190:
1940:
names—like Paul, Simon, and John—indicated if they had
European heritage. Their last names indicated where they came from, like Portuguese, d'Congo, or d'Angola. People from the Congo or Angola were known for their mechanical skills and docile manners. Six slaves had names that indicated a connection with New Amsterdam, such as Manuel Gerritsen, which he likely received after their arrival in New Amsterdam and to differentiate from repeated first names. Men were laborers who worked the fields, built forts and roads, and performed other forms of labor. According to the principle of
1972:, the director general for the colony, for their freedom. This was a time when there were skirmishes with Native American people and the Dutch wanted blacks to help protect their settlements and did not want the slaves to join the Native Americans. These eleven slaves were granted partial freedom, where they could buy land and a home and earn a wage from their master, and later full freedom. Their children remained in slavery. By 1664, the original eleven slaves, as well as other slaves who had attained half-freedom, for a total of at least 30 black landowners, lived on
2044:
2167:
2492:
30:
1950:
2401:
2127:
therefore unlawful for above three slaves to meet together at any time, nor at any other place, than when it shall happen they meet in some servile employment for their masters' or mistresses' profit, and by their masters' or mistresses' consent, upon penalty of being whipped upon the naked back, at the discretion of any one justice of the peace, not exceeding forty lashes for each offense.
2462:
building had a thatch roof and the clapboards were of oak. It was burned in 1834. Slaves were manumitted in this state in 1827 by an amended act of 1811 which required that those of a certaia age should be provided for during life with a home on the estate. We distinctly remember two of them who left home every spring, tramped all summer and invariably came home in winter to board.
2136:
2034:
was located just north of New
Amsterdam. As the English began to seize New Amsterdam in 1664, the Dutch freed about 40 men and women who had been granted half-slave status, to ensure that the English would not keep them enslaved. The new freemen had their original land grants finalized and all grants
153:, that accepted all students without prejudice: male and female, white, Black, and Native American, the first college in the United States to do so from the day its doors opened. It was also the first college to have Black professors teaching white students. However, when a Black male faculty member,
2091:
In 1708, the New York
Colonial Assembly passed a law entitled "Act for Preventing the Conspiracy of Slaves" which prescribed a death sentence for any slave who murdered or attempted to murder his or her master. This law, one of the first of its kind in Colonial America, was in part a reaction to the
80:
promised freedom to enslaved persons who left rebel masters, and thousands moved to the city for refuge with the
British. By 1780, 10,000 Black people lived in New York. Many had escaped from their enslavers who lived in both northern and southern colonies. After the war, the British evacuated about
2624:
before construction could begin. During the excavation and study, human remains were found in a former six-acre burial ground for
African Americans that dated from the mid-1630s to 1795. It is believed that there are more than 15,000 skeletal remains of colonial New York's free and enslaved blacks.
2519:
and John
Russwurm were editors of the journal; they used it to appeal to African Americans across the nation. The powerful words published spread rapid positive influence to African Americans who could help establish a new community. The emergence of an African-American journal was a very important
2476:
eliminated the property requirement for white men, but set a prohibitive requirement of $ 250 (equivalent to $ 6,000 in 2023), about the price of a modest house, for black men. In the 1826 election, only 16 blacks voted in New York City. In 1846, a referendum to repeal this property requirement
2126:
Forasmuch as the number of slaves in the cities of New York and Albany, as also within the several counties, towns and manors within this colony, doth daily increase, and that they have oftentimes been guilty of confederating together in running away, and of other ill and dangerous practices, be it
2385:
added to public support for their full rights to freedom. In 1817, the state freed all slaves born before July 4, 1799 (the date of the gradual abolition law), to be effective in 1827. It continued with the indenture of children born to slave mothers until their 20s, as noted above. Because of the
2717:
at Fort Orange to collect fifteen guilders in back wages for him from
Hendrick Fredricksz." Unique to this colony was how punishment could be given to a Slave. In this case he was suited, "...in 1639 a white merchant Jan Jansen Damen, sued Little Manuel (sometimes called Manuel Minuit) and was in
2713:, and was awarded reparations for damages caused to his hog by the defendant's dog. In the following year Pedro Negretto successfully sued an Englishman, John Seales, for wages due for tending hogs. Manuel de Reus, a servant of the Director General Willem Kieft, granted a power of attorney to the
2182:
in exchange for their service. After the
British occupied New York City in 1776, slaves escaped to their lines for freedom. The black population in New York grew to 10,000 by 1780, and the city became a center of free blacks in North America. The fugitives included Deborah Squash and her husband
2461:
The old slave quarters at our homestead survived to our day, and were located about four hundred feet in the rear of our dwelling. We remember them many years after they had ceased to be used as quarters for negroes, and when they were used as a shelter and stable for horses and cows. The old
2471:
New York residents were less willing to give blacks equal voting rights. By the constitution of 1777, voting was restricted to free men who could satisfy certain property requirements for value of real estate. This property requirement disfranchised poor men among both blacks and whites. The
2071:
In 1664, the
English took over New Amsterdam and the colony. They continued to import slaves to support the work needed. Enslaved Africans performed a wide variety of skilled and unskilled jobs, mostly in the burgeoning port city and surrounding agricultural areas. In 1703, more than 42% of
1939:
who had
European and African ancestry and spoke many languages. In some cases, they attained their European heritage in Africa when European traders conceived children with African women. Some were Africans who were crew members on ships and some came from ports of the Americas. Their first
2282:
introduced a bill in the state legislature for immediate emancipation that was defeated 33–13 . A more limited bill was soon introduced, providing for gradual emancipation, but restricting voting, prohibiting intermarriage and black testimony against whites. It was also defeated, 27–17.
2286:
By 1790, one in three blacks in New York state were free. Especially in areas of concentrated population, such as New York City, they organized as an independent community, with their own churches, benevolent and civic organizations, and businesses that catered to their interests.
2477:
was roundly defeated. "As late as 1869, a majority of the state's voters cast ballots in favor of retaining property qualifications that kept New York's polls closed to many blacks. African-American men did not obtain equal voting rights in New York until ratification of the
2363:. It freed no living slave. It declared children of slaves born after July 4, 1799, to be legally free, but the children had to serve an extended period of indentured servitude: to the age of 28 for males and to 25 for females. Slaves born before that date were redefined as
2157:
In 1753, the Assembly provided there should be paid "for every negro, mulatto or other slave, of four years old and upwards, imported directly from Africa, five ounces of Sevil Pillar or Mexico plate , or forty shillings in bills of credit made current in this colony."
2266:
in New York City, the first formal educational institution for blacks in North America. It served both free and slave children. The school expanded to seven locations and produced some of its students advanced to higher education and careers. These included
3142:
Oddities of Colonial Legislation in America: As Applied to the Public Lands, Primitive Education, Religion, Morals, Indians, Etc., with Authentic Records of the Origin and Growth of Pioneer Settlements, Embracing Also a Condensed History of the States and
2017:
Unlike slaves from other colonies, slaves in New Amsterdam could sue another person whether white or black. Early instances included suits filed for lost wages and damages when a slave's pig was injured by a white man's dog. Slaves could also be sued.
1688:
2378:, an influential black abolitionist and minister, encouraged other blacks to "by a strict obedience and respect to the laws of the land, form an invulnerable bulwark against the shafts of malice" to better the chances of freedom and a better life.
