History of navigation - Knowledge (XXG)

2751:“ho que toca ha cosmografia e marinharia por extenso espero dizer (…) ... como jaz um promontorio ou lugar com outro e isto porque esta obra leve hordem e fundamento e ha costa mais seguramente se possa navegar e o mesmo as conhesensas das terras e asy honde estam as baixas que para isto he muito necessario saber se; tambem das sondas que á em alguns lugares em quanta altura som e asy as deferensas dos fundos .s. se he vasa ou area, ou pedra, ou saibro, ou harestas, ou burgao ou de que calidade ha tal fonda he e sendo conhecida quantas leguas aveera daly a terra e o mesmo as marés, se som de nordeste he sudueste asy como as de nossa espanha, ou se som do norte, o sul, ou de lest e oest, ou de noroest e suest, as quais para entrarem e sairem nas barras, e bocas dos Rios som forsadamente necessarias; e asim as alturas de cada hum dos pollos por onde se pode saber quantos graaos se cada lugar apartam e ladeza da equinocial e tambem a natureza da jente desta ethiopia e ho seu modo de viver e asy direi do comercio que nesta terra pode haver” 1062:

this it is much necessary to know; also of the sounders performed in some places what their depth is and also the different of the bottoms, if they are mudd or sand, or stone, or pebbles, or sharp edges, or shells (burgao = Livona pica) or what quality is such sounding; and being known what is the distance from the shallows to the coastline; and likewise the tides, if they are from northeast and southwest like those from our spain, or is they are from north and south, or west and east, or northwest and southeast, which for the purpose of entering and exiting ports and river-mouths are absolutely necessary; and also de measurements from the poles from which can be known how many degrees are the places apart and the latitude relative to the equator; and also the nature of the people of this ethiopia (Africa) and their mode of life and I will also talk about the commerce that could be had in this land

2841:...hano de nosso senhor de mil quatrocentos noventa e oito donde nos vossa alteza mandou descobrir ha parte oucidental passando alem ha grandeza do mar ociano honde he hachada e naveguada huma tam grande terra firme com muitas e grandes Ilhas adjacentes a ella que se estende a satenta graaos de ladeza da linha equinocial contra o polo artico (…) e vay alem em vinte e oito graaos e meo de ladeza contra o pollo antratico (…) de qualquer outro lugar da europa e dafrica e dasia hatravesando alem todo ho oceano direitamente ha oucidente ou a loest segundo ordem de marinharia por trinta e seis graaos de longura que seram seiscentas e quarenta e oyto leguoas de caminho contando a dezoyto leguoas por graao. 178: 1092:… Year of our Lord of 1498 where Your Highness commanded us to explore the western area going past the greatness of the ocean sea; where is found and explored a very large firm land with many and large adjoining islands, which extends from seventy degrees of latitude from the equator line towards the arctic pole (…) and goes further of twenty eight degrees of latitude from the equator line towards the antarctic pole (…) from any place in Europe or Africa and going across all the ocean in a straight line to the west by the rules of seamanship for thirty six degrees of longitude, which are six hundred and forty eight leagues of route counting at eighteen leagues per degree. 785:. The kamal itself was simple to construct. It was a rectangular piece of either bone or wood which had a string with 9 consecutive knots attached to it. Another instrument available, developed by the Arabs as well, was the quadrant. Also a celestial navigation device, it was originally developed for astronomy and later transitioned to navigation. When combined with detailed maps of the period, sailors were able to sail across oceans rather than skirt along the coast. However, there are no records of open ocean Atlantic sailing, and their activity focused on Mediterranean, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea and across to the Bay of Bengal. The origins of the 1201:

travels. When on August 5, 1538, D. João de Castro decided to determine the latitude of Mozambique, found the cause that dictated the astonishing uneasiness of needles; noted the deviation of the needle, discovering it 128 years before Dennis Guillaume (1666) of Nieppe, which is recorded in History of Sailing as if he were the first to know about this phenomenon. His point near Baçaim, on December 22, 1538, a magnetic phenomenon, for which there were variations of the needle because of the proximity of certain rocks, confirmed four centuries later, was called local attraction. D. João de Castro refuted the theory that the variation of

6485: 6351: 5510: 5443: 5312: 4695: 4297: 1739: 936: 1541: 1011:), is due to the change in the regime of winds and currents: the North Atlantic gyre and the Equatorial counter current will push south along the northwest bulge of Africa, while the uncertain winds where the Northeast trades meet the Southeast trades (the doldrums) leave a sailing ship to the mercy of the currents. Together, prevalent current and wind make northwards progress very difficult or impossible. In this context, the Portuguese discovered the two large 1075:' (1505–08) cited above; several 'roteiros' included in the 'Livro de Marinharia e Tratado da Agulha de Marear' (Treatise of Seamanship and of the magnetic needle) by João de Lisboa (1514); roteiros included in the 'Regimento de Navegacão...' (Regiment of Navigation) by André Pires (1520); roteiros for Brazil by Pero Lopes de Sousa (1530–32), Roteiro da Carreira da Índia' (Route-book of the travel to/from India) by Diogo de Afonso (1536); and the roteiros by D. 896: 944: 1623:, which meant that they could never be accurate enough at sea. Harrison solved the precision problems with his much smaller H4 chronometer design in 1761. H4 looked much like a large five-inch (12 cm) diameter pocket watch. In 1761, Harrison submitted H4 for the £20,000 longitude prize. His design used a fast-beating balance wheel controlled by a temperature-compensated spiral spring. These features remained in use until stable 689: 1903: 31: 1481:, with calculated mathematical tables which made it possible to use in practice. The book made clear why only with this projection would a constant bearing correspond to a straight line on a chart. It also analysed other sources of error, including the risk of parallax errors with some instruments; and faulty estimates of latitude and longitude on contemporary charts. 1619:, a Yorkshire carpenter. He submitted a project in 1730, and in 1735 completed a clock based on a pair of counter-oscillating weighted beams connected by springs whose motion was not influenced by gravity or the motion of a ship. His first two sea timepieces H1 and H2 (completed in 1741) used this system, but he realised that they had a fundamental sensitivity to 924: 705: 1889: 1654:. With the lunar distance method, mariners could determine their longitude accurately. Once chronometer production was established in the late 18th century, the use of the chronometer for accurate determination of longitude was a viable alternative. Chronometers replaced lunars in wide usage by the late 19th century. 1107:

Teles, 1474; Ulmo, 1486) The documents relating to the supplying of ships, and the ordering of sun declination tables for the southern Atlantic for as early as 1493–1496, all suggest a well planned and systematic activity. The most significant consequence of this systematised knowledge was the negotiation of the

1040:, in 1436, reveals the western extent of the return route. To resolve the difficulties involved in the return trip, a systematic exploration of the coasts and open sea conditions was undertaken, lasting until the final years of the 15th century. An early example of such systematic criteria is found in 2508:

There are also some Sulawesi loanwords, which Adelaar attributes to contact prior to the migration to Madagascar: See K. Alexander Adelaar, “The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar: Making Sense of the Multidisciplinary Evidence”, in Truman Simanjuntak, Ingrid Harriet Eileen Pojoh and Muhammad Hisyam

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came into prominence. This group, which existed until 1828, offered grants and rewards for the solution of navigational problems. Between 1737 and 1828, the commissioners disbursed some £101,000. The government of the United Kingdom also offered significant rewards for navigational accomplishments

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what belongs to cosmography and seamanship I hope to spell out (…) ...how does a headland or place lay in respect of another; and this so that this work takes order and grounding; and the coast may be more safely navigated; and likewise the knowledge of the lands and where lay the shallows which for

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Chinese vessels during this era were essentially fluvial (riverine), they did not build true ocean-going fleets until the 10th century Song dynasty. A UNESCO study argues that the Chinese were using square sails during the Han dynasty; only in the 12th century did the Chinese adopt the Austronesian

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Electronic integrated bridge concepts are driving future navigation system planning. Integrated systems take inputs from various ship sensors, electronically display positioning information, and provide control signals required to maintain a vessel on a preset course. The navigator becomes a system

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In 1599–1600, Edward Wright's World Chart of 1599 was the first map under the Mercator projection drawn by an Englishman for English navigation. The map prominently displays the Queen Elizabeth I Privy Seal; the only one of her realm to carry her private seal. The Molyneux 1592 globe is the only

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is not formed by geographic meridians. His comments are the most important record of values of magnetic declination in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, in the sixteenth century, and useful for the study of terrestrial magnetism. It was one of the personalities of this century European experimental

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The Portuguese campaign of Atlantic navigation is one of the earliest examples of a systematic scientific large project, sustained over many decades. This program of study recruited several men of exceptional ability, had a well-defined set of objectives, and was open to experimental confirmation

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Combined with the empirical observations gathered in oceanic seafaring, mapping winds and currents, Portuguese explorers took the lead in the long distance oceanic navigation, opening later, at the beginning of the 16th century, a network of ocean routes covering the Atlantic, the Indian and the

