomical clock
503:musical instrument
422:Islamic Golden Age
387:Islamic Golden Age
65:were known in the
39:materials sciences
2387:Thurston (1939).
2028:Pearson Education
1860:978-981-4304-13-9
1189:978-1-59797-848-4
1084:978-0-19-954584-1
1029:Y C Chiu (2010).
710:Steam Locomotives
612:Leonardo da Vinci
501:, a programmable
482:during the early
280:block and tackles
151:Egyptian pyramids
93:appearing in the
67:ancient Near East
23:force multipliers
2546:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2492:
2486:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2460:. Archived from
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2316:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2180:
2174:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2127:
2121:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2093:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2036:
2030:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1902:
1896:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1791:
1785:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1305:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1001:
995:
994:
992:
990:
963:
957:
956:
934:
928:
927:
905:
643:published a work
391:Muslim inventors
272:Ptolematic Egypt
264:Law of the Lever
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2393:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2292:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2205:Wayback Machine
2181:
2177:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:History Channel
2129:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2073:Organised Sound
2065:
2064:
2060:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2015:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1905:Ahmad Y. Hassan
1903:
1899:
1881:Wayback Machine
1872:
1868:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1760:
1756:
1739:
1735:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:. p. 282.
1678:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1627:10.2307/3822211
1612:
1611:
1607:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:. p. 416.
1205:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1112:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
986:
979:
965:
964:
960:
953:
936:
935:
931:
924:
907:
906:
891:
886:
854:
827:
817:(1852) and the
796:
760:
737:piston airplane
692:Thomas Newcomen
677:
671:
601:
552:analog computer
499:music sequencer
484:Delhi Sultanate
461:cotton industry
383:
368:Pepin the short
353:Harun al-Rashid
329:and invented a
296:
268:Archimedes’ law
196:in the form of
190:kingdom of Kush
178:Hanging Gardens
176:found that the
174:Robert Koldewey
139:Twelfth Dynasty
63:simple machines
56:Ancient Babylon
51:
12:
11:
5:
2552:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2487:
2474:
2445:
2420:
2408:
2376:
2351:
2334:
2327:
2301:
2276:
2252:
2245:
2222:
2209:
2175:
2151:
2122:
2105:
2058:
2031:
2009:
1988:
1978:
1958:
1943:
1936:
1916:
1897:
1885:Ahmad Y Hassan
1866:
1859:
1841:
1834:
1810:
1804:
1786:
1762:Ahmad Y Hassan
1754:
1733:
1712:
1700:
1693:
1671:
1640:
1605:
1592:(5): 399–416.
1572:
1565:
1545:
1538:
1518:
1477:
1468:
1455:
1435:
1428:
1410:
1403:
1379:
1372:
1352:
1345:
1327:
1320:
1287:
1280:
1274:. p. 27.
1256:
1249:
1227:
1220:
1195:
1188:
1168:
1149:
1129:
1110:
1090:
1083:
1061:
1058:. p. 285.
1046:
1039:
1021:
1014:
996:
977:
968:Transportation
958:
951:
929:
922:
888:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
853:
850:
826:
823:
795:
792:
759:
756:
670:
667:
639:pendulum clock
600:
597:
465:spinning jenny
453:spinning wheel
428:machine was a
408:machines, the
382:
379:
366:gifted one to
349:Constantinople
295:
292:
252:Ancient Greece
245:Persian Empire
235:machines, the
206:blast furnaces
103:Eastern Europe
91:potter's wheel
87:wheel and axle
75:inclined plane
50:
47:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2551:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2511:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2464:on 2019-08-06
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2328:9780203696156
2324:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2246:9780030146367
2242:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2172:0-292-78149-0
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:0-7914-2919-9
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1979:9789004251793
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1937:9780801873942
1933:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1835:0-442-26134-9
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1821:Wind Machines
1814:
1811:
1807:
1805:90-04-14649-0
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:0-521-42239-6
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1734:9789004165496
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1694:9789401714167
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1672:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1566:9780203482766
1562:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1539:9780521867467
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1458:
1456:9780435948054
1452:
1448:
1447:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1429:9781298040022
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1404:0-8225-2996-3
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1373:0-8225-2994-7
1369:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1346:9780195113747
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1321:9781575060422
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:9781404205604
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1250:9780486264851
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1221:9789048190911
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1150:9780231540612
1146:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1111:9781315510446
1107:
1104:. Routledge.
