1819:
180:
762:
858:
363:(206 km) that communicated Uyuni with Argentina. Another railroad completed was from Oruro to Cochabamba (205 km). Although it was initiated in the first stage of this period (1906), its conclusion in 1917 marks a transition between the phase of connection with the outside and that of internal integration. Indeed, this railway was the first major integration effort between two major cities and the most expensive of the railroads built in this period (see Table 1). Rodríguez Ostria synthesizes the arrival of the railroad from Oruro to Cochabamba as follows:
335:
369:... After twenty-five years of waiting and conflict (1892–1917), forty thousand vociferous people from the city and neighboring towns contemplated the arrival of the first locomotive on July 26, 1917, which, presumably, four more days late and as if he knew the agony of his waiting, he inaugurated his route with two trips to the city of Oruro. Mr. Arana Peredo, a well-known local journalist who expressed the collective feeling, could write in satisfaction: "Modernism has violated the city's doors."
790:
1871:
derailment occurred and the cost of freight transportation was reduced. However, passenger tariffs were raised, in part because they were previously subsidized. At the same time, the coverage of the rail system was reduced by closing several unproductive branches, which were returned by the private companies to the State. In fact, 3,692 km were transferred to private enterprises in 1997 and in 2011 they operated 1,954 km, that is 47.1% less.
889:
383:
La Paz, Oruro, Potosí and
Cochabamba itself. However, in the case of flour in Cochabamba, local and domestic railways allowed rather the recovery of regional markets in the 1920s that had been adversely affected by railroads in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. On the other hand, the consolidation of the railway network between Bolivia, Argentina and Chile in the mid-1920s led to the development of cattle exports from
1686:
railroad system for state subsidies and generate revenue for the treasury through taxes, and improve transportation in the country. In capitalization, the
Bolivian state maintained ownership of the infrastructure and received royalties for the concession. Assets were transferred as rolling stock, workshop equipment, maintenance and communications, stockpiles of spare parts and materials and office furniture and implements.
271:
30:
1997:
257:
204:
deliver 2.6 million pesos. Once at the border, a new company would be formed, totally independent, with preferential rates for the
Huanchaca Company. In 1886 the railroad arrived in Calama, very close to the new frontier, which aroused great opposition in Bolivia, considering it more of military than commercial interest. Despite this, the government of
1983:
940:) and excess personnel. As a result, ENFE was in a precarious economic situation and depended on state subsidies. To address this situation and modernize its equipment (going from locomotives that worked with steam to others that worked with diesel, among others) during the 1960s and 1980s, ENFE received credits from the
1870:
As a result of capitalization, the state succeeded in transforming subsidies in the order of $ 10 million annually to the former ENFE into income through taxes and fees of about $ 2.5 million. The private companies met their investment commitments. In addition, the average train speed increased; less
247:
For the mining industry, railways made it possible to reduce the cost of inputs (especially fuel) and increase export volumes by making it competitive to transport ore with lower silver content. For the
Huanchaca Mining Company, the connection of the railway to its works contributed to an increase of
203:
In 1885, the
Huanchaca Company of Bolivia and the Salitres and Ferrocarril de Antofagasta signed a contract to extend the line of the port to the establishments of the mining company. According to this agreement, the Company of Salitres supplied equipment and machinery and the Huanchaca Company would
187:
The railroads arrived in
Bolivia driven by economic interests associated with raw material exports, first of saltpeter and later of silver. The Anglo-Chilean Company of Salitres and Ferrocarril de Antofagasta built the first railroad lines in 1873 from the Salar del Carmen to Antofagasta. In 1879 the
1083:
The cargo transported by ENFE between 1965 and 1995 fluctuated according to the performance of the
Bolivian economy, but it was upwards reaching almost 1.3 million tons in 1995. During this period, the volume of cargo transported by the Eastern Network was taking increasing importance. While in 1965
817:
The Joint
Argentine-Bolivian Railway Commission was established in 1938 to address the construction of the Santa Cruz–Yacuiba railroad. The studies were completed in 1943. The Bolivian government funded the studies and the Argentine government financed the construction of the lines, by installments,
382:
among its main shareholders) between 1910 and 1913—the Oruro–Cochabamba railway had a major impact on the internal transport of passengers and freight. By lowering transportation costs, railroads allowed the importation of foreign products such as sugar and flour, which displaced local production in
733:
As can be seen in Table 1, the construction of railways in
Bolivia was costly due to the mountainous topography. With the consolidation of the Western network, Bolivia was firmly linked to the Pacific region. The load exported by Antofagasta increased 70% between 1888 and 1904, the load exported by
278:
Just under half of
Bolivia's current rail network was built in the first quarter of the twentieth century. The increase in the construction of railways of the early twentieth century was necessary for the political survival of liberals and republicans. The railroads then had a halo of modernity and
212:
by law of 19 of July 1887. However, when the railway arrived at the border in 1887, the companies did not reach an agreement. To resolve the situation, the Huanchaca Company purchased the railway rights using a loan from English investors. On this basis, The Antofagasta (Chili) Bolivia Railway Co.
1882:
began the construction of railroads at the end of the nineteenth century and beginning of the twentieth century, then of the interlude by the construction of the Eastern network in the middle of the last century—as to "close the circle" in the history of the railways in Bolivia—at the beginning of
1377:
In contrast, the number of passengers carried by ENFE between 1965 and 1995 decreased to almost one-third. While in 1965 it carried 1.6 million passengers, in 2000 they were only 0.65 million. As in the case of cargo, however, the relative importance of the eastern grid grew during this period: it
927:
At the beginning of the seventies, ENFE faced a number of problems common to other railway companies: low-density traffic operations; Old equipment (see Table 2) and poorly maintained; Lack of experienced management cadres and low level of job training; Lack of a trade policy and inadequate tariff
875:
In 1959, the government of Bolivia took over the administration of the Bolivian Railway Co. lines because it had not reached an agreement on the dismissal of personnel which, according to the company, was the cause of its deficit. The danger of the collapse of the railroad, the government returned
777:
The rail network in operation in 1930 amounted to 2,233 km. The 58% (1,294 km) was in the hands of foreign companies, the 6% (144 km) belonged to Bolivian mining companies and 36% (795 km) were state lines. However, some state railroads were in turn leased to foreign companies.
