Canal - Knowledge (XXG)

1901:. The canal contains 36 locks and encompasses a total elevation differential of around 565 ft. (169 m). The Erie Canal with its easy connections to most of the U.S. mid-west and New York City soon quickly paid back all its invested capital (US$ 7 million) and started turning a profit. By cutting transportation costs in half or more it became a large profit center for Albany and New York City as it allowed the cheap transportation of many of the agricultural products grown in the mid west of the United States to the rest of the world. From New York City these agricultural products could easily be shipped to other U.S. states or overseas. Assured of a market for their farm products the settlement of the U.S. mid-west was greatly accelerated by the Erie Canal. The profits generated by the Erie Canal project started a canal building boom in the United States that lasted until about 1850 when 1019: 2279: 957: 314: 2530: 2374: 1630: 1035: 472: 2192: 980: 1263:, Mexico. Their irrigation systems supported the largest population in the Southwest by 1300 CE. Archaeologists working at a major archaeological dig in the 1990s in the Tucson Basin, along the Santa Cruz River, identified a culture and people that may have been the ancestors of the Hohokam. This prehistoric group occupied southern Arizona as early as 2000 BCE, and in the Early Agricultural period grew corn, lived year-round in sedentary villages, and developed sophisticated irrigation canals. The large-scale Hohokam irrigation network in the 2405: 1761: 1691: 95: 1687:, is often claimed as the first modern "purely artificial" canal because although originally a scheme to make the Sankey Brook navigable, it included an entirely new artificial channel that was effectively a canal along the Sankey Brook valley. However, "Bridgewater" supporters point out that the last quarter-mile of the navigation is indeed a canalized stretch of the Brook, and that it was the Bridgewater Canal (less obviously associated with an existing river) that captured the popular imagination and inspired further canals. 107: 1503: 2116: 262: 1925: 488: 2041:

such canals, since access to markets was available. The Erie Canal (as well as other canals) was instrumental in lowering the differences in commodity prices between these various markets across America. The canals caused price convergence between different regions because of their reduction in transportation costs, which allowed Americans to ship and buy goods from farther distances much cheaper. Ohio built many miles of canal, Indiana had working canals for a few decades, and the

2053: 2739: 41: 1134: 3068: 3054: 2417: 1806: 497: 56: 1003: 512: 2390: 3082: 2011: 29: 1376:, a distance of about 1.75 kilometres (1,900 yd). Its initial purpose is believed to be the transport of building stone for the abbey, but later it was used for delivering produce, including grain, wine and fish, from the abbey's outlying properties. It remained in use until at least the 14th century, but possibly as late as the mid-16th century. 1319: 733:, and may meander in a large horseshoe bend or series of curves some distance from the source waters stream bed lengthening the effective length in order to lower the ratio of rise over run (slope or pitch). The existing stream usually acts as the water source and the landscape around its banks provide a path for the new body. Examples include the 1275: 1310:. The canal was not designed for the quick conveying of water from Kala Wewa to Thissa Wawa but to create a mass of water between the two reservoirs, which would in turn provided for agriculture and the use of humans and animals. They also achieved a rather low gradient for its time. The canal is still in use after renovation. 628:. The water for the canal must be provided from an external source, like streams or reservoirs. Where the new waterway must change elevation engineering works like locks, lifts or elevators are constructed to raise and lower vessels. Examples include canals that connect valleys over a higher body of land, like 682:

to make its navigable path more predictable and easier to maneuver. Canalization modifies the stream to carry traffic more safely by controlling the flow of the stream by dredging, damming and modifying its path. This frequently includes the incorporation of locks and spillways, that make the river a

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when motor-trucks came into their own, the last small U.S. barge canals saw a steady decline in cargo ton-miles alongside many railways, the flexibility and steep slope climbing capability of lorries taking over cargo hauling increasingly as road networks were improved, and which also had the freedom

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1. Design High Water Level (HWL) 2. Low water channel 3. Flood channel 4. Riverside slope 5. Riverside banquette 6. Levee crown 7. Landside slope 8. Landside banquette 9. Berm 10. Low water revetment 11. Riverside land 12. Levee 13. Protected lowland 14.

2226:). Panama, which did not have (and still does not have) a land connection with the rest of Colombia, was already thinking of independence. In 1903 the United States, with support from Panamanians who expected the canal to provide substantial wages, revenues, and markets for local goods and services, 1652:

and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of river. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a "pure" canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed

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industries, whereas the once critical smaller inland waterways conceived and engineered as boat and barge canals have largely been supplanted and filled in, abandoned and left to deteriorate, or kept in service and staffed by state employees, where dams and locks are maintained for flood control or

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The canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time with only one horse pulling – more than ten times the amount of cargo per horse that was possible with a cart. Because of this huge increase in supply, the Bridgewater canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two-thirds within just a

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alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel-powered boats, often

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was also expensive, as men expect compensation in the form of wages, room and board. This was because long-haul roads were unpaved, more often than not too narrow for carts, much less wagons, and in poor condition, wending their way through forests, marshy or muddy quagmires as often as unimproved

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In the United States, navigable canals reached into isolated areas and brought them in touch with the world beyond. By 1825 the Erie Canal, 363 miles (584 km) long with 36 locks, opened up a connection from the populated Northeast to the Great Lakes. Settlers flooded into regions serviced by

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bucked this trend. Yet in other countries canals grew in size as construction techniques improved. During the 19th century in the US, the length of canals grew from 100 miles (161 km) to over 4,000, with a complex network making the Great Lakes navigable, in conjunction with Canada, although

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are frequently used. These consist of planks of wood placed across the canal to form a dam. They are generally placed in pre-existing grooves in the canal bank. On more modern canals, "guard locks" or gates were sometimes placed to allow a section of the canal to be quickly closed off, either for

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For each canal, an Act of Parliament was necessary to authorize construction, and as people saw the high incomes achieved from canal tolls, canal proposals came to be put forward by investors interested in profiting from dividends, at least as much as by people whose businesses would profit from

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The narrow early industrial canals, however, have ceased to carry significant amounts of trade and many have been abandoned to navigation, but may still be used as a system for transportation of untreated water. In some cases railways have been built along the canal route, an example being the

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This success proved the viability of canal transport, and soon industrialists in many other parts of the country wanted canals. After the Bridgewater canal, early canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the famous potter

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carried over 1.2 million tons of anthracite coal; by the 1930s the company which built and operated it for over a century ceased operation. The few canals still in operation in our modern age are a fraction of the numbers that once fueled and enabled economic growth, indeed were practically a

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quotation p. 87: "There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a packhorse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same

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Canals have various features to tackle the problem of water supply. In cases, like the Suez Canal, the canal is open to the sea. Where the canal is not at sea level, a number of approaches have been adopted. Taking water from existing rivers or springs was an option in some cases, sometimes

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is limited. A mule can carry an eighth-ton maximum load over a journey measured in days and weeks, though much more for shorter distances and periods with appropriate rest. Besides, carts need roads. Transport over water is much more efficient and cost-effective for large cargoes.

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There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts, while a pack-horse would carry only an eighth of a ton. On a soft road a horse might be able to draw 5/8ths of a ton. But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway, then up to 30 tons could be drawn by the same

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By the early 1880s, canals which had little ability to economically compete with rail transport, were off the map. In the next couple of decades, coal was increasingly diminished as the heating fuel of choice by oil, and growth of coal shipments leveled off. Later, after

809:, which consists of a chamber within which the water level can be raised or lowered connecting either two pieces of canal at a different level or the canal with a river or the sea. When there is a hill to be climbed, flights of many locks in short succession may be used. 1782:

In a further development, there was often out-and-out speculation, where people would try to buy shares in a newly floated company to sell them on for an immediate profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. During this period of

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ships were limited to a length of 289.56 m (950 ft) and a beam of 32.31 m (106 ft) until 26 June 2016 when the opening of larger locks allowed for the passage of larger New Panamax ships. For the lockless Suez Canal the limiting factor for

2211:, first attempted to build a Panama Canal in the 1880s. The difficulty of the terrain and weather (rain) encountered caused the company to go bankrupt. High worker mortality from disease also discouraged further investment in the project. DeLessup's abandoned 1978:, considered to be "The Cradle of the American Industrial Revolution," has 6 miles (9.7 km) of canals, built from around 1790 to 1850, that provided water power and a means of transportation for the city. The output of the system is estimated at 10,000 76: 1180:). The project began in 605 and was completed in 609, although much of the work combined older canals, the oldest section of the canal existing since at least 486 BC. Even in its narrowest urban sections it is rarely less than 30 metres (98 ft) wide. 1301:

which functioned in a way of a moving reservoir due to its single banking aspect to manage the canal pressure with the influx of water. It was also designed as an elongated reservoir passing through traps creating 66 mini catchments as it flows from

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prerequisite to further urbanization and industrialization. For the movement of bulk raw materials such as coal and ores are difficult and marginally affordable without water transport. Such raw materials fueled the industrial developments and new

2765:, which is up to 72 feet (21.95 m) long and 7 feet (2.13 m) wide and was primarily built for British Midland canals. In this case the limiting factor was the size of the locks. This is also the limiting factor on the Panama canal where 920:, or canal drop, is a vertical drop in the canal bed. These are built when the natural ground slope is steeper than the desired canal gradient. They are constructed so the falling water's kinetic energy is dissipated in order to prevent it from 1350:, could be transported by ship far more economically than by land; in the pre-railroad days of the industrial revolution, water transport was the gold standard of fast transportation. The first artificial canal in Western Europe was the 945:

Another type of canal fall is the vertical fall, which is "simple and economical". These feature a "cistern", or depressed area just downstream from the fall, to "cushion" the water by providing a deep pool for its kinetic energy to be

1018: 2440:. The city is built on marshy islands, with wooden piles supporting the buildings, so that the land is man-made rather than the waterways. The islands have a long history of settlement; by the 12th century, Venice was a powerful 3450:

B. S. J. Isserlin, R. E. Jones, V. Karastathis, S. P. Papamarinopoulos, G. E. Syrides and J. Uren "The Canal of Xerxes: Summary of Investigations 1991-2001" The Annual of the British School at Athens Vol. 98 (2003), pp. 369–385

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were used to provide the required water. In other cases, water pumped from mines was used to feed the canal. In certain cases, extensive "feeder canals" were built to bring water from sources located far from the canal.

