621:
262:
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232:(about $ 1 million) to obtain, but opposition could effectively prevent its construction. The canal companies, unable or unwilling to upgrade their facilities to compete with railways, used political power to try to stop them. The railways responded by purchasing about a quarter of the canal system, in part to obtain the right of way, and in part to buy off critics. Once an act was obtained, there was little government regulation. The railways largely had exclusive territory, but given the compact size of Britain, this meant that two or more competing lines could connect major cities.
553:
258:– before a series of scandalous revelations forced him out of office. The economic, railway, and accounting literatures have treated Hudson as an important figure in railway history, although concentrating largely on the financial reporting malpractices of the Eastern Counties Railway while Hudson was its chairman, which were incorporated into the influential Monteagle Committee Report of 1849. He did away with accountants and manipulated funds – paying large dividends out of capital because profits were low – but no one knew that until his system collapsed.
191:, some powerful landowners objected to railways being built across their land and raised objections in Parliament to prevent the bill from being passed. Some landowners charged excessive amounts, so these early lines did not always follow the optimal route. In addition, steep gradients were to be avoided as they would require more powerful locomotives, while since speeds were expected to be less than about 30 mph, curves were considered less of a problem. It was the curves on these early lines that, a century later, would lead to
100:
377:
peasant, the farmer and the gentleman....Railroads will in their efforts to gain ground do incalculable mischief. If they succeed they will give an unnatural impetus to society, destroy all the relations which exist between man and man, overthrow all mercantile regulations, overturn the metropolitan markets, drain the provinces of all their resources, and create, at the peril of life, all sorts of confusion and distress. If they fail nothing will be left but the hideous memorials of public folly.
242:" in 1842 which rationalized the service by providing uniform paperwork and standardized methods for apportioning fares while transferring passengers and freight between lines, and loaning out freight wagons. He could design complex company and line amalgamations, and his activities helped to bring about the beginnings of a more modern railway network. In 1849 he exercised effective control over nearly 30% of the rail track then operating in Britain, most of it owned by four railway groups – the
629:
curves, originating from the need to help the relatively weak engines and brakes, was a boon when speeds increased, avoiding for the most part the need to re-survey the course of a line. Less than 20 years after the
Liverpool line opened, it was possible to travel from London to Scotland by train, in a small fraction of the former time by road. Towards the end of the 19th century, competition became fierce between companies on the east and west coast routes to Scotland, leading to the "
1109:
525:
1222:
910:
1292:(1859). Like the LB&SCR and the L&SWR, it had a large suburban traffic base and served many of the south east coast seaside resorts. As a result of merging the two networks it had more London termini than any other company: London Bridge and Victoria (both shared with LB&SC), Charing Cross, Blackfriars and Holborn Viaduct. Its main lines ran from these termini via
315:
government, they knew whom to see in London. Landed aristocrats were especially welcome on the corporate boards. The aristocrats saw railway directorships as a socially acceptable form of contact with the world of commerce and industry. They leveraged the business acumen and connections gained through railways to join corporate boardrooms in other industries.
452:(GWR) (completed in 1841) was constructed to Brunel's 'broad' gauge. However, his assumption proved incorrect, and when railways of a different gauge met, the inconvenience led to an officiating organization looking into the matter. Their conclusion was that Stephenson's "narrow gauge" should be adopted as Britain's standard gauge, and Parliament passed the
694:
66:
901:: despite the technical advantages of broad gauge, it caused problems wherever the GWR met other companies' tracks, and eventually (in 1892) the last broad gauge line was abolished. The name "Great Western Railway", alone of all the pre-Grouping companies, was retained until the nationalisation of the railways; and one of the post-British Rail
53:
214:
352:), killing nine passengers. As early as 1844 a bill had been put before Parliament suggesting the state purchase of the railways; this was not adopted. It did, however, lead to the introduction to minimum standards for the construction of third-class carriages, an issue raised by the Sonning accident, which came to be known as "
223:
Although the government was in favour of the development of trunk railways to stimulate economic recovery and to facilitate the movement of troops in times of potential civil unrest, it was legally necessary that each line be authorised by a separate Act of
Parliament. While there were entrepreneurs
367:
There were railway patterns in its drapers' shops, and railway journals in the windows of its newsmen. There were railway hotels, coffee-houses, lodging-houses, boarding-houses; railway plans, maps, views, wrappers, bottles, sandwich-boxes and timetables; railway hackney coach and cabstands; railway
292:
The commercial interests mentioned above were often of a local nature, and there was never a nationwide plan to develop a logical network of railways. Some railways, however, began to grow faster than others, often taking over smaller lines to expand their own. The success of the L&MR led to the