1943:
The estimated cost of the work is less than one billion dollars. However, it amounts to three billion dollars considering the investment needed to rehabilitate the roads and improve the layout of the networks in Bolivia and Chile to raise the weight per axle to 25 tons and make financially viable
1826:
Bolivia is the only case in Latin America and Caribbean in which freight concessionaires also offer long-distance passenger services. The railway transport of passengers is still significant in those corridors where there are no permanent roads. In the Andean network services are provided between
919:
In 1967, the Joint Argentine-Bolivian Commission proposed to extend the line to Argentina north of Santa Cruz, but to reach a navigable port in the Amazon River system. The cost of the first 106 km of this project, up to Santa Rosa, was estimated at $ 7.7 million, while the second tranche of
845:
and advances that the government of Brazil made to Bolivia for the construction in 1938. As with Argentina, this financing was amortized by Bolivian oil. The first Brazilian locomotive arrived in Santa Cruz in November 1953 and the railroad was inaugurated the 5th January 1955, 17 years after the
1685:
government. It was carried out with several objectives: to restructure the sector through the entry of private entrepreneurs; Reduce political interference; Attract capital to improve infrastructure and operations; Regulate the sector by eliminating existing distortions; reduce dependence on the
880:
in 1962. According to Zondag, the Bolivian railways were in very poor condition because between 1952 and 1964 had lost much of the transport of fuels due to the construction of oil pipelines; Transportation of sugar and rice to truck transport; and that of passengers to the greater use of buses.
162:
railroad was approved, and in 1869 authorization was given for the construction of the La Paz–Aigachi railway. However, none were successful. For a complete list of railway projects and the legislation that was approved to carry them out see. On the other hand, the introduction of railways, also
2663:
First 36 km to Salar El Carmen was built in December 1873 and then the line was extended to Salinas. The use of this route to transport merchandise not associated with the Antofagasta Salting and Railroad Company was a source of tension between the Bolivian government and the Company due to the
314:
In this second phase, two stages are identified in the construction of railways. In the first (1900–1915) railroads were built that intensified the connection of several regions of the country with the Pacific. They were oriented to the foreign market and therefore associated with mining. Two
778:
Thus, more than eight different "companies" operated the railways in Bolivia. This diversity of operators was detrimental to the standardization of rolling stock and hampered policy coordination, which would be further complicated by the construction of the Santa Cruz de la Cruz Sierra to
342:
In the second stage, starting in 1915, the main objective was to integrate domestic markets. The interests that promoted them and their potential beneficiaries were definitely not directly linked to the mining sector. Therefore, the regional elites had to put pressure on the state for the
1731:. After the capitalization some roads were dismantled, leaving the city of La Paz without a railroad service. The Eastern Railroad Company was formed on the basis of the Western Enterprise Network of Railways, with approximately 1,426 km, crossing the departments of Santa Cruz,
849:
As can be seen in the maps, the western (or Andean) and eastern networks are not interconnected. The only way to travel between them is through the Argentine railways in a detour of approximately 600 km (see map upper Bolivian Railways and bordering areas) between Yacuiba and
774:. In any case, it shows the important role of the railroad in the transport of passengers when they exceeded the mark of two million and its contribution to the integration of the country. This was the highest point in passenger transport in the history of the Bolivian railways.
311:, completed in 1913, thereby connecting the country's political and economic center with Arica, a natural port for Upper Peru since colonial times. Private companies also invested in railways. By 1925, more than 50% of the lines in operation had been built with British capital.
137:
The origins of Bolivia's railways go back to the 1840s, when the need to transport higher volumes of saltpeter began to be a problem for the future development of nitrate exploitation. Some examples of the first failed efforts in 1856 were the call for a tender to build the
769:
As shown in Figure 1, there was a steady increase, except in 1930, both in the number of passengers and in the cargo transported between 1925 and 1955. In passenger transport, the sudden increase between 1950 and 1955 may be due To the greater social mobility during the
99:
1930–1964: Increasingly independent operations by foreign railway companies, mining companies and state railways. After 1940, government policy gave priority to the roads over railways. Nevertheless, railways are constructed to Argentina and Brazil creating Eastern
279:
development that made them indispensable to any government program. They were perceived as a tool that would allow the colonization of vast territories and contribute to territorial integrity. In order to regulate the process of railway expansion, the government of
248:
87% in average production between the period 1882–1888 and 1889–1895. In the words of the historian Antonio Mitre, "The railroad, at the same time as prolonged the duration of the silver boom in the nineteenth century, began the tin age in the twentieth century.
884:
The nationalization of the railways of the FCAB and the Bolivian Railway Co. was a process that lasted almost two years (1962–1964). Negotiations on compensation were extended until December 1967 when it was agreed that the compensation would be £2.5 million.
286:
The political and economic necessity of building railways, led to them accounting for 40% of Bolivia's $ 72 million foreign debt (mostly British, American and French) between 1900 and 1930. The railways were also financed with indemnities received after the
61:
mining gave a new impetus to railway building, forming what is now known as the Andean or Western network. The eastern network, on the other hand, developed between the years 1940 and 1960 and is financed in exchange for oil through agreements with
1962:
about the possibility of building the interconnection between the Andean and Eastern network as part of the interoceanic corridor to link the Atlantic with the Pacific. Thus Bolivian exports would be directed towards the Peruvian port of
1915:
The interconnection between the eastern and Andean networks is a project pending since the middle of the twentieth century. Several alternatives have been considered and the most studied line has been the one that links
1906:
company built a railway branch with a gauge of one meter wide and 65 km in length. On average, the mine exports about 1,300 tonnes of zinc-silver concentrates and 300 tonnes of lead-silver concentrates every day.