1996:
Due to a lack of workers in the colony, it relied upon on African slaves, who were described by the Dutch as "proud and treacherous", a stereotype for African-born slaves. The Dutch West India Company allowed New Netherlanders to trade slaves from
57:), more than 42% of New York City households enslaved African people by 1703, often as domestic servants and laborers. Others worked as artisans or in shipping and various trades in the city. Enslaved Africans were also used in farming on
3018:
2640:
for its significance. A memorial and interpretive center for the African Burial Ground have been created to honor those buried and to explore the many contributions of African Americans and their descendants to New York and the nation.
2131:
Manors and towns could appoint a common whipper at no more than three shillings per person. Blacks were given the lowest status jobs, the ones the Dutch did not want to perform, like meting out corporal punishment and executions.
2190:
In 1781, the state of New York offered slaveholders a financial incentive to assign their slaves to the military, with the promise of freedom at war's end for the slaves. In 1783, black men made up one-quarter of the rebel
1988:
For more than two decades after the first shipment, the Dutch West India Company was dominant in the importation of slaves from the coasts of Africa. A number of slaves were imported directly from the company's stations in
2013:
a French privateer, arrived in New Amsterdam in 1642 with Spanish Negroes that were captured from a Spanish ship. Although they claimed to be free, and not African, the Dutch sold them as slaves due to their skin color.
3118:
4528:
4000:
4155:
2425:
or when compared with its southern neighbors; but if, in England, we saw in the Times newspaper such advertisements as the following , we should conclude that freedom from slavery existed only in words.
4858:
4863:
4853:
2357:
for blacks in a way that redefined slavery in the state. Slavery was important economically, both in New York City and in agricultural areas, such as Brooklyn. In 1799, the legislature passed the
3923:"Abolitionist Brooklyn: A Sanctuary City Before Its Time. Separated from Southern-sympathizing Manhattan, Brooklyn had one of the largest and most politically aware Black communities in the U.S."
2150:, city officials believed a revolt had started. Over weeks, they arrested more than 150 slaves and 20 white men, trying and executing several, in the belief they had planned a revolt. Historian
1809:
4806:
4801:
4645:
4588:
2546:
1673:
1204:
93:
2397:, who visited the young United States on a fact-finding mission to inform Britons considering emigration, described the situation in New York City as he found it in August 1817:
5035:
4148:
2478:
2059:, is in the left foreground. Prior to being levelled around 1811 it was located near the current intersection of Mott and Grand Streets. New York City, which then extended to a
4498:
1558:
930:
667:
3115:
4483:
1294:
935:
111:
until age 28 (men) and 25 (women). The last enslaved persons were freed of this obligation on July 4, 1827 (28 years after 1799). African Americans celebrated with a parade.
2523:
White newspapers published a fictional "Bobalition" print series. This was made in mockery of blacks, using the way an uneducated colored person would pronounce abolition.
5050:
5040:
4650:
4513:
3004:"Corporate Slavery in Seventeenth-Century New York" in Catherine Armstrong, The Many Faces of Slavery. New Perspectives on Slave Ownership and Experiences in the Americas
3751:
4777:
4741:
4576:
4141:
627:
2146:
As in other slaveholding societies, the city was swept by periodic fears of slave revolt. Incidents were misinterpreted under such conditions. In what was called the
5060:
4566:
2457:, a native New Yorker who kept a diary beginning in 1838, include his recollections of formerly enslaved people associated with the family's Long Island homestead:
5055:
5045:
4893:
4883:
3489:
2386:
gradual abolition laws, there were children still bound in apprenticeships when their parents were free. This encouraged African-American anti-slavery activists.
982:
2258:
In 1781, the state legislature voted to free those slaves who had fought for three years with the rebels or were regularly discharged during the Revolution. The
4953:
4533:
2275:
after being denied admittance to two New York colleges. He returned to practice in New York and also published numerous articles in medical and other journals.
3081:
1528:
4543:
4518:
3512:
1678:
4998:
4721:
1009:
4711:
4439:
4223:
3634:
2621:
2588:
In contrast, Brooklyn was "a sanctuary city before its time", with one of the largest and most politically aware Black communities in the United States.
1755:
507:
2447:
2370:
From 1800 to 1827, white and black abolitionists worked to end slavery and attain full citizenship in New York. During this time, there was a rise in
1946:
adopted from southern colonies, children born to enslaved women were considered born into slavery, regardless of the ethnicity or status of the father.
957:
4675:
1728:
1548:
721:
92:
Of the Northern states, New York was next to last in abolishing slavery. (In New Jersey, mandatory, unpaid "apprenticeships" did not end until the
4583:
4503:
2655:
1886:
2696:
The Dutch engaged in battles with the Spanish and French as they sought to have a hold on the slave trade and they would keep people of color as
4034:
133:, near Utica, briefly the center of American abolitionism, accepted both Black and white male enrollees on an equal basis, as did for women the
2786:
992:
410:
4993:
4943:
4756:
3783:
3670:
3581:
3540:
3465:
3406:
3329:
3197:
2974:
2936:
1570:
1247:
1019:
1964:], 1671. In the center of the picture a man hangs by his middle, suspended by a hook in his ribs, a usual punishment for runaway slaves.