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inside attached to a very long rope. When out to sea, sailors could lower the sounding weight in order to determine how deep the waters were, and therefore estimate how far they were from land. Also, the tallow picked up sediments from the bottom which expert sailors could examine to determine

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in 1500, each being adapted to the season of departure. This adaptation shows an understanding of the cycle of yearly variations in winds and currents in the southern Atlantic. Furthermore, there were systematic expeditions pushing into the western Northern Atlantic (Teive, 1454; Vogado, 1462;

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D. Joao de Castro carried out a series of experiments that succeeded in detecting phenomena, in particular related to magnetism and the magnetic needle on board. It should be assumed that such knowledge to Pedro Nunes, of course the direct inspiration of all the observations he has done in his

1027:(approximately in the first half and in the late 15th century respectively), that paved the way to reach the New World and return to Europe, as well as to circumnavigate Africa in western open sea, in future voyages of discovery, avoiding contrary winds and currents. The 'rediscovery' of the 1123:

By the early 16th century there were regular voyages between Lisbon and the Indic. The knowledge of the Atlantic developed by accretion, with the systematic exploration moving into the Indic. The corollary of this activity involved a group of remarkable men established around the academic

249:, and use of waves and swells to detect nearby land. Songs, mythological stories, and star charts were used to help people remember important navigational information. Meanwhile, Austronesians in Island Southeast Asia began the first true maritime trade networks by about 1000 BC, linking 1165:"nam se fezeram indo a acertar: mas partiam os nossos mareantes muy ensinados e prouidos de estromentos e regras de astrologia e geometria que sam as cousas que os cosmographos ham dadar apercebidas (...) e leuaua cartas muy particularmente rumadas e na ja as de que os antigos vsauam" 1371:

Continuous accumulation of navigational data, along with increased exploration and trade, led to increased production of volumes through the Middle Ages. "Routiers" were produced in France about 1500; the English referred to them as "rutters." In 1584 Lucas Waghenaer published the

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ROBERT KERR, F.R.S. & F.A.S.- GENERAL HISTORY and COLLECTION of VOYAGES and TRAVELS, ARRANGED in SYSTEMATIC ORDER: Forming a Complete History of the Origin and Progress of Navigation, Discovery, and Commerce, by Sea and Land, from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time. Edin.

1167:(were not done by chance: but our seafarers departed well taught and provided with instruments and rules of astrology (astronomy) and geometry which were matters the cosmographers would provide (...) and they took charts with exact routes and no longer those used by the ancient). 1171:

Nunes credibility rests on being personally involved in the instruction of pilots and senior seafarers from 1527 onwards. Moreover, it was Nunes who developed instruments and instructions for the systematic work of João de Castro, as stated by Castro in several of his letters.

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Accurate time-keeping is necessary for the determination of longitude. As early as 1530, precursors to modern techniques were being explored. However, the most accurate clocks available to these early navigators were water clocks and sand clocks, such as

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is a particularly notable example of a very long, early voyage. A competent astronomer and geographer, Pytheas ventured from Greece through the strait of Gibraltar to Western Europe and the British Isles. Pytheas is the first known person to describe the

1391:. In this book he included two original treatises about questions of navigation. For the first time the subject was approached using mathematical tools. This publication gave rise to a new scientific discipline: "theoretical or scientific navigation". 869:

was being developed and applied to navigation. This let masters continue sailing a course when the weather limited visibility of the sky. The true mariner's compass using a pivoting needle in a dry box was invented in Europe no later than 1300.

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W.G.L. Randles, "Pedro Nunes and the Discovery of the Loxodromic Curve, or How, in the 16th Century, Navigating with a Globe had Failed to Solve the Difficulties Encountered with the Plane Chart," Revista da Universidade Coimbra, 35 (1989),

305:. Both of these trips would have taken more than a day's sail for the Minoans and would have left them traveling by night across open water. Here the sailors would use the locations of particular stars, especially those of the constellation 1031:

in 1427 is merely a reflection of the heightened strategic importance of the islands, now sitting on the return route from the western coast of Africa (sequentially called 'volta de Guiné' and 'volta da Mina'); and the references to the

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The theoretical existence of a Frigid Zone where the nights are very short in summer and the Sun does not set at the summer solstice was already known. Similarly reports of a country of perpetual snows and darkness (the country of the

3121:"the errors I poynt at in the chart, have beene heretofore poynted out by others, especially by Petrus Nonius, out of whom most part of the first Chapter of the Treatise following is almost worde for worde translated;" - in: 530:

and textual descriptions known as sailing directions have been in use in one form or another since the sixth century BC. Nautical charts using stereographic and orthographic projections date back to the second century BC.

1071:' or maritime route-maps. The earliest Roteiro known is part of a collection of several manuscripts by Valentim Fernandes (1485) with the coast up to the delta of the Niger river in present-day Nigeria, followed by the ' 1194:(1538-39 and 1541). While his study of the coast, navigation and winds and currents is rigorous and accurate, it is his research on terrestrial magnetism in the Atlantic and Indian oceans that came to be celebrated: 587:

or Guinea's 890-metre (2910-foot) Mount Kakulima. Nonetheless, Hanno's maritime travels limit may have been further north, as there are well documented difficulties with the return travel from the regions south of

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satellite was placed in polar orbit in 1960. The system, consisting of 7 satellites, was made operational in 1962. A navigator using readings from three satellites could expect accuracy of about 80 feet.

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and Indian Ocean, a navigator could take advantage of the fairly constant monsoon winds to judge direction. This made long one-way voyages possible twice a year. A 260 CE book by K'ang T'ai (康泰) described

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close to shore to act as marine signposts identifying ambiguous features, highlighting hazards and pointing to safe channels for ships approaching some part of a coast after a long sea voyage. In 1912

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through the establishment of its position and course by means of traditional practice, geometry, astronomy, or special instruments. Many peoples have excelled as seafarers, prominent among them the

3237:...what I have stated, will serve to show the absolute necessity of having firstrate chronometers, or the lunar observations carefully attended to; and never omitted to be taken when practicable. 1687:

By 1904 time signals were being sent to ships to allow navigators to check their chronometers. The U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office was sending navigational warnings to ships at sea by 1907.

1256:, which was soon translated into Latin and Spanish. In this book were the astronomical tables (ephemerides) for the years 1497 to 1500, which may have been instrumental, together with the 281:

Sailors navigating in the Mediterranean made use of several techniques to determine their location, including staying in sight of land and understanding of the winds and their tendencies.

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Pham, Charlotte Minh-Hà L. (2012). "Unit 14: Asian Shipbuilding (Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage)".

724: 1156:: the shortest course between two points on the surface of a sphere represented onto a two-dimensional map, clearing the way for the establishment of the Mercator projection. It is 1290:

was also in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion. The Spanish Crown opened trade routes across the oceans, specially the transatlantic expeditions of

620:) traders for transporting horses. He also made reference to monsoon trade between the islands (or archipelago), which took a month and a few days in a large po. About 1000 BC, 5700: 1782:. In March 1958 the idea of working backwards, using known satellite orbits to determine an unknown position on the Earth's surface began to be explored. This led to the 939:"The light of navigation", Dutch sailing handbook, 1608, showing compass, hourglass, sea astrolabe, terrestrial and celestial globes, divider, Jacob's staff and astrolabe. 558:, were particularly adept sailors and learned to voyage further and further away from the coast in order to reach destinations faster. One tool that helped them was the 881:

at the end of the 13th century. However, their use did not seem to spread quickly: there are no reports of the use of a nautical chart on an English vessel until 1489.

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Christides, Vasilios (1988). "Naval History and Naval Technology in Medieval Times the Need for Interdisciplinary Studies". Byzantion. 58 (2): 309–332. JSTOR 44171055.

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in 1494, moving the line of demarcation 270 leagues to the west (from 100 to 370 leagues west of the Azores) with the consequence of affirming the Portuguese claim to

366:. The positions described do not match the locations of the stars during Aratus' or Eudoxos' time for the Greek mainland, but some argue that they match the sky from 1506:

that was accurate to one minute of arc. In theory, this level of accuracy could give a line of position within a nautical mile of the navigator's actual position.

