Slavery in China - Knowledge (XXG)

1790: 2327:, the age of the slave and how many years the slave was to work for the new family, which was typically around 10–15 years. It also stated how much money was being exchanged for the slave. Most contracts for slave girls had a clause that the master was to choose a mate for the girl following the end of her time working. After the agreement was made, the slave was then transported, cleaned, trained, inspected and brought to their new master's home to start work. These contracts were often known as "white contracts", meaning contracts meant for common goods as opposed to "red contracts" which were reserved for more important matters such as land. 65: 1781:) can also be roughly translated into 'debtor', 'dependent', or 'subject'. Despite a few attempts to ban it, slavery existed continuously throughout pre-modern China, sometimes serving a key role in politics, economics, and historical events. However slaves in China were a very small part of the population due to a large peasant population that mitigated the need for large scale slave labor. The slave population included war prisoners and kidnapped victims or people who had been sold. 4548: 1905:(475–221 BC) saw a decline in slavery from previous centuries, although it was still widespread during the period. Since the introduction of private ownership of land in the state of Lu in 594 BC, which brought a system of taxation on private land, and saw the emergence of a system of landlords and peasants, the system of slavery began to later decline over the following centuries, as other states followed suit. 2003: 4558: 1812:, slaves generally consisted of war captives or criminals, although peasants lived in a similar condition of perpetual servitude and were unable to leave their land or own it. Some people deliberately became slaves to escape imperial taxation, but they were still considered to be higher in status than traditional slaves, and inhabited a position somewhere between a slave and a commoner. From the 2203:. They possessed about two million slaves upon their conquest of China. However, like previous dynasties, the Qing rulers soon saw the advantages of phasing out slavery, and gradually introduced reforms turning slaves and serfs into peasants. Laws passed in 1660 and 1681 forbade landowners from selling slaves with the land they farmed and prohibited physical abuse of slaves by landowners. The 2123:. Some temple slaves were criminals, orphans (who were allowed to enter the monastery in adulthood), or previous tenants of land donated to the monasteries. However, a majority were laborers left unemployed during consolidations of estates by the monasteries who sold themselves to earn a livelihood. Temple slaves were permitted to marry each other, but not free peasants. 1943:, although domestic servants retained their status. The Han dynasty promulgated laws to limit the possession of slaves: each king or duke was allowed a maximum of 200 slaves, an imperial princess was allowed a maximum of 100 slaves, other officials were limited to 30 slaves each. Sometimes instead of the death penalty, felons receive punished with castration during the 2375:) however were unpaid and forced to remain on duty at all times. The children of a woman slave did not necessarily inherit her slave status, but there was a high possibility of becoming a slave themselves to avoid starvation. Oftentimes, women who found work outside of their family found themselves vulnerable to kidnapping, trafficking, and sexual violence. 3534: 3542: 1841:, slavery of Chinese increased. These Chinese slaves to Mongols or Manchus were called bondsmen and became personal retainers of their imperial overlords. Some attained high positions and led other Chinese slaves. In the 19th century, due to concerted efforts to end the African slave trade, large numbers of Chinese laborers known as 2394:

YA-TOU 丫頭. Slave girl, a female slave. Slave girls are very common in China; nearly every Chinese family owns one or more slave girls generally bought from the girl's parents, but sometimes also obtained from other parties. It is a common thing for well-to-do people to present a couple of slave girls

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consisted of adolescents and young adults. Chinese law stated that families could only sell their children under the condition that doing so would save the rest of their family from starvation. Despite this law, the restrictions of human sales were rarely enforced. On some occasions, slaves were born

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monastic slavery grew in the Tang dynasty as monasteries became increasingly wealthy and acquired more land. Monks were not generally required to work the fields they owned, with cultivation of farmland left in the hands of free laymen employed by the temples and temple slaves, although temple slaves

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The law of the tang dynasty forbade enslaving free people, but allowed enslavement of criminals, foreigners, and orphans. Free people could however willingly sell themselves. The primary source of slaves was southern tribes, and young slave girls were the most desired. Although various officials such

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were exported to replace slave labor. They were transported in cargo ships with conditions and practices nearly identical to the former African slave trade. Visitors to late 19th century China found little difference between the poor free and the slaves, both of which were treated as hired laborers.

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was a regular part of Chinese history. A slave who had sexual relations willingly or unwillingly with her master was considered to be a second wife rather than a slave, regardless of whether the master himself thought of her as such. A slave could also become a concubine if she was sold or given to

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Punishment and abuse were regular occurrences for slaves in China and could sometimes result in extreme permanent injuries or even death in some cases. Abuse was rarely reported or looked into. The only instances where slave abuse was questioned was if the family or masters were under investigation

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Slavery is prohibited in modern China, but there are still some people working in slave-like conditions under illegal circumstances. In 2007 and 2011, disabled men in central China were enslaved to work in kilns. However, Chinese government has made efforts to eliminate various kinds of slavery.

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were given the hardest and most demanding tasks. After their servitude, male slaves were either released from the main house to survive on their own, or they could have marriages arranged for them if their masters considered them to be extremely loyal or hard working. Those who were chosen to be

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system in China's history, boys were bought and sold for one of two reasons: to become an heir to a family with no son or to become a slave. Males were always in high demand due to their ability to become heirs and their higher physical capabilities. Therefore, they were four to five times more

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were enslaved by the Mongol rulers. According to Japanese historians Sugiyama Masaaki (杉山正明) and Funada Yoshiyuki (舩田善之), there were also a certain number of Mongolian slaves owned by Han Chinese during the Yuan. Moreover, there is no evidence that Han Chinese suffered particularly cruel abuse.