1103:
1102:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1040:9789059724372
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1015:9781600377709
1011:
1007:
1000:
997:
984:
980:
978:9788184972436
974:
970:
969:
962:
959:
954:
952:9781575060422
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
925:
923:9780880294560
919:
915:
911:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
890:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
849:
847:
842:
840:
837:in 1819, and
836:
832:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
765:
757:
755:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:machine tools
715:
711:
706:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
687:
686:Thomas Savery
683:
676:
668:
666:
664:
660:
659:Edmond Halley
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:invented the
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
613:
605:
598:
596:
592:
589:
587:
582:
577:
575:
571:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:The earliest
491:
489:
488:Mughal Empire
485:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:Islamic world
454:
450:
445:
443:
442:Ottoman Egypt
439:
435:
434:steam turbine
431:
427:
426:steam-powered
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
380:
378:
376:
371:
369:
365:
364:Constantine V
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
308:steam-powered
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:water-powered
229:
226:
222:
221:Ancient Egypt
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
179:
175:
171:
166:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:ancient Egypt
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:balance scale
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
48:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
2505:
2495:ASME history
2490:
2477:
2466:. Retrieved
2462:the original
2457:
2448:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2423:
2411:
2388:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:
2354:
2344:
2337:
2312:
2304:
2293:. Retrieved
2291:. 2013-08-22
2288:
2279:
2268:. Retrieved
2265:www.asme.org
2264:
2255:
2236:
2217:
2212:
2186:
2178:
2159:
2154:
2144:, retrieved
2134:
2125:
2108:
2077:
2071:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2021:
2012:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1968:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1926:
1919:
1908:
1900:
1888:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1820:
1813:
1795:
1789:
1769:
1757:
1724:
1703:
1680:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1555:
1548:
1528:
1521:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1471:
1460:. Retrieved
1445:
1438:
1419:
1413:
1389:
1382:
1362:
1355:
1336:
1330:
1301:
1266:
1259:
1236:
1230:
1207:
1178:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1139:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1100:
1093:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1030:
1024:
1005:
999:
987:. Retrieved
967:
961:
938:
932:
909:
843:
828:
808:
797:
773:
764:CAD software
761:
749:
730:
707:
700:
690:
678:
647:Isaac Newton
620:
616:
610:
593:
590:
578:
567:astronomical
556:
549:programmable
541:hydropowered
537:castle clock
533:drum machine
514:
492:
473:
446:
432:driven by a
418:Muslim world
406:wind-powered
403:
398:
384:
372:
357:
343:
339:differential
316:
310:device, the
297:
285:
249:
230:
218:
183:
167:
159:
147:Neo-Assyrian
83:Mesopotamian
60:
52:
16:
15:
2416:Engineering
2317:. pp.
2084:: 195–205.
2017:Irfan Habib
1621:: 171–180.
1308:Eisenbrauns
943:Eisenbrauns
782:, in which
649:formulated
574:chain drive
570:clock tower
543:mechanical
420:during the
385:During the
381:Middle Ages
331:seismometer
327:water clock
300:Roman Egypt
286:The geared
237:water wheel
137:during the
79:prehistoric
31:mathematics
2523:Categories
2468:2019-08-06
2439:2019-08-06
2370:2021-08-30
2295:2019-08-06
2270:2019-08-06
2162:, p. 184,
2146:2008-09-06
1497:(5): 399.
1462:2012-06-19
1310:. p.