53:
in 1626, with the first slave auction held in New Amsterdam in 1655. With the second-highest proportion of any city in the colonies (after
4903:
4746:
4373:
4338:
2359:
1762:
1723:
1366:
107:, a law which freed no living slave. After that date, children born to enslaved mothers were required to work for the mother's enslaver as
104:
3587:
2628:
This discovery demonstrated the large-scale importance of slavery and African Americans to New York and national history and economy. The
3676:
3297:
3244:
4948:
4898:
4888:
4593:
4413:
4318:
4278:
3789:
3546:
3335:
3203:
2980:
2942:
2532:
2030:
they had other rights in the commercial economy, and intermarriage with working-class whites was frequent. Land grant records show that
1804:
1441:
1101:
952:
748:
657:
118:
4826:
4378:
4368:
4363:
4343:
4023:
2650:
2207:
2179:
1824:
1518:
1272:
3947:
4938:
4655:
4618:
4293:
4208:
3376:
3012:
2859:
2827:
2605:
2435:
1646:
1523:
947:
716:
583:
1493:
189:
4571:
4598:
4508:
4328:
4323:
4198:
1777:
987:
972:
918:
603:
593:
588:
417:
273:
138:
134:
4958:
4418:
4383:
4288:
4263:
2009:, who sold for more than other slaves. They also bought slaves that came from privateers of Spanish slave ships. For instance,
1772:
1543:
349:
4408:
3745:
1683:
4603:
4403:
4353:
4333:
4308:
4298:
4283:
4273:
4258:
4238:
4213:
4203:
4193:
3897:
3438:
3269:
3164:
History of the seventeen towns of Rensselaer County, from the colonization of the Manor of Rensselaerwyck to the present time
3002:
2031:
1242:
1230:
810:
622:
268:
4811:
4690:
4685:
4398:
4303:
4243:
4218:
4188:
4178:
2660:
1814:
1597:
458:
4963:
4816:
4561:
4538:
4523:
4475:
4458:
4253:
4183:
4164:
4117:
2259:
1819:
1663:
1533:
1194:
962:
942:
502:
470:
100:
2262:
was founded in 1785, and worked to prohibit the international slave trade and to achieve abolition. It established the
103:
was founded in 1785 to work for the abolition of slavery and to aid free Black people. The state passed a 1799 law for
4841:
4388:
4112:
2667:
2147:
2140:
2064:
2026:
By 1644, some slaves had earned partial freedom, or half-freedom, in New Amsterdam and were able to earn wages. Under
1879:
1829:
1553:
1471:
598:
379:
199:
5008:
4628:
2210:
followed through on his commitment to the freedmen. When the British evacuated from New York, they transported 3,000
3395:
To Set the Captives Free: Reverend Jermain Wesley Loguen and the Struggle for Freedom in Central New York, 1835-1872
3078:
4915:
4846:
4836:
4782:
4751:
4716:
4680:
4423:
4393:
4348:
4248:
4066:
2896:
2710:
2633:
2597:
2302:
2248:
2085:
1738:
1590:
1575:
1466:
662:
332:
73:
54:
4358:
4313:
4228:
3865:
4968:
4821:
4268:
4233:
3723:
3430:
2753:
2709:
On December 9, 1638, a slave known as Anthony the Portuguese sued a wealthy merchant of possibly mixed ancestry,
2115:
1834:
1733:
1264:
1252:
842:
815:
320:
3509:
2135:
4762:
2439:
2166:
1924:
1614:
1483:
1036:
825:
310:
211:
142:
77:
46:
3628:
3057:
2043:
490:
2329:
escape to Canada or safer locations. One famous abolitionist leader and writer who was helped by Ruggles was
4788:
4731:
1942:
1799:
1538:
1488:
1416:
1189:
967:
911:
894:
325:
3624:
2409:
2394:
1087:
4831:
4795:
4453:
2334:
2203:
1872:
1841:
1346:
999:
847:
571:
537:
532:
29:
2206:, the United States required that all American property, including slaves, be left in place, but General
4736:
4726:
4640:
4493:
2629:
2593:
2582:
2473:
2272:
1708:
1563:
1476:
1461:
1143:
1131:
877:
862:
647:
422:
344:
3630:
Sketches of America: A Narrative Journey of Five Thousand Miles Through the Eastern and Western States
2442:
celebration was chosen over July 4, because the national holiday was not seen as meant for blacks, as
1949:
4988:
4623:
4488:
4044:
3971:
3922:
3830:
Capie, Julia M. "Freedom of Unspoken Speech: Implied Defamation and Its Constitutional Limitations".
3368:
2511:
2497:
2354:
2353:
Although there was movement towards abolition of slavery, the legislature took steps to characterize
2314:
2298:
with about 40 slaves, in an unsuccessful attempt to implant the plantation system in New York State.
2119:
1905:
1846:
1750:
1713:
1641:
1585:
1454:
1411:
1225:
1155:
830:
610:
512:
396:
303:
150:
66:
3356:
2778:
4983:
3516:
2700:, with no distinction between those who may have been slaves, and those who were free crew members.
2506:
2491:
2364:
2310:
2263:
2244:
2175:
1334:
1314:
1199:
1184:
1053:
1024:
1014:
904:
852:
820:
617:
475:
443:
438:
391:
248:
126:
108:
3147:
2520:
movement in New York. It showed that blacks could gain education and be part of literate society.
4978:
4930:
4079:
3925:
3817:
3483:
3364:
2616:
In 1991, a construction project required an archaeological and cultural study of 290 Broadway in
2589:
2550:
2454:
2443:
2375:
2330:
2268:
2196:
1580:
1426:
1401:
1391:
1356:
1351:
1319:
1284:
1277:
1218:
1211:
1068:
887:
882:
872:
642:
495:
453:
448:
401:
369:
359:
296:
146:
5003:
3887:
3843:
Gellman, David N. "Race, the Public Sphere, and Abolition in Late Eighteenth-Century New York,"
517:
463:
3571:
2581:. The City Council approved the plan, but rescinded its approval three months later, after the
4019:
3940:"History & Culture - African Burial Ground National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"
3903:
3893:
3779:
3666:
3660:
3577:
3536:
3471:
3461:
3434:
3422:
3402:
3372:
3325:
3291:
3238:
3193:
3008:
2970:
2932:
2855:
2823:
2637:
2553:
he had seriously proposed to the City Council that the city secede from the Union to form the
2338:
2184:
2002:
1668:
1386:
1381:
1324:
1309:
1289:
1111:
1106:
1041:
1004:
837:
803:
632:
485:
374:
253:
42:
17:
3773:
3530:
3319:
3187:
2964:
2926:
2232:
at the National Archives at Washington. With British support, in 1792 a large group of these
4608:
4433:
4071:
2601:
2093:
1858:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1396:
1361:
1329:
1299:
1172:
1160:
1138:
1116:
1063:
899:
867:
169:
154:
130:
114:
4767:
4695:
4633:
4005:
3975:
3939:
3122:
3085:
2677:
2617:
2371:
2224:
2219:
2027:
1953:
1936:
1920:
1767:
1658:
1653:
1406:
1376:
1371:
1094:
1058:
857:
775:
480:
226:
3775:
David Ruggles: A Radical Black Abolitionist and the Underground Railroad in New York City
3811:
3172:
3140:
2374:, which was at odds with the increased anti-slavery efforts of the early 19th century.
2301:
Starting in the 1830s, and particularly between 1850 and 1860, following passage of the
121:
opened in Utica, although local hostility caused the meeting to be moved to the home of
3573:
Black Gotham: A Family History of African Americans in Nineteenth-Century New York City
3168:
2542:
2516:
2342:
2326:
2306:
2295:
2211:
2178:. Many slaves chose to fight for the British, as they were promised freedom by General
1851:
1745:
637:
315:
278:
236:
117:, in contrast with New York City, was an anti-slavery leader. The first meeting of the
86:
81:
3,000 enslaved people from New York, taking most of them to resettle as free people in
2400:
157:, married a white student, they had to flee the country for England, never to return.
5029:
4920:
4670:
4613:
4118:"Interview: James Oliver Horton: Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City"
2570:
2538:
2322:
2233:
2073:
1961:
1928:
1913:
1909:
1789:
1718:
1165:
1148:
923:
753:
743:
527:
177:
62:
50:
2318:
2237:
2081:
2052:
1977:
1969:
1794:
1631:
1607:
1513:
1506:
1237:
765:
738:
701:
679:
566:
283:
263:
241:
231:
221:
216:
206:
122:
3698:
3265:
3225:
New York Burning; Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan
3103:
Insubordinate Spirit: A True Story of Life and Loss in Earliest America 1610-1665.
1046:
41:
The trafficking of enslaved Africans to what became New York began as part of the
3427:
North Star Country. Upstate New York and the Crusade for African American Freedom
2849:
4772:
4665:
4660:
3116:"A permanent reminder of Wall Street’s hidden slave-trading past is coming soon"
2819:
2672:
2574:
2382:
2345:
made at least two trips to New York as a "captain" of the Underground Railroad.
2215:
2151:
2104:
1636:
1624:
977:
780:
770:
728:
542:
82:
58:
34:
4133:
3162:
2381:
African Americans' participation as soldiers in defending the state during the
2187:, who escaped from his plantation in Virginia and reached freedom in New York.