5705: 5018: 4966: 632:. The invention of these types of sail made sailing around the western coast of Africa possible, because of their ability to sail against the wind. Ca. 200 AD in 668:

is its closest relative, with numerous Malay and Javanese loanwords. By the 8th or 9th century A.D., ancient Indonesian ships may have already reached as far as

1352:. In 1578, a patent was registered for a device that would judge the ship's speed by counting the revolutions of a wheel mounted below the ship's waterline. 1310:. The trips of exploration led to trade flourishing across the Atlantic Ocean between Spain and America and across the Pacific Ocean between Asia-Pacific and 2878:

Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho, As Primeiras Travessia Atlânticas - lecture, Academia Portuguesa de História, 22/04/1942 - in: Anais (APH) 1949, II serie, vol.2

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in the early 15th century marked an epoch of distinct progress in practical navigation for Europeans. These exploration and trade expeditions sent out by

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to navigate by. To navigate along a degree of latitude a sailor would have needed to find a circumpolar star above that degree in the sky. For example,

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with a 5-foot radius, Richard Norwood measured the length of a nautical mile with chains. His definition of 2,040 yards is fairly close to the modern

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ship, developed and used for long-distance travel by the Portuguese, and later by the rest of Iberians, since the 15th century, also date back to the

2557: 1801:, redesigned with cesium clocks, started to go into orbit on June 23, 1977. By 1985, the first 11-satellite GPS Block I constellation was in orbit. 5499: 693: 5909: 5403: 2929: 1098:

It is unlikely that the exploration of the open seas of the southern Atlantic was made in a single voyage, particularly when the route taken by

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On November 18, 1940, Mr. Alfred L. Loomis made the initial suggestion for an electronic air navigation system which was later developed into

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was the first ship to use wireless communication to request assistance at sea. Using radio for determining direction was investigated by "Sir

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Bilic, Tomislav (March 2009). "The Myth of Alpheus and Arethusa and Open-Sea Voyages on the Mediterranean--Stellar Navigation in Antiquity".

2974: 2826: 2740: 2387: 1977: 1724: 394:. The pole stars were used to navigate because they did not disappear below the horizon and could be seen consistently throughout the night. 2448:

Burney DA, Burney LP, Godfrey LR, Jungers WL, Goodman SM, Wright HT, Jull AJ (August 2004). "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar".

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system began to be put into orbit in 1982, and the system is expected to have a complete 24-satellite constellation in place by 2010. The

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Training Manual for the UNESCO Foundation Course on the Protection and Management of Underwater Cultural Heritage in Asia and the Pacific

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John Locke, "The works of John Locke: in nine volumes, Volume 9" The history of navigation, p. 385, Printed for C. and J. Rivington, 1824

2112: 6238: 5381: 3671: 3502: 1492: 1380:), which became the model for such publications for several generations of navigators. They were known as "Waggoners" by most sailors. 3726: 3215:

Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4

903:, "considered the greatest memorial of medieval cartography" according to Roberto Almagià is a map made between 1457 and 1459 by the 6248: 5638: 3640: 3608: 3510: 3223: 3089: 3065: 2700: 2048: 3024:. Lisbon: Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa Communities and Collections Faculdade de Letras (FL) FL - Dissertações de Mestrado. 2786: 2711: 1863:) had been reaching the Mediterranean for some centuries. Pytheas is the first known scientific visitor and reporter of the arctic. 1160:

who states, in his contemporaneous "Treatise of the Sphere" (1537), that Portuguese navigations were not an adventurous endeavour:

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Prior to 1577, no method of judging the ship's speed was mentioned that was more advanced than observing the size of the vessel's

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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On July 14, 1974 the first prototype Navstar GPS satellite was put into orbit, but its clocks failed shortly after launch. The

6000: 4118: 3764: 1676:, of the United States; and Bellini and Tosi, of Italy." The Stone Radio & Telegraph Company installed an early prototype 3195:

Newton, I., “Newton's Octant” (posthumous description), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, vol. 42, p. 155, 1742

6508: 5990: 5397: 2594: 2360: 2073: 2038: 1813: 1048:’ (1505-1508), where he reports his and other's exploration of the African coast and of the open seas of the south Atlantic: 4996: 1341:

of Nuremberg wrote in 1514 that the cross-staff was a very ancient instrument, but was only beginning to be used on ships.

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and neighboring lands were the usual form of trade for many centuries, and are responsible for the widespread influence of

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The precise time of Austronesians reaching Madagascar is unknown, at the earliest is the earliest centuries BCE (Blench, “

1525: 1469: 1464: 1433: 592:, which, up to the early 15th century, "had hitherto been the non plus ultra or impassable limit of European navigation" 6258: 5855: 5474: 1982: 1962: 825: 217:

at around 1500 BC. By about 900 BC their descendants had spread more than 6,000 kilometers across the Pacific, reaching

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had used great circle methods in a crossing of the North Atlantic in 1495. Davis also gave the world a version of the

6311: 6142: 5688: 5591: 5130: 4889: 4169: 3675: 2007: 1997: 1276:. Nevertheless, the Portuguese had to hire local pilots in the Indian Ocean for several decades to guide their ships. 2608: 6167: 5430: 5273: 5145: 5035: 4991: 3793: 3757: 2586: 1931: 1759: 1445: 409:

who questions a sailor about the use of stars in navigation. The sailor replies with his description of the use of

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Bloomberg, Mary; Göran Henricksson (1997). "Evidence for the Minoan origins of stellar navigation in the Aegean".

1272:(also passing through South America) around the open Atlantic Ocean (including the Southwest Atlantic) and in the 1260:, made of metal and not wood as before (created and perfected at the beginning of the Portuguese discoveries), to 461:" to the geographic imagination and his account is the earliest to state that the Moon is the cause of the tides. 6523: 6518: 6400: 6329: 5904: 5760: 5693: 5413: 4919: 4862: 3205: 1593: 83: 63: 1588:, which was published in 1742. Due to this time lapse, credit for the invention has often been given instead to 6441: 5653: 5180: 5175: 4981: 4712: 4262: 3915: 3780: 1706:

for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses.

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or the passage of sea foam or various floating objects. In 1577, a more advanced technique was mentioned: the

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are an example of an early Western civilization that used celestial navigation. Their palaces and mountaintop

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A highly important breakthrough for the accurate determination of longitude came with the invention of the

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Kumar, Ann (2012). 'Dominion Over Palm and Pine: Early Indonesia’s Maritime Reach', in Geoff Wade (ed.),

2203: 1727:, and on November 1, 1942, the first LORAN System was placed in operation with four stations between the 6419: 6301: 5975: 5951: 5806: 5285: 5243: 5170: 5068: 5053: 5043: 4635: 4514: 4468: 4399: 3600: 2952: 1992: 1941: 1809: 1651: 1624: 1503: 1153: 1108: 645: 535: 383: 343: 334:

to keep the Bear (Ursa Major) on his left hand side and at the same time to observe the position of the

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to allow navigation of their ships by locating the Sun even in a completely overcast sky. This special

711:, possibly the Icelandic medieval sunstone used to locate the sun in the sky when obstructed from view. 297:, as well as the rising and setting of particular stars. The Minoans made sea voyages to the island of 1738: 1575: 6395: 6268: 6208: 6061: 5995: 5838: 5826: 5670: 5479: 5238: 5233: 5135: 5095: 4976: 4899: 4785: 4778: 4332: 1957: 1926: 1786: 1699: 1334: 1291: 1202: 1068: 770: 665: 516: 492: 313: 209:

during a period between 3000 and 1000 BC. Their first long-distance voyaging was the colonization of

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invented a reflecting quadrant around 1699. He wrote a detailed description of the instrument for

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Pedro Nunes Salaciense, Tratado da Esfera, cap. 'Carta de Marear com o Regimento da Altura' p.2 -

1540: 935: 6154: 5811: 5611: 5596: 5391: 5346: 5341: 5190: 4352: 3492: 3471: 2430: 2333: 1947: 1628: 1608: 1553: 1514: 1303: 1295: 1079:(see below): Lisbon to Goa (1538), Goa to Diu (northwest India) (1538–39, and the Red Sea (1541) 960: 766: 757:, navigable rivers in the Islamic regions were uncommon, so transport by sea was very important. 488: 226: 119: 75: 35: 2712:

http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/oceanography/LecuturesOceanogr/LecCurrents/LecCurrents.html

653: 1456:, which became one of the dominant instruments from the 17th century until the adoption of the 6074: 5735: 5683: 5665: 5606: 5228: 5165: 5160: 5090: 4986: 4946: 4941: 4924: 4894: 4730: 4560: 4504: 4498: 4347: 4324: 4146: 4034: 3722: 3636: 3604: 3550: 3506: 3219: 3209: 3085: 3061: 2970: 2887:

Carlos Viegas Gago Coutinho, A Viagem de Bartolomeu Dias, Anais (Clube Militar Naval) May 1946

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Christie, Anthony (1957). "An Obscure Passage from the "Periplus: ΚΟΛΑΝΔΙΟϕΩΝΤΑ ΤΑ ΜΕΓΙΣΤΑ"".

2069: 2044: 1972: 1825:

manager, choosing system presets, interpreting system output, and monitoring vessel response.