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resulting of the spiral of increasing mechanization during 17th–20th century, leading to new research disciplines, new industries and economies of scale, raising the standard of living for any industrialized society.

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were constructed in this way. In both cases pumping stations are required to keep the land surrounding the canal dry, either pumping water from the canal into surrounding waters, or pumping it from the land into the

2266:), split Panama in half. The Canal – a major engineering project – was built. The U.S. did not feel that conditions were stable enough to withdraw until 1979. The withdrawal from Panama contributed to President 804:

Canals need to be level, and while small irregularities in the lie of the land can be dealt with through cuttings and embankments, for larger deviations other approaches have been adopted. The most common is the

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A canal can be constructed by dredging a channel in the bottom of an existing lake. When the channel is complete, the lake is drained and the channel becomes a new canal, serving both drainage of the surrounding

942:. However, this smooth transition does not dissipate the water's kinetic energy, which leads to heavy scouring. As a result, the canal needs to be reinforced with concrete or masonry to protect it from eroding. 875:

would take longer, winding routes, along which the land was a uniform altitude. Other, generally later, canals took more direct routes requiring the use of various methods to deal with the change in level.

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Canal companies were initially chartered by individual states in the United States. These early canals were constructed, owned, and operated by private joint-stock companies. Four were completed when the

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channel provides fill to build up another part of the wetland above the flood level for houses. Land is built up in a finger pattern that provides a suburban street layout of waterfront housing blocks.

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Many canals have been built at elevations, above valleys and other waterways. Canals with sources of water at a higher level can deliver water to a destination such as a city where water is needed. The

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were limited to boats of under 10 tons for much of their length due to the capacity of their inclined planes or boat lifts. Most canals have a limit on height imposed either by bridges or by tunnels.

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or further away, by water, minimizing breakages. Within just a few years of the Bridgewater's opening, an embryonic national canal network came into being, with the construction of canals such as the

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Competition, from railways from the 1830s and roads in the 20th century, made the smaller canals obsolete for most commercial transport, and many of the British canals fell into decay. Only the

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consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change the level. Flash locks were only practical where there was plenty of water available.

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pleasure boating. Their replacement was gradual, beginning first in the United States in the mid-1850s where canal shipping was first augmented by, then began being replaced by using

1787:", huge sums were invested in canal building, and although many schemes came to nothing, the canal system rapidly expanded to nearly 4,000 miles (over 6,400 kilometres) in length. 659:. One can also build two parallel dikes in an existing lake, forming the new canal in between, and then drain the remaining parts of the lake. The eastern and central parts of the 1802:

were only seven feet apart. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be portaged from boats in one canal to boats in the other.

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to carry any degree of mass, and while a mule could carry an eighth ton, it also needed teamsters to tend it and one man could only tend perhaps five mules, meaning overland

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of canals was essential for imperial taxation, which was largely assessed in kind and involved enormous shipments of rice and other grains. By far the longest canal was the

1252: 850: 3606: 3154: 2222:, and whose Navy became more important, decided to reactivate the project. The United States and Colombia did not reach agreement on the terms of a canal treaty (see 1415:

Canal building was revived in this age because of commercial expansion from the 12th century. River navigations were improved progressively by the use of single, or

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was built in a similar way, with buildings on wooden piles. It became a city around 1300. Many Amsterdam canals were built as part of fortifications. They became

1435:, which was, it is presumed, introduced in Italy by Bertola da Novate in the 16th century. This allowed wider gates and also removed the height restriction of 2188:, which scared off potential investors. It remains an active project (the geography has not changed), and in the 2010s Chinese involvement was developing. 1737:

year of its opening. The Bridgewater was also a huge financial success, with it earning what had been spent on its construction within just a few years.

1721:. This was an engineering wonder which immediately attracted tourists. The construction of this canal was funded entirely by the Duke and was called the 3667: 3539: 4355: 1890: 4593: 4188: 2358:

network cabling, avoiding having them buried in roadways while facilitating access and reducing the hazard of being damaged from digging equipment.

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To cross a stream, road or valley (where the delay caused by a flight of locks at either side would be unacceptable) the valley can be spanned by a

1641:(which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. 5618: 4961: 3968: 2286:

Large-scale ship canals such as the Panama Canal and Suez Canal continue to operate for cargo transportation, as do European barge canals. Due to

2278: 1168:, still the longest canal in the world today and the oldest extant one. It is 1,794 kilometres (1,115 mi) long and was built to carry the 2104:

on Lake Ontario. The Rideau Canal was built as a result of the War of 1812 to provide military transportation between the British colonies of

1156:(8th–5th centuries BC), the longest one of that period being the Hong Gou (Canal of the Wild Geese), which according to the ancient historian 4144: 4058: 3906: 3881: 3821: 3413: 3299: 620:

A canal can be created where no stream presently exists. Either the body of the canal is dug or the sides of the canal are created by making

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saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors and to transport his fragile finished goods to market in Manchester,

4348: 4114: 2933: 201:, and leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while staying in its 5623: 3784: 2962: 1620: 700: 2684: 2227: 624:

by piling dirt, stone, concrete or other building materials. The finished shape of the canal as seen in cross section is known as the

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in the 15th century. These were used primarily for irrigation and transport. Sunni Ali also attempted to construct a canal from the

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Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984 AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in the 15th century, either

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Historically, canals were of immense importance to commerce and the development, growth and vitality of a civilization. In 1855 the

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ships is generally draft, which is limited to 16 m (52.5 ft). At the other end of the scale, tub-boat canals such as the

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Locks use a lot of water, so builders have adopted other approaches for situations where little water is available. These include

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have been restored and are now used by pleasure boaters. In Britain, canalside housing has also proven popular in recent years.

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when the city was enlarged and houses were built alongside the water. Its nickname as the "Venice of the North" is shared with

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of the river. A vessel uses the calm parts of the river itself as well as improvements, traversing the same changes in height.

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may be built. This would normally be a section of water wider than the general canal. In some cases, the canal basins contain

5582: 4158: 2695:, England, where a system of intertwining waterways and docks is now being developed for mainly residential and leisure use. 2291: 2185: 1795: 738: 471: 361:

Since they cut across drainage divides, canals are more difficult to construct and often need additional improvements, like

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was dubbed the "Venice of the East" by Marco Polo during his travels there in the 13th century, with its modern canalside

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is debated between "Sankey" and "Bridgewater" supporters. The first true canal in what is now the United Kingdom was the

384:: canals and navigations used for carrying vessels transporting goods and people. These can be subdivided into two kinds: 5284: 5234: 5128: 4181: 4046: 3653: 2928: 1637:

The modern canal system was mainly a product of the 18th century and early 19th century. It came into being because the

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in. Vertical falls work for drops of up to 1.5 m in height, and for discharge of up to 15 cubic meters per second.

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Canals are built in one of three ways, or a combination of the three, depending on available water and available path:

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and the north. The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of British canals.

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the cut with some form of watertight material such as clay or concrete. When this is done with clay, it is known as

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2007-036 General COP Treatment Plan; Pueblo Grande Museum Project 2007–95; City of Phoenix Project No. ST87350010;

2851: 2845: 2191: 1963: 1645: 2404: 1592: 5572: 5524: 5407: 2913: 2242:– a name that suggests the country began as a way to get from one hemisphere to the other – was a replica of the 2218:

Twenty years later, an expansionist United States, that just acquired colonies after defeating Spain in the 1898

1991: 1307: 1092: 828: 734: 708: 2223: 2219: 5557: 5274: 5239: 5081: 3169: 2923: 2903: 2654: 2294:. The expanded canal began commercial operation on 26 June 2016. The new set of locks allow transit of larger, 1153: 1690: 1502: 94: 3676: 3578: 2143:, which specified the minimum size of locks. Canal traffic doubled in the first decades of the 20th century. 2112:

as an alternative to part of the St. Lawrence River, which was susceptible to blockade by the United States.