884:References
776:sub fields
758:Modern age
741:automobile
673:See also:
581:water-mill
563:escapement
449:cotton gin
430:steam jack
323:Zhang Heng
256:Archimedes
225:screw pump
212:. Kushite
202:Bloomeries
194:Reservoirs
2397:cite book
2100:1355-7718
1772:, p. 54.
1743:cite book
1513:0093-4690
989:9 January
914:Doubleday
825:Education
631:Continent
529:automaton
511:Banu Musa
476:worm gear
414:wind pump
395:Al-Jazari
312:Aeolipile
241:watermill
162:Assyrians
95:Near East
2498:Archived
2483:Economic
2201:Archived
2019:(2011),
1907:(1976),
1887:(1976),
1877:Archived
1768:(1986).
1664:17 April
1658:Archived
1161:21 March
1155:Archived
1122:21 March
1116:Archived
983:Archived
852:See also
821:(1871).
780:robotics
726:Scotland
655:calculus
629:and the
586:camshaft
521:automata
410:windmill
214:sundials
99:vehicles
73:and the
27:machines
2024:, p. 53
1635:3822211
722:Germany
682:England
627:England
559:Su Song
341:gears.
131:pulleys
119:shadoof
81:times.
35:physics
2325:
2243:
2170:
2098:
2003:
1976:
1934:
1857:
1832:
1802:
1780:
1731:
1691:
1633:
1563:
1536:
1511:
1453:
1426:
1401:
1395:35, 36
1370:
1343:
1318:
1278:
1247:
1218:
1186:
1147:
1108:
1081:
1037:
1012:
975:
949:
920:
724:, and
525:robots
335:Ma Jun
274:, the
262:, the
223:, the
198:Hafirs
170:pulley
69:. The
2321:–35.
2080:(2).
1631:JSTOR
507:flute
360:Organ
319:China
270:. In
210:Meroe
186:Sakia
143:screw
123:crane
107:lever
71:wedge
2434:CNBC
2403:link
2365:DBNL
2323:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2168:ISBN
2096:ISSN
2001:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1830:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1749:link
1729:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1666:2011
1561:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1509:ISSN
1451:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1368:ISBN
1341:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1163:2023
1145:ISBN
1124:2023
1106:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1010:ISBN
991:2021
973:ISBN
947:ISBN
918:ISBN
739:and
712:and
701:The
539:, a
447:The
412:and
239:and
204:and
184:The
160:The
2191:cf.
2086:doi
2049:doi
1623:doi
1594:doi
1499:doi
752:oil
440:in
317:In
298:In
250:In
219:In
2525::
2456:.
2432:.
2399:}}
2395:{{
2379:^
2363:.
2319:34
2287:.
2263:.
2225:^
2196:,
2166:,
2139:,
2133:,
2116:,
2094:.
2078:22
2076:.
2070:.
2045:36
2043:,
2026:,
1982:.
1828:.
1826:15
1776:.
1764:,
1745:}}
1741:{{
1715:^
1683:.
1656:.
1652:.
1629:.
1619:84
1617:.
1590:43
1588:.
1584:.
1507:.
1495:43
1493:.
1489:.
1397:.
1314:.
1306:.
1290:^
1270:.
1239:.
1210:.
1198:^
1153:.
1114:.
981:.
945:.
941:.
912:.
892:^
806:.
786:,
743:.
661:.
576:.
554:.
444:.
370:.
355:.
333:.
321:,
302:,
254:,
157:.
58:.
45:.
37:,
33:,
2471:.
2442:.
2405:)
2373:.
2331:.
2298:.
2273:.
2249:.
2207:)
2120:.
2102:.
2088::
2055:.
2051::
2007:.
1940:.
1895:.
1863:.
1838:.
1784:.
1751:)
1737:.
1697:.
1668:.
1637:.
1625::
1602:.
1596::
1515:.
1501::
1432:.
1407:.
1376:.
1349:.
1324:.
1312:4
1284:.
1253:.
1224:.
1192:.
1165:.
1126:.
1087:.
1043:.
1018:.
993:.
955:.
926:.
523:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.