1620: 1559: 1406: 1217: 1175: 1141: 1137: 1129: 1076: 952: 895: 758: 742: 657: 539: 499: 410: 363: 131: 123: 6067: 2735:

Carlos Calinas Correia, A Arte de Navegar na Época dos Descobrimentos, Colibri, Lisboa 2017;

1646:. This replaced the Davis quadrant and the octant as the main instrument for navigation. The 6380: 5936: 5831: 5575: 5484: 5376: 5205: 5200: 4951: 4934: 4904: 4835: 4610: 4389: 4267: 4194: 4014: 3890: 3630: 3463: 2723: 2457: 2420: 2412: 2325: 1894: 1673: 1510: 1299: 1280: 1233: 1133: 928: 890: 866: 801: 661: 450: 426: 206: 127: 19:

This article is about the history of maritime navigation. For the history of mapmaking, see

3737: 2925: 2695:

Kenneth Maxwell, Naked tropics: essays on empire and other rogues, p. 16, Routledge, 2003,

1333:

and rudimentary nautical charts were all the tools available to a navigator at the time of

943: 245:. Polynesian navigators used a range of tools and methods, including observation of birds, 5796: 5150: 5110: 5048: 4151: 4086: 3940: 3652: 2679: 2561: 2382:. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. p. 20-21. 1936: 1747: 1612: 1395: 1338: 874: 649: 601: 575:

c. 500 BC and explored the Atlantic coast of Africa. There is general consensus that the

484: 246: 91: 67: 1240:, the author of an exceptional treatise on astronomy/astrology in Hebrew, with the title 1216:

continued this effort, forming a committee on navigation. This group computed tables of

6306: 6102: 6048: 6036: 5821: 5791: 5550: 5489: 5425: 5418: 5223: 5218: 4929: 4882: 4800: 4745: 4473: 4379: 4342: 4189: 4051: 3885: 3526: 3021:

O magnetismo terrestre no roteiro de Lisboa a Goa: as experiências de D. João de Castro

2013: 1916: 1728: 1601: 1499: 1426: 1284: 1024: 1004: 988: 805: 720: 673: 613: 606: 584: 527: 433: 262: 254: 139: 135: 115: 95: 3719:

You Are Here: From the Compass to GPS, the History and Future of How We Find Ourselves

1627:

allowed very accurate portable timepieces to be made at affordable cost. In 1767, the

688: 583:. There is a lack of agreement whether the furthest limit of Hanno's explorations was 6502: 6450: 6291: 6161: 6135: 6095: 6088: 6081: 5740: 5675: 5555: 4877: 4872: 4845: 4773: 4670: 4204: 4126: 4039: 3875: 3855: 3818: 3657: 3531: 3475: 3467: 3077: 2337: 2235: 1908: 1767: 1743: 1669: 1657:

In 1891 radios, in the form of wireless telegraphs, began to appear on ships at sea.

1616: 1585: 1544: 1365: 1261: 1237: 1099: 980: 900: 833: 559: 422: 418: 242: 238: 194: 143: 59: 51: 2434: 1604:, and had the immediate effect of making latitude calculations much more accurate. 1528:(SI) definition of 2,025.372 yards. Norwood is also credited with the discovery of 6196: 5886: 5880: 5786: 5781: 5720: 5601: 4956: 4830: 4805: 4757: 4750: 4675: 4590: 4226: 4161: 4019: 3957: 3880: 3838: 2018: 1902: 1860: 1754:

In October 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite,

1665: 1581: 1529: 1441: 1273: 1187: 1179: 1033: 1012: 972: 859: 821: 708: 677: 669: 589: 442: 375: 190: 147: 99: 6121: 3369:. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History. pp. 443–469. 3347:. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History. pp. 443–469. 3290:. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History. pp. 261–265. 2896:

Luis Adão da Fonseca, Pedro Álvares Cabral - Uma Viagem, INAPA, Lisboa, 1999, p.48

2525:

The Phantom Voyagers: Evidence of Indonesian Settlement in Africa in Ancient Times

3619: 3213: 2907: 2461: 1329:

The compass, a cross-staff or astrolabe, a method to correct for the altitude of

6473: 6435: 6018: 5957: 5776: 5730: 5715: 5643: 5371: 4850: 4655: 4550: 4357: 4093: 4024: 3930: 3848: 3833: 2403:

Dewar, Robert E.; Wright, Henry T. (1993). "The culture history of Madagascar".

1770:

yielding the satellite's position and velocity. This team continued to monitor

1732: 1597: 1589: 1562:

and £5,000 for the navigator that could sail within a degree of latitude of the

1487: 1474: 1384: 1315: 1225: 1183: 1157: 1149: 1125: 947:

Fairly accurate maps of the Americas were being drawn in the early 17th century.

912: 854:, some centuries after the carbon-dated, early-11th-century Norse settlement of 738: 716: 641: 633: 576: 507: 290: 258: 234: 214: 87: 79: 71: 2499:, Egede-Instituttet Avhandlinger, no. 3 (Oslo: Egede-Instituttet, 1951), p. 13. 1944:

explains how to find that quantity if one knows the two latitudes and longitude

999:

Initial Period - Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic: Duarte Pacheco Pereira

362:

in the third century BC detailed positions of the constellations as written by

5970: 5801: 5660: 5648: 5560: 5058: 4810: 4478: 4453: 4432: 4374: 4236: 4209: 3925: 3805: 2511:

Austronesian Diaspora and the Ethnogeneses of People in Indonesian Archipelago

2329: 2010:, a scientific editor and astronomer, first located many places geographically 1987: 1884: 1691: 1563: 1361: 968: 813: 794: 734: 625: 454: 398: 387: 379: 371: 306: 270: 210: 3680:(7th ed.). Bethesda, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from 3666:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 284–289. 3540:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 703–704. 3184: 3019: 524:

of the Indian Ocean was first sailed by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 or 116 BC.

5980: 5893: 4909: 4867: 4840: 4650: 4595: 4579: 4437: 4277: 4231: 4156: 4131: 4108: 4098: 3952: 3895: 3870: 3694:

The haven-finding art; A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook

2318:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

2241: 1453: 1449: 1418: 1357: 916: 908: 754: 730: 697: 551: 446: 298: 294: 47: 30: 3681: 2469: 1228:. These resources improved the ability of a navigator at sea to judge his 339: 3363:"Appendix A. Chronology of Developments in Communications and Electronics" 2638:

Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,”

1003:

The main problem in navigating, by sail alone, back from the south of the

808:

to the societies of Southeast Asia. Powerful navies included those of the

745:

in the west to the Indian Ocean and China Sea in the east, Apart from the

6128: 6115: 5848: 5001: 4630: 4625: 4575: 4493: 4448: 4369: 4257: 4252: 4221: 3978: 3935: 3900: 3865: 3813: 3709: 2425: 1967: 1349: 1345: 1229: 1132:(navigator, military commander and Vice-Roy of India); such men included 1008: 778: 774: 629: 555: 464: 335: 331: 111: 2555:

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004706/contents/1stsea/nap/page/n-2.html#

6413: 5860: 5356: 5248: 5008: 4740: 4645: 4615: 4600: 4570: 4555: 4540: 4535: 4488: 4458: 4181: 3988: 3983: 3920: 3860: 3823: 2416: 1805: 1647: 1643: 1457: 1330: 1191: 1145: 923: 851: 847: 839: 829: 786: 762: 704: 580: 521: 437: 391: 322: 282: 6464: 6109: 5930: 5725: 5469: 4914: 4820: 4665: 4620: 4565: 4530: 4525: 4509: 4483: 4427: 4272: 4199: 4103: 4076: 4071: 4061: 4009: 3910: 3843: 2953:

https://archive.org/details/tratadodaspherac00sacr/page/n123/mode/2up

1845:”, p. 432.), the latest is no earlier than 7th century CE (Adelaar, “ 1311: 1245: 1112: 1037: 1028: 964: 904: 809: 750: 617: 563: 511: 480: 406: 397:

By the third century BC the Greeks had begun to use the Little Bear,

355: 351: 347: 293:

exhibit architectural features that align with the rising sun on the

266: 230: 198: 107: 3749: 3060:, G. T. Foulis & Co. Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1973, 3036: 2377: 2355:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 2068:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 1082:

The extent of the explorations undertaken is again reported in the '

2965:

Oliveira e Costa, Joao Paulo; Gaspar Rodrigues, Vitor Luis (2017).

2874: 2872: 1402:. The book was translated into French, Italian, Dutch and English. 1119:

Mature Period - Portuguese exploration of the Indic: João de Castro

850:

was talked about in several 13th – 14th-century written sources in

5330: 4825: 4815: 4660: 4640: 4585: 4545: 4519: 4463: 3962: 1737: 1723:(long range navigation system) by the Radiation Laboratory of the 1720: 1539: 1269: 1244:, fled to Portugal in 1492. He published in the printing press of 984: 942: 934: 922: 894: 878: 817: 703: 687: 652:

trading fleets reached Madagascar. Also brought with them was the

503: 468: 458: 367: 317: 302: 286: 250: 222: 218: 151: 103: 29: 3651: 2678:

Almagià, discussing the copy of another map by Fra Mauro, in the

4422: 4411: 4081: 4066: 4046: 3947: 3828: 3516: 2921: 2919: 2609:"L'Anse Aux Meadows & the Viking Discovery of North America" 1712:

The first prototype shipborne radar system was installed on the

1695: 782: 746: 472: 6366: 5525: 5458: 5327: 4710: 4312: 3791: 3753: 3739:

Españoles y portugueses en Canadá en tiempos de Cristóbal Colón

3677:

Publication 1310: Radar Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual

3367:

History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy

3345:

History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy

3288:

History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy

1615:

offer for a method of determining longitude at sea, was won by

1206:

science, linking the importance of this study with the sailing.