4973:
4909:
4039:
3704:
2811:
2625:
It is the country's largest and earliest burial ground for African-Americans.
2279:
2108:
2048:
2006:
1932:
1784:
1081:
785:
652:
3475:
2851:
Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East New Jersey, 1613-1863
3907:
2697:
2566:
2291:
1973:
1029:
694:
556:
3361:
Whatever It Takes. The Antislavery Movement and the Tactics of Gerrit Smith
1912:
became the first non-indigenous person to settle in what was then known as
711:
3455:
3240:
Annual Report of the State Commissioner of Excise of the State of New York
2578:
2154:
believes whites unjustly accused and executed many blacks in this event.
2060:
1619:
1177:
1121:
1073:
733:
578:
433:
339:
3457:
Gateway to freedom : the hidden history of the underground railroad
4083:
4061:
3857:
3612:
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863
3398:
3189:
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863
2966:
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863
2928:
In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626-1863
2192:
2056:
1602:
684:
364:
181:
4127:
3719:
2745:
3532:
Emancipating New York: The Politics of Slavery and Freedom, 1777–1827
2367:
and could not be sold, but they had to continue their unpaid labor.
2097:
2077:
2076:'s households held slaves, a percentage higher than in the cities of
1998:
1990:
1304:
1126:
706:
689:
551:
386:
354:
4075:
2892:
4106:
3053:
2718:
turn sued by Manuel de Reus; both cases were settled out of court."
3519:
Web Archives, New York State Archives, retrieved February 11, 2012
2816:
Gateway to Freedom. The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad
2562:
2490:
2399:
2165:
2134:
1948:
561:
547:
522:
28:
3633:. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown. pp. 56–57.
2434:
On July 5, 1827, the African-American community celebrated final
4016:
The Last Slave Ships: New York and the End of the Middle Passage
2438:
in the state with a parade through New York City. A distinctive
428:
258:
149:, was an abolitionist institution of higher learning founded by
4137:
4529:
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
2290:
In 1804, Captain William Helm, a Virginian, settled first in
2103:
In 1711, a formal slave market was established at the end of
1916:. Of Portuguese and West African descent, he was a free man.
33:
The first slave auction in New Amsterdam in 1655, painted by
3968:
2501:, the first African-American newspaper, on March 16, 1827
1923:
began in 1626, when eleven captive Africans arrived on a
76:, the British troops occupied New York City in 1776. The
3606:
3604:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2533:
Partition and secession in New York § Civil War era
2421:
New York is called a "free state:" that it may be so so
3700:
Personal reminiscences of men and things on Long Island
4111:, October 2005 – September 2007, an exhibition by the
4093:
The History of the New York State Anti-Slavery Society
2333:. The cause was aided by white abolitionists such as
2479:
Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2063:
which ran approximately north–southeast from today's
4499:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
3978:, National Park Service; retrieved December 29, 2007
3614:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003: 93–95.
2236:
left Nova Scotia to create an independent colony in
2139:
Slave being burned at the stake in N.Y.C. after the
2035:
were officially marked as owned by the new freemen.
1559:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
4929:
4872:
4704:
4552:
4474:
4467:
4446:
4432:
4171:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2271:, who gained his medical degree with honors at the
2067:
and Broadway, is visible beyond the southern shore.
4514:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States
2228:at the National Archives of Great Britain and the
2541:was strongly pro-slavery. He was a leader of the
4778:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade
3892:. New York: Farrar, Straus Giroux. p. 263.
3703:. Brooklyn: C.A. Ditmas. p. 20 – via
2515:, written by and directed to African Americans.
1674:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
4567:Slavery as a positive good in the United States
3237:Excise, New York (State) Department of (1897).
3079:Peter R. Christoph, "Freedmen of New Amsterdam"
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
2969:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 23–24.
2931:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 18–19.
2459:
2092:murder of William Hallet III and his family in
1968:In February 1644, the eleven slaves petitioned
3296:. United Pub. Corporation. 1922. p. 184.
3129:, April 15, 2015, retrieved February 10, 2017.
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2174:African Americans fought on both sides in the
4534:Slavery at American colleges and universities
4149:
4095:. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan.
3171:: Troy, N. Y., Francis & Tucker. p.
3056:. New York Historical Society. October 2005.
2843:
2841:
2839:
1880:
8:
5036:African-American history of New York (state)
4519:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States
3778:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 33.
1679:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
4999:Family reunification ads after emancipation
4035:"The Hidden History of Slavery in New York"
3565:
3563:
3192:. University of Chicago Press. p. 20.
2779:"The Hidden History of Slavery in New York"
4712:Slavery and the United States Constitution
4471:
4156:
4142:
4134:
3889:Low life: lures and snares of old New York
3747:Dreaming of Timbucktoo — Education Program
3488:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2622:National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
2118:, passed in 1730, the last of a series of
1887:
1873:
164:
5051:African-American history in New York City
5041:Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
4062:"New York and the Slave Trade, 1700-1774"
3969:"African Burial Ground National Monument"
3662:The Slave's Cause: A History of Abolition
3324:. Syracuse University Press. p. 19.
2055:. Bayard's Mount, a 110-foot (34 m)
4802:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution
3654:
3652:
2772:
2770:
2448:What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?
2360:Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery
2042:
1684:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
1549:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
1529:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
4504:Indentured servitude in British America
3813:The Afro-American Press and Its Editors
3576:. Yale University Press. p. 1826.
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
2899:from the original on September 29, 2011
2806:
2804:
2731:
2689:
2656:African Burial Ground National Monument
2604:, was one of the country's most active
2001:for "seasoned" African slaves from the
176:
49:trafficked eleven enslaved Africans to
5061:History of slavery in New York (state)
3665:. Yale University Press. p. 201.
3481:
3060:from the original on February 15, 2008
2195:in White Plains, who were to march to
5056:History of racism in New York (state)
5046:Slavery in the United States by state
4944:Slavery during the American Civil War
4757:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
3243:. Department of Excise. p. 523.
1571:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
1248:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
7:
1763:Slave marriages in the United States
1367:Human trafficking in the Middle East
4949:End of slavery in the United States
3950:from the original on March 12, 2020
3754:from the original on April 24, 2022
3637:from the original on April 24, 2022
3272:from the original on March 17, 2020
3021:from the original on April 24, 2022
2789:from the original on March 31, 2016
1102:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
119:New York State Anti-Slavery Society
99:After the American Revolution, the
4827:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism
4033:Oltman, Adele (November 5, 2007).
3744:Swan, Martha; Godine, amy (2006),
2777:Oltman, Adele (November 7, 2005).
2651:African Americans in New York City
2349:Conversion to indentured servitude
2170:Runaway slave advertisement (1774)
1756:last survivors of American slavery
25:
4994:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
4939:Origins of the American Civil War
4646:African American founding fathers
4589:Education during the slave period
4091:Henderson, Alice Hatcher (1963).
3816:. Willey & Company. pp.
3570:Peterson, Carla L. (2011-02-22).
3529:Gellman, David N. (August 2008).
2404:Advertisements for slaves in the
717:Field slaves in the United States
584:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
4742:History of slavery by U.S. state
4509:Slave trade in the United States
3510:"African American Voting Rights"
3318:Eisenstadt, Peter (2005-05-19).