231:
The boom years were 1836 and 1845–1847, when
Parliament authorized 8,000 miles of lines at a projected cost of £200 million, which was about the same value as the country's annual gross domestic product (GDP) at that time. A new railway needed an Act of Parliament, which typically cost over £200,000
628:
The financial success of the early railways was phenomenal, as they had no real competition. The roads were still very slow and in poor condition. Prices of fuel and food fell in cities connected to railways owing to the fall in the cost of transport. The layout of lines with gentle gradients and
376:
We denounce the mania as destructive of the country in a thousand particulars – the whole face of the
Kingdom is to be tattooed with these odious deformities – huge mounds are to intersect our beautiful valleys; the noise and stench of locomotive steam-engines are to disturb the quietude of the
543:
There is one small exception: The
Holyhead Breakwater Railway, laid for the construction of the breakwater, was constructed at the broad gauge. Construction finished in 1870, and one locomotive was sold to a local company which had its own sidings leading to the dock. It continued to work this
652:
in
England; and many much smaller lines. A brief note about each of the larger companies will illustrate how they grew to the importance they had assumed by the time of the huge amalgamations which took place in 1923, in which all but a very few railways were absorbed. Each of the railways
314:
The railway directors often had important political and social connections, and used it to their company's advantage. For example, the directors of the Great
Western came from elite backgrounds and typically had political influence when they joined the board. When an issue came up with the
305:
in the 1960s. The best example of this is London, which has no fewer than twelve main line terminal stations serving its dense and complex suburban network, the result of the many railway companies that were competing during the Mania to run their routes in the capital.
677:, which was formed from an amalgamation of various existing and proposed lines in the North and East Midlands. The MS&LR system was based around an east-west Trans-Pennine route, but in 1897 it began a new line via the East Midlands into London to a new terminus at
563:
By the 1850s, many steam-powered railways had reached the fringes of built-up London (which was much smaller than now), but the new lines were not permitted to demolish enough property to penetrate the City or the West End. Passengers disembarked at
285:, there was a net tangible result from all the investment in the form of a vast expansion of the British railway system, though perhaps at an inflated cost. When the government stepped in and announced closure for depositing schemes, the period of "
300:
The legacy of the
Railway Mania can still be seen today, with duplication of some routes and cities possessing several stations, sometimes with no direct connection between them, although a significant amount of this duplication was removed by the
272:
All the railways were promoted by commercial interests; as those opened by the year 1836 were paying good dividends, financiers wanted to invest in them, and by 1845 over a thousand projected schemes had been put forward. This led to a
539:
in 1876. By this time most conversions were bypassing mixed gauge and going directly from broad to standard. The final stretch of broad gauge on the national network was converted to standard in a single weekend in May 1892.
277:, following a common pattern: as the price of railway shares increased, more and more money was poured in by speculators, until the inevitable collapse in price. It reached its zenith in 1846, when no fewer than 272
128:
development, so the railway provided a realistic alternative, especially with the growth in coal usage from the mines in the North East and
Yorkshire. A number of lines were approved in the area, such as the
1267:. It formed part of the East Coast Main Line, and its headquarters were at York. It had a larger tonnage of mineral and coal traffic at the beginning of the 20th century than any other railway in Britain.
1154:. Many of the south coast resorts owe their existence to the line. Electrification began in 1909 on the overhead system; this was later changed to third rail when the LB&SCR became part of the
689:. After nationalisation the GCR network was effectively dismantled, leaving the East Midlands served only by the older Midland main line. Only the Marylebone to Birmingham section survives today.
368:
omnibuses, railway streets and buildings, railway hangers-on and parasites, and flatterers out of all calculation. There was even railway time observed in clocks, as if the sun itself had given in.
148:
canal system from the transport of goods, there was an unexpected enthusiasm for passenger travel. The financial success of these lines was beyond all expectations, and interests in London and
2416:
2401:
61:
2446:
2431:
681:, and was renamed the GCR. It was the last major main line to be built in Britain, and was consequently engineered to a higher standard than earlier lines. After the opening of the
2477:
513:
track (with three rails, so that both broad and standard gauge trains could run on it) to
Bristol. By the 1860s the gauge war was lost; with the merger of the standard-gauge
426:), and all railways built by him and his assistants adhered to that gauge. When Bristol businessmen wished to build their railway linking their city with London, they chose
2375:
184:
in Cheshire. The Grand Junction was designed to link the existing L&MR and the new L&BR; it opened on 4 July 1837, with the L&BR following a few months later.