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supplemented by other methods to deal with seasonal variations in flow. Where such sources were unavailable,

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in 3000 BC. This is the first time that such planned civil project had taken place in the ancient world. In

84: 3675:. English Heritage Extensive Urban Survey. Taunton: Somerset County Council. pp. 19–20. Archived from 2313:

A movement that began in Britain and France to use the early industrial canals for pleasure boats, such as

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Schörner, Hadwiga (2000): "Künstliche Schiffahrtskanäle in der Antike. Der sogenannte antike Suez-Kanal",

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Canal building progressed steadily in Germany in the 17th and 18th centuries with three great rivers, the

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was the most complex in ancient North America. A portion of the ancient canals has been renovated for the

1222: 865: 798: 555: 501: 441: 354: 321: 261: 174: 20: 2165:. These canals were partially built with the help of engineers from the Netherlands and other countries. 1368:

is believed to be the first post-Roman canal and was built in the middle of the 10th century to link the

5347: 5194: 5156: 4605: 4544: 4314: 4129: 3922: 3059: 2526:, yet another source of small rivers and creeks, which have been canalized and developed for centuries. 2318: 2029: 2025: 1975: 1924: 1746: 1709:

in northern England, wanted a reliable way to transport his coal to the rapidly industrializing city of

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conveyances was used around settled areas, but unimproved roads required pack animal trains, usually of

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Froriep, Siegfried (1986): "Ein Wasserweg in Bithynien. Bemühungen der Römer, Byzantiner und Osmanen",

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generation, rather than for transport. Nowadays power canals are built almost exclusively as parts of

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to build a canal for that purpose. Brindley's design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the

1333:, water transport was several times cheaper and faster than transport overland. Overland transport by 5577: 5299: 5123: 4883: 4690: 4484: 4010: 3206: 3201: 3186: 3164: 2940: 2582: 2173: 1165: 1138: 1064: 832: 408: 159: 2361:

Canals are still used to provide water for agriculture. An extensive canal system exists within the

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Another option for dealing with hills is to tunnel through them. An example of this approach is the

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Inland canals have often had boats specifically built for them. An example of this is the British

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Many rival canal companies were formed and competition was rampant. Perhaps the best example was

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https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/general_history_africa_iv.pdf

2738: 2162: 727:, a second stream can be created next to or at least near the existing stream. This is called a 649: 40: 3405: 1133: 5478: 5317: 5309: 5249: 5209: 5098: 4913: 4675: 4665: 4451: 4299: 4054: 3902: 3877: 3817: 3584: 3409: 3340: 3295: 3196: 3149: 2918: 2819: 2710: 2239: 2101: 2046: 1914: 1882: 1814: 1722: 1694: 1577: 1373: 1218: 861: 854: 366: 334: 233: 129: 60: 3781: 2168:

A major question was how to connect the Atlantic and the Pacific with a canal through narrow

1530:(1683) connecting the Atlantic to the Mediterranean. This included a staircase of 8 locks at 5392: 5294: 5199: 4798: 4793: 4710: 4539: 4411: 4018: 3129: 3073: 2957: 2813: 2642: 2622: 2507: 2416: 2393: 2064:

Three major canals with very different purposes were built in what is now Canada. The first

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to facilitate conquest of the city but his progress was halted when he went to war with the

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looping descents to create a longer and gentler channel around a stretch of rapids or falls;

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British Waterways' leisure website – Britain's official guide to canals, rivers and lakes

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in the Southern California desert to provide irrigation to agriculture within the area.

2290:, they are becoming increasingly important, resulting in expansion projects such as the 1728:

The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canal were horse-drawn with a

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fall, where the drop follows an s-shaped curve to create a smooth transition and reduce

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When a section of the canal needs to be sealed off so it can be drained for maintenance

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Some canals attempted to keep changes in level down to a minimum. These canals known as

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fulfilled a similar role in the early industrial revolution between 1828 and 1848. The

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or chamber lock first appeared, in the 10th century in China and in Europe in 1373 in

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Where large amounts of goods are loaded or unloaded such as at the end of a canal, a

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was the primary means of powering factories (usually textile mills) until after the

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bought by private investors. The Erie canal runs about 363 miles (584 km) from

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Around 1500–1800 the first summit level canal to use pound locks in Europe was the

1475: 1419:. Taking boats through these used large amounts of water leading to conflicts with 1347: 1346:

but dry footing. In that era, as today, greater cargoes, especially bulk goods and

1334: 1279: 1192: 993: 928: 794: 778: 684: 637: 592: 591:

in northern China, still remains in heavy use, especially the portion south of the

567:, less geographically constrained & limited, and generally cheaper to maintain 533: 480: 445: 277: 265: 237: 229: 221: 2389: 789:

At their simplest, canals consist of a trench filled with water. Depending on the

75: 3289: 1771:

The new canal system was both cause and effect of the rapid industrialization of

931:. It may be combined with a regulator, bridge, or other structure to save costs. 5438: 5362: 5066: 5029: 4976: 4700: 4685: 4660: 4534: 4268: 3108: 3008: 2798: 2352: 2341: 2314: 2299: 1967: 1945: 1898: 1830: 1784: 1661: 1600: 1483: 1401: 1355: 1330: 1196: 1078: 1047: 893: 692: 576: 461: 457: 369:

to bridge waters over streams and roads, and ways to keep water in the channel.

45: 5544: 5224: 5108: 5048: 5006: 4878: 4715: 4583: 4524: 4514: 4431: 4340: 4329: 4309: 4233: 3759: 3216: 3049: 3013: 2987: 2825: 2775: 2762: 2638: 2618: 2594: 2546: 2441: 2421: 2251: 2208: 2151: 2150:(1869) – which carries tonnage many times that of most other canals – and the 2147: 2139:

and Seine – and the North Sea was boosted in 1879 by the establishment of the

2010: 1979: 1955: 1862: 1822: 1764: 1710: 1649: 1596: 1531: 1432: 1424: 1416: 1369: 1200: 1184: 1074: 939: 934:

There are various types of canal falls, based on their shape. One type is the

881: 813: 806: 766: 762: 551: 538: 476: 464: 288: 155: 151: 144: 3622: 3608: 1560:

The oldest canal in the European settlements of North America, technically a

654: 5514: 5463: 5433: 5402: 5332: 5244: 5001: 4888: 4873: 4813: 4760: 4755: 4655: 4578: 4568: 4466: 3174: 3102: 3081: 2692: 2626: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2515: 2447: 2382: 2243: 2212: 1886: 1706: 1561: 1467: 1428: 1420: 1303: 1294: 1283: 1241: 1157: 1107: 1106:) had sophisticated irrigation and storage systems developed, including the 971: 947: 820: 678: 453: 423: 217: 178: 3722: 3427:

the world's largest artificial waterway and oldest canal still in existence

3243: 2630: 1935:(Slovakia) – the canal is conveying water to a hydroelectric power station. 1450:

in 581–617 AD whilst in Europe the first, also using single locks, was the

884: – either separate from the canal or built into its course – and 3468:

Moore, Frank Gardner (1950): "Three Canal Projects, Roman and Byzantine",

2157:

In the 19th century, a number of canals were built in Japan including the

1588:

and the sea. It was constructed in 1639 to provide water power for mills.

1240:

referring to transport realities before the industrial revolution and the

1203:, northern Greece. It was constructed as part of his preparations for the 243:

The term was once used to describe linear features seen on the surface of

5184: 5151: 4828: 4670: 4637: 4248: 4228: 4218: 3517: 2722: 2718: 2634: 2578: 2550: 2523: 2511: 2487: 2348: 2146:

Many notable sea canals were completed in this period, starting with the

2136: 2132: 2085: 2080:(1825), which allowed ships to skirt the nearly impassable rapids on the 1902: 1858: 1479: 1405: 1391: 1188: 1177: 600: 520: 381: 136: 125: 4115:"Canals and Navigable Rivers" by James S. Aber, Emporia State University 3456: 2186:

This canal has never been built in part because of political instability

908:

maintenance, or to prevent a major loss of water due to a canal breach.

831:

of water in which boats float while being moved between two levels; and

28: 5494: 5443: 4971: 4966: 4948: 4928: 4833: 4770: 4705: 4642: 4319: 4030: 3179: 3159: 3039: 2897: 2887: 2771: 2766: 2743: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2646: 2606: 2586: 2554: 2542: 2534: 2503: 2495: 2483: 2457: 2425: 2337: 2333: 1729: 1507: 1395: 1318: 1256: 1248: 1173: 1152:, large canals for river transport were established as far back as the 1039: 790: 596: 568: 505: 449: 431: 427: 362: 269: 1274: 1160:

connected the old states of Song, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Cao, and Wei. The

5289: 5161: 4986: 4981: 4933: 4923: 4893: 4818: 4573: 4504: 4476: 4375: 4273: 4263: 4208: 3096: 2944: 2860: 2755: 2678: 2650: 2610: 2598: 2566: 2499: 2471: 2465: 2452: 2433: 2378: 2329: 2235: 2093: 1928: 1905:

started becoming seriously competitive in price and convenience. The

1569: 1487: 1409: 1260: 1212: 1142: 1111: 847: 645: 418: 413: 273: 202: 111: 64: 4022: 1917:

was a major contributor of the American Industrial Revolution where

287:

is a series of channels that run roughly parallel to the valley and

3563: 1442:

To break out of the limitations caused by river valleys, the first

5387: 5372: 5071: 5044: 4991: 4858: 4853: 4823: 4808: 4617: 4387: 4371: 4294: 4243: 4151: 4124: 2807: 2737: 2614: 2602: 2558: 2528: 2482:

becoming major tourist attractions. Other nearby cities including

2415: 2403: 2388: 2372: 2277: 2254:, 10 miles (16 km) wide, with U.S. military stationed there ( 2190: 2128: 2114: 2051: 2009: 1923: 1804: 1759: 1689: 1628: 1608: 1546: 1523: 1519: 1501: 1383: 1354:

built at the end of the 8th century under personal supervision of

1317: 1273: 1132: 1127: 1115: 1068: 1033: 897: 758: 621: 581: 510: 495: 486: 470: 400: 396: 312: 260: 213: 193:

when it parallels a natural river and shares part of the latter's

163: 105: 93: 88: 74: 54: 39: 27: 4166: 4103:

Information and Boater's Guide to the New York State Canal System

4097: 3516:. Arizona Museum of Natural History, City of Mesa. Archived from 2328:

is being developed into a major transportation waterway, linking

216:, generally requiring an external water source above the highest 5417: 5382: 4938: 4898: 4863: 4258: 2870: 2491: 1604: 1542: 1538: 1534:, a 157 metres (515 ft) tunnel, and three major aqueducts. 1338: 1122:(reigned 2332–2283 BC), who ordered a canal built to bypass the 1088: 1051: 935: 392: 341: 244: 4344: 4170: 2701:(sometimes known as bayous in the United States) are a form of 1211:. It is one of the few monuments left by the Persian Empire in 181:

of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as

5337: 4778: 4223: 3969:"Panama Canal Opens $ 5B Locks, Bullish Despite Shipping Woes" 1893:

and the Erie Canal completed a navigable water route from the

1378:

More lasting and of more economic impact were canals like the

345: 170: 4134: 4092: 2717:; the Gold Coast has over 890 km of residential canals. 2215:

sits, isolated decaying machines, today tourist attractions.

483:

to feed the early United States industries in the pioneer-era

4102: 2721:

are difficult areas upon which to build housing estates, so

4039:

European Waterways - map and concise directory, 3rd edition

2154:(1897), though the Panama Canal was not opened until 1914. 1889:. The Hudson River connects Albany to the Atlantic port of 1725:. It opened in 1761 and was the first major British canal. 1982:. Other cities with extensive power canal systems include 580:

to make deliveries well away from rail lined road beds or

3924:

Lowell National Historical Park – Lowell History Prologue

1998:. The most notable power canal was built in 1862 for the 1644:

By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the

1549:

being linked by canals. In post-Roman Britain, the first

769:

allow seagoing ships to travel to an inland port (e.g.,

448:

canals that are used for the conveyance and delivery of

2127:

In France, a steady linking of all the river systems –

2049:

system until replaced by a channelized river waterway.

2000:

Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company

1779:

cheaper transport of raw materials and finished goods.

291:

of an unimproved river. A navigation always shares the

4119: 2347:

Canals have found another use in the 21st century, as

2282:

Canals can disrupt water circulation in marsh systems.

1865:(opened 1825) was chartered and owned by the state of 1466:

of West Africa, several canals were constructed under

306:, making a navigable channel connecting two different 4001:

Calvert, Roger (1963), "Inland Waterways of Europe",

2199:

The second choice for a Central American canal was a

1733:

towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard.

1431:, Netherlands. Another important development was the 4080:, International Association of Hydrological Sciences 3145:

List of navigation authorities in the United Kingdom

2541:

Other cities with extensive canal networks include:

2033:

some canals were later drained and used as railroad

1625:

History of turnpikes and canals in the United States

648:

and providing transport there. Examples include the

5487: 5426: 5308: 5170: 5142: 5043: 5015: 4947: 4769: 4636: 4553: 4475: 4386: 3400:

Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats

1390:. The Naviglio Grande is the most important of the 584:in the dirt which could not operate in the winter. 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3397: 3099:, a non-human animal also known for canal building 1962:. Parts of the United States, particularly in the 3347:(1985) 352 pages, Viking Penguin, Inc, New York, 2176:opened in 1855.) The original proposal was for a 868:. Tunnels are only practical for smaller canals. 793:the canal passes through, it may be necessary to 4051:World Canals: Inland Navigation Past and Present 3155:List of waterway societies in the United Kingdom 1557:, which was surveyed in 1563, and open in 1566. 1225:, by which they regulated the water flow in the 1024:Miami and Erie Canal Lock in Ohio, United States 220:. The best-known example of such a canal is the 3853: 3851: 3849: 3782:Exeter Ship Canal, The First Four Hundred Years 3780:Exeter history by www.exeter.gov.uk, .pdf file 3291:Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures 2178:sea-level canal through what is today Nicaragua 1412:and assist transportation of goods and people. 406:Those connected in a city network: such as the 3836: 3834: 3832: 2250:(used as currency). A U.S. military zone, the 835:where a caisson is hauled up a steep railway. 773:), or from one sea or ocean to another (e.g., 723:When a stream is too difficult to modify with 4356: 4182: 3861:. London: Reader's Digest. 1978. p. 990. 3760:"Exeter Canal and Quayside – a short history" 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 1853:(opened 1802) also in Massachusetts, and the 1398:" and the oldest functioning canal in Europe. 900:and cranes to assist with movement of goods. 348:to raise river water levels to usable depths; 63:fuelled the industrial revolution in much of 8: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 2195:Abandoned DeLessups equipment, Panama jungle 357:to allow ships and barges to ascend/descend. 158:). They carry free, calm surface flow under 3943: 3859:Reader's Digest Library of Modern Knowledge 3669:An archaeological assessment of Glastonbury 2436:that many canal cities have been nicknamed 2180:, taking advantage of the relatively large 1595:, a nationwide canal system connecting the 1118:, canals date back at least to the time of 4363: 4349: 4341: 4189: 4175: 4167: 4078:The Basis of Civilization - Water Science? 3564:"Yoda Ela – An Ancient Engineering Marvel" 2408:Aerial view of the man-made canals of the 1271:and now helps to supply the city's water. 1191:of Persia ordered the construction of the 2518:are located along the lower mouth of the 1653:to go, not where a river happened to be. 1293:constructed the 87 km (54 mi) 4098:Leeds Liverpool Canal Photographic Guide 3955: 3876:(Second ed.). David & Charles. 3508: 3506: 3371: 3268: 1909:(finished in 1828) in Massachusetts and 1648:were becoming quite sophisticated, with 757:Smaller transportation canals can carry 4962:International scale of river difficulty 3700: 3383: 3234: 2228:took Panama province away from Colombia 1526:(1642), followed by the more ambitious 1382:built between 1127 and 1257 to connect 952: 329:Structures used in artificial waterways 169:In most cases, a canal has a series of 3715:The International Canal Monuments List 3652:Details text and data with cites from 1966:, had enough fast-flowing rivers that 1800:Birmingham Canal Navigations Main Line 1656:The claim for the first pure canal in 962:The flight of 16 consecutive locks at 162:, and can be thought of as artificial 32:The Alter Strom, in the sea resort of 4145:Canal flow measurement using a sensor 3487:, 2nd Special Edition, pp. 39–50 (46) 3474:, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 97–111 (99–101) 3359: 2432:Canals are so deeply identified with 1553:canal built appears to have been the 1229:as early as the 3rd century BC. 7: 3036:or Danube–Morava–Vardar–Aegean Canal 2934:List of canals in the United Kingdom 2258:, 2 TV stations, channels 8 and 10, 2056:A family rides a boat in one of the 1580:connecting the higher waters of the 587:The longest extant canal today, the 377:There are two broad types of canal: 1621:History of the British canal system 842:– a famous example in Wales is the 701:Canal de Mines de Fer de la Moselle 603:at 1,794 kilometres (1,115 miles). 4009:(4), George Allen and Unwin: 515, 3500:, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 28–43 (33–35) 3294:. New Delhi: S Chand and Company. 2685:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City 1701:In the mid-eighteenth century the 1564:built for industrial purposes, is 337:structures to improve navigation: 14: 4069:Science and Civilisation in China 3758:David Cornforth (February 2012). 2045:connected the Great Lakes to the 1794:in Birmingham, a point where the 1221:were also among the first to use 1205:Second Persian invasion of Greece 683:navigation. Examples include the 268:, a transportation canal between 3977:. Associated Press. 26 June 2016 3080: 3066: 3052: 2246:. The US dollar was and remains 1423:owners and to correct this, the 1400:Later, canals were built in the 1017: 1001: 990:the longest and highest aqueduct 978: 955: 924:the bed and sides of the canal. 333:Both navigations and canals use 302:is a channel that cuts across a 5119:Flooded grasslands and savannas 3899:The Canals of the West Midlands 3471:American Journal of Archaeology 3212:Waterways in the United Kingdom 2088:, were built for commerce. The 2068:, which opened in 1829 between 1713:. He commissioned the engineer 1297:in 459 A.D. as a part of their 927:A canal fall is constructed by 5619:Water transport infrastructure 4159:New International Encyclopedia 3791:, accessdate=13 September 2013 3583:. Asian Educational Services. 2725:part of the wetland down to a 2292:Panama Canal expansion project 2092:, completed in 1832, connects 1921:built his first textile mill. 1796:Worcester and Birmingham Canal 59:Small boat canals such as the 1: 3808:Burton, Anthony (1995) , "3: 2015: 1767:, Lockport, New York, c. 1855 1100: 1081: 1073:The oldest known canals were 257:Types of artificial waterways 5285:Universal Soil Loss Equation 5235:Hydrological transport model 5129:Storm Water Management Model 3814:The Great Days of the Canals 3654:Glastonbury Canal (medieval) 3643:), Start point at River Brue 3577:Obeyesekere, Donald (1999). 2929:Canals of the United Kingdom 1960:hydroelectric power stations 1611:rivers, was opened in 1718. 1299:extensive irrigation network 1183:In the 5th century BC, 669:Canalization and navigations 16:Artificial channel for water 4037:Edwards-May, David (2008), 3816:, Twickenham: Tiger Books, 2963:Canals of the United States 2043:Illinois and Michigan Canal 1954:refers to a canal used for 1633:Lowell's power canal system 853:) across the valley of the 399:, other canals or seas and 5645: 5624:Artificial bodies of water 4789:Antecedent drainage stream 4120:National Canal Museum (US) 3897:Hadfield, Charles (1966). 3872:Hadfield, Charles (1981). 3762:. www.exetermemories.co.uk 3666:Gathercole, Clare (2003). 3580:Outlines of Ceylon History 3250:. US Bureau of Reclamation 2985: 2979: 2852:History of canals in China 2846:List of canals in Pakistan 2785: 2689:UNESCO World Heritage Site 1943: 1833:broke out; these were the 1646:Aire and Calder Navigation 1618: 1062: 1046:The transport capacity of 391:Those connecting existing 189:. A canal can be called a 18: 5553: 5525:River valley civilization 5408:Riparian-zone restoration 4282: 4204: 3787:19 September 2015 at the 3634:Start point at River Brue 2072:and Lake Erie, bypassing 1992:Manchester, New Hampshire 1265:Phoenix metropolitan area 1093:Indus Valley civilization 735:Chesapeake and Ohio Canal 709:Riparian zone restoration 689:Northeastern Pennsylvania 208:A canal can cut across a 5588:Countries without rivers 5563:Rivers by discharge rate 5275:Runoff model (reservoir) 5240:Infiltration (hydrology) 4125:London Canal Museum (UK) 4003:The Geographical Journal 3396:Donald Langmead (2001). 2976:Lists of proposed canals 2351:for the installation of 1755:Trent & Mersey Canal 1705:, who owned a number of 1446:were developed with the 1253:North American Southwest 1154:Spring and Autumn period 996:, Wales, United Kingdom 739:Canal latéral à la Loire 554:today primarily service 5260:River Continuum Concept 5025:Agricultural wastewater 3901:. David & Charles. 3550:March 24, 2014, at the 3115:Canal & River Trust 3029:Northern river reversal 2982:List of proposed canals 2840:List of canals in India 2705:popular in cities like 2533:Canal of La Peyrade in 2326:Seine–Nord Europe Canal 2207:company, which ran the 1984:Lawrence, Massachusetts 1703:3rd Duke of Bridgewater 1677:Sankey Brook Navigation 1255:in what is now part of 1236:— technology historian 430:, and the waterways of 253:, an optical illusion. 85:Cassinetta di Lugagnano 5583:River name etymologies 5510:Hydraulic civilization 5368:Floodplain restoration 5144:Point source pollution 4919:Sedimentary structures 3288:Sharma, S. K. (2016). 2884:Danube–Black Sea Canal 2758: 2715:Gold Coast, Queensland 2617:in Flanders, Belgium; 2538: 2429: 2413: 2410:Gold Coast, Queensland 2401: 2386: 2283: 2264:U.S.