3197:
Railway expansion in Latin America descriptive and narrative history of the railroad systems of Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Chile, Bolivia and all other countries of South and Central America
41:
began in the 1870s after almost three decades of failed efforts to build railroads to integrate the country, mining was the driving force for the construction of railways. The need to transport
1863:. Passenger transport in these sections amounts to more than 200,000 per year. In the eastern network, passenger transport is even greater, mainly between Santa Cruz and Santa Cruz, bordering
1715:
The Andina Railway Company was formed on the basis of the Andean Network of National Railways (ENFE), with approximately 2,276 km of tracks in the departments of La Paz,
754:(FCAB) (formerly The Antofagasta (Chili) Bolivia Railway Co. Ltd.), its revenues decreased by 30% {1930} between 1930 and 31 and a 25%. In 1932, with the outbreak of the
3085:
3064:
1956:
900:
and the Bolivian Railway Co. (1199 km) and the state railroads that derived from these lines (992 km). That year also was transferred to ENFE the railroad
3218:
924:, would have an estimated cost of 10.0 million dollars. On October 1, 1970, the stretch to Santa Rosa was inaugurated. The stretch to Yapacaní is still pending.
3435:
3301:
1750:
As can be seen in Table 5, both companies are rather small in relation to the others in Latin America and the Eastern railway company carries the most freight.
3412:
3018:
2599:
3274:
1756:
Table 5. Bolivian railway companies ordered according to tons-km transported and relative position within the 31 main companies of Latin America, 2008.
2962:
761:
319:–La Paz railway (98 km) completed in 1905 and the Arica–La Paz railway (233 km) completed in 1913. In addition, Oruro was communicated with
323:(237 km) in 1913 (Line that only arrived at La Paz in 1917); and two important branches were built that had great impact on the mining regions:
765:
Passengers and freight transported (TM) by the Ferrocarril de Antofagasta to Bolivia (FCAB) and The Transitory (TM) by the FCAB and BRCo., 1925–1955
841:, Santa Cruz–Corumbá, was financed in part with a million pounds sterling that Brazil committed to Bolivia for a railroad not completed product of
3148:
834:, completed in 1947. The Yacuiba–Santa Cruz railway was inaugurated on December 19, 1957, fifteen years after the formal beginning of the works.
109:
1818:
351:
as final destination), started in 1915 and abandoned after less than 80 km of construction in the 1950s due to lack of financing; then the
3379:
3324:
1384:
Table 4. Historical evolution of passenger transport of ENFE (1965–1995) and concessionaire companies (2000–2015): Andean and Eastern Networks
74:, the railways played a fundamental role and the history of its railroads is the history of the country's efforts to reach first ports on the
3359:
3121:
Contreras, Manuel (2003). Cárdenas, Enrique; José Antonio Ocampo; Rosemary Thorp; Marcelo de Paiva Abreu; Fondo de Cultura Económica (eds.).
304:
197:
1090:
Table 3. Historical evolution of freight transport: ENFE (1965–1995) and concessionaire companies (2000–2015): Andean and Oriental Networks
359:–Santa Cruz railway, which began in 1928 and remained unfinished. In this period also began (1915) and concluded (1925) the railroad Atocha–
3374:
3259:
945:
897:
751:
179:
1739:. This last network connects the agricultural environment of Santa Cruz and the natural gas-producing region to the south of Bolivia with
158:
with the "camino lane". In 1867, it was agreed to construct the Cobija–Aduana Nacional railway, a year later the construction of a Cobija–
3334:
3043:
2849:
758:
in 1932, however, there was an increase in cargo and revenues due to the transportation of troops, ammunition and supplies to the army.
3402:
857:
3339:
3294:
3130:
2888:
1902:. In order to transport zinc-silver and lead-silver concentrates from the concentration plant to the Uyuni–Antofagasta railway, the
2640:
225:
line (12 km) with a tunnel of almost 3 km. In 1892, the line was extended from Uyuni to the city of Oruro (925 km).
1690:
104:
2820:
3407:
1903:
1747:. Since then and until September 2009 the Company Ferroviaria Oriental was in control of the US company Genesee & Wyoming.
913:
192:
broke out, after which Chile occupied the region of Antofagasta, which became incorporated into Chile after the signing of the
1928:(Eastern network) approximately 400 km. The most relevant traffic to justify such work is the transport of iron ore from
217:
section (612 km) was concluded at a cost of £2.2 million. Huanchaca built the Pulacayo–Uyuni branch (36 km) and the
2933:
2896:. Nota Técnica No. IDB-TN-303. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Sector de Infraestructura y Medio Ambiente. Archived from
2772:
2723:
2704:
2522:
3125:. México: La era de las exportaciones latinoamericanas : de fines del siglo XIX a principios del XX. pp. 259–296.
3369:
3344:
2503:
3349:
3240:
3354:
1867:, which mobilizes 500,000 passengers per year. In total, both railroads carry approximately 800,000 passengers per year.
807:
96:
and Argentina, as well as between the Bolivia's main cities of the high plateau and valleys forming the Western network.
3287:
1682:
771:
3364:
2743:
3176:"Ferrocarriles Bolivia. Del anhelo a la frustración. Comunicaciones, desarrollo, producción, economía y dependencia"
3034:
2041:"Ferrocarriles Bolivia. Del anhelo a la frustración. Comunicaciones, desarrollo, producción, economía y dependencia"
2603:
3175:
2040:
1705:
811:
92:
1900 and 1930: The greatest expansion, financed by foreign investment. In this period connections were made with
2925:
2020:
300:
168:
21:
1694:
1681:
The capitalization of railroads, which began in 1995, was made in the context of the neo-liberal reforms of the
1084:
it barely represented 9.9% of the total freight carried by ENFE, in 1995 this percentage reached 50% (Table 3).