56:
1092:
running parallel to, but south of, the GWR main line. This route, known as "the Withered Arm", extended into Devon and Cornwall serving many of the south and south-west
1255:
line, it was the successor to the first public steam railway in the world. At the time of the Grouping its main line ran from the joint station at Doncaster, through
238:(1800–1871) became the most important railway promoter of his time. Called the "railway king" of Britain, Hudson amalgamated numerous short lines and set up a "
1373:
228:, it was much easier to find investors to back shorter stretches that were clearly defined in purpose, where rapid returns on investment could be predicted.
1704:
2436:
2357:
1745:
1510:
1185:. In its early days it had no London terminus, using termini of other railways (the LNWR and the GNR) until 1862, when its grandiose London terminus at
620:
604:
was built under the ground to connect several of these separate railway terminals. It opened in 1863, and was the first line of what was to become the
2348:
453:
1206:
1120:
807:
685:
in 1899, the GCR served an area between the East and West Coast main lines (see below), in competition with several other companies, especially the
2158:
1515:
498:
1377:
771:
756:
573:
336:
was established in 1840 to enquire after the causes of accidents and recommend ways of avoiding them. The first investigation was conducted by
636:
By 1923 there were some nine major railways operating in England and five in Scotland. In addition there were smaller companies, such as the
1345:
1181:
2406:
490:
390:
448:). He felt that the different railways would not be in close enough proximity to warrant adherence to a uniform British gauge. Thus, the
1240:
349:
251:
93:
2302:
2283:
2264:
2241:
2222:
2203:
2134:
2115:
2096:
2044:
2016:
1997:
1978:
1959:
1940:
1894:
1871:
1852:
1829:
1806:
1783:
1764:
1727:
1366:
1288:
1270:
1101:
980:
935:
745:, as well an extensive suburban network in East London and Essex. It was one of the few pre-Grouping companies (another being the
400:
built the L&MR to the same gauge as the tramroads in use in the North Eastern colliery railways he had grown up working on: a
1030:
965:
924:
917:
577:
486:
294:
84:
1674:
261:
1430:
1252:
1041:
930:
the L&YR was incorporated in 1847; as with all the major railways it was the result of amalgamations, in this instance the
585:
1138:(1840). Its network of lines covered a large portion of the South London suburbs and served almost the whole of the county of
1244:
502:
255:
1213:(with the L&SWR); and had access using other joint railways to reach Swansea in South Wales, Liverpool, and the port of
386:
2341:
1493:
972:
581:
552:
225:
188:
173:
157:
324:
approach to their construction and operation. The government began to take an interest in safety matters, with the 1840 "
931:
726:
1405:
1210:
1134:
913:
325:
213:
17:
1282:
1233:
1226:
1128:
746:
318:
While it had been necessary to obtain an act of Parliament to build a new railway, the government initially took a
649:
337:
2334:
1337:
1175:
988:
787:
750:
722:
243:
196:
99:
348:
when a mixed goods and passenger train derailed on Christmas Eve, 1841. The train hit a landslide at Sonning (
1112:
902:
803:
589:
427:
130:
2451:
1248:
984:
976:
569:
556:
482:
297:(L&NWR) – an amalgamation of four hitherto separate enterprises, including the L&MR – were sown.
278:
239:
165:
161:
1497:
1474:
1169:
1155:
821:
715:
697:
667:
449:
345:
138:
2162:
1655:
1353:
1020:
811:
783:
601:
514:
333:
1108:
1186:
951:
528:
353:
282:
274:
1904:
1331:
1016:
983:, making the LNWR the largest in the country at that time . By 1923 its main line stretched from
678:
605:
597:
565:
518:
177:
134:
1205:. It also had a secondary main line from Derby through Birmingham to Bristol. It part-owned the
535:
Through this period the conversion to standard gauge continued, with mixed-gauge track reaching
363:(1846) discerned enormous interest in London, chiefly positive but with some negative elements:
909:
2298:
2279:
2260:
2237:
2218:
2199:
2130:
2111:
2092:
2040:
2012:
1993:
1974:
1955:
1936:
1890:
1867:
1848:
1825:
1802:
1779:
1760:
1723:
1481:
1385:
1260:
865:(1889) – the GWR territory took shape. The major routes, apart from the original line, served
637:
630:
524:
397:
341:
2326:
1457:
1446:
1264:
1069:
866:
593:
265:
2253:
1682:
1616:
1589:
1221:
1217:
in Scotland. The latter route gave it access to its ownership of two of the Irish railways.
1916:
1752:
1461:
1453:
1161:
686:
645:
506:
247:
962:. In 1922 the L&YR was combined with the LNWR, the Midland, and others, in the LMSR.