-style high school 2196: 2124: 2061: 2021: 1988:Holyoke, Massachusetts 1936: 1825: 1768: 1698: 1634: 1511: 1326: 1286: 1246: 1145: 1043: 866:Trent and Mersey Canal 524: 508: 502:Danube-Black Sea Canal 493: 484: 325: 280: 147:) or for conveyancing 114: 103: 91: 72: 52: 37: 21:Canal (disambiguation) 5195:Discharge (hydrology) 5157:Industrial wastewater 4638:Sedimentary processes 4053:, David and Charles, 3060:United Kingdom portal 2741: 2532: 2419: 2407: 2392: 2376: 2319:Kennet and Avon Canal 2281: 2238:). Its currency, the 2194: 2118: 2055: 2030:Aire and Calder Canal 2026:Manchester Ship Canal 2013: 1976:Lowell, Massachusetts 1927: 1808: 1763: 1693: 1639:Industrial Revolution 1632: 1615:Industrial Revolution 1593:Volga–Baltic Waterway 1584:and the mouth of the 1570:Boston, Massachusetts 1505: 1321: 1277: 1259:, United States, and 1251:was a society in the 1231: 1136: 1037: 968:Kennet and Avon Canal 844:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct 771:Manchester Ship Canal 743:Garonne Lateral Canal 517:Amsterdam-Rhine Canal 514: 499: 490: 474: 318:Westbury Court Garden 316: 264: 109: 97: 78: 58: 43: 31: 5614:Coastal construction 5300:Volumetric flow rate 4884:Riffle-pool sequence 4108:24 July 2008 at the 4076:Rodda, J.C. (2004), 4067:Needham, J. (1971), 3520:on November 30, 2012 3404:. ABC-CLIO. p. 3207:Waterway restoration 3202:Water transportation 3187:Volumetric flow rate 3165:Navigation authority 2609:in the Netherlands; 2220:Spanish–American War 2213:excavating equipment 1454:in Germany in 1398. 1448:Grand Canal of China 1195:through the base of 1166:Grand Canal of China 1139:Grand Canal of China 1065:List of Roman canals 986:The Llangollen Canal 595:. It stretches from 546:The surviving canals 185:, often just called 160:atmospheric pressure 122:artificial waterways 19:For other uses, see 5474:Whitewater kayaking 5469:Whitewater canoeing 5270:Runoff curve number 5114:Flood pulse concept 4140:Canal des Deux Mers 4130:Canals in Amsterdam 4015:1963GeogJ.129..515A 3810:Building the Canals 3618: / 3603:specifically from ( 3135:Irrigation district 2909:Canals of Amsterdam 2894:North Crimean Canal 2857:King Abdullah Canal 2691:near the centre of 2270:'s defeat in 1980. 2123:, from around 1870. 2119:A proposal for the 2058:canals of Amsterdam 1819:navigable aqueducts 1551:early modern period 1498:Early modern period 1444:summit level canals 851:World Heritage Site 560:ship transportation 5500:Aquatic toxicology 5413:Stream restoration 5378:Infiltration basin 5230:Hydrological model 4746:Sediment transport 4569:Estavelle/Inversac 4447:Subterranean river 4071:, C.U.P. Cambridge 3974:The New York Times 3623:51.1384°N 2.7358°W 3242:Thompson, Kristi. 3125:Environment Agency 2788:Lists of waterways 2759: 2539: 2430: 2414: 2402: 2387: 2356:telecommunications 2284: 2197: 2125: 2082:St. Lawrence River 2062: 2022: 1972:American Civil War 1937: 1855:Dismal Swamp Canal 1835:South Hadley Canal 1826: 1809:Aqueduct over the 1769: 1699: 1679:, which connected 1635: 1572:neighbourhoods of 1512: 1372:at Northover with 1327: 1287: 1269:Salt River Project 1227:Ancient Suez Canal 1209:Greco-Persian Wars 1170:Emperor Yang Guang 1146: 1044: 840:navigable aqueduct 615:Human made streams 525: 509: 494: 485: 326: 281: 183:slack water levels 115: 104: 100:Broek in Waterland 92: 73: 53: 38: 5596: 5595: 5573:Whitewater rivers 5479:Whitewater slalom 5310:River engineering 5210:Groundwater model 5171:River measurement 5099:Flood forecasting 4914:Sedimentary basin 4771:Fluvial landforms 4676:Bed material load 4452:River bifurcation 4338: 4337: 4300:Civil engineering 4060:978-0-7153-8555-5 4047:Hadfield, Charles 3908:978-0-7153-4660-0 3883:978-0-7153-8079-6 3823:978-1-85501-695-8 3728:on 10 August 2013 3415:978-1-57607-112-0 3301:978-93-525-3377-0 3150:List of waterways 2941:Great Bačka Canal 2919:Canals of Ireland 2914:Canals of Germany 2820:Mahmoudiyah Canal 2711:Texas City, Texas 2677:in Thailand, and 2665:, United States, 2420:Wharfs along the 2224:Hay–Herrán Treaty 2102:Kingston, Ontario 2047:Mississippi River 1915:Blackstone Valley 1883:Buffalo, New York 1857:(opened 1805) in 1845:(opened 1800) in 1837:(opened 1795) in 1815:Rexford, New York 1723:Bridgewater Canal 1695:Bridgewater Canal 1374:Glastonbury Abbey 1364:Glastonbury Canal 1126:on the Nile near 1087:, in what is now 1077:canals, built in 1012:seen from the air 862:Harecastle Tunnel 139:management (e.g. 83:, in the town of 61:Basingstoke Canal 5636: 5558:Rivers by length 5393:River morphology 5295:Wetted perimeter 5200:Drainage density 4711:Headward erosion 4540:Perennial stream 4412:Blackwater river 4365: 4358: 4351: 4342: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4042: 4033: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3944:Edwards-May 2008 3941: 3935: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3855: 3844: 3842:Inland Waterways 3838: 3827: 3826: 3805: 3792: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3727: 3721:, archived from 3720: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3681: 3674: 3663: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3628:51.1384; -2.7358 3624: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3614: 3611: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3544:Cultural Context 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3422: 3403: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3330: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3285: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3239: 3130:Horse-drawn boat 3090: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3074:Transport portal 3071: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3056: 3055: 2958:Canals of Canada 2924:Canals of Russia 2904:Canals of France 2814:Ibrahimiya Canal 2748:Miraflores Locks 2623:Saint Petersburg 2438:"the Venice of…" 2394:Griboyedov Canal 2020: 2017: 2014:American canals 1996:Augusta, Georgia 1931:in the canal of 1907:Blackstone Canal 1875:Albany, New York 1869:and financed by 1666:Northern Ireland 1472:Askia Muhammad I 1437:guillotine locks 1361:In Britain, the 1324:Punjab, Pakistan 1207:, a part of the 1172:between Zhuodu ( 1105: 1102: 1086: 1083: 1021: 1005: 982: 959: 775:Caledonian Canal 711:may be required. 676:A stream can be 658: 191:navigation canal 5644: 5643: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5568:Drainage basins 5549: 5483: 5422: 5398:Retention basin 5358:Erosion control 5353:Detention basin 5304: 5220:Hjulström curve 5172: 5166: 5138: 5082:Non-water flood 5039: 5011: 4957:Helicoidal flow 4943: 4844:Fluvial terrace 4839:Floating island 4765: 4640: 4632: 4623:Rhythmic spring 4557: 4549: 4530:Stream gradient 4471: 4457:River ecosystem 4422:Channel pattern 4390: 4382: 4369: 4339: 4334: 4278: 4200: 4195: 4150: 4110:Wayback Machine 4089: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4061: 4045: 4036: 4023:10.2307/1794678 4000: 3996: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3856: 3847: 3839: 3830: 3824: 3807: 3806: 3795: 3789:Wayback Machine 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3682:on 15 July 2011 3679: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3552:Wayback Machine 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3467: 3463: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3337:Ronald W. Clark 3331: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3286: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3170:Proposed canals 3140:Lists of canals 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3004:Nicaragua Canal 2990: 2984: 2978: 2790: 2784: 2782:Lists of canals 2736: 2655:Fort Lauderdale 2480:Shantang Street 2371: 2369:Cities on water 2363:Imperial Valley 2276: 2232:puppet republic 2230:, and set up a 2174:Panama Railroad 2170:Central America 2141:Freycinet gauge 2121:Nicaragua Canal 2018: 2008: 1974:. For example, 1956:hydraulic power 1948: 1942: 1851:Middlesex Canal 1743:Josiah Wedgwood 1668:constructed by 1627: 1617: 1591:In Russia, the 1518:connecting the 1506:Dutch canal in 1500: 1460: 1452:Stecknitz Canal 1399: 1386:with the river 1380:Naviglio Grande 1377: 1316: 1238:Ronald W. Clark 1235: 1219:Greek engineers 1103: 1084: 1071: 1061: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1013: 1006: 997: 983: 974: 960: 914: 833:inclined planes 787: 661:North Sea Canal 652: 634:Canal de Briare 622:dykes or levees 609: 548: 530: 375: 373:Types of canals 331: 308:drainage basins 304:drainage divide 259: 210:drainage divide 149:water transport 81:Naviglio Grande 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5629:Infrastructure 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5601: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5459:Stone skipping 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5343:Drop structure 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323:Balancing lake 5320: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5250:Playfair's law 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:Exner equation 5202: 5197: 5192: 5190:Bradshaw model 5187: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5077:Urban flooding 5069: 5064: 5062:Crevasse splay 5059: 5057:100-year flood 5053: 5051: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5017:Surface runoff 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4997:Stream capture 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4909:Rock-cut basin 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751:Suspended load 4748: 4743: 4741:Secondary flow 4738: 4733: 4731:Retrogradation 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4696:Dissolved load 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4628:Spring horizon 4625: 4620: 4615: 4613:Mineral spring 4610: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4594:list in the US 4591: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4520:Stream channel 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4442:Drainage basin 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4402:Alluvial river 4398: 4396: 4384: 4383: 4370: 4368: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4198:Infrastructure 4196: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4148: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4087:External links 4085: 4083: 4082: 4073: 4064: 4059: 4043: 4034: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3960: 3958:, p. 191. 