379:
308:
3316:
1897:
334:
123:
118:
1699:
343:
construction of these railroads. The construction of more railroads began to be completed. First, the La Paz–
1925:
1892:
901:
842:
296:
237:
2971:
802:
The construction of the eastern network was undertaken to develop the Santa Cruz region and link it to the
228:
The Antofagasta–Oruro railway took over the Bolivian foreign trade that had traditionally passed through
3270:
Historic statistics on railways in Bolivia: Infrastructures and material, transport and economic results
3269:
2784:
Aniceto Arce. Artífice de la extensión de la revolución industrial y forjador de la República de Bolivia
1732:
846:
beginning of the works. The definitive construction of bridges and other minor works lasted until 1970.
3155:
738:
to Port of Mollendo 30% between 1900 and 1904 and that exports by Arica doubled between 1914 and 1917.
881:
Again, the future of railway development was tied to the performance of mining and the export sector.
3238:
Ferrocarriles Bolivia. From yearning to frustration. Development, production, economy and dependence.
2585:
1728:
328:
236:
in the markets of La Paz and Oruro and imported sugar to replace the sugar produced traditionally in
193:
3390:
303:(formed in 1906 as part of the Speyer loan) to build the main railway. Under the terms of the 1904
280:
374:
Together with two exceptions of the first period—the Cochabamba–Vinto (18 km) and Cochabamba–
3212:
2015:
2010:
1716:
1710:
324:
288:
189:
71:
789:
3226:
Rowe, D. Trevor (1972). "Railways of Bolivia". Vol. 118. Railway Magazine. pp. 68–70.
222:
3126:
3026:
2929:
2768:
2719:
2700:
2664:
government's fear that this railroad would compete with the projects it planned to carry out.
921:
861:
Map of the Bolivian network of railroads showing flow of traffic in the several sections, 1975
3279:
2992:
Los patriarcas de la plata. Estructura socioeconómica de la minería boliviana en el siglo XIX
896:
The National State Railways Company (ENFE) was created in 1964 to manage the railways of the
53:
mining, however, that drove the construction of a railway from the Pacific coast to the high
1968:
888:
747:
205:
147:
3244:
3200:
2897:
355:–Potosí railroad which began in 1916 and could only be completed in 1935; and finally the
348:
2716:
From the Pacific to La Paz: The Antofagasta (Chili) and Bolivia Railway Company 1888-1988
1883:
the century again the laying of railway lines. This time is the exploitation of silver,
2918:
2002:
1828:
803:
375:
270:
209:
79:
2873:. La Paz: Editorial La Razón, Historias bajo la lupa. La Guerra Federal, Fascículo 12.
2829:
3429:
2890:
Más y mejores trenes: Cambiando la matriz de transporte en América Latina y el Caribe
2745:
Análisis Socioeconómico del Departamento de Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia), Vol. V
1988:
412:
405:
143:
139:
75:
292:
29:
3264:
2526:
57:
during the nineteenth century. Later, at the beginning of the twentieth century,
1952:
1929:
1840:
851:
360:
167:
in wagons to the interior and exterior of the mine first worked in Karwayqullu (
3237:
1727:. Since then the Company Ferroviaria Oriental was in control of the US company
232:, Argentina, but also enabled imported flour to displace the flour produced in
89:
1870–1900: Silver mining companies built their own railways for ore transport.
2945:
Las ferrovías y la carretera que transformaron el oriente boliviano, 1938-1957
1978:
1959:
1921:
1848:
1720:
941:
933:
905:
783:
356:
233:
3030:
393:
Table 1. Length and cost of construction of the railways in Bolivia, c. 1928
3149:"Del poder a los tratados: Desarrollo y ferrocarriles en Bolivia, 1870-1904"
3019:"¡Ferrocarril o nada! La lucha por la locomotora en Cochabamba, 1892 - 1927"
1964:
1740:
908:. In 1967, the government transferred the railroads of the eastern network,
826:
these loans by delivering petroleum. Additionally, under this agreement the
823:
755:
85:
Five phases can be distinguished in the history of the railways of Bolivia:
63:
3254:
3204:
3001:
Informe de la Misión de Asistencia Técnica de las Naciones Unidas a Bolivia
1856:
1724:
256:
241:
213:
Ltd. was organized in London on November 28, 1888. In 1889 the Antofagasta–
159:
944:
and Japanese Cooperation (JICA), as well as technical assistance from the
831:
218:
299:
signed in 1903, Bolivia received £2 million, which was used to fund the
3195:
Halsey, Frederic M. (1916). The Moody magazine and book company (ed.).
3179:
2044:
1937:
1917:
1852:
1822:
Ferrobús de Santa Cruz a Puerto Suárez, Ferroviaria Oriental S.A., 2010
937:
909:
819:
779:
378:(60 km) railroads built by Luz y Fuerza Eléctrica (which included
208:(1884–1888) approved the extension of the railway line from Ascotán to
54:
46:
3066:
Bolivia - Railway Project. Transportation projects series no. PTR 111
2880:
Rieles con futuro: desafíos para los ferrocarriles de América del Sur
1933:
1875:
1864:
1836:
1744:
1736:
838:
735:
384:
344:
320:
316:
155:
67:
50:
2792:
2584:
Asociación Latinoamericana de Ferrocarriles (ALAF) (June 19, 2017).
114:(ENFE) in 1964 with a policy role in the development of the country.
3122:
3107:
La economía boliviana, 1952-1965. La Revolución y sus consecuencias
2920:
Economic Change and Rural Resistance in Southern Bolivia, 1880–1930
2238:
1982:
1948:
1860:
1844:
1832:
1817:
929:
887:
827:
788:
760:
750:(1929–1239), negatively affected the railways. In the case of the
352:
333:
229:
214:
178:
151:
42:
163:
known as "railway of mines", to facilitate the transportation of
103:
1964–1966: Nationalization of the railways, the creation of the
1888:
1884:
877:
93:
3283:
2964:
La Compañía de Salitres de Antofagasta y la Guerra del Pacífico
2466:
2442:
3042:
Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas (2010).