827:
the GWR was incorporated in 1835 to construct a railway, operated on the broad gauge of
531:
broad gauge steam locomotives awaiting scrapping after broad gauge was abolished in 1892
1841:
1818:
1795:
1421:
1401:
1093:
1007:
to North Wales and West Yorkshire. It had running powers to enable its trains to reach
795:
730:
359:
Public opinion was generally favourable, but there were dissenters, Charles Dickens in
329:
2471:
1301:
845:), between Bristol and London. With the addition of several railways – including the
700:
609:
494:
320:
286:
235:
217:
208:
2236:((reprint of 1950 edition published by Locomotive Publishing) ed.). Ian Allan.
938:
to form the L&YR. Its lines covered the two counties, and served amongst others
2421:
1417:
1397:
1000:
779:
302:
192:
169:
889:
to the north-west. A working agreement with the LNWR extended the Chester line to
1348:, which had opened in parts between July 1840 and March 1841. Together with the
1061:
1057:
1049:
882:
810:, serving parts of East Anglia. The GNR, with the NER and the NBR, operated the
340:
into five deaths caused by a large casting falling from a moving train in 1840 (
1843:
The Pre-grouping Railways: Their Development and Individual Characters: Part 3
1820:
The Pre-grouping Railways: Their Development and Individual Characters: Part 2
1797:
The Pre-grouping Railways: Their Development and Individual Characters: Part 1
1313:
1202:
1190:
1077:
1053:
939:
894:
890:
510:
401:
181:
149:
145:
113:
103:
The inaugural journey of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, by A.B. Clayton
92:, the amalgamation of almost all of Britain's many railway companies into the
187:
Although acts of Parliament allowed railway companies compulsory purchase of
1357:
1297:
1293:
1214:
1194:
1151:
1081:
1073:
996:
955:
947:
878:
815:
791:
775:
224:
with the vision of an intercity network of lines, such as those through the
153:
1681:. (originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office). Archived from
1643:
The Railway Haters: Opposition To Railways, From the 19th to 21st Centuries
971:
the LNWR was formed in 1846 when four existing lines were amalgamated: the
544:
isolated network until 1913 when it wore out and the network was regauged.
1388:
in July 1840 and was reopened in August 1840 after a change of gauge from
749:) to have a near monopoly of its territory. Its main London terminus was
1437:
1376:, which had opened in parts between August 1839 and August 1840, and the
1317:
1305:
1167:
the MidR was formed in 1844 with the amalgamation of three railways: the
1089:
874:
870:
121:
1040:, the first section opened in 1838. By 1923 its main line extended from
693:
1489:
1341:
1189:
was built. By 1923 its main lines ran from St Pancras to Carlisle, via
1024:
1012:
1008:
886:
742:
738:
1239:
the NER was formed in 1854 as the amalgamation of three railways: the
1100:. The LSWR also had a busy suburban network in south-west London. The
1465:
1143:
1139:
1085:
1045:
992:
536:
1563:
Railwaymen, Politics and Money: The Great Age of Railways in Britain
293:
idea of linking Liverpool to London, and from that the seeds of the
65:
2255:
History of the Railways of the Scottish Highlands: Highland Railway
762:
the GNR began as an amalgamation in 1846 of two rival schemes: the
152:
soon planned to build lines linking these cities together and with
52:
1309:
1220:
1198:
1107:
1065:
1004:
959:
943:
908:
799:
734:
692:
641:
619:
559:, showing the wrought iron roof of 1837. Note the open carriages.
551:
523:
385:
125:
117:
98:
1776:
Railway Detectives: The 150-year Saga of the Railway Inspectorate
1746:
History of rail transport in Great Britain § Further reading
1356:
train services between London and Glasgow, and to Edinburgh, via
612:
in 1907, but Fenchurch Street was never connected to the system.
2149:
1485:
1256:
1147:
2330:
1011:
and other parts of South Wales; and it also owned a railway in
897:. The broad gauge system resulted in what became known as the
770:(both started in 1844). The GNR main line ran northwards from
725:
with several smaller East Anglian lines; it also absorbed the
521:, and by 1869 there was no broad-gauge track north of Oxford.
172:, which ran from Curzon Street to an end-on junction with the
2159:"A Potted history of the South Eastern & Chatham Railway"
2312:
2055:
1623:. (originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office)
1596:. (originally published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office)
1336:
Originally formed to provide the main railway line between
372:
Some opponents in 1835 saw the passing of a glorious era:
344:). He also conducted an enquiry into the derailment on the
281:
setting up new railway companies were passed. Unlike most
1280:
in 1899 of two railways in the south east of England; the
509:
in 1846 and converted to standard gauge in 1854, bringing
160:(L&BR), designed by Robert Stephenson, which ran from
156:
and Manchester via the L&MR. These two lines were the
27:
History of railways in Great Britain between 1830 and 1922
1990:
History of the Great Western Railway Volume Two 1863-1921
1971:
History of the Great Western Railway Volume One 1833-1863
1500:, which opened 1894 and was extended to Mallaig in 1901.