3948: 3936: 3914: 3907: 3889: 3882: 3864: 3845: 3828: 3822: 3793: 3773: 3750: 3738: 3705: 3693: 3658: 3645: 3596: 3589: 3569: 3555: 3531: 3502: 3489: 3476: 3461: 3443: 3431: 3414: 3388: 3386:, p. 269. 3376: 3364: 3362:, p. 161. 3352: 3333:"Works of Man" 3314: 3300: 3273: 3261: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3103:Canal elevator 3100: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3077: 3063: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3026: 3024:Two Seas Canal 3021: 3019:Sulawesi Canal 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2999:Istanbul Canal 2996: 2980:Main article: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2891: 2876: 2875: 2874: 2867:Qanat al-Jaish 2864: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2804:El Salam Canal 2801: 2786:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2735: 2732: 2707:Miami, Florida 2476:Pingjiang Road 2464:of Russia and 2462:St. Petersburg 2398:St. Petersburg 2370: 2367: 2275: 2272: 2182:Lake Nicaragua 2007: 2004: 1944:Main article: 1941: 1938: 1895:Atlantic Ocean 1847:South Carolina 1715:James Brindley 1616: 1613: 1586:Neponset River 1499: 1496: 1492:Mossi Kingdoms 1464:Songhai Empire 1459: 1456: 1352:Fossa Carolina 1343:bulk transport 1315: 1312: 1176:) and Yuhang ( 1104: 3000 BC 1085: 4000 BC 1060: 1059:Ancient canals 1057: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1007: 1000: 998: 984: 977: 975: 961: 954: 913: 910: 873:contour canals 827:, which use a 823:, such as the 786: 783: 755: 754: 720: 719: 718:Lateral canals 713: 712: 671: 670: 666: 665: 641: 617: 616: 608: 605: 547: 544: 529: 526: 469: 468: 438: 437: 436: 435: 412:and others of 404: 386: 385: 374: 371: 359: 358: 352: 349: 330: 327: 320:: the garden " 293:drainage basin 258: 255: 250:Martian canals 199:drainage basin 79:Bridge on the 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5641: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5540:Surface water 5538: 5536: 5535:Sacred waters 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5520:Riparian zone 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5505:Body of water 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5454:Riverboarding 5452: 5450: 5449:River surfing 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173:and modelling 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5134:Return period 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5094:Flood control 5092: 5090: 5089:Flood barrier 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Palaeochannel 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681:Granular flow 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4427:Channel types 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4407:Braided river 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4153:"Canal" 4149: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4135:Canal du Midi 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4041:, Euromapping 4040: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3957: 3956:Hadfield 1986 3952: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3874:The Canal Age 3868: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3748:pages 193-194 3747: 3742: 3739: 3724: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3694: 3678: 3671: 3670: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3600: 3597: 3592: 3590:9788120613638 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3514:"The Hohokam" 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3377: 3374:, p. 16. 3373: 3372:Hadfield 1986 3368: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3345:0-670-80483-5 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3274: 3271:, p. 22. 3270: 3269:Hadfield 1986 3265: 3262: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3078: 3075: 3069: 3064: 3061: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994:Eurasia Canal 2992: 2991: 2989: 2983: 2975: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2954: 2953:North America 2951: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746:ships in the 2745: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:Canal estates 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681:in Pakistan. 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2645:in Portugal; 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2520:Yangtze River 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2428:, Netherlands 2427: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2385:, Netherlands 2384: 2380: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2308:Croydon Canal 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2288:globalization 2280: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078:Lachine Canal 2075: 2074:Niagara Falls 2071: 2067: 2066:Welland Canal 2059: 2054: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2036: 2035:rights-of-way 2031: 2027: 2012: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1947: 1939: 1934: 1933:Gabčíkovo Dam 1930: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1919:Samuel Slater 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891:New York City 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1839:Massachusetts 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792:Worcester Bar 1788: 1786: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1670:Thomas Steers 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658:Great Britain 1654: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582:Charles River 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528:Canal du Midi 1525: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1408:to drain the 1407: 1403: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1348:raw materials 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162:Caoyun System 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:ancient China 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:Pepi I Meryre 1117: 1113: 1109: 1098: 1097:ancient India 1094: 1090: 1080: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1010:Corinth Canal 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 981: 976: 973: 969: 965: 958: 953: 951: 949: 943: 941: 937: 932: 930: 925: 923: 919: 911: 909: 906: 901: 899: 895: 890: 887: 883: 877: 874: 869: 867: 863: 858: 856: 852: 849: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 825:Falkirk Wheel 822: 817: 815: 810: 808: 802: 800: 796: 792: 784: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 752: 751:Juliana Canal 748: 747:Welland Canal 744: 740: 736: 732: 731: 730:lateral canal 726: 722: 721: 717: 716: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 680: 675: 674: 673: 668: 667: 662: 656: 651: 647: 642: 639: 635: 631: 630:Canal du Midi 627: 623: 619: 618: 614: 613: 612: 606: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 578: 572: 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 545: 543: 540: 535: 527: 523:, Netherlands 522: 518: 513: 507: 503: 498: 489: 482: 478: 473: 466: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 440: 439: 433: 429: 425: 421: 420: 415: 411: 410: 405: 402: 398: 394: 390: 389: 388: 387: 383: 380: 379: 378: 372: 370: 368: 364: 356: 353: 350: 347: 343: 340: 339: 338: 336: 328: 323: 319: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 256: 254: 252: 251: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 150: 146: 142: 141:flood control 138: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 113: 108: 102:, Netherlands 101: 96: 90: 86: 82: 77: 70: 69:United States 66: 62: 57: 51: 47: 42: 35: 30: 26: 22: 5578:Flash floods 5530:River cruise 5427:River sports 5327: 5280:Stream gauge 5265:Rouse number 5255:Relief ratio 5104:Flood-meadow 5035:Urban runoff 4949:Fluvial flow 4934:River valley 4904:River island 4869:Meander scar 4784:Alluvial fan 4726:Progradation 4601:Karst spring 4545:Winterbourne 4500:Chalk stream 4462:River source 4437:Distributary 4305:Construction 4290:Architecture 4286: 4213: 4157: 4077: 4068: 4050: 4038: 4006: 4002: 3994:Bibliography 3979:. Retrieved 3972: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3928:, retrieved 3923: 3917: 3898: 3892: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3841: 3813: 3809: 3776: 3766:14 September 3764:. Retrieved 3753: 3741: 3730:, retrieved 3723:the original 3714: 3708: 3701:Calvert 1963 3696: 3684:. Retrieved 3677:the original 3668: 3661: 3648: 3599: 3579: 3572: 3558: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3524:November 30, 3522:. Retrieved 3518:the original 3497: 3492: 3484: 3479: 3469: 3464: 3446: 3434: 3426: 3419:. Retrieved 3399: 3391: 3384:Needham 1971 3379: 3367: 3355: 3332: 3305:. Retrieved 3290: 3264: 3254:15 September 3252:. Retrieved 3248:www.usbr.gov 3247: 3237: 3192:Water bridge 3178: 3175:Roman canals 3120:Canal tunnel 3107: 3088:Water portal 3034:Balkan Canal 2968:Panama Canal 2952: 2878: 2833: 2793: 2760: 2752:Panama Canal 2697: 2683: 2673:in Vietnam, 2653:in Germany; 2621:in England; 2540: 2470: 2468:of Belgium. 