3010:
El estado oligárquico y los empresarios de Atacama (1871-1878)
2954:
The Bankers in Bolivia. A Study in American Foreign Investment
1879:
283:
promulgated of General Law of Railroads the 3rd October 1910.
164:
58:
1378:
represented 45% of passengers transported in 1995 (Table 4).
2697:
Las relaciones económicas de Alemania con Bolivia, 1880-1920
183:
View of the railway pier and saltpeter in Antofagasta, 1876
2641:"China pide estudio de construcción de tren interoceánico"
117:
1997–2013: The privatization of the railways through the
2478:
2454:
954:
Table 2. Distribution by age of ENFE rolling stock, 1971
806:
via the Santa Cruz–Yacuiba railroad (517 km) to the
3249:
2765:
Bolivia public policy options for the well-being of all
818:
and then their subsequent equipment. The government of
2043:(in Spanish). ferrocarrilesbolivia.com. Archived from
3045:Área Macrosectorial: Tomo IV El Sector del transporte
2812:
Informe del 24 de abril al Cónsul de EE.UU. en La Paz
2271:
2269:
150:
and the agreement between Peru and Bolivia to unite
3388:
3315:
2406:
2404:
33:
Interactive map of the Bolivian rail network (2014)
2917:
2688:Ferrocarriles bolivianos; pasado, presente, futuro
2345:
2343:
45:to the coast triggered the first railway lines in
2797:. La Paz: Universidad Andina Simón Bolivar-INDEAA
2794:Estaño, ferrocarriles y modernización, 1900-1930
2166:
1957:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
307:, the Chilean government undertook to build the
2814:. RG84. College Park, MD: US National Archives.
2249:
1847:–Abaroa with Chile; and in the internal lines,
1693:divided the railway system into two companies:
365:
315:additional exits were made to the Pacific: the
2643:(in Spanish). La Paz: La Razón. June 19, 2017.
327:–Potosí River (174 km) in 1912 and Uyuni–
3295:
2718:. Londres: Lester Crook Academic Publishing.
2669:
2360:
2298:
2286:
2275:
2039:Luis Reynaldo Gómez Zubieta (June 19, 2017).
8:
3414:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3123:"Bolivia: Estaño, ferrocarriles y educación"
2810:Dirección General de Obras Públicas (1930).
1971:requested a pre-feasibility study for 2014.
810:and Santa Cruz–Corumbá (600 km) to the
2410:
3310:History of rail transport in South America
3302:
3288:
3280:
3217:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2395:
2384:
2349:
2261:
2239:Dirección General de Obras Públicas (1930)
876:the administration of the railroad to the
260:Baldwin and Rodgers Locomotive, Pulacayo,
2882:. Caracas: Corporación Andina de Fomento.
2334:
2226:
2154:
2137:
2113:
3154:. Vol. 46. Historia. Archived from
2970:. Vol. 14. Historia. Archived from
2819:Empresa Ferroviaria Andina S.A. (2015).
2735:La mayor inversión boliviana (1825-2000)
2504:"Recuperación del ferrocarril boliviano"
1752:
1380:
1086:
950:
856:
389:
269:
255:
28:
2994:. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
2656:
2571:
2125:
2031:
3210:
2322:
2310:
2214:
2178:
1665:Source: 1965–1990:; 1995:; 2000–2015:
1371:Source: 1965–1990:; 1995:; 2000–2015:
3275:Train travel between Sucre and Potosí
2627:
2623:
2621:
2559:
2547:
2490:
2467:Empresa Ferroviaria Andina S.A. (2015
2443:Empresa Ferroviaria Andina S.A. (2015
2430:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2372:
2202:
2190:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2065:
305:Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904)
7:
3436:History of rail transport in Bolivia
3260:Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia
2665:
946:United Nations Development Programme
871:Nationalization and creation of ENFE
752:Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia
338:FCAB, main Maestranza in Uyuni, 1925
274:Train between Sucre and Potosí, 1931
39:history of rail transport in Bolivia
22:history of rail transport by country
2947:. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: El País.
2943:Limpias Ortiz, Víctor Hugo (2009).
2600:"Minera San Cristóbal, Ferrocarril"
793:Red Oriental Section San José, 2002
746:The mining crisis, parallel to the
3017:Rodríguez Ostria, Gustavo (2012).
2952:Marsh, Margaret Alexander (1928).
2848:Ferroviaria Oriental S.A. (2015).
2602:. October 26, 2014. Archived from
2510:(in Spanish), Oruro, June 19, 2017
1843:; in the international connection
423:Antofagasta & Bolivia Railway
14:
2782:Condarco Morales, Ramiro (1985).
2586:"Síntesis Estadística ALAF, 2011"
1706:Empresa Ferroviaria Oriental S.A.
3250:Company Ferroviaria Andina (FCA)
3012:. La Paz: Ediciones Gráficas EG.
2871:Ferrocarriles. Utopía y realidad
1995:
1981:
1009:Diesel locomotives for maneuvers
892:Bus rail of ENFE in Viacha, 1981
3109:. La Paz: Los Amigos del Libro.
2686:Aramayo Avila, Cesáreo (1959).
2479:Ferroviaria Oriental S.A. (2015
2455:Ferroviaria Oriental S.A. (2015
1695:Empresa Ferroviaria Andina S.A.
105:National State Railways Company
3265:Railroad from Guaqui to La Paz
3174:Gómez Zubieta, Luis Reynaldo.
3025:. Revista Estudios del ISHiR.
3008:Pérez Torrico, Alexis (1994).
3003:. Nueva York: Naciones Unidas.
2767:. Washington, DC: World Bank.
2521:Jonathan O. (March 15, 2014).
1689:The capitalization process of
1:
3105:Zondag, Cornelius H. (1968).
3087:Bolivia-Third Railway Project
2699:. Berlín: Colloquium Verlag.
2695:Bieber, Enrique León (1984).