2215:
The Origins of the Scottish Railway System: 1722 - 1844
1384:, which had in part opened in 1831; it then became the
1115:, used by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
501:(the furthest-north broad-gauge station) in 1854. The
164:
Square, London, to Curzon Street, Birmingham; and the
133:, in 1830, which would link the former to the port of
18:
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830 - 1922
1372:
First section opened 1850. Formed by a merger of the
729:
in 1902. It served the eastern counties of England:
657:
Major pre-grouping railway companies in Great Britain
1988:
E.T. MacDermot (February 1973). C.R. Clinker (ed.).
1839:
Christine Heap; John Van Riemsdijk (November 1985).
1816:
Christine Heap; John Van Riemsdijk (November 1980).
1576:
Railways in Britain and the United States, 1830-1940
1550:
George Hudson: The Rise and Fall of the Railway King
1536:
A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution
806:); and it part-owned, with the Midland Railway, the
430:
as their engineer. Brunel favoured a wider gauge of
80:
history of rail transport in Great Britain 1830–1922
62:
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923–1947
33:
History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830–1922
2198:(Revised in 1982 ed.). Shepperton: Ian Allan.
2028:
150 Years of the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway
195:' experimentation with, and later introduction of,
32:
2252:
1840:
1817:
1794:
57:History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830
2108:The Nottingham and Derby Railway Companion (1839)
1887:British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer
1072:. It also operated a main line from Waterloo via
2234:A History of the Great North of Scotland Railway
2037:The London & Birmingham Railway 150 Years on
1080:(the "Portsmouth Direct line"), and another via
653:described briefly below have their own article.
596:or on foot into the centre, thereby increasing
374:
365:
1720:The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History
1420:railway, was also taken over and converted to
675:Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway
2342:
2313:"Great North of Scotland Railway Association"
82:covers the period between the opening of the
8:
1641:Quoted in David L. Brandon and Alan Brooke,
1374:Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway
1209:, serving east coast ports and resorts; the
975:; the Liverpool and Manchester Railway; the
289:", as it was called, was brought to an end.
2295:The North British Railway Vol 1 (1879-1922)
2276:The North British Railway Vol 1 (1844-1879)
2106:Derbyshire Record Society (December 1979).
1969:E.T. MacDermot (1972). C.R. Clinker (ed.).
1104:was jointly owned with the Midland Railway.
721:the GER was an amalgamation in 1862 of the
2478:History of rail transport in Great Britain
2366:
2358:History of rail transport in Great Britain
2349:
2335:
2327:
2054:London and North Western Railway Society.
1511:History of rail transport in Great Britain
786:. The GNR also had joint ownership of the
1933:The Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway
1757:The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland
517:into the GWR in 1861 mixed gauge came to
481:The undaunted GWR pressed ahead into the
454:Regulating the Gauge of Railways Act 1846
2157:South Eastern; Chatham Railway Society.
1864:The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved
1436:Serving the north east of Scotland from
1225:Newcastle Central Station, built by the
1207:Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway
1121:London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
808:Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway
260:
212:
2146:The South Eastern & Chatham Railway
2071:The Midland Counties Railway: 1839-1989
1889:(5th ed.). Shepperton: Ian Allan.
1847:. London: The Stationery Office Books.
1824:. London: The Stationery Office Books.
1801:. London: The Stationery Office Books.
1659:magazine quoted in Brandon and Brooke,
1526:
1516:List of early British railway companies
456:which stipulated the standard gauge of
2087:Peter Truman; David Hunt (June 1989).
1912:
1902:
1408:, which had opened on 3 April 1835 as
1378:Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway
485:, in hard-fought competition with the
268:of English & Scotch Railways, 1850
144:While the L&MR had not ousted the
29:
2217:. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers.
1346:Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway
1182:Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway
489:. Birmingham was reached in 1852, at
7:
2091:. Sheffield: Platform 5 Publishing.
2009:The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
1759:. Newton Abbott: David and Charles.
1251:. Since it eventually included the
120:had a growing trade in weaving. The
1774:Hall, Stanley (28 September 1990).
1241:York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway
877:to the west; all of South Wales to
774:to a joint station with the NER at
710:to block a rivalling railway scheme
350:Railway accident at Sonning Cutting
332:to appoint railway inspectors. The
1722:. Douglas Rose/Capital Transport.
1496:, which opened July 1842, and the
1096:, served by what was known as the
608:. Marylebone was connected to the
25:
2194:Nock, O.S.; Cross, Derek (1960).
1673:Her Majesty's Government (1846).
1617:"1844 Regulation of Railways Act"
1615:Her Majesty's Government (1844).