3186:Harris, Leslie M. (2004-08-01).
2963:Harris, Leslie M. (2004-08-01).
2925:Harris, Leslie M. (2004-08-01).
2549:ending slavery. Just before the
594:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
589:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
418:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
188:
3921:Goldstein, Norm (Sep 7, 2021).
3868:from the original on 2020-10-03
3792:from the original on 2022-04-24
3772:Hodges, Graham Russell (2010).
3726:from the original on 2016-11-07
3697:Tredwell, Daniel M. (1912–17).
3679:from the original on 2022-04-24
3590:from the original on 2022-04-24
3549:from the original on 2022-04-24
3338:from the original on 2022-04-24
3300:from the original on 2022-04-24
3247:from the original on 2022-04-24
3206:from the original on 2022-04-24
3105:Guilford CT, 2012, pp. 192–194.
3090:Selected Rensselaerwicjk Papers
2983:from the original on 2022-04-24
2945:from the original on 2022-04-24
2756:from the original on 2016-11-07
2545:, and in the opposition to the
1544:Committee of Experts on Slavery
1095:East, Southeast, and South Asia
135:Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary
4604:List of American slave traders
4484:Slavery among Native Americans
4128:Slavery In Mamaroneck Township
4060:Lydon, James G. (April 1978).
3999:Bruno, Debra (July 22, 2020).
3834:31, no. 4 (October 2015): 675.
3321:Encyclopedia of New York State
3092:, New York State Library, 1991
3054:"Exhibit: Slavery in New York"
3001:Faucquez, Anne-Claire (2019).
2854:. U. of North Carolina Press.
2111:, and it operated until 1762.
1243:Slave raiding in Easter Island
18:History of slavery in New York
1:
4812:George Washington and slavery
4691:American Colonization Society
4686:African-American slave owners
3845:Journal of the Early Republic
3810:Penn, Irvine Garland (1891).
3659:Sinha, Manisha (2016-02-23).
2661:Human trafficking in New York
2474:reformed Constitution of 1821
4817:Thomas Jefferson and slavery
4562:American proslavery movement
4524:Slave states and free states
4165:Slavery in the United States
3460:(First ed.). New York.
3293:The Journal of Negro History
3161:Weise, Arthur James (1880).
2446:stated later in his famous "
2317:could be found in New York.
2260:New York Manumission Society
2199:, for the last engagements.
1534:Temporary Slavery Commission
1195:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
101:New York Manumission Society
4842:Abraham Lincoln and slavery
4113:New-York Historical Society
4070:. 3 ser., 35 (2): 375–394.
3139:Dillon, John Brown (1879).
2848:Hodges, Graham R.G (2005).
2668:New York Conspiracy of 1741
2148:New York Conspiracy of 1741
1554:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
599:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
5077:
4916:Children of the plantation
4847:Andrew Johnson and slavery
4837:Zachary Taylor and slavery
4783:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
4752:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
4717:American slave court cases
4681:Amerindian slave ownership
4067:William and Mary Quarterly
3720:"Emancipation in New York"
2746:"Emancipation in New York"
2711:Anthony Janszoon van Salee
2634:National Historic Landmark
2530:
2527:New York City and Brooklyn
2505:Beginning March 16, 1827,
2450:" speech of July 5, 1852.
2408:in 1817, as reproduced in
2325:, black and white, helped
2303:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
2249:Sierra Leone Creole people
2242:
1739:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
1576:Anti-Slavery International
1341:North Africa and West Asia
85:, where they are known as
74:American Revolutionary War
55:Charleston, South Carolina
4969:Emancipation Proclamation
4894:Sexual relations and rape
4822:James Madison and slavery
4018:. Yale University Press.
3847:20, no. 4 (2000): 607–36.
3535:. LSU Press. p. 10.
3515:November 9, 2010, at the
3431:Syracuse University Press
2632:has been designated as a
2406:New York Daily Advertiser
2230:Black Loyalists Directory
2116:New York General Assembly
1835:Emancipation Proclamation
1507:Opposition and resistance
1265:Sex trafficking in Europe
1253:Blackbirding in Polynesia
816:Trans-Saharan slave trade
96:ended slavery, in 1865.)
4954:Compensated emancipation
3718:Harper, Douglas (2003).
3146:. R. Douglass. pp.
2895:. Slavery in the North.
2891:Harper, Douglas (2003).
2744:Harper, Douglas (2003).
2022:Partial and full freedom
1925:Dutch West India Company
1615:Compensated emancipation
826:Indian Ocean slave trade
143:New-York Central College
78:Philipsburg Proclamation
47:Dutch West India Company
4789:Partus sequitur ventrem
4732:Three-fifths Compromise
3858:"Bobalition of slavery"
3266:"African Nova Scotians"
2555:Free City of Tri-Insula
2495:The first issue of the
2484:
2393:(1818), British author
2141:1741 slave insurrection
1943:partus sequitur ventrem
1900:Initial group of slaves
1539:1926 Slavery Convention
1295:Germany in World War II
912:North and South America
434:Contract of manumission
4864:Supreme Court Justices
4832:John Tyler and slavery
4807:Presidents and slavery
4796:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3625:Fearon, Henry Bradshaw
3429:. Syracuse, New York:
3393:Hunter, Carol (1993).
2502:
2464:
2427:
2417:
2335:William Lloyd Garrison
2222:), as recorded in the
2204:Treaty of Paris (1783)
2171:
2143:
2129:
2068:
1965:
1020:British Virgin Islands
572:Circassian slave trade
538:Safavid imperial harem
533:Ottoman Imperial Harem
38:
4737:Slave and free states
4727:Fugitive Slave Clause
4641:List of abolitionists
4494:Slavery in New France
4014:Harris, John (2020).
3944:National Park Service
2893:"Slavery in New York"
2630:African Burial Ground
2612:African Burial Ground
2594:Harriet Beecher Stowe
2583:Battle of Fort Sumter
2577:except for pro-Union
2531:Further information:
2494:
2419:
2410:Henry Bradshaw Fearon
2403:
2395:Henry Bradshaw Fearon
2273:University of Glasgow
2243:Further information:
2169:
2138:
2124:
2084:, and second only to
2046:
1952:
1259:Europe and North Asia
1219:Australia and Oceania
919:Pre-Columbian America
491:Slave raid of Suðuroy
423:Slavery in al-Andalus
345:Black Sea slave trade
274:21st-century jihadism
32:
4763:Gag rule (1836–1840)
4624:Underground Railroad
4599:Domestic slave trade
4584:Mandatory illiteracy
4489:Slavery in New Spain
4440:District of Columbia
3454:Foner, Eric (2015).
2750:Slavery in the North
2537:New York City Mayor
2430:Full freedom in 1827
2355:indentured servitude
2315:Underground Railroad
2311:vigilance committees
2120:New York slave codes
1906:Juan (Jan) Rodriguez
1714:Indentured servitude
1642:Underground Railroad
1442:United Arab Emirates
831:Zanzibar slave trade
798:By country or region
611:Atlantic slave trade
513:Ma malakat aymanukum
397:Venetian slave trade
151:Cyrus Pitt Grosvenor
94:Thirteenth Amendment
67:Mohawk Valley region
4984:Radical Republicans
4931:Civil War and after
4859:Members of Congress
4676:List of plantations
4459:U.S. Virgin Islands
4130:, Larchmont Website
4108:Slavery in New York
3886:Sante, Luc (2003).