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products”, They always had a low social status, and even if they were deliberately murdered, the perpetrators received only a year in prison, and were punished even when they reported the crimes of their lords. However, when the stable period comes, perhaps because the increase in the number of

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for slaves. Only 270 or 259 Japanese on eight ships were returned when Goryeo managed to intercept them. The Jurchen pirates slaughtered Japanese men while seizing Japanese women as prisoners. Fujiwara Notada, the Japanese governor was killed. In total, 1,280 Japanese were taken prisoner, 374

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ordered the nationalization of large estates and their redistribution to farmers. Part of his reform was changing the institution of slavery so that they would become tax payers, since some impoverished farmers sold themselves or their children into slavery. In the 13th century AD, the jurist

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Mongol military families in China during the Yuan dynasty themselves became "victims of destitution enslavement" and sold their own daughters and sons as slaves to their Han Chinese subjects due to many Mongols becoming poor from the time of Kublai Khan in 1290 to Shiedebala in 1323.

2248:, the Mongol invasions of Japan in addition to Japan viewing the Jurchens as "Tatar" "barbarians" after copying China's barbarian-civilized distinction, may have played a role in Japan's antagonistic views against Manchus and hostility towards them in later centuries such as when the 2474:. The descendants of the Han slaves, known as the White Yi (白彝), outnumbered the Black Yi (黑彝) aristocracy by ten to one. There was a saying that can be translated as: "The worst insult to a Nuosu is to call him a 'Han'." (To do so implied that the Nuosu's ancestors were slaves.) 2395:

to a daughter as part of her marriage dowery. Nearly all prostitutes are slaves. It is, however, customary with respectable people to release their slave girls when marriageable. Some people sell their slave girls to men wanting a wife for themselves or for a son of theirs.

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in the 12th century. Advances in fertilizer, hydraulic, and agricultural technologies allowed the plantation of commercial crops such as medical herbs, mulberry, and cotton. The small land to population ratio enticed slaves to run away and seek better employment. During the

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Women slaves were distinguished by their marital status rather than what kind of work they did. Married women who were slaves were similar to employees; they were paid wages and were free to leave the family house when they were not working. Unmarried women (called

1994:(r. 9–23 AD) usurped the Chinese throne and, to deprive landowning families of their power, instituted a series of sweeping reforms, including the abolition of slavery and radical land reform. Slavery was reinstated in AD 12 before his assassination in AD 23. 2244:

Japanese were killed and 380 Japanese owned livestock were killed for food. Only 259 or 270 were returned by Koreans from the eight ships. The woman Uchikura no Ishime's report was copied down. Traumatic memories of the Jurchen raids on Japan in the 1019

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Korean women were viewed as having white and delicate skin (肌膚玉雪發雲霧) by Hao Jing 郝經 (1223–1275), a Yuan scholar, and it was highly desired and prestigious to own Korean female servants among the "Northerner" nobility in the Yuan dynasty as mentioned in

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castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to give them to Yongle. Yongle said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and didn't deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.

2211:'s "Yongzheng emancipation" between 1723 and 1730 sought to free all slaves to strengthen his authority through a kind of social leveling that created an undifferentiated class of free subjects under the throne, freeing the vast majority of slaves. 1563: 2441:) as he desired. On some occasions, the wife would select a concubine for her husband for the goal of getting a son and heir to the family line. Whether a child was born from the wife or a concubine, the wife was considered to be the mother. 2358:

married would be provided with an 'unlucky' woman, usually a person with disabilities or the daughter of another slave. If a male slave had a son, his slave status was inherited and the son remained the property of his father's master.

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In addition to sending Han exiles convicted of crimes to Xinjiang to be slaves of Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to

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dynasties, Due to years of poor harvests, the influx of foreign tribes, and the resulting wars, The number of slaves exploded. They became a class and were called "jianmin (贱民)", The word literally means "inferior person". As stated in

1820:, slavery expanded beyond criminals and war captives. The Qin used large scale slave labor for public works such as land reclamation, road construction, and canal building. Slavery declined during the economic boom of the 2230:

where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou.

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Later Ming rulers, as a way of limiting slavery because of their inability to prohibit it, passed a decree that limited the number of slaves that could be held per household and extracted a severe tax from slave owners.

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made similar attempts to abolish slavery. In 1909, the Qing officially abolished slavery, but due to internal turmoil and its demise, the institution persisted until 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded.

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Funada Yoshiyuki, "The Image of the Semu People: Mongols, Chinese, Southerners, and Various Other Peoples under the Mongol Empire", Historical and Philological Studies of China's Western Regions, p199-221,

1979:), Murder against slaves was as taboo as murder against free people, and perpetrators were always severely punished. Ancient China can be said to be very distinctive compared to other countries of the 1898:

engaged in frequent raids of surrounding states, obtaining captives who would be killed in ritual sacrifices. Scholars disagree as to whether these victims were also used as a source of slave labor.

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laws, the Han dynasty set in place rules penalizing criminals doing three years of hard labor or sentenced to castration by having their families seized and kept as property by the government.

1912:(221–206 BC) confiscated property and enslaved families as punishment. Large numbers of slaves were used by the Qin government to construct large-scale infrastructure projects, including 1684: 2463:

trade in girls, which was a matter given international attention at this point. Hong Kong refused to provide any information with the motivation that there was no slavery in Hong Kong.