1590:"1840 Regulation of Railways Act"
1588:Her Majesty's Government (1840).
1367:Glasgow and South Western Railway
1289:London, Chatham and Dover Railway
1271:South Eastern and Chatham Railway
1102:Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway
981:Manchester and Birmingham Railway
116:had grown on cotton spinning, so
1793:Science Museum (November 1972).
1548:A. J. Arnold, and S. McCartney,
1031:London and South Western Railway
966:London and North Western Railway
925:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
918:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
592:and then made their own way via
487:London and North Western Railway
295:London and North Western Railway
85:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
64:
51:
2232:Malcolm Barclay-Harvey (1998).
2125:Atthill, Robin (October 1967).
1950:Thrower, W. Rayner (May 1984).
1931:Clinker, C.R. (December 1956).
1431:Great North of Scotland Railway
1382:Ardrossan and Johnstone Railway
703:experimental locomotive, built
176:, a branch of the L&MR, at
2293:Thomas, John (February 1975).
2274:Thomas, John (November 1969).
2073:. Midland Railway Trust. 1989.
1456:to Inverness with branches to
1276:the SE&CR was a so-called
1245:York and North Midland Railway
1038:London and Southampton Railway
1015:. The LNWR, together with the
794:; other joint workings led to
503:Bristol and Gloucester Railway
1:
2127:Somerset & Dorset Railway
2035:Gould, David (20 July 1987).
1866:. London: William Heinemann.
1778:. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd.
1494:Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
973:London and Birmingham Railway
704:
174:Warrington and Newton Railway
158:London and Birmingham Railway
47:
2196:Main Lines Across the Border
1952:The Great Northern Main Line
1862:Ransom, P.J.G. (July 1989).
1705:"Uk.railway - Google Groups"
1675:"1846 Gauge of Railways Act"
1126:the LB&SCR began as the
932:Manchester and Leeds Railway
727:Northern and Eastern Railway
2078:Ellis, C. Hamilton (1953).
2007:Blakemore, Michael (1984).
1406:Paisley and Renfrew Railway
1344:. It later merged with the
1211:Somerset and Dorset Railway
1201:(the MidR headquarters) to
1135:London and Brighton Railway
914:Manchester Victoria station
905:now bears the name in 2005.
673:the GCR developed from the
326:Act for Regulating Railways
252:York, Newcastle and Berwick
2494:
2251:H.A.Vallance (June 1996).
2213:Robertson, C.J.A. (1983).
1743:
1452:Main line northwards from
1129:London and Croydon Railway
847:Bristol and Exeter Railway
650:Hull and Barnsley Railways
382:"The Battle of the Gauges"
206:
96:by the Railways Act 1921.
2364:
1286:(opened in 1842) and the
1146:and some extensions into
1132:(opened in 1839) and the
934:which in 1859 joined the
903:train operating companies
60:
50:
42:
37:
2110:. Nottingham: R. Allen.
2089:Midland Railway Portrait
1578:(Ashgate 2001) pp 301-2.
1538:. Palgrave. p. 121.
1488:, and the west coast to
1410:4 ft 6 in
1390:4 ft 6 in
1176:Midland Counties Railway
788:Cheshire Lines Committee
723:Eastern Counties Railway
244:Eastern Counties Railway
2297:. David & Charles.
2278:. David & Charles.
2129:. David & Charles.
2030:. Hawkshill Publishing.
1253:Stockton and Darlington
1113:London Victoria station
936:East Lancashire Railway
768:Direct Northern Railway
764:London and York Railway
505:had been bought by the
428:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
354:Parliamentary Carriages
328:", which empowered the
131:Leeds and Selby Railway
2452:Great British Railways
2187:The Caledonian Railway
1718:Rose, Douglas (1999).
1663:p. 8; see also p. 294.
1534:Griffin, Emma (2010).
1380:. Later took over the
1249:Leeds Northern Railway
1229:
1116:
1098:Atlantic Coast Express
977:Grand Junction Railway
920:
757:Great Northern Railway
711:
625:
560:
532:
394:
379:
370:
338:Colonel Frederic Smith
310:Government involvement
269:
256:York and North Midland
220:
166:Grand Junction Railway
104:
2056:"History of the LNWR"
2026:Coates, Noel (1997).
1498:West Highland Railway
1475:North British Railway
1283:South Eastern Railway
1234:North Eastern Railway
1227:North Eastern Railway
1224:
1170:North Midland Railway
1111:
912:
822:Great Western Railway
778:. Other lines served
747:North Eastern Railway
716:Great Eastern Railway
698:Great Eastern Railway
696:
668:Great Central Railway
623:
555:
527:
450:Great Western Railway
389:
264:
216:
102:
2189:. London: Ian Allan.