3862:Library of Congress
3517:Library of Congress
2620:to comply with the
2507:John Brown Russwurm
2414:Sketches of America
2391:Sketches of America
2365:indentured servants
2264:African Free School
2245:Black Nova Scotians
2176:American Revolution
2162:American Revolution
1993:to New Netherland.
1800:Slave Route Project
931:Americas indigenous
821:Red Sea slave trade
811:Contemporary Africa
674:Topics and practice
444:Crimean slave trade
439:Bukhara slave trade
392:Genoese slave trade
269:Contemporary Africa
249:Forced prostitution
109:indentured servants
4979:Reconstruction era
4124:, January 25, 2007
3974:2010-08-30 at the
3610:Harris, Leslie M.
3423:Sernett, Milton C.
3365:Hamilton, New York
3121:2017-02-28 at the
3084:2018-11-21 at the
2590:Henry Ward Beecher
2561:means "island" in
2503:
2455:Daniel M. Tredwell
2444:Frederick Douglass
2418:
2376:Peter Williams Jr.
2331:Frederick Douglass
2269:James McCune Smith
2197:Yorktown, Virginia
2183:Harvey, slaves of
2172:
2144:
2069:
2032:Land of the Blacks
1966:
1958:Novum Amsterodamum
1931:harbor. Historian
1581:Blockade of Africa
888:Somali slave trade
804:Sub-Saharan Africa
496:Turkish Abductions
454:Khivan slave trade
449:Khazar slave trade
402:Balkan slave trade
360:Prague slave trade
39:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
4989:Freedmen's Bureau
4001:"History Lessons"
3992:most recent first
3785:978-0-8078-3326-1
3672:978-0-300-18208-8
3583:978-0-300-16409-1
3542:978-0-8071-3465-8
3467:978-0-393-24407-6
3408:978-0-8153-1014-3
3331:978-0-8156-0808-0
3199:978-0-226-31775-5
2976:978-0-226-31775-5
2938:978-0-226-31775-5
2638:National Monument
2565:), incorporating
2512:Freedom's Journal
2498:Freedom's Journal
2486:Freedom's Journal
2339:Sydney Howard Gay
2254:Gradual abolition
2185:George Washington
2122:, provided that:
2003:Dutch West Indies
1897:
1896:
1847:Freedmen's Bureau
1669:Third Servile War
1664:International law
1231:Human trafficking
993:Human trafficking
668:Thirteen colonies
486:Sack of Baltimore
254:Human trafficking
105:gradual abolition
65:, as well as the
43:Dutch slave trade
16:(Redirected from
5068:
4705:Law and politics
4629:Freedmen's towns
4609:Runaway slave ad
4472:
4434:Federal district
4158:
4151:
4144:
4135:
4096:
4087:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4043:. Archived from
4029:
4010:
3979:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3854:
3848:
3841:
3835:
3832:Touro Law Review
3828:
3822:
3821:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3621:
3615:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3526:
3520:
3507:
3494:
3493:
3487:
3479:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3136:
3130:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2888:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2845:
2834:
2833:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2741:
2719:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2602:Brooklyn Heights
2596:, pastor at the
2321:leaders such as
2053:Fresh Water Pond
1978:Fresh Water Pond
1937:Atlantic Creoles
1889:
1882:
1875:
1859:Emancipation Day
1692:
1659:Slave Trade Acts
350:Byzantine Empire
192:
165:
155:William G. Allen
131:Oneida Institute
115:Upstate New York
21:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5015:
5004:Freedmen's town
4925:
4904:Slave marriages
4877:and procreation
4876:
4874:
4868:
4854:Vice presidents
4768:Nullifier Party
4747:Fugitive slaves
4700:
4696:Slave narrative
4634:Black Canadians
4554:
4548:
4463:
4442:
4428:
4167:
4162:
4103:
4090:
4076:10.2307/1921840
4059:
4050:
4048:
4032:
4026:
4013:
4006:Washington Post
3998:
3988:
3986:Further reading
3983:
3982:
3976:Wayback Machine
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3900:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3842:
3838:
3829:
3825:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3786:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3729:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3682:
3680:
3673:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3609:
3602:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3543:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3508:
3497:
3480:
3468:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3392:
3391:name=Hunter>
3390:
3386:
3379:
3369:Log Cabin Books
3357:Dann, Norman K.
3355:
3354:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3332:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3222:
3218:
3209:
3207:
3200:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3127:Washington Post
3123:Wayback Machine
3113:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3086:Wayback Machine
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2924:
2923:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2830:
2810:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2708:
2704:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2678:Sylvester Manor
2647:
2618:Lower Manhattan
2614:
2598:Plymouth Church
2543:peace Democrats
2535:
2529:
2489:
2469:
2453:The memoirs of
2432:
2372:white supremacy
2351:
2327:fugitive slaves
2305:, professional
2256:
2251:
2225:Book of Negroes
2220:Maritime Canada
2212:Black Loyalists
2164:
2065:Chambers Street
2041:
2028:Roman-Dutch law
2024:
2005:, particularly
1986:
1954:Jacob van Meurs
1902:
1893:
1864:
1863:
1768:Slave narrative
1724:Fugitive slaves
1704:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1654:Slave rebellion
1509:
1499:
1498:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1269:United Kingdom
1205:Yankee princess
799:
791:
790:
518:Avret Pazarları
464:Avret Pazarları
333:Medieval Europe
299:
289:
288:
227:Forced marriage
202:
163:
87:Black Loyalists
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5074:
5072:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5028:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4964:Colored Troops
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4906:
4901:
4899:Slave breeding
4896:
4891:
4889:Female slavery
4886:
4884:Sexual slavery
4880:
4878:
4875:sexual slavery
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4804:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4594:Slave quarters
4591:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4555:social history
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4480:
4478:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4374:South Carolina
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:North Carolina
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4115:
4102:
4101:External links
4099:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4057:
4047:on May 5, 2019
4030:
4025:978-0300247336
4024:
4011:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3961:
3931:
3913:
3898:
3878:
3849:
3836:
3823:
3802:
3784:
3764:
3736:
3710:
3689:
3671:
3648:
3616:
3600:
3582:
3559:
3541:
3521:
3495:
3466:
3446:
3439:
3414:
3407:
3401:. p. 81.
3384:
3377:
3371:. p. 41.
3348:
3330:
3310:
3283:
3268:. March 2020.
3257:
3229:
3223:Lepore, Jill,
3216:
3198:
3178:
3169:Troy, New York
3153:
3131:
3114:Philip, Abby.
3107:
3101:Wolfe, Missy.
3094:
3071:
3032:
3013:
3007:. Bloomsbury.
2993:
2975:
2955:
2937:
2910:
2874:
2860:
2835:
2828:
2800:
2766:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2702:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2613:
2610:
2547:13th Amendment
2528:
2525:
2517:Samuel Cornish
2488:
2483:
2468:
2465:
2431:
2428:
2423:theoretically,
2350:
2347:
2343:Harriet Tubman
2307:bounty hunters
2255:
2252:
2163:
2160:
2114:An act of the
2088:in the South.