2523:"La trágica historia de ENFE"
295:wars. Under the terms of the
261:
3147:Correa Vera, Loreto (2013).
1951:in December 2013, President
772:Bolivian National Revolution
20:This article is part of the
2733:Castro Bozo, Ángel (2013).
240:and sold in the markets of
3452:
2791:Contreras, Manuel (1993).
2714:Blakemore, Harold (1990).
928:structure; Deficit lines (
569:1.5 (6% income to La Paz)
3255:Ferroviaria Oriental S.A.
2926:Stanford University Press
2763:Cibilis, Vicente (2006).
2021:Rail transport in Bolivia
1811:
1755:
1683:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
1664:
1383:
1370:
1089:
1076:
953:
726:
551:
478:
422:
392:
2999:Naciones Unidas (1951).
2956:. Nueva York: AMS Press.
2924:. Stanford, California:
2878:Kogan, Jorge H. (2004).
2869:Johnson, Carmen (1999).
2690:. La Paz: Imp. Nacional.
2668:, p. 79). See also
866:Fourth phase (1964–1996)
642:Ferr. Machacamarca–Uncía
252:Second phase (1900–1929)
2990:Mitre, Antonio (1981).
1672:Fifth phase (1997–2013)
742:Third phase (1930–1963)
175:First phase (1870–1899)
2916:Langer, Erick (1989).
2167:Rodríguez Ostria (2012
1924:(Andean network) with
1823:
1773:Average distance (km)
893:
862:
794:
766:
693:Ferr. Corocoro–Tarejra
659:Ferr. Cochabamba–Arani
372:
339:
331:(90 km) in 1913.
275:
267:
184:
34:
2887:Kohon, Jorge (2011).
2301:, pp. 32, 44–46)
2250:Naciones Unidas (1951
1874:If the mining of the
1821:
1729:Genesee & Wyoming
891:
860:
792:
764:
710:Ferr. Uyuni–Huanchaca
625:Ferr. Atocha–Villazón
418:Maximum gradient (%)
337:
273:
259:
182:
171:, Potosí) from 1853.
32:
2786:. La Paz: Amerindia.
2670:Pérez Torrico (1994)
2276:Aramayo Avila (1959)
2047:on December 13, 2013
1904:Minera San Cristóbal
920:105 km, to the
552:Peruvian Corp. Ltd.
501:Mulatos–Potosí River
479:Bolivia Railway Co.
309:Arica–La Paz railway
297:Treaty of Petrópolis
3182:on 13 December 2013
3161:on 8 September 2014
3084:World Bank (1986).
3063:World Bank (1972).
2977:on 8 September 2014
2961:Mayo, John (1979).
2606:on December 8, 2015
2574:, pp. 412–413)
2361:Limpias Ortiz (2009
2299:Limpias Ortiz (2009
2287:Limpias Ortiz (2009
2229:, pp. 177–178)
2181:, pp. 139–142)
2140:, pp. 281–282)
2080:, pp. 175–177)
2068:, pp. 166–167)
1947:During his trip to
1932:on the border with
1098:Andean Network (TM)
970:More than 30 years
967:From 10 to 30 years
631:2,000,000 (approx.)
591:Ferr. La Paz–Yungas
281:Juan Misael Saracho
78:coast and then the
3243:2017-09-10 at the
3037:on 3 October 2012.
3023:Estudios del Ishir
2411:Castro Bozo (2013)
2016:History of Bolivia
2011:Juan Rivero Torres
1824:
992:Diesel locomotives
964:Less than 10 years
894:
863:
795:
767:
608:Ferr. Potosí–Sucre
574:Ferr. Arica–La Paz
340:
276:
268:
196:and the treaty of
185:
72:landlocked country
70:. Bolivia being a
35:
3423:
3422:
3395:other territories
2529:on March 15, 2014
2385:World Bank (1986)
2350:World Bank (1972)
2262:World Bank (1972)
2193:, pp. 70–71)
1911:Future Challenges
1816:
1815:
1767:Ton-km (millions)
1761:Relative position
1669:
1668:
1375:
1374:
1104:Red Oriental (TM)
1081:
1080:
975:Steam locomotives
843:Petropolis Treaty
731:
730:
716:228,000 (approx.)
148:President Córdova
3443:
3415:
3403:Falkland Islands
3317:Sovereign states
3304:
3297:
3290:
3281:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3208:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3178:. Archived from
3170:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3038:
3033:. Archived from
3013:
3004:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2923:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2895:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2856:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2828:. Archived from
2827:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2778:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2750:
2738:
2737:. La Paz: CEPAA.
2729:
2710:
2691:
2673:
2661:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2525:. Archived from
2518:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2408:
2399:
2396:World Bank (1972
2393:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2036:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1969:paramount leader
1901:
1798:Emp. Andean Rail
1753:
1714:
1703:
1381:
1087:
951:
814:, respectively.
812:Brazilian border
808:Argentine border
748:Great Depression
676:Cochabamba–Vinto
518:Oruro–Cochabamba
398:Rail and stretch
390:
370:
301:Bolivian Railway
266:
263:
206:Gregorio Pacheco
127:
113:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3413:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3311:
3308:
3245:Wayback Machine
3234:
3225:
3209:
3194:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3120:
3117:
3115:Further reading
3104:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3041:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2936:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2903:on 7 April 2014
2900:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2835:on 6 March 2017
2832:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2790:
2781:
2775:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2694:
2685:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2335:Blakemore (1990
2333:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2233:
2227:Blakemore (1990
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2155:Contreras (1993
2153:
2144:
2138:Contreras (1993
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2114:Contreras (1993
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1913:
1895:
1770:Tons (millions)
1708:
1697:
1679:
1674:
873:
868:
800:
744:
380:Simón I. Patiño
371:
368:
347:railroad (with
264:
254:
177:
135:
121:
107:
12:
11:
5:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3233:
3232:External links
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3199:. Nueva York.
3192:
3171:
3144:
3131:
3116:
3113:
3112:
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2987:
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2913:
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2875:
2866:
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2816:
2807:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2760:
2742:CEPAL (1972).