1679:The Railways Archive
1621:The Railways Archive
1594:The Railways Archive
1492:. It took over the
1354:West Coast Main Line
1021:West Coast Main Line
855:West Midland Railway
812:East Coast Main Line
602:Metropolitan Railway
515:West Midland Railway
391:Bristol Temple Meads
334:Railway Inspectorate
283:stock market bubbles
88:(L&MR), and the
2259:. House of Lochar.
2185:Nock, O.S. (1963).
2080:The Midland Railway
1935:. Dugdale Society.
1023:between London and
991:, with branches to
859:South Devon Railway
851:South Wales Railway
814:between London and
790:, giving access to
640:and the many South
529:GWR Iron Duke Class
2437:Private franchises
2393:Early development
2370:
2165:on 1 November 2006
2144:O.S. Nock (1961).
1915:has generic name (
1661:The Railway Haters
1574:Geoffrey Channon,
1340:and Edinburgh and
1332:Caledonian Railway
1230:
1117:
1017:Caledonian Railway
921:
712:
626:
606:London Underground
561:
533:
395:
393:, the GWR terminus
279:Acts of Parliament
275:speculative frenzy
270:
221:
105:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2179:Scottish Railways
2039:. David & C.
1954:. Oakwood Press.
1769:. (1969 Reprint).
1685:on 20 August 2007
1482:Scottish Lowlands
1386:Ardrossan Railway
1325:Scottish railways
1261:Newcastle-on-Tyne
885:; Birmingham and
638:Cambrian Railways
631:Race to the North
600:in the city. The
398:George Stephenson
342:Howden rail crash
76:
75:
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
2485:
2367:
2351:
2344:
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2319:
2308:
2289:
2270:
2258:
2247:
2228:
2209:
2190:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2161:. Archived from
2153:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2083:
2082:. Ian Allan Ltd.
2074:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2050:
2031:
2022:
2003:
1984:
1965:
1946:
1925:English Railways
1920:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1877:
1858:
1846:
1835:
1823:
1812:
1800:
1789:
1770:
1753:Whishaw, Francis
1734:
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1709:
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1630:
1628:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1585:
1579:
1572:
1566:
1565:(1997) pp 102-12
1561:Adrian Vaughan,
1559:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1458:Kyle of Lochalsh
1447:Highland Railway
1415:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1352:it operated the
1265:Berwick-on-Tweed
1156:Southern Railway
1036:Promoted as the
863:Cornwall Railway
861:(1878); and the
844:
840:
838:
837:
833:
751:Liverpool Street
709:
706:
683:London Extension
662:English railways
624:Railways in 1898
594:hackney carriage
578:Fenchurch Street
477:
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193:British Railways
168:, engineered by
68:
55:
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21:
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1393:
1389:
1327:
1162:Midland Railway
1094:seaside resorts
1019:, operated the
916:, built by the
842:
835:
831:
830:
829:7 ft
828:
784:Derby Friargate
707:
687:Midland Railway
664:
659:
618:
616:Early successes
550:
507:Midland Railway
475:
468:
464:
461:
459:
458:4 ft
457:
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432:7 ft
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406:4 ft
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1744:Main article:
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1433:(GNoSR) (1854)
1426:
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1422:Standard gauge
1402:Standard gauge
1370:
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1268:
1237:
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1165:
1159:
1124:
1106:
1105:
1044:in London via
1034:
1028:
985:Euston station
969:
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819:
796:West Yorkshire
760:
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731:Cambridgeshire
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557:Euston station
549:
546:
383:
380:
361:Dombey and Son
330:Board of Trade
311:
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240:Clearing House
207:Main article:
204:
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197:tilting trains
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2201:
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2148:. Ian Allan.
2147:
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2136:0-7153-4312-2
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2020:
2018:0-7110-1401-9
2014:
2011:. Ian Allan.
2010:
2005:
2001:
1999:0-7110-0412-9
1995:
1992:. Ian Allan.
1991:
1986:
1982:
1980:0-7110-0411-0
1976:
1973:. Ian Allan.
1972:
1967:
1963:
1961:0-85361-297-8
1957:
1953:
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1942:0-85220-009-9
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1414:1,372 mm
1407:
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492:
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287:Railway Mania
284:
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266:Cheffins' Map
263:
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236:George Hudson
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203:Railway Mania
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2422:British Rail
2420:
2415:
2407:The Big Four
2405:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2380:The pioneers
2379:
2374:
2316:. Retrieved
2294:
2275:
2254:
2233:
2214:
2195:
2186:
2167:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2145:
2126:
2107:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2059:. Retrieved
2036:
2027:
2008:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1932:
1886:
1882:
1863:
1842:
1819:
1796:
1775:
1756:
1719:
1713:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1678:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1645:(2019) p. 7.