2040:
2037:
2023:
2020:
1985:
1982:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1746:List of slaves
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1290:Dutch Republic
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1002:
997:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
940:
939:
938:
928:
927:
926:
915:
914:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
891:
890:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
834:
833:
823:
818:
813:
807:
806:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
761:
757:
756:
751:
749:Child soldiers
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
725:
724:
714:
709:
704:
699:
698:
697:
692:
687:
676:
675:
671:
670:
665:
660:
658:Spanish Empire
655:
650:
645:
640:
638:Middle Passage
635:
630:
625:
620:
614:
613:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
500:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
468:
467:
466:
459:Ottoman Empire
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
420:
414:
413:
407:
406:
405:
404:
394:
389:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
336:
335:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
306:
300:
295:
294:
291:
290:
287:
286:
281:
279:Sexual slavery
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
245:
244:
239:
237:Child marriage
234:
224:
219:
214:
212:Child soldiers
209:
203:
198:
197:
194:
193:
185:
184:
174:
173:
162:
159:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5073:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4921:Shadow family
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4722:Freedom suits
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4671:Planter class
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:Slave catcher
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:West Virginia
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4319:New Hampshire
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:Massachusetts
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3879:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3803:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3765:
3753:
3750:, p. 4,
3749:
3748:
3740:
3737:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3433:. p. 3.
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3378:9780975554883
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3014:9781350071445
3010:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2903:September 27,
2898:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2863:
2861:9780807876015
2857:
2853:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:9780393244076
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2606:abolitionists
2603:
2599:
2595:
2592:, brother of
2591:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:Staten Island
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:Fernando Wood
2534:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2467:Right to vote
2466:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:Fifth of July
2437:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2323:David Ruggles
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:Black Britons
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:New York City
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1962:New Amsterdam
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1929:New Amsterdam
1926:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:New Amsterdam
1911:
1910:Santo Domingo
1907:
1899:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Slave catcher
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Forced labour
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:Abolitionists
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:comfort women
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:Chukri System
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1037:Latin America
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
989:
988:interregional
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
973:prison labour
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
944:
943:United States
941:
937:
934:
933:
932:
929:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:
916:
913:
910:
909:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
832:
829:
828:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
805:
802:
801:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
759:
758:
755:
754:White slavery
752:
750:
747:
745:
744:Slave raiding
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
713:
712:Corvée labour
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
615:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Abbasid harem
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:Barbary Coast
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
408:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
302:
301:
298:
293:
292:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:
196:
195:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:Forced labour
175:
171:
167:
166:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
90:
88:
84:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:Hudson Valley
60:
56:
52:
51:New Amsterdam
48:
44:
36:
31:
27:
19:
4908:
4794:
4787:
4656:Field slaves
4619:Abolitionism
4553:Cultural and
4544:Bibliography
4379:South Dakota
4369:Rhode Island
4364:Pennsylvania
4344:North Dakota
4121:
4107:
4092:
4065:
4049:. Retrieved
4045:the original
4038:
4015:
4004:
3991:
3989:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3943:
3934:
3916:
3888:
3881:
3870:. Retrieved
3861:
3852:
3844:
3839:
3831:
3826:
3812:
3805:
3794:. Retrieved
3774:
3767:
3756:, retrieved
3746:
3739:
3728:. Retrieved
3713:
3699:
3692:
3681:. Retrieved
3661:
3639:. Retrieved
3629:
3619:
3611:
3592:. Retrieved
3572:
3551:. Retrieved
3531:
3524:
3456:
3449:
3426:
3417:
3394:
3387:
3360:
3351:
3340:. Retrieved
3320:
3313:
3302:. Retrieved
3292:
3286:
3274:. Retrieved
3260:
3249:. Retrieved
3239:
3232:
3224:
3219:
3208:. Retrieved
3188:
3181:
3163:
3156:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3074:
3064:February 11,
3062:. Retrieved
3023:. Retrieved
3003:
2996:
2985:. Retrieved
2965:
2958:
2947:. Retrieved
2927:
2901:. Retrieved
2865:. Retrieved
2850:
2818:. New York:
2815:
2791:. Retrieved
2782:
2758:. Retrieved
2749:
2714:
2705:
2692:
2627:
2615:
2587:
2558:
2554:
2536:
2522:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2485:
2481:, in 1870."
2470:
2460:
2452:
2436:emancipation
2433:
2422:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2390:
2388:
2380:
2369:
2358:
2352:
2319:Abolitionist
2300:
2294:and then in
2289:
2285:
2277:
2257:
2238:Sierra Leone
2229:
2223:
2214:on ships to
2208:Guy Carleton
2201:
2189:
2180:Guy Carleton
2173:
2156:
2145:
2130:
2125:
2113:
2102:
2090:
2082:Philadelphia
2070:
2039:English rule
2025:
2016:
2010:
1995:
1987:
1970:Willem Kieft
1967:
1957:
1941:
1935:called them
1927:ship in the
1918:
1903:
1795:Slave patrol
1632:Freedom suit
1608:Sierra Leone
1598:Colonization
1514:Abolitionism
1494:Baháʼí Faith
1467:Christianity
1417:Saudi Arabia
1273:Penal Labour
1238:Blackbirding
1144:Debt bondage
1132:penal system
958:Contemporary
948:Field slaves
936:U.S. Natives
895:South Africa
766:Galley slave
739:Slave market
729:House slaves
702:Blackbirding
680:Conscription
604:21st century
567:Umm al-walad
411:Muslim world
380:Emancipation
284:Wage slavery
264:Penal labour
242:Wife selling
232:Bride buying
217:Conscription
207:Child Labour
200:Contemporary
125:, in nearby
123:Gerrit Smith
113:
98:
91:
71:
40:
26:
4773:Fire-Eaters
4666:Task system
4661:Gang system
4651:Plantations
4454:Puerto Rico
4447:Territories
4294:Mississippi
4209:Connecticut
3926:history.net
3143:Territories
3025:January 29,
2867:February 4,
2820:W.W. Norton
2812:Foner, Eric
2673:Rose Butler
2575:Long Island
2383:War of 1812
2216:Nova Scotia
2152:Jill Lepore
2105:Wall Street
1984:Slave trade
1919:Systematic
1810:court cases
1687: [
1637:Slave Power
1625:Manumission
1472:Catholicism
1347:Afghanistan
1088:Puerto Rico
1000:The Bahamas
978:Slave codes
781:Shanghaiing
771:Impressment
663:Slave Coast
543:Qajar harem
503:Concubinage
476:slave trade
83:Nova Scotia
72:During the
61:and in the
59:Long Island
35:Howard Pyle
5030:Categories
4974:Juneteenth
4959:Contraband
4409:Washington
4329:New Mexico
4324:New Jersey
4199:California
4040:The Nation
3899:0374528993
3872:2020-11-16
3796:2020-03-17
3730:2016-11-07
3705:HathiTrust
3683:2020-03-17
3594:2020-03-17
3553:2020-03-17
3440:0815629141
3342:2020-03-17
3304:2020-03-17
3251:2020-03-16
3210:2020-03-17
2987:2020-03-17
2949:2020-03-16
2783:The Nation
2760:2016-11-07
2726:References
2698:war prizes
2509:published
2313:, and the
2280:Aaron Burr
2109:East River
2086:Charleston
2049:watercolor
1933:Ira Berlin
1825:J.Q. Adams
1815:Washington
1785:Slave name
1734:convention
1709:Common law
1082:Encomienda
878:Seychelles
863:Mauritania
786:Slave ship
653:Panyarring
648:New France
297:Historical
161:Dutch rule
137:in nearby
4873:Marriage,
4572:Treatment
4419:Wisconsin
4384:Tennessee
4289:Minnesota
4264:Louisiana
3954:March 17,
3758:March 31,
3484:cite book
3476:900158156
3276:March 17,
2567:Manhattan
2551:Civil War
2292:Sodus Bay
2278:In 1785,
1976:near the
1974:Manhattan
1904:In 1613,
1820:Jefferson
1477:Mormonism
1412:Palestine
1226:Australia
1156:Indonesia
1047:Lei Áurea
1030:Code Noir
1010:Caribbean
983:Treatment
722:Treatment
695:Devshirme
557:Odalisque
375:In Russia
316:Babylonia
304:Antiquity
127:Peterboro
4539:Glossary
4404:Virginia
4354:Oklahoma
4334:New York
4309:Nebraska
4299:Missouri
4284:Michigan
4274:Maryland
4259:Kentucky
4239:Illinois
4214:Delaware
4204:Colorado
4194:Arkansas
4122:Newshour
4051:June 18,
3972:Archived
3948:Archived
3908:53464289
3866:Archived
3790:Archived
3752:archived
3724:Archived
3677:Archived
3635:Archived
3627:(1818).