4056: 3525: 3041:

D'Aquém, d'Além e d'Ultramar. Homenagem a António Dias Farinha

1491:, the land Captain Francis Drake claimed for his Queen during 55: 2625:

Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,”

2513:, (Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences, 2006), pp. 8–9. 1294:

on behalf of Castile, from 1492. The Crown of Castile, under

229:

developed. Within the next few centuries Polynesians reached

2353:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

2066:

Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts

1036:(also called at the time 'Mar da Baga'), to the west of the 995:

through the success or otherwise of subsequent navigations.

562:. This tool was bell shaped, made from stone or lead, with 2486:(Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), 101–122. 1152:(1502-1578) achieved the mathematical determination of the 273:

by the early 1st millennium AD and colonized it by AD 500.

3635:(64th ed.). New York, NY: Hearst Communications Inc. 3524:

Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911).

3316:"Gustav Dalén, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912: Biography" 3037:"Tábuas Solares na náutica portugues dos séculos XV e XVI" 2040:

The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

1102:

in 1497 was significantly different from the one taken by

2724:

https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/166714

374:. This change in the position of the stars is due to the 3218:(Digital ed.). Harper & brothers. p. 373. 1650:

was derived from the octant in order to provide for the

1302:

in 1521. The enterprise was led by Portuguese navigator

919:

and set in a wooden frame, about two meters in diameter.

181:

Map showing the seaborne migration and expansion of the

3549:(15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 2821:(1 ed.). Lisboa: Edicoes Colibri. pp. 82–83. 2553:

ThinkQuest: Library, “Early Navigational Instruments,”

2537:

Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam",

2037:

Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (2006).

1547:'s 1701 map charting magnetic variation from true north 1044:, navigator, military commander and learned writer of ‘ 725:

Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world

3696:. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, INC. 2484:

Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past

1558:

in this era, such as £20,000 for the discovery of the

931:

was an ancient precursor to the modern marine sextant.

421:

to navigate as he traveled west from the mouth of the

2969:(in Portuguese). Lisboa: Bertrand. pp. 268–271. 1760:

Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory

1485:

other cartography with her Privy Seal. Both identify

1067:

The repositories for the observations made were the '

957:

Infante Henrique (later called "Henry the Navigator")

2122: 2120: 2098: 2096: 2094: 1843:

The Ethnographic Evidence for Long-distance Contacts

1709:

1921 saw the installation of the first radiobeacon.

979:

western Pacific oceans, from the North Atlantic and

6282: 6224: 6027: 6011: 5759: 5629: 5584: 5543: 5536: 5261: 5067: 5034: 5027: 4965: 4766: 4723: 4410: 4323: 4245: 4180: 4117: 4002: 3971: 3804: 1554:

Commissioners for the discovery of longitude at sea

2812: 2810: 2173: 2171: 542:. This mechanism was built around 1st century BC. 3595:Great Britain Ministry of Defence (Navy) (1995). 2497:Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique 2134: 2132: 1023:) currents and trade winds of North and of South 761:and navigational sciences made use of a magnetic 1816:with 30 satellites in place by 2011–12 as well. 457:. Pytheas also introduced the idea of distant " 3485:Actes de la Vème conférence annuelle de la SEAC 3356: 3354: 692:An 18th-century Persian Astrolabe, kept at The 309:, to orient the ship in the correct direction. 3185:Retrieved 18 July 2011. Subscription required. 2191: 1566:. A widespread manual in the 18th century was 312:Written records of navigation using stars, or 3765: 3576:. Department of the Air Force. Archived from 3456:International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 2819:A Arte de Navegar na Época dos Descobrimentos 8: 3692:Taylor, E. G. R. (1971). link; link (eds.). 3183:ODNB entry for John Barrow (fl. 1735–1774): 1633:The Principles of Mr. Harrison's time-keeper 2909:The Erasmian Influence on D. João de Castro 2583:The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation 1742:A 1943 United States military map of world 1690:Later developments included the placing of 1128:, and the explorer and ‘lead investigator’ 963:(near Madeira) in 1418, rediscovery of the 644:) are developed in China. In ca. 50-500 AD 567:exactly where they were. The Carthaginian 6363: 6307:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 6254:International Congress of Maritime Museums 6234:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 5540: 5533: 5522: 5455: 5324: 5031: 4720: 4707: 4320: 4309: 3801: 3788: 3772: 3758: 3750: 3398: 3396: 3039:. In Contente Domingues, Francisco (ed.). 1224:, believing it a good replacement for the 1178:'s work took place along the route of the 193:began with the maritime migrations of the 6322:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3277: 3275: 2424: 2299: 1596:. The octant eventually replaced earlier 1513:published an account of yearly change in 1477:explaining the mathematical basis of the 1298:, also sponsored the first expedition of 401:, to navigate. In the mid-1st century AD 3247: 3245: 3210:"Chapter XXIV―departure from Mozambique" 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3144: 3142: 3105: 3103: 3101: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2642:, Vol. 68, No. 3. (April 1963), p.615ff. 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2245:, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, page 168 2187: 2185: 2183: 2043:. Australian National University Press. 1668:, of England; Andre Blondel, of France; 1364:of Britain until 1839 for the timing of 1360:. Hourglasses were still in use by the 1337:. In his notes on Ptolemy's geography, 765:and a rudimentary instrument known as a 694:Whipple Museum of the History of Science 378:on its axis which affects primarily the 176: 6292:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 3437: 3435: 3433: 2930:MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 2607:Boissoneault, Lorraine (23 July 2015). 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2029: 1847:The Indonesian Migrations to Madagascar 1834: 1631:published a description of his work in 1086:', on the 2nd page of the 2nd chapter: 479:'s expedition in India is preserved in 6244:European Association of Archaeologists 3171: 3148: 3133: 3109: 3052: 3050: 2666: 2303: 2204:Strabo's Geography - Book II Chapter 3 741:extending from the Atlantic Ocean and 346:as he sailed eastward from her island 16:Intersection of history and navigation 5500:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 3710:The whys and wherefores of navigation 3082:A History of the World in Twelve Maps 1978:Maritime history of the United States 1725:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1436:published an 80-page pamphlet called 1421:were plotted as straight lines. This 1140:(chronist and scholar), and possibly 34:Map of the world produced in 1689 by 7: 3629:Maloney, Elbert S. (December 2003). 2629:, Vol. 45, No. 2. (July 1954), p.181 1774:and the next satellites into space, 1578:and still being advertised in 1787. 1440:which, among other things describes 1306:and completed by the Spanish Basque 1279:In the 15th and 16th centuries, the 865:In China between 1040 and 1117, the 656:people, as labourer and slaves. The 571:is known to have sailed through the 6239:Archaeological Institute of America 3713:, New York: D. Van Nostrand Company 3672:National Imagery and Mapping Agency 3545:Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003). 3503:National Imagery and Mapping Agency 3361:Howeth, Captain Linwood S. (1963). 3339:Howeth, Captain Linwood S. (1963). 3282:Howeth, Captain Linwood S. (1963). 3043:. Lisboa: CHUL. pp. 1235–1250. 2999:. Lisboa: Agência Geral do Ultramar 1799:Navigational Technology Satellite 2 1144:(a diplomat, scholar and friend of 1115:and its dominance of the Atlantic. 660:language originated from Southeast 382:. Around 1000 BC the constellation 3084:. Penguin UK. pp. chapter 7. 3018:Rangel, Artur José Ruando (2009). 2254:B.H. Warmington, op. cit., page 79 1804:Satellites of the similar Russian 1322:discovered the northern Pacific's 14: 6249:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 5639:Coastal defence and fortification 5014:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 4314:Navigation, and ports and harbors 2794:Biblioteca Nacional Digital (BND) 1762:took a series of measurements of 1750:, as they were known at the time. 1520:In 1637, using a specially built 23:. For the history of flight, see 6483: 6349: 6274:Society for American Archaeology 5508: 5441: 5310: 4693: 4295: 3498:The American Practical Navigator 3468:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2008.00189.x 2817:Calinas Correia, Carlos (2017). 2684:Monumenta cartographica vaticana 1901: 1887: 225:. In this region, a distinctive 5706:Phoenician discovery of America 3650:Martin, William Robert (1911). 3632:Chapman Piloting and Seamanship 3035:Semedo de Matos, Jorge (2015). 2912:. Coimbra: Imprensa de Coimbra. 2539:The Journal of Economic History 1473:, which translated the work of 1444:. It's said that the explorer 797:explorers by the 13th century. 5398:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 3597:Admiralty Manual of Seamanship 3058:A History of Marine Navigation 2640:The American Historical Review 1493:his 1577-1580 circumnavigation 1429:from the 18th century onward. 1124:(mathematician, cosmographer) 967:in 1427, the discovery of the 959:led first to the discovery of 862:had been briefly established. 607:ships with seven sails called 386:would have been closer to the 1: 6317:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 4992:Phoenician maritime expansion 3736:Juan Francisco Maura (2021). 1526:International System of Units 1502:described his newly invented 1470:Certaine Errors in Navigation 1409:published for the first time 951:The commercial activities of 733:significantly contributed to 672:, likely using the outrigger 491:explored the Arabian Sea for 6259:Nautical Archaeology Society 3547:Dutton's Nautical Navigation 2462:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005 1983:Marshall Islands stick chart 1148:). The theoretical works of 6312:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 5689:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 5495:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 5352:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 3565:Department of the Air Force 2993:Cartas de D. João de Castro 2527:. Thurlton. pp. 41–42. 2405:Journal of World Prehistory 2008:Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach 1998:Portuguese nautical science 1532:59 years earlier, in 1576. 1495:, above the 40th parallel. 1419:constant-rhumb trajectories 579:reached at least as far as 201:who spread southwards into 185:beginning at around 3000 BC 6540: 6168:Phoenician Ship Expedition 5009:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 5002:Circumnavigation of Africa 3745:. Universidad de Valencia. 3618:Homer. link; link (eds.). 3409:American Heritage Magazine 2587:Cambridge University Press 2523:Dick-Read, Robert (2005). 2450:Journal of Human Evolution 2192:Bunbury & Beazley 1911 1932:Galileo positioning system 1398:published the influential 888: 842:used polarization and the 714: 684:Medieval age of navigation 554:and their successors, the 467:'s celebrated voyage from 350:traversing the Ocean. The 166: 50:, is the art of directing 18: 6481: 6373: 6362: 6347: 5694:Samothrace temple complex 5532: 5521: 5506: 5465: 5454: 5439: 5337: 5323: 5308: 5214: 4719: 4706: 4691: 4319: 4308: 4293: 3800: 3787: 3707:Gershom Bradford (1918), 3487:. Gdansk. pp. 69–81. 2906:Hooykaas, Reijer (1979). 2852:"Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis" 2787:"Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis" 2762:"Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis" 2330:10.1017/S0041977X00133105 1820:Integrated bridge systems 1425:would be widely used for 1182:(1538), particularly the 64:Islander Southeast Asians 4982:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 3253:"Short History of Radio" 2990:Sanceau, Elaine (1954). 6264:RPM Nautical Foundation 6001:Surviving ancient ships 5920:Marsala Punic shipwreck 3663:Encyclopædia Britannica 3537:Encyclopædia Britannica 2967:Construtores do Imperio 2581:John M. Hobson (2004), 1922:Austronesian navigation 1574:, published in 1750 by 1415:cartographic projection 1283:and then the "unified" 1046:Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis 873:Nautical charts called 676:and the K'un-lun po or 624:Austronesian developed 6297:Giza Solar boat museum 5751:Underwater exploration 5746:Underwater archaeology 5711:Pre-Columbian theories 5566:John Sinclair Morrison 5527:Research and education 4977:Austronesian Expansion 3717:Hiawatha Bray (2014). 2955:(retrieved 13/06/2020) 2932:. Retrieved 13/06/2020 2926:Pedro Nunes Salaciense 2726:(retrieved 13/06/2020) 2714:(retrieved 13/06/2020) 2686:, (Rome 1944) I:32-40. 2003:South-pointing chariot 1751: 1704:Nobel Prize in Physics 1678:radio direction finder 1625:electronic oscillators 1548: 1374:Spieghel der Zeevaerdt 1300:world circumnavigation 1210: 1169: 1096: 1065: 1042:Duarte Pacheco Pereira 948: 940: 932: 920: 800:The sea lanes between 773:and for measuring the 712: 701: 546:Phoenicia and Carthage 186: 169:Austronesian expansion 39: 21:History of cartography 6509:History of navigation 6368:Legend and literature 6326:Viking ship museums: 6302:Grand Egyptian Museum 6062:Austronesian replicas 6037:Heyerdahl expeditions 5947:Caligula's Giant Ship 5807:Dover Bronze Age Boat 4469:Berenice Troglodytica 3601:The Stationery Office 3403:Bedwell, Don (2007). 3208:(October 12, 2007) . 3056:May, William Edward, 1993:Polynesian navigation 1942:Great-circle distance 1810:European Space Agency 1741: 1680:on the naval collier 1652:lunar distance method 1543: 1460:in the 19th century. 