2460:of Germany, 2451: 2446: 2437: 2431: 2360: 2346: 2323: 2315:hotel barges 2312: 2304: 2296:Post-Panamax 2285: 2268:Jimmy Carter 2248:legal tender 2217: 2201:Panama Canal 2198: 2167: 2159:Biwako canal 2156: 2145: 2126: 2110:Lower Canada 2106:Upper Canada 2098:Ottawa River 2090:Rideau Canal 2070:Lake Ontario 2063: 2039: 2023: 2006:19th century 1951: 1949: 1940:Power canals 1911:Rhode Island 1879:Hudson River 1843:Santee Canal 1827: 1817:, one of 32 1811:Mohawk River 1789: 1781: 1777: 1773:The Midlands 1770: 1751:Oxford Canal 1739: 1735: 1727: 1719:River Irwell 1700: 1685:River Mersey 1674: 1655: 1643: 1636: 1590: 1568:between the 1566:Mother Brook 1559: 1555:Exeter Canal 1536: 1516:Briare Canal 1513: 1461: 1441: 1414: 1362: 1360: 1335:animal drawn 1328: 1322:Thal Canal, 1288: 1280:Anuradhapura 1247: 1232: 1217: 1193:Xerxes Canal 1182: 1147: 1072: 1048:pack animals 1045: 994:Denbighshire 944: 933: 929:cut and fill 926: 917: 915: 902: 891: 886:back pumping 878: 870: 859: 837: 818: 811: 803: 788: 779:Panama Canal 756: 728: 725:canalization 724: 714: 703:, and canal 685:Lehigh Canal 677: 672: 638:Panama Canal 625: 610: 607:Construction 593:Yellow River 586: 573: 564: 549: 534:Lehigh Canal 531: 481:Lehigh Canal 458:power canals 456:uses, hydro 446:water supply 417: 409:Canal Grande 407: 376: 360: 332: 299: 297: 284: 282: 278:Lappeenranta 266:Saimaa Canal 248: 242: 238:water supply 230:Roman Empire 226: 222:Panama Canal 207: 190: 186: 182: 177:that create 168: 121: 117: 116: 25: 5439:Fly fishing 5363:Fish ladder 5348:Daylighting 5067:Flash flood 5030:First flush 4977:Plunge pool 4701:Downcutting 4686:Debris flow 4661:Aggradation 4535:Stream pool 4269:Storm drain 4239:Interchange 3946:, p. . 3703:, p. . 3626: / 3485:Antike Welt 3421:15 February 3109:Calle canal 3009:Salwa Canal 2799:Bahr Yussef 2703:subdivision 2641:in Poland; 2625:in Russia; 2412:, Australia 2353:fibre optic 2342:Netherlands 2300:New Panamax 2274:Modern uses 2019: 1825 1968:water power 1952:power canal 1946:Power canal 1899:Great Lakes 1831:War of 1812 1785:canal mania 1662:Newry Canal 1650:pound locks 1601:Caspian Sea 1510:, Sri Lanka 1484:Niger River 1417:flash locks 1402:Netherlands 1356:Charlemagne 1331:Middle Ages 1314:Middle Ages 1308:Thissa Wawa 1278:Yodha Ela, 1223:canal locks 1199:peninsula, 1197:Mount Athos 1079:Mesopotamia 912:Canal falls 905:stop planks 894:canal basin 814:flash locks 767:ship canals 763:narrowboats 697:Basse Saône 693:coal Region 653: [ 626:canal prism 589:Grand Canal 577:World War I 565:much faster 552:ship canals 462:agriculture 46:Royal Canal 5603:Categories 5545:Wild river 5225:Hydrograph 5215:Hack's law 5180:Baer's law 5124:Inundation 5109:Floodplain 5049:stormwater 5007:Whitewater 4879:Oxbow lake 4716:Knickpoint 4691:Deposition 4584:Hot spring 4525:Streamflow 4515:Stream bed 4432:Confluence 4330:Urban park 4310:Playground 4234:Footbridge 3686:2 February 3632: ( 3610:51°08′18″N 3438:Herodotus 3360:Rodda 2004 3244:"Glossary" 3224:References 3217:Weigh lock 3197:Waterscape 3014:Thai Canal 2988:Ship canal 2986:See also: 2826:Suez Canal 2776:Bude Canal 2763:narrowboat 2669:in China, 2659:Cape Coral 2619:Birmingham 2595:Leeuwarden 2547:Amersfoort 2442:city state 2422:Oudegracht 2340:, and the 2252:Canal Zone 2209:Suez Canal 2205:De Lessups 2163:Tone canal 2152:Kiel Canal 2148:Suez Canal 1980:horsepower 1863:Erie Canal 1823:Erie Canal 1765:Erie Canal 1747:Birmingham 1711:Manchester 1707:coal mines 1697:in England 1619:See also: 1597:Baltic Sea 1433:mitre gate 1370:River Brue 1201:Chalkidiki 1185:Achaemenid 1108:reservoirs 1075:irrigation 1063:See also: 988:traverses 940:turbulence 918:canal fall 882:reservoirs 821:boat lifts 807:pound lock 650:Lage Vaart 558:and large 556:bulk cargo 539:metallurgy 528:Importance 492:River zone 477:Anthracite 465:irrigation 335:engineered 289:stream bed 285:navigation 236:were such 195:discharges 179:reservoirs 156:water taxi 145:irrigation 135:built for 130:engineered 34:Warnemünde 5515:Limnology 5464:Triathlon 5434:Canyoning 5403:Revetment 5333:Check dam 5245:Main stem 5002:Waterfall 4889:Point bar 4874:Mouth bar 4814:Billabong 4761:Water gap 4756:Wash load 4736:Saltation 4656:Anabranch 4579:Holy well 4467:Tributary 4287:See also: 3930:8 October 3732:8 October 3613:2°44′09″W 2727:navigable 2693:Liverpool 2627:Bydgoszcz 2591:Harlingen 2575:Enkhuizen 2571:Dordrecht 2563:Den Bosch 2516:Changzhou 2448:Amsterdam 2383:Amsterdam 2377:A canal ( 2349:easements 2244:US dollar 1964:Northeast 1903:railroads 1887:Lake Erie 1877:, on the 1683:with the 1681:St Helens 1672:in 1741. 1578:Hyde Park 1562:mill race 1468:Sunni Ali 1429:Vreeswijk 1421:watermill 1304:Kala Wewa 1295:Yodha Ela 1291:Sinhalese 1284:Sri Lanka 1242:Canal age 1158:Sima Qian 1110:built at 1038:Canal in 972:Wiltshire 964:Caen Hill 855:River Dee 679:canalized 454:municipal 442:Aqueducts 424:Amsterdam 382:Waterways 367:aqueducts 234:aqueducts 218:elevation 126:waterways 110:Canal in 98:Canal in 36:, Germany 5318:Aqueduct 5185:Baseflow 5152:Effluent 4829:Cut bank 4794:Avulsion 4671:Bed load 4651:Abrasion 4254:Pipeline 4249:Overpass 4229:Drainage 4219:Causeway 4106:Archived 4049:(1986), 3785:Archived 3548:Archived 3457:30073214 3046:See also 2723:dredging 2719:Wetlands 2713:and the 2635:Szczecin 2579:Franeker 2551:Bolsward 2537:, France 2524:Lake Tai 2512:Yangzhou 2488:Shanghai 2453:grachten 2400:, Russia 2161:and the 2086:Montreal 2076:and the 2028:and the 1867:New York 1859:Virginia 1798:and the 1753:and the 1603:via the 1480:Timbuktu 1474:between 1406:Flanders 1189:Xerxes I 1178:Hangzhou 1124:cataract 1042:, France 948:diffused 922:scouring 799:puddling 785:Features 765:, while 636:and the 601:Hangzhou 569:railways 521:Rijswijk 475:Loading 419:grachten 363:viaducts 240:canals. 152:vehicles 137:drainage 133:channels 67:and the 5495:Aquifer 5488:Related 5444:Rafting 4972:Meander 4967:Log jam 4929:Thalweg 4834:Estuary 4706:Erosion 4643:erosion 4555:Springs 4510:Current 4477:Streams 4417:Channel 4380:springs 4376:streams 4325:Theatre 4320:Stadium 4162:. 1905. 4031:1794678 4011:Bibcode 3981:26 June 3498:Skyllis 3440:VII, 22 3307:31 July 3180:Torksey 3160:Mooring 3040:Iranrud 2898:Ukraine 2888:Romania 2828:(Egypt) 2822:(Egypt) 2816:(Egypt) 2772:Suezmax 2767:Panamax 2750:on the 2744:Panamax 2675:Bangkok 2671:Cần Thơ 2667:Wenzhou 2663:Florida 2647:Hamburg 2639:Wrocław 2607:Utrecht 2587:Haarlem 2555:Brielle 2543:Alkmaar 2508:Taizhou 2504:Nantong 2496:Jiaxing 2484:Nanjing 2458:Hamburg 2426:Utrecht 2338:Germany 2334:Belgium 2302:ships. 2172:. (The 2096:on the 1897:to the 1821:on the 1730:towpath 1532:Béziers 1508:Negombo 1462:In the 1410:polders 1396:navigli 1392:lombard 1329:In the 1257:Arizona 1249:Hohokam 1174:Beijing 1030:History 966:on the 864:on the 846:(now a 829:caisson 791:stratum 597:Beijing 582:ditches 506:Romania 479:on the 452:water, 450:potable 432:Bangkok 428:Utrecht 298:A true 270:Finland 212:atop a 50:Ireland 5609:Canals 5290:WAFLEX 5162:Sewage 5045:Floods 4987:Riffle 4982:Rapids 4924:Strath 4894:Ravine 4819:Canyon 4574:Geyser 4505:Coulee 4490:Bourne 4485:Arroyo 4388:Rivers 4372:Rivers 4315:Public 4274:Tunnel 4264:Skyway 4209:Bridge 4057: 4029: 3905: 3880: 3840:Rolt, 3820: 3587: 3455: 3412: 3350:horse. 3343: 3298: 3097:Beaver 2945:Serbia 2879:Europe 2861:Jordan 2794:Africa 2756:Panama 2687:was a 2679:Lahore 2651:Berlin 2643:Aveiro 2631:Gdańsk 2611:Brugge 2599:Leiden 2567:Dokkum 2514:, and 2500:Huzhou 2472:Suzhou 2466:Bruges 2434:Venice 2379:Gracht 2330:France 2240:Balboa 2236:Panama 2203:. The 2094:Ottawa 1994:, and 1929:Sluice 1861:. The 1849:, the 1574:Dedham 1488:Walata 1476:Kabara 1458:Africa 1388:Ticino 1366: 1261:Sonora 1234:horse. 1213:Europe 1143:Suzhou 1112:Girnar 1091:. The 898:wharfs 848:UNESCO 759:barges 664:canal. 646:polder 416:; the 414:Venice 401:oceans 397:rivers 274:Russia 203:valley 187:levels 164:rivers 154:(e.g. 118:Canals 112:Venice 65:Europe 5388:Levee 5373:Flume 5328:Canal 5072:Flood 4992:Shoal 4859:Gully 4854:Gulch 4824:Chine 4809:Bayou 4666:Armor 4618:Ponor 4393:lists 4295:Arena 4244:Levee 4214:Canal 4027:JSTOR 3726:(PDF) 3719:(PDF) 3680:(PDF) 3673:(PDF) 3453:JSTOR 3229:Notes 2808:Egypt 2734:Boats 2603:Sneek 2583:Gouda 2559:Delft 2381:) in 2332:with 2256:bases 2137:Saône 2133:Rhône 2129:Rhine 1885:, at 1871:bonds 1609:Volga 1547:Weser 1524:Seine 1520:Loire 1425:pound 1384:Milan 1339:mules 1187:king 1128:Aswan 1116:Egypt 1069:Qanat 1052:carts 705:Aisne 657:] 550:Most 519:near 393:lakes 355:locks 342:weirs 322:Canal 300:canal 276:, in 214:ridge 175:locks 89:Italy 87:, in 5418:Weir 5383:Leat 5047:and 4939:Wadi 4899:Rill 4864:Glen 4849:Gill 4799:Bank 4641:and 4606:list 4589:list 4560:list 4495:Burn 4378:and 4259:Road 4055:ISBN 3983:2016 3932:2008 3903:ISBN 3878:ISBN 3818:ISBN 3768:2013 3734:2008 3688:2010 3585:ISBN 3541:p. 9 3526:2012 3423:2013 3410:ISBN 3341:ISBN 3309:2023 3296:ISBN 3256:2017 2871:Iraq 2850:see 2844:see 2838:see 2834:Asia 2742:Two 2657:and 2649:and 2637:and 2615:Gent 2613:and 2605:and 2535:Sète 2522:and 2492:Wuxi 2478:and 2324:The 2298:and 2262:, a 2108:and 1675:The 1623:and 1607:and 1605:Neva 1599:and 1576:and 1545:and 1543:Oder 1539:Elbe 1522:and 1478:and 1470:and 1404:and 1289:The 1137:The 1089:Iraq 1067:and 1050:and 1040:Sète 1008:The 936:ogee 795:line 749:and 515:The 500:The 460:and 365:and 346:dams 344:and 272:and 245:Mars 197:and 173:and 171:dams 143:and 124:are 44:The 5338:Dam 4804:Bar 4779:Ait 4224:Dam 4019:doi 4007:129 3812:", 3177:– ( 2661:in 2424:in 2396:in 2260:Pxs 2100:to 2084:at 1881:to 1813:at 1664:in 1486:to 1306:to 1148:In 1141:at 1095:of 992:in 781:). 761:or 691:'s 687:in 599:to 504:in 426:or 422:of 232:'s 128:or 120:or 48:in 5605:: 4374:, 4156:. 4025:, 4017:, 4005:, 3971:. 3848:^ 3831:^ 3796:^ 3505:^ 3425:. 3408:. 3406:37 3339:, 3335:, 3317:^ 3276:^ 3246:. 2754:, 2709:, 2633:, 2629:, 2601:, 2597:, 2593:, 2589:, 2585:, 2581:, 2577:, 2573:, 2569:, 2565:, 2561:, 2557:, 2553:, 2549:, 2545:, 2510:, 2506:, 2502:, 2498:, 2494:, 2490:, 2486:, 2444:. 2344:. 2336:, 2310:. 2184:. 2135:, 2131:, 2037:. 2016:c. 2002:. 1990:, 1986:, 1950:A 1841:, 1757:. 1541:, 1494:. 1439:. 1358:. 1282:, 1215:. 1130:. 1101:c. 1082:c. 970:, 916:A 857:. 801:. 777:, 745:, 741:, 737:, 707:. 699:, 695:, 655:nl 632:, 571:. 444:: 395:, 310:. 283:A 247:, 224:. 205:. 166:. 4562:) 4558:( 4395:) 4391:( 4364:e 4357:t 4350:v 4190:e 4183:t 4176:v 4147:. 4021:: 4013:: 3985:. 3911:. 3886:. 3770:. 3690:. 3656:. 3636:) 3593:. 3566:. 3528:. 3459:. 3311:. 3258:. 3183:) 2947:) 2943:( 2900:) 2896:( 2890:) 2886:( 2873:) 2869:( 2863:) 2859:( 2810:) 2806:( 2234:( 2060:. 1783:" 1394:" 1244:. 1099:( 753:. 640:. 467:. 434:. 403:. 324:" 71:. 23:.

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