2739:
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2339:
2337:, p. 263)
2327:
2325:, p. 166)
2315:
2313:, p. 162)
2303:
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2279:
2265:
2254:
2252:, p. 345)
2242:
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2159:
2157:, p. 282)
2142:
2130:
2118:
2116:, p. 281)
2106:
2104:, p. 173)
2094:
2092:, p. 169)
2082:
2070:
2058:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2003:Bolivia portal
1992:
1976:
1973:
1967:. The Chinese
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1677:Capitalization
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968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
955:
932:–Tarabuco and
922:Yapacaní River
872:
869:
867:
864:
799:
796:
743:
740:
729:
728:
724:
723:
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366:
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134:
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119:capitalization
115:
101:
97:
90:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3448:
3437:
3434:
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3408:French Guiana
3406:
3404:
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3320:
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3293:
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3132:9789681665616
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2892:
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2853:
2852:
2851:Memoria Anual
2846:
2831:
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2822:Memoria Anual
2817:
2813:
2808:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2770:
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2660:
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2642:
2636:
2633:
2630:, p. 48)
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2588:(in Spanish).
2587:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:Cibilis (2006
2568:
2565:
2562:, p. 78)
2561:
2556:
2553:
2550:, p. 39)
2549:
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2541:
2528:
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2499:
2496:
2493:, p. 45)
2492:
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2484:
2481:, p. 26)
2480:
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2469:, p. 15)
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2460:
2457:, p. 23)
2456:
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2445:, p. 18)
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2433:, p. 47)
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2398:, p. 49)
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2375:, p. 56)
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2363:, p. 36)
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2289:, p. 46)
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2255:
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2240:
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2217:, p. 50)
2216:
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2205:, p. 70)
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
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2180:
2175:
2172:
2169:, p. 17)
2168:
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2126:Johnson (1999
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1990:
1989:Trains portal
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
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1923:
1919:
1910:
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1893:San Cristóbal
1890:
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1878:and then the
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557:Guaqui–La Paz
556:
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550:
546:
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540:
537:
534:
533:
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520:
517:
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462:Viacha–La Paz
461:
460:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
439:
436:
433:
430:
428:Ollague–Uyuni
427:
426:
421:
417:
414:
411:Cost per km (
410:
407:
403:
400:
397:
396:
391:
388:
386:
381:
377:
364:
362:
358:
354:
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272:
258:
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199:
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174:
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157:
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149:
145:
141:
132:
125:
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102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
52:
49:. It was the
48:
44:
40:
31:
25:
23:
18:
17:
16:
3391:Dependencies
3329:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3180:the original
3163:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3136:. Retrieved
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3086:
3073:. Retrieved
3065:
3052:. Retrieved
3044:
3035:the original
3022:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2979:. Retrieved
2972:the original
2963:
2953:
2944:
2919:
2905:. Retrieved
2898:the original
2889:
2879:
2870:
2858:. Retrieved
2850:
2837:. Retrieved
2830:the original
2821:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2793:
2783:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2744:
2734:
2715:
2696:
2687:
2680:Bibliography
2659:
2635:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:the original
2594:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2516:
2507:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2462:
2450:
2438:
2391:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2330:
2323:Zondag (1968
2318:
2311:Zondag (1968
2306:
2294:
2282:
2257:
2245:
2234:
2222:
2215:Bieber (1984
2210:
2198:
2186:
2179:Langer (1989
2174:
2162:
2133:
2128:, p. 9)
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:the original
2034:
1946:
1944:investment.
1942:
1914:
1873:
1869:
1825:
1749:
1688:
1680:
1398:Red Oriental
1376:
1082:
1060:Freight cars
926:
918:
895:
883:
874:
848:
837:The line to
836:
816:
801:
798:Red oriental
776:
768:
745:
732:
535:Viacha–Oruro
484:Uyuni–Atocha
404:Total cost (
373:
341:
313:
285:
277:
246:
227:
202:
186:
146:railroad by
136:
84:
38:
36:
19:
15:
3186:13 December
3165:8 September
3075:14 December
2981:8 September
2907:23 December
2628:Kohon (2011
2560:Kohon (2011
2548:Kohon (2011
2491:Kogan (2004
2431:Kogan (2004
2373:CEPAL (1972
2203:Marsh (1928
2191:Marsh (1928
2102:Mitre (1981
2090:Mitre (1981
2078:Mitre (1981
2066:Mitre (1981
1953:Evo Morales
1896: [
1709: [
1698: [
1026:Diesel cars
445:Uyuni–Oruro
401:Length (km)
325:Río Mulatos
265: 1905
190:Pacific War
122: [
108: [
3138:15 January
2935:0804714916
2801:31 January
2774:0821366629
2754:2 February
2725:1870915097
2706:3767806053
2666:Mayo (1979
2027:References
1960:Xi Jinping
1955:talked to
1926:Santa Cruz
1922:Cochabamba
1849:Cochabamba
1733:Chuquisaca
1721:Cochabamba
1392:Red Andean
942:World Bank
934:Cochabamba
914:Santa Cruz
902:Santa Cruz
357:Cochabamba
238:Santa Cruz
234:Cochabamba
3380:Venezuela
3325:Argentina
3213:cite book
3096:1 January
3031:2250-4397
2508:La Patria
1781:East Rail
1741:Argentina
1542:1,070,814
1519:2,198,192
1507:1,572,810
1496:1,708,233
1484:1,207,299
1473:1,148,939
1450:1,229,939
1438:1,002,352
1427:1,624,469
1415:1,314,405
1363:2,729,247
1357:1,676,247
1351:1,053,000
1340:2,262,688
1334:1,215,688
1328:1,047,000
1317:1,840,210
1311:1,320,100
1294:1,596,354
1288:1,039,000
1271:1,345,190
1248:1,082,544
1202:1,276,525
1179:1,141,041
1156:1,076,034
916:to ENFE.