1308:Juan Sebastián Elcano 1218:the sun's declination 1196: 1162: 1109:Treaty of Tordesillas 1088: 1057: 946: 938: 926: 898: 889:Further information: 715:Further information: 707: 691: 536:Antikythera mechanism 203:Island Southeast Asia 180: 173:Polynesian navigation 44:history of navigation 33: 6269:Sea Research Society 5671:Maritime archaeology 5480:Ameinias the Phocian 5475:Mediterranean piracy 1958:History of longitude 1927:Celestial navigation 1812:expects to have its 1787:satellite navigation 1568:Navigatio Britannica 1551:In 1714 the British 1522:astronomical sextant 1442:great circle sailing 1438:The Seaman's Secrets 1378:The Mariner's Mirror 1335:Christopher Columbus 1292:Christopher Columbus 1268:in their voyages to 1266:Pedro Álvares Cabral 1203:magnetic declination 1104:Pedro Álvares Cabral 971:Islands in 1447 and 771:celestial navigation 510:, later reported in 314:celestial navigation 46:, or the history of 5362:Maritime Jade Route 4515:Kaveri Poompattinam 3493:Bowditch, Nathaniel 3415:(4). Archived from 2682:: Roberto Almagià, 2088:Bloomberg, 1678:793 1953:History of latitude 1789:system. The first 1642:invented the first 1479:Mercator projection 1423:Mercator projection 1222:mariner's astrolabe 1214:John II of Portugal 1021:return from the sea 1015:(meaning literally 911:. It is a circular 877:began to appear in 573:Strait of Gibraltar 569:Hanno the Navigator 538:was recovered from 522:monsoon wind system 438:Pytheas of Massalia 376:wobble of the Earth 338:, the late-setting 25:History of aviation 5910:Bajo de la Campana 5612:Peter Throckmorton 5597:Jean-Yves Empereur 5571:William L. Rodgers 5392:Maritime Silk Road 3653:"Navigation" 2560:2011-08-08 at the 2417:10.1007/bf00997802 2340:– via JSTOR. 2165:Taylor, 1971:46-47 2126:Bloomberg, 1997:72 2102:Bloomberg, 1997:77 1948:History of geodesy 1752: 1629:Board of Longitude 1609:marine chronometer 1549: 1515:magnetic variation 1320:Andrés de Urdaneta 1304:Ferdinand Magellan 1296:Charles I of Spain 1254:Almanach Perpetuum 1248:in 1496, the book 1242:Ha-jibbur Ha-gadol 961:Porto Santo Island 949: 941: 933: 921: 885:Age of exploration 856:L'Anse aux Meadows 713: 702: 489:Eudoxus of Cyzicus 487:. Greek navigator 432:The voyage of the 227:Polynesian culture 189:Navigation in the 187: 40: 36:Gerard van Schagen 6496: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6358: 6357: 6345: 6344: 5965:Madrague de Giens 5684:Temple of Isthmia 5680:Maritime temples 5666:Marine navigation 5625: 5624: 5617:Shelley Wachsmann 5607:J. Richard Steffy 5517: 5516: 5450: 5449: 5319: 5318: 5306: 5305: 5257: 5256: 4987:Ocean exploration 4702: 4701: 4689: 4688: 4348:Rutter (nautical) 4304: 4303: 4291: 4290: 4147:Mortise and tenon 3781:Ancient seafaring 3556:978-1-55750-248-3 3441:Bowditch, 2002:1. 3305:Bowditch, 2002:8. 2976:978-989-626-800-8 2828:978-989-689-656-0 2741:978-989-689-656-0 2389:978-92-9223-414-0 2226:Bowditch, 2003:2. 1973:List of explorers 1700:Nils Gustaf Dalén 1621:centrifugal force 1560:Northwest Passage 1407:Gerardus Mercator 1389:Tratado da Sphera 1220:and improved the 1055:'s introduction: 759:Islamic geography 743:Mediterranean Sea 666:Ma'anyan language 612:were used by the 540:Antikythera wreck 500:Ptolemaic dynasty 411:circumpolar stars 128:Hanseatic Germans 6531: 6524:History by topic 6519:Maritime history 6487: 6486: 6381:Ark of bulrushes 6364: 6353: 6352: 5991:Oldest surviving 5701:Nusantao network 5576:Chester G. Starr 5541: 5534: 5523: 5512: 5511: 5485:Cilician pirates 5456: 5445: 5444: 5382:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 5377:Iron Age Britain 5325: 5314: 5313: 5032: 4721: 4708: 4697: 4696: 4611:Ptolemais Theron 4321: 4310: 4299: 4298: 3891:Single-outrigger 3802: 3789: 3774: 3767: 3760: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3732: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3667: 3655: 3646: 3625: 3614: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3575: 3560: 3541: 3529: 3520: 3515:. Archived from 3501:. Bethesda, MD: 3488: 3479: 3442: 3439: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3424: 3400: 3371: 3370: 3358: 3349: 3348: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3152: 3146: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3096: 3095: 3074: 3068: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2962: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2856:Internet Archive 2848: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2814: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2766:Internet Archive 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2693: 2687: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2643: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2604: 2598: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2551: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2514: 2506: 2500: 2495:Otto Chr. Dahl, 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2428: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2207: 2201: 2195: 2189: 2178: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2127: 2124: 2115: 2111:Homer, Odyssey, 2109: 2103: 2100: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2034: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1897: 1895:Geography portal 1892: 1891: 1890: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1856: 1850: 1839: 1729:Chesapeake Capes 1702:was awarded the 1576:March & Page 1511:Henry Gellibrand 1281:Crown of Castile 1154:loxodromic curve 1134:Andre de Resende 891:Age of Discovery 867:magnetic compass 858:in northernmost 483:'s account, the 417:would have used 265:. Settlers from 207:Island Melanesia 6539: 6538: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6369: 6354: 6350: 6341: 6284: 6278: 6226: 6225:Institutes and 6220: 6175:Viking replicas 6116:Balangay Voyage 6029: 6023: 6007: 5762: 5755: 5631: 5621: 5580: 5528: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5461: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5333: 5315: 5311: 5302: 5253: 5210: 5063: 5023: 4968: 4961: 4762: 4715: 4698: 4694: 4685: 4561:Mueang Phra Rot 4415: 4406: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4241: 4215:Triangular sail 4176: 4113: 4087:Sail components 3998: 3967: 3941:Tessarakonteres 3796: 3783: 3778: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3721:. Basic Books. 3716: 3704: 3702:Further reading 3691: 3684: 3670: 3649: 3643: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3563: 3557: 3544: 3527:"Pytheas" 3523: 3513: 3491: 3482: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3402: 3401: 3374: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3322: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3295: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3206:Roberts, Edmund 3204: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3170: 3155: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3108: 3099: 3092: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3055: 3048: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2936: 2924: 2917: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2816: 2815: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2694: 2690: 2680:Vatican Library 2677: 2673: 2665: 2646: 2637: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2562:Wayback Machine 2552: 2548: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2503: 2494: 2490: 2481: 2477: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2390: 2375: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2277: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2210: 2206:, LacusCurtius. 2202: 2198: 2190: 2181: 2177:Bilic, 2009:126 2176: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156:Taylor, 1971:43 2155: 2151: 2147:Taylor, 1971:10 2146: 2142: 2138:Taylor, 1971:12 2137: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2051: 2036: 2035: 2031: 2027: 1937:Geodetic system 1907: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1853: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1822: 1716:in April 1937. 1672:, Pickard; and 1613:longitude prize 1602:Davis quadrants 1538: 1446:Sebastian Cabot 1427:nautical charts 1400:Arte de navegar 1396:Pedro de Medina 1339:Johannes Werner 1326:return voyage. 1121: 1017:turn of the sea 1001: 893: 887: 875:portolan charts 727: 686: 662:Barito language 602:South China Sea 598: 560:sounding weight 548: 528:Nautical charts 506:. According to 451:Germanic tribes 279: 247:star navigation 175: 167:Main articles: 165: 160: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6537: 6535: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6383: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6367: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6280: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6150:Mediterranean 6148: 6147: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6103:Alingano Maisu 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6046: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5952:De Meern ships 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5870: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5822:Cape Gelidonya 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5646: 5641: 5635: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5585:Archaeologists 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551:David Blackman 5547: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5490:Jewish pirates 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5328: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5176:Lake Trasimene 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5077:Mediterranean: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4380:Maritime pilot 4377: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4345: 4343:Portolan chart 4340: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3916:Oared warships 3913: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3810: 3808: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3733: 3728:978-0465032853 3727: 3714: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3698: 3689: 3687:on 2007-03-07. 3668: 3658:Chisholm, Hugh 3647: 3641: 3626: 3615: 3609: 3592: 3570:Air Navigation 3567:(March 2001). 3561: 3555: 3542: 3532:Chisholm, Hugh 3521: 3519:on 2007-06-24. 3511: 3489: 3480: 3462:(1): 116–132. 3449: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3429: 3372: 3350: 3331: 3320:nobelprize.org 3307: 3293: 3271: 3241: 3224: 3197: 3188: 3176: 3174:, p. 290. 3153: 3151:, p. 289. 3138: 3136:, p. 288. 3126: 3114: 3112:, p. 287. 3097: 3090: 3078:Brotton, Jerry 3069: 3046: 3027: 3010: 2982: 2975: 2957: 2944: 2934: 2915: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2868: 2843: 2834: 2827: 2806: 2778: 2753: 2744: 2728: 2716: 2704: 2688: 2671: 2669:, p. 285. 2644: 2631: 2618: 2599: 2574: 2565: 2546: 2544:(1), p. 79-96. 2530: 2515: 2501: 2488: 2475: 2456:(1–2): 25–63. 2440: 2411:(4): 417–466. 2395: 2388: 2368: 2361: 2343: 2308: 2306:, p. 284. 2275: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2228: 2208: 2196: 2194:, p. 703. 