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Slaves had very poor living conditions with little time to themselves and a small living space often shared with other slaves. They were confined to small mud or brick huts known as

1548: 1079: 1789: 2141:'s (960–1279 AD) warfare against northern and western neighbors produced many captives on both sides, but reforms were introduced to ease the transition from bondage to freedom. 2034:, but they were recognized as the owner of property, and armed in time of war to serve as their master's private soldiers. The large decline in demographic figures during the 1433: 805: 542: 1169: 810: 2353:

expensive than female slaves and were only owned by the elite families that could afford them; daughters and even land were sold before males of the family. Male slaves (

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has taken various forms throughout history. Slavery was nominally abolished in 1910, although the practice continued until at least 1949. The Chinese term for slave (

2291:'s (shùndì 順帝) Xù Zīzhì Tōngjiàn (續資治通鑒): (京師達官貴人，必得高麗女，然後為名家) and the Caomuzi (草木子) by Ye Ziqi (葉子奇) which was cited by the Jingshi ouji (京師偶記引) by Chai Sang (柴桑). 1849:

A handful of emperors and officials throughout Chinese history have made efforts to limit or outlaw slavery. None were successful. In 100 BC, the Confucian scholar

2391:. He was a person of considerable ability, but did not appear to care about being free. Female slaves are very common all over China, and are generally called ... 3752: 857: 2319:

If a slave was bought from their birth family and sold, a slave contract was created by the selling agency or agent (more commonly known as "people sellers" or

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Japan and Its East Asian Neighbors: Japan's Perception of China and Korea and the Making of Foreign Policy Fromo the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century

2323:). The contract stated the name of the person offering the slave, the name of the person buying the slave, the name of the selling agent, the name of the 1630: 382: 2340:

by the police for another offence. After a master dies, his slaves are distributed evenly among the rest of the family members like all other property.

1804:, which means "base" or "mean". Direct equivalents to large scale slavery such as classical Greece and Rome did not exist in ancient China. During the 832: 1603: 1423: 596: 4462: 3327:

Brown, Delmer Myers; Hall, John Whitney; Shively, Donald H.; McCullough, William H.; Jansen, Marius B.; Yamamura, Kōzō; Duus, Peter, eds. (1988).

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for doing it once the Ming government heard of the event. Since 329 of the boys died, they had to castrate even more. On 30 Jan 1406, the Ming

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Schottenhammer, Angela (1 August 2003). "Slaves and Forms of Slavery in Late Imperial China (Seventeenth to Early Twentieth Centuries)".

2575: 4437: 3511: 2642: 2543: 1679: 1316: 976: 827: 623: 532: 2605: 3650: 3623: 3596: 3569: 1699: 1393: 1147: 4482: 3690: 3372: 3311: 3282: 2781: 2658: 2617: 2587: 2559: 1521: 1398: 822: 591: 458: 4513: 1368: 64: 2379:"Slavery exists in China, especially in Canton and Peking ... I have known a male slave. He is named Wang and is a native of 2120: 1652: 862: 847: 793: 478: 468: 463: 292: 148: 2410:, another died in Hongkong; the other I gave in marriage to a faithful servant of mine. Some are worth much money at Shanghai." 2041: 1647: 1418: 224: 3188: 1558: 3827:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 101

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Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 109

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in the house of his original master's son, and with his own family of four persons acknowledged to me that he was a slave,

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Slaves could either be bought and sold to their masters or inherit their role through birth. The majority of the Chinese

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ordered an end to all slavery, but in practice slavery continued without heed to his commands. In the 18th century, the

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A contract from the Tang dynasty that records the purchase of a 15-year-old slave for six bolts of plain silk and five

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promulgated a policy limiting the number of slaves owned by officials and commoners to 30. In the 14th century, the

4382: 2493: 2274:(1271–1368 AD) expanded slavery and implemented harsher terms of service. In the process of the Mongol invasion of 2152:(1368–1644 AD) sought to abolish all forms of slavery but in practice, slavery continued through the Ming dynasty. 1613: 1465: 1450: 1341: 537: 207: 30: 4272: 2045: 4582: 4518: 1913: 1709: 1608: 1139: 1127: 717: 690: 195: 4477: 4204: 4180: 3441: 3415: 3388: 2450: 2176: 1489: 1358: 911: 700: 185: 86: 4487: 365: 4432: 4397: 4352: 4042: 2119:

were a far more significant share of the labor force, with 150,000 such slaves being emancipated during the

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slaves slowed down again, the penalties for crimes against them became harsh again. For example, the famous

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Watson, James L., ed. (1980). "Transactions in People: The Chinese Market in Slaves, Servants, and Heirs".

962: 4528: 4407: 4322: 4317: 4212: 3464: 1747: 1716: 1221: 874: 722: 446: 412: 407: 4472: 4587: 4362: 4217: 1940: 1902: 1583: 1438: 1351: 1336: 1018: 1006: 752: 737: 522: 297: 219: 4492: 4297: 4257: 3241: 4533: 2088:, banned the practice, the trade continued. Other peoples sold to Chinese included female people from 1972:'s son Wang Huo murdered a slave, Wang Mang severely criticized him and forced him to commit suicide”( 4402: 4282: 3034: 2429: 2038:

period to the Three Kingdoms period, is seen as being related to the emergence of this status class.

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into the family house by an existing slave thereby becoming a slave under that household by birth.