3588:Archived
3547:Archived
3513:Archived
3425:(2002).
3359:(2011).
3336:Archived
3298:Archived
3270:Archived
3245:Archived
3204:Archived
3119:Archived
3082:Archived
3058:Archived
3019:Archived
2981:Archived
2943:Archived
2897:Archived
2814:(2015).
2793:June 19,
2787:Archived
2754:Archived
2645:See also
2579:Brooklyn
2061:stockade
2011:La Garce
1852:Iron bit
1842:40 acres
1805:breeding
1620:Freedman
1455:Religion
1315:Portugal
1200:Thailand
1190:Maldives
1185:Malaysia
1178:Kwalliso
1122:Booi Aha
1074:Restavek
1054:Colombia
1025:Trinidad
1015:Barbados
905:Zanzibar
853:Ethiopia
734:Saqaliba
628:Database
579:Saqaliba
340:Ancillae
170:a series
168:Part of
147:Cortland
4910:Plaçage
4476:History
4424:Wyoming
4399:Vermont
4304:Montana
4244:Indiana
4224:Georgia
4219:Florida
4189:Arizona
4179:Alabama
4084:1921840
3641:May 19,
3399:Garland
3227:, 2005.
2202:By the
2193:militia
2107:on the
2094:Newtown
2057:hillock
2047:A 1798
2007:Curaçao
1921:slavery
1830:Lincoln
1703:Related
1603:Liberia
1489:Judaism
1427:Tunisia
1402:Morocco
1392:Lebanon
1357:Bahrain
1352:Algeria
1320:Romania
1285:Denmark
1278:Slavery
1212:Vietnam
883:Somalia
873:Nigeria
848:Comoros
776:Pirates
685:Ghilman
618:Bristol
508:history
481:pirates
370:History
259:Peonage
182:slavery
145:, near
139:Clinton
45:. The
4759:(1808)
4577:Health
4468:Topics
4359:Oregon
4314:Nevada
4254:Kansas
4229:Hawaii
4184:Alaska
4172:States
4120:, PBS
4082:
4022:
3906:
3896:
3782:
3669:
3580:
3539:
3474:
3464:
3437:
3405:
3375:
3328:
3196:
3011:
2973:
2935:
2858:
2826:
2715:commas
2636:and a
2573:, and
2559:insula
2416:(1818)
2098:Queens
2078:Boston
1999:Angola
1991:Angola
1751:owners
1387:Kuwait
1382:Jordan
1335:Sweden
1325:Russia
1310:Poland
1305:Norway
1127:Laogai
1112:Brunei
1107:Bhutan
1069:revolt
1042:Brazil
1005:Canada
968:partus
953:female
838:Angola
707:Coolie
690:Mamluk
643:Nantes
623:Brazil
552:Cariye
387:Thrall
355:Kholop
321:Greece
129:. The
37:, 1917
4389:Texas
4269:Maine
4234:Idaho
4080:JSTOR
3150:–226.
2684:Notes
2563:Latin
2218:(now
1960:[
1908:from
1778:songs
1773:films
1691:]
1647:songs
1484:Islam
1462:Bible
1437:Yemen
1432:Qatar
1422:Syria
1397:Libya
1362:Egypt
1330:Spain
1300:Malta
1173:Korea
1161:Japan
1139:India
1117:China
1064:Haiti
924:Aztec
900:Sudan
868:Niger
760:Naval
633:Dutch
562:Qiyan
548:Jarya
523:Harem
365:Serfs
311:Egypt
5009:list
4394:Utah
4349:Ohio
4249:Iowa
4053:2019
4020:ISBN
3956:2020
3904:OCLC
3894:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3760:2022
3667:ISBN
3643:2021
3578:ISBN
3537:ISBN
3490:link
3472:OCLC
3462:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3403:ISBN
3373:ISBN
3326:ISBN
3278:2020
3194:ISBN
3066:2008
3027:2021
3009:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2933:ISBN
2905:2011
2869:2021
2856:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2795:2016
2337:and
2296:Bath
2247:and
2080:and
1729:laws
1591:U.S.
1586:U.K.
1524:U.S.
1519:U.K.
1407:Oman
1377:Iraq
1372:Iran
1059:Cuba
963:maps
858:Mali
843:Chad
429:Baqt
326:Rome
222:Debt
180:and
4072:doi
3148:225
2600:in
2412:'s
2389:In
2100:).
2051:of
5032::
4078:.
4064:.
4037:.
4003:.
3994:)
3946:.
3942:.
3902:.
3864:.
3860:.
3818:26
3788:.
3722:.
3675:.
3651:^
3603:^
3586:.
3562:^
3545:.
3498:^
3486:}}
3482:{{
3470:.
3397:.
3367::
3363:.
3334:.
3202:.
3167:.
3125:,
3088:,
3035:^
3017:.
2979:.
2941:.
2913:^
2877:^
2838:^
2822:.
2803:^
2785:.
2781:.
2769:^
2752:.
2748:.
2734:^
2608:.
2585:.
2569:,
2341:.
2309:,
2240:.
1980:.
1956:,
1689:fa
172:on
141:.
89:.
69:.
4157:e
4150:t
4143:v
4086:.
4074::
4055:.
4028:.
4009:.
3990:(
3958:.
3928:.
3910:.
3875:.
3820:.
3799:.
3733:.
3707:.
3686:.
3645:.
3597:.
3556:.
3492:)
3478:.
3443:.
3411:.
3381:.
3345:.
3307:.
3280:.
3254:.
3213:.
3175:.
3173:6
3068:.
3029:.
2990:.
2952:.
2907:.
2871:.
2832:.
2797:.
2763:.
2557:(
2096:(
1888:e
1881:t
1874:v
1084:)
1080:(
550:/
425:
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