1642:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1620:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1480:Serving the
1477:(NBR) (1846)
1418:Scotch gauge
1398:Scotch gauge
1381:
1349:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1133:
1127:
1123:(LB&SCR)
1097:
1037:
1001:Peterborough
898:
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850:
846:
780:Lincolnshire
772:King's Cross
767:
763:
682:
674:
635:
627:
574:King's Cross
562:
542:
534:
480:
396:
375:
371:
366:
360:
358:
319:
317:
313:
303:Beeching Axe
299:
291:
271:
234:
230:
222:
186:
170:Joseph Locke
143:
111:
89:
83:
79:
77:
43:
2318:24 November
2169:24 November
2152:B0000CL61F.
2061:24 November
1689:25 November
1627:25 November
1600:25 November
1369:(G&SWR)
1273:(SE&CR)
1062:Bournemouth
1058:Southampton
1050:Basingstoke
1003:; and from
883:Aberystwyth
708: 1902
644:lines; the
511:mixed gauge
124:restricted
2432:since 1995
1885:) (1980).
1522:References
1314:Folkestone
1247:; and the
1203:Manchester
1197:, and via
1191:Nottingham
1187:St Pancras
1179:, and the
1142:, much of
1078:Portsmouth
1054:Winchester
979:; and the
940:Manchester
927:(L&YR)
895:Merseyside
891:Birkenhead
679:Marylebone
598:congestion
566:Paddington
519:Paddington
402:rail gauge
254:, and the
182:Warrington
150:Birmingham
146:Lancashire
139:River Ouse
137:, via the
114:Manchester
44:Chronology
2417:1948–1994
2402:1923–1947
2389:1830–1922
1905:cite book
1883:No Author
1656:John Bull
1486:Fifeshire
1358:Carstairs
1298:Tonbridge
1294:Maidstone
1215:Stranraer
1195:Sheffield
1152:Hampshire
1082:Salisbury
1074:Guildford
997:Cambridge
956:Doncaster
948:Liverpool
899:Gauge War
879:Fishguard
816:Edinburgh
792:Liverpool
776:Doncaster
701:Class A55
499:Low Level
491:Snow Hill
154:Liverpool
108:The 1830s
38:1830–1922
2472:Category
2376:pre-1830
1755:(1842).
1505:See also
1438:Aberdeen
1338:Carlisle
1318:Hastings
1306:Ramsgate
1090:Plymouth
1070:Weymouth
1042:Waterloo
989:Carlisle
875:Penzance
871:Plymouth
867:Weymouth
857:(1863);
853:(1863);
849:(1876);
839: in
766:and the
590:Victoria
586:Waterloo
472: in
442: in
420: in
189:wayleave
122:Pennines
94:Big Four
90:Grouping
1740:General
1490:Mallaig
1342:Glasgow
1302:Ashford
1025:Glasgow
1013:Ireland
1009:Swansea
952:Preston
887:Chester
834:⁄
804:Halifax
743:Norfolk
739:Suffolk
646:Furness
467:⁄
437:⁄
415:⁄
248:Midland
180:, near
2447:Future
2301:
2282:
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2240:
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2114:
2095:
2043:
2015:
1996:
1977:
1958:
1939:
1893:
1870:
1851:
1828:
1805:
1782:
1763:
1726:
1552:(2004)
1466:Thurso
1449:(1865)
1404:. The
1300:, and
1243:; the
1173:; the
1164:(MidR)
1144:Surrey
1140:Sussex
1086:Exeter
1046:Woking
1033:(LSWR)
993:Oxford
968:(LNWR)
570:Euston
548:London
537:Exeter
250:, the
246:, the
178:Dallam
162:Euston
1484:into
1454:Perth
1310:Dover
1304:, to
1236:(NER)
1199:Derby
1066:Poole
1005:Crewe
999:; to
960:Goole
944:Leeds
824:(GWR)
800:Leeds
759:(GNR)
735:Essex
718:(GER)
670:(GCR)
642:Wales
126:canal
118:Leeds
2320:2006
2299:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2200:ISBN
2171:2006
2150:ASIN
2131:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2063:2006
2041:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1917:help
1891:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1724:ISBN
1691:2006
1629:2006
1602:2006
1473:The
1464:and
1462:Wick
1445:The
1429:The
1365:The
1350:LNWR
1330:The
1316:and
1259:and
1257:York
1193:and
1150:and
1148:Kent
1084:and
1068:and
1052:and
995:and
958:and
881:and
873:and
802:and
782:and
741:and
648:and
493:and
135:Hull
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1400:to
1296:or
1263:to
1088:to
1076:to
1056:to
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588:or
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