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viewed the unification of Manchu tribes as a threat to Japan. The Japanese mistakenly thought that

1794: 1209: 1189: 1074: 1059: 928: 899: 889: 779: 727: 695: 492: 350: 318: 313: 266: 123: 4557: 2030:(部曲), was developed took to the social stage. They were legally subordinate to their masters, and 4447: 4342: 4227: 3954: 3789: 3746: 2722: 2257: 1455: 1301: 1276: 1266: 1231: 1226: 1194: 1159: 1152: 1093: 1086: 943: 762: 757: 747: 517: 370: 328: 323: 276: 244: 234: 171: 2159:

sent 300 black slaves as tribute to the Ming dynasty in 1381. When the Ming dynasty crushed the

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abolished slavery and prostitution in the territory under his control in the 1850s and 1860s.

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This article is about slavery in China in the pre-modern era. For modern illegal slavery, see

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Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics

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1,565 Miao boys, which resulted in the deaths of 329 of them. They turned the survivors into

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The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration

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another master as a gift. According to Chinese law, a man could have only one legal wife (

2249: 2011: 1980: 1642: 1533: 1528: 1281: 1251: 1246: 969: 933: 732: 650: 355: 101: 2470:(also known as Nuosu) of China terrorized Sichuan to rob and enslave non-Nuosu including 2288: 4037: 3333:. Vol. 2 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. 2204: 2184: 2180: 2145: 2023: 1964: 1867: 1726: 1620: 512: 190: 153: 111: 3719:

Stapleton, Kristin (17 August 2016). "1. Mingfeng: The Life of a Chinese Slave Girl".

2937: 4576: 4551: 3958: 3793: 2964: 2912: 2766: 2726: 2111: 2031: 1895: 1850: 1805: 1664: 1593: 1040: 1023: 798: 628: 618: 402: 52: 3207: 3000: 2307: 2275: 2271: 2245: 2240: 2227: 2219: 2196: 2149: 2138: 2115: 2089: 2065: 2002: 1984: 1838: 1830: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1669: 1506: 1482: 1388: 1381: 1112: 640: 613: 576: 554: 441: 158: 138: 116: 106: 96: 91: 81: 3927:"Brides, Bruises and the Border: The Trafficking of North Korean Women into China" 921: 2876: 2851: 2175:

Governor who ordered the castration of the Miao was reprimanded and condemned by

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period (220–280 AD), a social status intermediate between freedom and slavery——

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In Chinese society, slaves were grouped under a category of people known as the

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Code, Custom, and Legal Practice in China: the Qing and the Republic Compared

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to limit the amount of land and slaves whom people could own. In 9 AD,

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Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library)

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The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan, Volume 1

2683: 2554:, Vol. 1, p. 154 – 156. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007. 2460: 2407: 2253: 2200: 2081: 1983:(In most cases, lords were free to kill their slaves) in terms of slaves 1955: 1494: 1052: 996: 948: 608: 453: 308: 214: 3900:"North Korean women fleeing to China forced into marriages, sex slavery" 2263:

sent a message to Korea via Tsushima offering help to Korea against the

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Continuity and Change in Cultural Adaptation to Mountain Environments

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Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (26 April 1778).

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North Korean women have been subject to human trafficking in China

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The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420

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The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500–AD 1420

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Adolphson, Mikael S.; Kamens, Edward; Matsumoto, Stacie (2007).

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The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism

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As can be seen from the some historical records as “Duansheng,

3463:(Dissertation). The Ohio State University. pp. 163, 164. 3414:

Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.).

2803:(2002). "Slavery in Early China: a socio-cultural approach". 2104:) were eroticized in a poem by tang dynasty literary person 2072:, she was publicly executed for murdering her own slave. 4136:

The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T'ang Exotics

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were sought after by the wealthy. The female slaves from

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Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore

3058: 3056: 2059:: “Slaves and inferior people are legally equivalent to 3250:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 134. 3277:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 102, 101, 100. 2582:, p. 158. Stanford University Press (Stanford), 1986. 2294:

Mongols brought Muslims as slaves with them to China.

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freed all the Manchus' hereditary slaves in 1685. The

1924:. Slave labor was quite extensive during this period. 2612:, p. 17. Stanford University Press (Stanford), 2001. 2573:

Man and Land in Chinese History: an Economic Analysis

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were also used as slave labor. Deriving from earlier

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The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, p. 145

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Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

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Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics

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2406:each, less than fifteen dollars. One I released in 4082:Women and Gender in Contemporary Chinese Societies 3420:(2, illustrated ed.). Scribner. p. 371. 3361:; Adolphson, Mikael S.; Matsumoto, Stacie (eds.). 2765: 2751:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, p. 5 4073:Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty 3721:Fact in fiction: 1920s China and Ba Jin's Family 2680:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery:A-K 1549:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 4102:, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 3128:. Princeton University Press. pp. 269–271. 2996:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion 2398:I have bought three different girls; two from 2331:Living conditions of slaves in premodern China 1962:confiscated because he killed a female slave”( 4181: 4145:Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan 3189:"Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s–1580s" 1755: 8: 3685:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3367:. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 376. 2970:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2011. p. 2899: 2768:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 2651:The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery 1554:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 3642:Slavery and Bonded Labor in Asia, 1250–1900 3591:. Cambridge University Press. p. 289. 3393:. Vol. 2. Kodansha. 1983. p. 79. 3162: 2853:Journal of East Asian archaeology, Volume 3 2823:Pargas, Damian Alan; Roşu, Felicia (eds.). 2759: 2757: 4188: 4174: 4166: 3974:"North Korean Refugees in Northeast China" 3751:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3618:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87. 3500:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 35–. 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2032:without the right to manage their farmland 1762: 1748: 39: 3997: 3468: 2966:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition 2552:Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition 2535: 2533: 1939:agricultural workers enslaved during the 3174: 2678:Junius P. Rodriguez. "China, medieval". 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2302:Conditions of slavery in premodern China 1559:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1424:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1404:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 3768:Women in China's Long Twentieth Century 3417:Encyclopedia of Asian History, Volume 1 3074: 3062: 2850:Society for East Asian Studies (2001). 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2509: 51: 4100:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 3836: 3744: 3126:Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey 2455:The report of slavery in China to the 2437:), but could have as many concubines ( 1890:Society and culture of the Han dynasty 4062:Barbieri-Low, Anthony Jerome (2007), 3860: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 2837: 1446:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1123:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 33:. For modern legal penal labour, see 7: 3931:SAIS Review of International Affairs 3683:Asian and African systems of slavery 3364:Heian Japan, Centers and Peripheries 3271:Batten, Bruce L. (31 January 2006). 3150: 3138: 3086: 2881:. Saint Catherine Press. p. 144 1931:(206 BC – 220 AD), one of 1638:Slave marriages in the United States 1242:Human trafficking in the Middle East 4091:Journal of Asian History, Volume 25 2875:History of Science Society (1952). 2825:Critical Readings on Global Slavery 2466:Throughout the 1930s and 1940s the 1990:In the year 9 AD, the Emperor 977:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 4057:, University of Pennsylvania Press 3873:Ramzy, Austin (8 September 2011). 3848: 3536:Memoirs of the Research Department 3514:from the original on 24 April 2017 2653:, Vol. 1, p. 146. ABC-CLIO, 1997. 2082:Management and Strategy Ambassador 1879:History of slavery in China by era 1631:last survivors of American slavery 25: 3198:. Working Paper Series (93): 75. 2805:Journal of East Asian Archaeology 2459:(TSC) of 1924-1926 described the 592:Field slaves in the United States 459:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 4556: 4547: 4546: 4138:, University of California Press 4066:, University of Washington Press 4064:Artisans in early imperial China 3972:Lankov, Andrei (November 2004). 2121:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism 469:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 464:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 293:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 63: 4154:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty 3547:. Toyo Bunko. 1928. p. 63. 3448:. No. 198–201. 朝鮮學會. 2006. 1965:Han dynasty records of DongGuan 1419:Committee of Experts on Slavery 970:East, Southeast, and South Asia 4514:British Indian Ocean Territory 4152:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996), 3390:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan 3330:The Cambridge History of Japan 2788:chinese slaves mongols manchu. 2100:(ancient tribe in the area of 1118:Slave raiding in Easter Island 1: 4055:Ethnic Identity in Tang China 3100:""越婢脂肉滑"的意思及全诗出处和翻译赏析 - 古诗句网" 2764:Rodriguez, Junius P. (1997). 