2179: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2090: 2081: 2074: 2056: 2049: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2014:Rhumbline grid 2011: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1917:Air navigation 1913: 1912: 1898: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1865: 1851: 1833: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1758:Scientists at 1744:ocean currents 1594:Thomas Godfrey 1537: 1534: 1500:Pierre Vernier 1454:Davis quadrant 1387:published his 1252:, or in Latin 1176:João de Castro 1142:Damião de Gois 1138:João de Barros 1130:João de Castro 1120: 1117: 1077:João de Castro 1029:Azores islands 1025:Atlantic Ocean 1005:Canary Islands 1000: 997: 989:Southeast Asia 886: 883: 806:Indian culture 739:trade networks 721:Medieval ships 685: 682: 674:Borobudur ship 654:Ma'anyan dayak 597: 594: 585:Mount Cameroon 547: 544: 495:, king of the 278: 275: 263:eastern Africa 261:, and coastal 255:southern India 164: 161: 159: 156: 106:, the ancient 96:ancient Greeks 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6536: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6476: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6453: 6452: 6451:Metamorphoses 6448: 6446: 6444: 6443:The Histories 6440: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6421:The Histories 6418: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6365: 6361: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6223: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6157: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6136:Marumaru Atua 6133: 6131: 6130: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6096:Samudra Raksa 6093: 6091: 6090: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6082:Te Au o Tonga 6079: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5942:Blackfriars I 5940: 5938: 5937:Arles Rhône 3 5935: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5741:Thalassocracy 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726:Shell middens 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5676:Naval warfare 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Lionel Casson 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5524: 5520: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5387:Incense trade 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5326: 5322: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5291:South America 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Sailing ships 5237: 5235: 5234:Oared vessels 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Cape Hermaeum 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4967:Migration and 4964: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4774:Ancient Egypt 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767:Civilizations 4765: 4759: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4142:Clinker built 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4127:Boat building 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876:Navis lusoria 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3741: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3642:1-58816-089-0 3638: 3634: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3616: 3612: 3610:0-11-772696-6 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3583:on 2007-03-25 3579: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3512:0-939837-54-4 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3419:on 2007-04-28 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3405:"Where Am I?" 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3227: 3225:9780608404066 3221: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123:Edward Wright 3118: 3115: 3111: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3091:9781846145704 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3066:0-85429-143-1 3063: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3014: 3011: 2995: 2994: 2986: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2910: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701:0-415-94577-1 2698: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2426:2027.42/45256 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2312: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2237: 2236:Donald Harden 2232: 2229: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2057: 2052: 2050:9781920942854 2046: 2042: 2041: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1909:Oceans portal 1904: 1899: 1896: 1885: 1880: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1828: 1826: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768:doppler shift 1765: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662:R.F. Matthews 1658: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1617:John Harrison 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1586:Edmond Halley 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1546: 1545:Edmond Halley 1542: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1465:Edward Wright 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:Vasco da Gama 1259: 1258:new astrolabe 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238:Abraham Zacut 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1118: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1100:Vasco da Gama 1095: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007:(or south of 1006: 998: 996: 992: 990: 986: 982: 981:South America 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 945: 937: 930: 925: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901:Fra Mauro map 897: 892: 884: 882: 880: 876: 871: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 835: 834:Mughal Empire 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 726: 722: 718: 710: 706: 699: 695: 690: 683: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 614:Indo-Scythian 611: 610: 603: 595: 593: 591: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 561: 557: 556:Carthaginians 553: 545: 543: 541: 537: 534:In 1900, the 532: 529: 525: 523: 519: 518: 513: 509: 505: 501: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 460: 456: 453:and possibly 452: 448: 444: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 423:Alpheus River 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 358:wrote in his 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 324: 319: 316:, go back to 315: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 277:Mediterranean 276: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 243:South America 241:and possibly 240: 239:Easter Island 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:Austronesians 192: 184: 183:Austronesians 179: 174: 170: 162: 157: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 60:Austronesians 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6472: 6463: 6456: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6429:On the Ocean 6427: 6420: 6412: 6409:Literature: 6197: 6179: 6160: 6153: 6143:Aotearoa One 6141: 6134: 6127: 6120: 6108: 6101: 6094: 6087: 6080: 6073: 6066: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6028:Experimental 5996:Museum ships 5963: 5956: 5929: 5901:Phoenician: 5892: 5887:Leontophoros 5885: 5849:Butuan boats 5844:Pontian boat 5782:Dufuna canoe 5721:Shipbuilding 5632:and theories 5602:Boris Rankov 5396: 5329:Economy and 5229:Incendiaries 5076: 4863:Indus Valley 4831:Tarumanagara 4758:Ubaid period 4676:Wadi al-Jarf 4591:Ostia Antica 4364: 4195:Fore-and-aft 4162:Shipbuilding 4137:Carvel built 4119:Construction 4077:Steering oar 3958:Sailing ship 3881:Obelisk ship 3839:Dugout canoe 3738: 3718: 3708: 3693: 3682:the original 3676: 3661: 3631: 3620: 3596: 3585:. Retrieved 3578:the original 3569: 3546: 3535: 3517:the original 3497: 3484: 3459: 3455: 3421:. Retrieved 3417:the original 3412: 3408: 3366: 3344: 3334: 3323:. Retrieved 3319: 3310: 3287: 3263:. Retrieved 3259: 3236: 3229:. Retrieved 3214: 3200: 3191: 3179: 3129: 3117: 3081: 3072: 3057: 3040: 3030: 3020: 3013: 3001:. Retrieved 2992: 2985: 2966: 2960: 2947: 2937: 2908: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2859:. Retrieved 2855: 2846: 2837: 2818: 2797:. Retrieved 2793: 2781: 2769:. Retrieved 2765: 2756: 2747: 2731: 2719: 2707: 2691: 2683: 2674: 2639: 2634: 2626: 2621: 2612: 2602: 2582: 2577: 2568: 2549: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2524: 2518: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2483: 2478: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2378: 2371: 2352: 2346: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2239: 2231: 2199: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2107: 2084: 2065: 2059: 2039: 2032: 2019:Nikola Tesla 1868: 1861:Hyperboreans 1854: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1823: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1790: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1755: 1753: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1689: 1686: 1681: 1666:Oliver Lodge 1661: 1660:In 1899 the 1659: 1656: 1637: 1632: 1606: 1598:cross-staffs 1582:Isaac Newton 1580: 1567: 1552: 1550: 1536:Modern times 1530:magnetic dip 1519: 1508: 1497: 1486: 1483: 1468: 1462: 1437: 1431: 1404: 1399: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1354: 1343: 1328: 1324:volta do mar 1323: 1286: 1278: 1274:Indian Ocean 1253: 1249: 1241: 1211: 1199: 1197: 1188:Persian Gulf 1180:Indian Ocean 1174: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1122: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1084:Esmeraldo... 1081: 1073:Esmeraldo... 1066: 1060: 1058: 1050: 1034:Sargasso Sea 1020: 1016: 1013:volta do mar 1002: 993: 977: 973:Sierra Leone 950: 872: 864: 860:Newfoundland 838: 822:Vijayanagara 799: 790: 728: 709:Iceland spar 637: 608: 599: 590:cape Chaunar 549: 533: 526: 515: 493:Ptolemy VIII 463: 443:Midnight Sun 431: 396: 359: 321: 311: 280: 191:Indo-Pacific 188: 163:Indo-Pacific 76:Micronesians 43: 41: 6436:Argonautica 6423:(Herodotus) 6386:Flood myths 6283:Museums and 6227:conferences 6192:Vital Alsar 6030:archaeology 5839:Austronesia 5832:Hjortspring 5827:Rochelongue 5777:Pesse canoe 5731:Ship burial 5716:Sea Peoples 5649:Lighthouses 5644:Grave goods 5592:George Bass 5372:Spice trade 4969:exploration 4791:Philippines 4786:Austronesia 4779:Old Kingdom 4656:Trincomalee 4606:Prosphorion 4551:Myos Hormos 4395:Micronesian 4386:By region: 4358:Lighthouses 4166:By region: 3931:Quinquereme 3856:Kunlun ship 3849:Penteconter 3834:Dragon boat 3621:The Odyssey 3172:Martin 1911 3149:Martin 1911 3134:Martin 1911 3110:Martin 1911 2667:Martin 1911 2613:JSTOR Daily 2324:: 345–353. 2304:Martin 1911 2273:(1755-1813) 2242:Phoenicians 1849:”, p. 15.). 1733:Nova Scotia 1692:lighthouses 1611:. The 1714 1590:John Hadley 1572:John Barrow 1488:Nova Albion 1475:Pedro Nunes 1411:a world map 1385:Pedro Nunes 1316:Philippines 1250:Biur Luhoth 1226:cross-staff 1184:Arabian Sea 1158:Pedro Nunes 1150:Pedro Nunes 1136:(scholar), 1126:Pedro Nunes 929:cross-staff 913:planisphere 769:, used for 731:Arab Empire 717:Middle Ages 634:Han dynasty 552:Phoenicians 508:Poseidonius 497:Hellenistic 370:during the 291:sanctuaries 259:Middle East 235:New Zealand 215:Philippines 88:Phoenicians 80:Polynesians 72:Melanesians 70:, Islander 6514:Navigation 6503:Categories 6445:(Polybius) 6089:Hawaiʻiloa 5971:Nemi ships 5856:Black Sea‎ 5802:Khufu ship 5763:and relics 5661:Marine art 5654:Alexandria 5561:Fik Meijer 5544:Historians 5431:Indo-Roman 5244:Greek navy 5146:Salamis II 5136:Hellespont 5096:Artemisium 5086:Nile Delta 5049:Achaemenid 4942:Achaemenid 4811:Langkasuka 4806:Micronesia 4724:Prehistory 4651:Sounagoura 4479:Chittagong 4454:Barbarikon 4433:Alexandria 4375:Pilot boat 4325:Navigation 4157:Sewn-plank 4152:Lashed-lug 4030:Figurehead 4003:Components 3972:Propulsion 3926:Quadrireme 3907:Polyremes 3886:Outriggers 3587:2007-04-17 3448:References 3423:2007-04-20 3325:2007-04-17 3265:2007-04-22 2595:0521547245 2585:, p. 141, 2362:0415100542 2075:0415100542 1988:Navigation 1873:junk sail. 1780:Explorer I 1776:Sputnik II 1564:North Pole 1467:published 1434:John Davis 1413:in such a 1362:Royal Navy 969:Cape Verde 814:Satavahana 795:Andalusian 737:, and had 735:navigation 700:, England. 642:junk ships 626:tanja sail 622:Nusantaran 577:expedition 455:Stonehenge 436:navigator 419:β Draconis 415:Apollonius 405:writes of 399:Ursa Minor 388:North Pole 380:pole stars 372:Bronze Age 360:Phainomena 307:Ursa Major 271:Madagascar 211:Micronesia 150:, and the 132:Portuguese 6458:Geography 6396:Gilgamesh 6285:memorials 6209:Viracocha 6122:Faʻafaite 6075:Sarimanok 5981:Yassi Ada 5894:Syracusia 5817:Canaanite 5792:Moor Sand 5262:By region 5224:Grappling 5196:Naulochus 5186:Myonessus 5141:Echinades 5126:Arginusae 5121:Cynossema 5106:Naupactus 5101:Eurymedon 4935:Classical 4910:Phoenicia 4905:Mycenaean 4868:Tamilakam 4851:Polynesia 4841:Srivijaya 4636:Satingpra 4596:Palembang 4580:Cattigara 4522:(Kadaram) 4505:Jambukola 4499:Guangzhou 4440:(Podouke) 4438:Arikamedu 4400:Polynesia 4333:Celestial 4246:Armaments 4232:Spritsail 4190:Crab claw 4132:Careening 4099:Sternpost 3953:Reed boat 3896:Catamaran 3871:Multihull 3624:. 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