824:Argentina
756:Chaco War
614:1,150,000
580:1,105,000
541:1,241,093
524:3,898,080
507:1,761,702
451:1,221,000
223:Huanchaca
64:Argentina
43:saltpeter
3430:Category
3370:Suriname
3360:Paraguay
3345:Colombia
3241:Archived
3205:6587199M
3054:24 April
2610:June 19,
2533:June 19,
2051:June 18,
1975:See also
1930:El Mutún
1841:Villazón
1812:Source:
1764:Railroad
1077:Source:
948:(UNDP).
852:Villazón
832:Tarabuco
804:Atlantic
727:Source:
367:—
361:Villazón
219:Pulacayo
169:Quijarro
128:process.
100:network.
80:Atlantic
3375:Uruguay
3350:Ecuador
3330:Bolivia
2860:6 March
2839:6 March
1938:Pacific
1936:to the
1918:Aiquile
1853:Aiquile
1657:291,917
1645:211,609
1634:604,194
1628:334,013
1622:270,181
1611:834,400
1605:620,600
1599:213,800
1588:667,414
1582:462,414
1576:205,000
1565:646,814
1559:291,093
1553:355,721
1536:480,451
1530:590,363
1513:625,382
1490:500,934
1467:317,080
1461:831,859
1444:227,587
1421:310,064
1305:520,000
1282:557,000
1265:671,523
1259:673,667
1242:406,104
1236:676,440
1225:993,057
1219:354,059
1213:638,998
1196:446,495
1190:830,030
1173:326,259
1167:814,782
1150:140,320
1144:935,714
1133:992,563
1121:893,914
938:Aiquile
910:Yacuiba
906:Corumbá
820:Bolivia
784:Corumbá
780:Yacuiba
665:150,000
648:991,667
597:530,000
563:400,000
490:621,630
468:400,000
434:462,000
289:Pacific
76:Pacific
55:plateau
47:Bolivia
3355:Guyana
3335:Brazil
3203:
3129:
3029:
2932:
2771:
2722:
2703:
1934:Brazil
1876:silver
1865:Brazil
1857:Potosí
1837:Tupiza
1745:Brazil
1737:Tarija
1725:Potosí
1660:100.0
1651:80,308
1637:100.0
1614:100.0
1591:100.0
1568:100.0
1545:100.0
1522:100.0
1499:100.0
1476:100.0
1453:100.0
1430:100.0
1366:100.0
1343:100.0
1320:100.0
1297:100.0
1274:100.0
1251:100.0
1228:100.0
1205:100.0
1182:100.0
1159:100.0
1136:100.0
1127:98,649
839:Brazil
736:Guaqui
699:41,600
682:60,000
651:10,320
634:10,100
617:11,500
600:10,000
527:19,000
510:10,120
471:13,333
385:Tarija
345:Yungas
329:Atocha
321:Viacha
317:Guaqui
242:Potosí
160:Potosí
156:La Paz
144:Calama
140:Cobija
133:Origin
68:Brazil
51:silver
24:series
3340:Chile
3159:(PDF)
3152:(PDF)
3091:(PDF)
3070:(PDF)
3049:(PDF)
2975:(PDF)
2968:(PDF)
2901:(PDF)
2894:(PDF)
2855:(PDF)
2833:(PDF)
2826:(PDF)
2749:(PDF)
2651:Notes
1949:China
1900:]
1861:Sucre
1845:Uyuni
1833:Uyuni
1829:Oruro
1717:Oruro
1713:]
1702:]
1404:Total
1110:Total
1072:1251
961:Total
930:Sucre
828:Sucre
822:paid
719:6,000
702:5,200
685:3,800
668:2,500
583:4,742
566:4,150
544:6,143
493:6,907
454:3,880
437:2,750
376:Arani
353:Sucre
230:Salta
215:Uyuni
210:Oruro
152:Tacna
126:]
112:]
3365:Peru
3219:link
3188:2013
3167:2014
3140:2014
3127:ISBN
3098:2014
3077:2013
3056:2014
3027:ISSN
2983:2014
2930:ISBN
2909:2013
2862:2017
2841:2017
2803:2016
2769:ISBN
2756:2016
2720:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2612:2017
2535:2017
2053:2017
1889:zinc
1887:and
1885:lead
1855:and
1839:and
1807:433
1804:0.54
1790:620
1787:1,29
1743:and
1735:and
1723:and
1704:and
1691:ENFE
1654:27.5
1648:72.5
1642:2015
1631:53.3
1625:44.7
1619:2010
1608:74.4
1602:27.2
1596:2005
1585:69.3
1579:30.7
1573:2000
1562:45.0
1556:55.0
1550:1995
1539:44.9
1533:55.1
1527:1990
1516:28.4
1510:71.6
1504:1985
1493:29.3
1487:70.7
1481:1980
1470:27.6
1464:72.4
1458:1975
1447:18.5
1441:81.5
1435:1970
1424:19.1
1418:80.9
1412:1965
1389:Year
1360:61.4
1354:38.6
1348:2015
1337:53.7
1331:46.3
1325:2010
1314:71.7
1308:28.3
1302:2005
1291:65.1
1285:34.9
1279:2000
1268:49.9
1262:50.1
1256:1995
1245:37.5
1239:62.5
1233:1990
1222:35.7
1216:64.3
1210:1985
1199:35.0
1193:65.0
1187:1980
1176:28.6
1170:71.4
1164:1975
1153:13.0
1147:87.0
1141:1970
1124:90.1
1118:1965
1095:Year
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671:1.5
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603:6.0
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547:1.0
530:2.6
513:3.0
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457:1.0
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291:and
198:1904
194:1884
154:and
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3393:and
1965:Ilo
1920:in
1891:in
1880:tin
1801:234
1795:28°
1784:787
1778:20°
1130:9.9
1069:492
1066:100
1046:198
987:44
628:128
611:100
577:233
538:202
521:205
504:174
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431:175
165:ore
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