2265:1627 Manchu invasion of Korea 4129:, Princeton University Press 4043:Resources in other libraries 3564:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2457:Temporary Slavery Commission 2425:Traditional Chinese marriage 1409:Temporary Slavery Commission 1070:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 4134:Schafer, Edward H. (1963), 4098:Lewis, Mark Edward (2007), 3187:Wade, Geoff (1 July 2007). 2056:The commentary of Tang Code 1429:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 474:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 18:History of slavery in China 4604: 4125:Ramsey, S. Robert (1987), 4116:Mitamura, Taisuke (1970), 4107:Lozny, Ludomir R. (2013), 4053:Abramson, Marc S. (2008), 3807:Mesny's Chinese Miscellany 2817:10.1163/156852301100402723 2494:History of slavery in Asia 2448: 2418: 2235:Slavery by non-Han Chinese 2183:expressed horror when the 2130: 1887: 1793:Slave contract written in 1614:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1451:Anti-Slavery International 1216:North Africa and West Asia 31:Human trafficking in China 28: 4542: 4038:Resources in your library 3776:10.1525/9780520916128-003 3459:Mizuno, Norihito (2004). 2711:10.1080/01440390308559161 2239:In 1019, Jurchen pirates 2214:Among his other reforms, 1710:Emancipation Proclamation 1382:Opposition and resistance 1140:Sex trafficking in Europe 1128:Blackbirding in Polynesia 691:Trans-Saharan slave trade 4263:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 4143:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005), 4089:Harrasowitz, O. (1991), 3990:10.1525/as.2004.44.6.856 3925:Davis, Kathleen (2006). 3809:, Vol. IV, 1905, p. 399. 3723:. Stanford, California. 3445: 2938:"漢書/卷099上 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆" 2451:Sex trafficking in China 2177:Emperor Yingzong of Ming 1977:: Biography of Wang Mang 1490:Compensated emancipation 701:Indian Ocean slave trade 4524:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3558:Liu, Yingsheng (2008). 3494:Hoong Teik Toh (2005). 3124:Ch'en, Kenneth (1964). 3035:"北夢瑣言/卷九 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆" 2699:Slavery & Abolition 1414:1926 Slavery Convention 1170:Germany in World War II 787:North and South America 309:Contract of manumission 4127:The Languages of China 4071:Benn, Charles (2002), 3943:10.1353/sais.2006.0004 3645:. BRILL. p. 121. 3639:Wyatt, Don J. (2021). 3612:Biran, Michal (2021). 3585:Wyatt, Don J. (2021). 2608:17 August 2014 at the 2412: 2042:the period of division 2019: 1958:of Shouxiang, had his 1797: 895:British Virgin Islands 447:Circassian slave trade 413:Safavid imperial harem 408:Ottoman Imperial Harem 4147:, Harrassowitz Verlag 4080:Du, Shanshan (2013), 2821:p. 301. reprinted in 2578:12 April 2016 at the 2541:China and Antislavery 2377: 2131:Further information: 2005: 1941:Warring States period 1935:'s first acts was to 1903:Warring States period 1888:Further information: 1792: 1134:Europe and North Asia 1094:Australia and Oceania 794:Pre-Columbian America 366:Slave raid of Suðuroy 298:Slavery in al-Andalus 220:Black Sea slave trade 149:21st-century jihadism 4438:United Arab Emirates 3533:Tōyō Bunko (Japan). 3015:(in Chinese (China)) 2856:. Brill. p. 299 2772:. ABC-CLIO. p. 2640:China, Late Imperial 2638:Rodriguez, Junius. " 2430:Concubinage in China 2267:. Korea refused it. 1589:Indentured servitude 1517:Underground Railroad 1317:United Arab Emirates 706:Zanzibar slave trade 673:By country or region 486:Atlantic slave trade 388:Ma malakat aymanukum 272:Venetian slave trade 4465:limited recognition 3242:Takekoshi, Yosaburō 3213:on 5 September 2009 1927:Beginning with the 1675:Slave Route Project 806:Americas indigenous 696:Red Sea slave trade 686:Contemporary Africa 549:Topics and practice 319:Crimean slave trade 314:Bukhara slave trade 267:Genoese slave trade 144:Contemporary Africa 124:Forced prostitution 4093:, O. Harrassowitz. 3013:"三国人口辨析 _ 中国经济史论坛" 2801:Yates, Robin D. S. 2645:2014-08-17 at the 2546:2014-08-17 at the 2348:Due to the strict 2258:Tokugawa Shogunate 2020: 1798: 1456:Blockade of Africa 763:Somali slave trade 679:Sub-Saharan Africa 371:Turkish Abductions 329:Khivan slave trade 324:Khazar slave trade 277:Balkan slave trade 235:Prague slave trade 4570: 4569: 4507:other territories 4120:, C.E. Tuttle Co. 4084:, Lexington Books 4075:, Greenwood Press 4024:Library resources 3785:978-0-520-91612-8 3730:978-0-8047-9973-7 3507:978-3-447-05196-5 3039:zh.wikisource.org 2981:978-0-313-33143-5 2942:zh.wikisource.org 2917:open.cnkgraph.com 2913:"书库东观汉记卷19 传十四" 2900:Barbieri-Low 2007 2878:Osiris, Volume 10 2599:Huang, Philip C. 2539:Hallet, Nicole. " 2216:Taiping Rebellion 2209:Yongzheng Emperor 2133:Jingkang Incident 1920:construction and 1872:Yongzheng Emperor 1855:Emperor Wu of Han 1795:Old Uyghur script 1772: 1771: 1722:Freedmen's Bureau 1544:Third Servile War 1539:International law 1106:Human trafficking 868:Human trafficking 543:Thirteen colonies 361:Sack of Baltimore 129:Human trafficking 16:(Redirected from 4595: 4583:Slavery in China 4560: 4550: 4549: 4519:Christmas Island 4205:Sovereign states 4197:Slavery in Asia 4190: 4183: 4176: 4167: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4029:Slavery in China 4012: 4011: 4001: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3716: 3705: 3704: 3678: 3657: 3656: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3238: 3232: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3212: 3206:. Archived from 3193: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3163:Harrasowitz 1991 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3009: 3003: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2820: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2771: 2761: 2752: 2749: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2675: 2662: 2636: 2621: 2597: 2591: 2569: 2563: 2537: 2499:Slavery in Japan 1922:land reclamation 1775:Slavery in China 1764: 1757: 1750: 1734:Emancipation Day 1567: 1534:Slave Trade Acts 225:Byzantine Empire 67: 40: 21: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4538: 4506: 4497: 4478:Northern Cyprus 4464: 4457: 4199: 4194: 4164: 4151: 4142: 4133: 4124: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4015: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3924: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3906:. 27 March 2023 3904:humanevents.com 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3786: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3743: 3731: 3718: 3717: 3708: 3693: 3680: 3679: 3660: 3653: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3599: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3541: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3508: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3470:10.1.1.839.4807 3458: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3314: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3191: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3104:www.gushiju.net 3098: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2884: 2882: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2784: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2682:. 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Found in the 2000: 1892: 1886: 1881: 1787: 1785:General history 1768: 1739: 1738: 1643:Slave narrative 1599:Fugitive slaves 1579: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1529:Slave rebellion 1384: 1374: 1373: 1332: 1322: 1321: 1144:United Kingdom 1080:Yankee princess 674: 666: 665: 393:Avret Pazarları 339:Avret Pazarları 208:Medieval Europe 174: 164: 163: 102:Forced marriage 77: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4601: 4599: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4554: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4162:External links 4160: 4159: 4158: 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3132: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3092: 3089:, p. 39. 3088: 3083: 3080: 3077:, p. 45. 3076: 3071: 3068: 3065:, p. 44. 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3014: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999:, p. 420, at 2998: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2956: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2880: 2879: 2871: 2868: 2855: 2854: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2783:9780874368857 2779: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659:0-87436-885-5 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2618:0-8047-4110-7 2615: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588:0-8047-1271-9 2585: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2560:0-313-33143-X 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 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1899: 1897: 1896:Shang dynasty 1891: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:Dong Zhongshu 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Shang dynasty 1803: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1665:Slave catcher 1663: 1661: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1594:Forced labour 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1452: 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Retrieved 3903: 3894: 3882:. Retrieved 3878: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3767: 3766:"2. Labor". 3761: 3720: 3682: 3641: 3634: 3614: 3607: 3587: 3580: 3560: 3553: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3516:. Retrieved 3496: 3489: 3479: 3460: 3454: 3436: 3416: 3409: 3389: 3383: 3363: 3352: 3329: 3322: 3303: 3293: 3273: 3266: 3246: 3236: 3227: 3215:. Retrieved 3208:the original 3195: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3125: 3119: 3107:. Retrieved 3103: 3094: 3082: 3075:Schafer 1963 3070: 3063:Schafer 1963 3043:. Retrieved 3041:(in Chinese) 3038: 3029: 3017:. Retrieved 3007: 3001:Google Books 2994: 2990: 2965: 2958: 2946:. Retrieved 2944:(in Chinese) 2941: 2932: 2920:. Retrieved 2916: 2907: 2895: 2883:. Retrieved 2877: 2870: 2858:. Retrieved 2852: 2845: 2833: 2824: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2787: 2767: 2735: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2679: 2650: 2600: 2595: 2567: 2551: 2480: 2476: 2465: 2454: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2383:, living in 2378: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2354: 2347: 2336: 2334: 2320: 2318: 2308:slave market 2305: 2296: 2293: 2289:Toghon Temür 2285: 2276:China proper 2272:Yuan dynasty 2269: 2246:Toi invasion 2241:raided Japan 2238: 2228:China proper 2224: 2220:Hong Xiuquan 2213: 2197:Qing dynasty 2194: 2190: 2171:slaves. The 2154: 2150:Ming dynasty 2143: 2139:Song dynasty 2136: 2127:Early modern 2116:Zen Buddhist 2110: 2094:Western Asia 2090:Central Asia 2074: 2068:female poet 2066:Tang dynasty 2055: 2040: 2021: 1989: 1985:human rights 1973: 1963: 1953: 1926: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1848: 1839:Qing dynasty 1831:Yuan dynasty 1822:Song dynasty 1818:Tang dynasty 1810:Zhou dynasty 1801: 1799: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1670:Slave patrol 1507:Freedom suit 1483:Sierra Leone 1473:Colonization 1389:Abolitionism 1369:Baháʼí Faith 1342:Christianity 1292:Saudi Arabia 1148:Penal Labour 1113:Blackbirding 1019:Debt bondage 1007:penal system 991: 833:Contemporary 823:Field slaves 811:U.S. Natives 770:South Africa 641:Galley slave 614:Slave market 604:House slaves 577:Blackbirding 555:Conscription 479:21st century 442:Umm al-walad 286:Muslim world 255:Emancipation 159:Wage slavery 139:Penal labour 117:Wife selling 107:Bride buying 92:Conscription 82:Child Labour 75:Contemporary 26: 4562:Asia portal 4463:States with 4383:Philippines 4323:South Korea 4318:North Korea 4213:Afghanistan 3837:Ramsey 1987 2571:Gang Zhou. 2421:Concubinage 2415:Concubinage 2350:patriarchal 2344:Male slaves 2280:Han Chinese 2036:Eastern Han 2022:During the 1981:same period 1975:Book of Han 1945:Han dynasty 1933:Emperor Gao 1929:Han dynasty 1910:Qin dynasty 1814:Qin dynasty 1685:court cases 1562: [ 1512:Slave Power 1500:Manumission 1347:Catholicism 1222:Afghanistan 963:Puerto Rico 875:The Bahamas 853:Slave codes 656:Shanghaiing 646:Impressment 538:Slave Coast 418:Qajar harem 378:Concubinage 351:slave trade 4577:Categories 4443:Uzbekistan 4418:Tajikistan 4333:Kyrgyzstan 4313:Kazakhstan 4233:Bangladesh 4223:Azerbaijan 4111:, Springer 3999:1885/82846 3910:3 December 3861:Lozny 2013 3518:16 October 3427:0684188988 3400:0870116223 3340:0521223539 3257:0415323797 2885:11 January 2860:11 January 2838:Lewis 2007 2505:References 2472:Han people 2449:See also: 2445:Modern era 2419:See also: 2402:for a few 1864:Ma Duanlin 1700:J.Q. Adams 1690:Washington 1660:Slave name 1609:convention 1584:Common law 957:Encomienda 753:Seychelles 738:Mauritania 661:Slave ship 528:Panyarring 523:New France 172:Historical 4529:Hong Kong 4483:Palestine 4408:Sri Lanka 4403:Singapore 4283:Indonesia 4008:0004-4687 3959:154490879 3951:1945-4724 3884:4 January 3794:242183076 3747:cite book 3739:945121444 3465:CiteSeerX 3151:Tsai 1996 3139:Tsai 1996 3087:Benn 2002 2727:143643161 2719:0144-039X 2468:Yi people 2400:Szű-chuan 2385:Kuei-chou 2325:guarantor 2321:ren fanzi 2185:Ryukyuans 2165:castrated 2106:yuan zhen 2102:Guangdong 2070:Yu Xuanji 2061:livestock 2044:from the 1992:Wang Mang 1970:Wang Mang 1960:territory 1859:Wang Mang 1695:Jefferson 1352:Mormonism 1287:Palestine 1101:Australia 1031:Indonesia 922:Lei Áurea 905:Code Noir 885:Caribbean 858:Treatment 597:Treatment 570:Devshirme 432:Odalisque 250:In Russia 191:Babylonia 179:Antiquity 4552:Category 4473:Abkhazia 4423:Thailand 4378:Pakistan 4358:Mongolia 4353:Maldives 4348:Malaysia 4248:Cambodia 3512:Archived 3484:2014(04) 3244:(2004). 2684:ABC-CLIO 2643:Archived 2606:Archived 2576:Archived 2544:Archived 2488:See also 2461:Mui Tsai 2408:Tientsin 2355:sai man) 2254:Hokkaido 2201:booi aha 2078:Kong Kui 1998:Medieval 1949:Legalist 1853:advised 1727:Iron bit 1717:40 acres 1680:breeding 1495:Freedman 1330:Religion 1190:Portugal 1075:Thailand 1065:Maldives 1060:Malaysia 1053:Kwalliso 997:Booi Aha 949:Restavek 929:Colombia 900:Trinidad 890:Barbados 780:Zanzibar 728:Ethiopia 609:Saqaliba 503:Database 454:Saqaliba 215:Ancillae 45:a series 43:Part of 4448:Vietnam 4363:Myanmar 4343:Lebanon 4273:Georgia 4228:Bahrain 4218:Armenia 3849:Du 2013 3701:5310324 3346:Alt URL 3204:1317152 3109:16 June 3045:17 June 3019:16 June 2948:17 June 2922:17 June 2278:, many 2218:leader 2173:Guizhou 2148:of the 2086:Lingnan 2048:to the 1956:Marquis 1937:manumit 1884:Ancient 1843:coolies 1802:jianmin 1705:Lincoln 1578:Related 1478:Liberia 1364:Judaism 1302:Tunisia 1277:Morocco 1267:Lebanon 1232:Bahrain 1227:Algeria 1195:Romania 1160:Denmark 1153:Slavery 1087:Vietnam 758:Somalia 748:Nigeria 723:Comoros 651:Pirates 560:Ghilman 493:Bristol 383:history 356:pirates 245:History 134:Peonage 57:slavery 4493:Taiwan 4428:Turkey 4393:Russia 4328:Kuwait 4308:Jordan 4298:Israel 4258:Cyprus 4243:Brunei 4238:Bhutan 4026:about 4006: 3957: 3949: 3792: 3782: 3737: 3727: 3699: 3689: 3649: 3622: 3595: 3568: 3504: 3467: 3442:"朝鮮學報" 3424: 3397: 3371: 3337: 3310: 3281: 3254: 3217:6 July 3202: 2978: 2780: 2725: 2717: 2657: 2616: 2586: 2558: 2389:Nu-p'u 2337:uk jai 2261:bakufu 2169:eunuch 2157:Javans 2080:, the 2016:Turfan 1835:Manchu 1827:Mongol 1626:owners 1262:Kuwait 1257:Jordan 1210:Sweden 1200:Russia 1185:Poland 1180:Norway 1002:Laogai 987:Brunei 982:Bhutan 944:revolt 917:Brazil 880:Canada 843:partus 828:female 713:Angola 582:Coolie 565:Mamluk 518:Nantes 498:Brazil 427:Cariye 262:Thrall 230:Kholop 196:Greece 35:Laogai 4534:Macau 4453:Yemen 4413:Syria 4388:Qatar 4368:Nepal 4303:Japan 4278:India 4268:Egypt 4253:China 3955:S2CID 3790:S2CID 3211:(PDF) 3192:(PDF) 2723:S2CID 2404:taels 2381:Kansu 2373:yatou 1918:canal 1837:-led 1829:-led 1653:songs 1648:films 1566:] 1522:songs 1359:Islam 1337:Bible 1312:Yemen 1307:Qatar 1297:Syria 1272:Libya 1237:Egypt 1205:Spain 1175:Malta 1048:Korea 1036:Japan 1014:India 992:China 939:Haiti 799:Aztec 775:Sudan 743:Niger 635:Naval 508:Dutch 437:Qiyan 423:Jarya 398:Harem 240:Serfs 186:Egypt 4373:Oman 4338:Laos 4293:Iraq 4288:Iran 4004:ISSN 3947:ISSN 3912:2023 3886:2021 3879:Time 3780:ISBN 3753:link 3735:OCLC 3725:ISBN 3697:OCLC 3687:ISBN 3647:ISBN 3620:ISBN 3593:ISBN 3566:ISBN 3520:2016 3502:ISBN 3446:朝鮮學報 3422:ISBN 3395:ISBN 3369:ISBN 3335:ISBN 3308:ISBN 3279:ISBN 3252:ISBN 3219:2014 3200:SSRN 3111:2024 3047:2024 3021:2024 2976:ISBN 2950:2024 2924:2024 2887:2011 2862:2011 2778:ISBN 2715:ISSN 2655:ISBN 2614:ISBN 2584:ISBN 2556:ISBN 2423:and 2369:binü 2270:The 2195:The 2155:The 2144:The 2137:The 2114:and 2112:Chan 2092:and 2028:Buqu 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