1109:). With their beginnings in the eastern group of islands, the explorers advanced quickly into the rest of the archipelago, finally reaching the more westerly islands (Flores and Corvo) by about 1450 at a time when populations were already relatively large. The first expeditions, apart from coastal observations and an occasional landing were limited, and in most cases involved the deliberate disembarking of herd animals (sheep, goats and/or cattle), pigs and chickens on the discovered islands, as a way of providing future settlers with some means of subsistence. There is also a reference to the purposeful settling of a group of slaves at the end of the 1430s, in the area of Povoação on the island of São Miguel.
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944:(1394–1460) had an important role. He added his own financial support to the efforts of the Portuguese crown and financed the construction of new ships, establishing naval schools to harness seafaring knowledge and promoting new technologies and their use. Prince Henry is generally credited with motivating modern navigation and directing discoveries during the age of exploration.
500:(1375) also identifies three islands with the names of Corvo, Flores, and São Jorge, and it was thought that maybe the Genovese had discovered the Azores, and given them those names. But, generally, these stories highlighted that sightings were being made at the end of the 14th century, or, at least, that the peoples of Europe had a passing knowledge of islands in the Atlantic.
24:
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Columbus sent half the crew ashore to fulfill their vow; he and the rest would go when the first group returned. But while the first crew members were saying their prayers at the shrine, they were taken prisoner by the island's captain, João de
Castanheira, ostensibly out of fear that they were pirates. Castanheira commandeered their boat and rowed to
167:
1028:, on Terceira, a peninsula along the southern coast is referred to as Monte Brasil, and the name Mosteiros is used on both islands of São Miguel and Flores. There are also many examples of re-using names from island to island (for example, Cedros, São Pedro, Feteiras, or Calheta). Three theories have developed about the naming of the archipelago.
1333:
1467:. It was founded in an area called Lajes, a broad, flat sea terrace that had been a farm. Lajes Field is a plateau rising out of the sea on the northeast corner of the island. This air force base is a joint American and Portuguese venture. Lajes Field has, and continues to support US and Portuguese military operations. During the
609:
found in the feces of livestock, such as sheep and cattle, neither of which are native to the islands. The researchers also found evidence of fires from this period being used to clear land for livestock. They also discovered non-native ryegrass in the Azores. On the other hand, mice on the Azores were discovered to have
970:
Prince Henry experimented with ships, navigational instruments, and maps, developing techniques that made oceanic travel possible. The
Portuguese Atlantic islands were not unknown; a growing body of documents had shown that sailors were aware of the islands. But most important, in the words of Prince
866:
speaks of an
Atlantic island of wild goats (the Caprera?) and another of "cormorants", a scavenger bird (the "sea crows" of Corvis Marinis?) But outside their erroneous axial tilt, the Azores do seem clustered with reasonable accuracy. From this cartographic record, there seems little doubt that both
493:
But there was some basis in fact, since the Medici maps of 1351 contained seven islands off the
Portuguese coast, which were arranged in groups of three; there were the southern group, or the Goat Islands (Cabreras), the middle group, or the Wind or Dove Islands (De Ventura Sive de Columbis), and the
1232:
to settle Flores. After some negotiation, D. Maria would cede the rights to the exploration of the islands to Van der Haegen, in exchange for monthly payments. Around 1478, Willem van der Haegen settled in
Ribeira da Cruz, where he built homes, developed agriculture (primarily wheat), collected more
1364:
was established. In the second half of the 19th century, Azores played an important role in the rebirth of
Portuguese cod fisheries in Terra Nova (Newfoundland). In fact, it was Azorean emigrants from the East coast returned to their homeland that taught the North American dory fishing technique to
516:
and
Terceira, that might allude to a human presence on the islands before the Portuguese. Until recently there was no clear evidence that there were, in fact, other inhabitants on the islands, and archaeological investigations are only now commencing as to the age and relevance of these structures.
1580:
According to Pindar after the death the soul is judged in Haides and, if found guiltless in life, passes to the subterranean
Elysian fields. It must return twice again to earth and suffer two more deaths and if it remains virtuous through these three lifetimes, Persephone releases it a fourth time
1165:
with several armed men, in an attempt to arrest
Columbus. Columbus did not allow Castanheira to come aboard, and Castanheira announced that he did not believe or care who Columbus said he was, especially if he was indeed from Spain. After two days, Castanheira released the prisoners, having been
1160:
was forced there by a storm. During the storm, all hands had vowed, if they were spared, to make a pilgrimage to the nearest church of Our Lady wherever they first made land. Anchoring at Santa Maria, the travelers were told by people onshore that a small shrine dedicated to Our Lady was nearby.
1145:
By 1440, other settlements had developed along the river-valleys and coastal inlets of São Miguel, Terceira, Faial, and Pico, supported by game animals and fishing. An abundance of potable water sources, along with fertile volcanic soils, made the islands attractive and easy to colonize, and the
608:
Although it was traditionally believed that
Portuguese explorers were the first humans to arrive on the Azores, there is evidence to suggest otherwise. In particular, researchers have discovered that 5-beta-stigmasterol is present in sediment samples from between 700 and 850 CE. This compound is
1055:), which was introduced during the period of colonization and settlement. Sailors may have confused existing migratory birds for such birds of prey, or used colloquial names and attributed them to these species, or some bird of prey species was present that became extinct since colonization;
1245:
or other minerals (under the assumption that the islands were part of the mythic Ilhas Cassterides, the islands of silver and tin). Owing to the island's isolation and difficulties in communication his crops became difficult to export and van der Haegen left Flores in the late 1480s.
1181:. The colonists spread themselves along the coastline in areas where conditions of accessibility and farming were best. The fertility of the Azores contributed to its population expansion, as the islands were soon exporting wheat to the Portuguese garrison in North Africa and of
1105:, and other mariners began exploring to the west and south of continental Portugal. On 15 August 1432, men from a small sailing vessel with a dozen crew landed on the island that would bear the name Santa Maria (owing to its supposed day of its "rediscovery", the
899:
expeditions that were launched into the Atlantic Ocean in the aftermath, destined for slaving runs on the newly mapped Canary islands. Regardless of whether they were sighted during the 14th century, there seems to have been no follow-ons until the 15th century.
1117:
The "official" settlement of the archipelago began in Santa Maria, where the first settlement was constructed in the area of Baía dos Anjos (in the north of the island), and quickly moved to the southern coast (to the area that is now the modern town of
1369:
after the middle of the 19th century. Beginning in 1868, Portugal issued its stamps overprinted with "AÇORES" for use in the islands. Between 1892 and 1906, it also issued separate stamps for the three administrative districts of the time.
2072:
History of the Azores, or Western islands; containing an account of the government, laws, and religion, the manners, ceremonies, and character of the inhabitants: and demonstrating the importance of these valuable islands to the British
620:
However, geographer Simon Connor comments that a Viking settlement is not certain: "Thanks to widespread trade routes, a mouse from Scandinavia could easily have boarded a ship in what today is Portugal and sailed over to the Azores."
936:
traders were active, and also religious groups seeking converts to Christianity. This expansion placed the Kingdom of Portugal in a strategic position. The seafaring Portuguese were eager to expand their realm and their influence.
1089:("blue") and may refer to sailors' stories of the mythical "Ilhas Azuis". In fact, the blue-green vegetation on the islands of the Azores appears blue, even at a short distance. The Portuguese word for "blue" is similarly
1261:
exhibit high genetic ancestry (~90%) with the Portuguese mainland. The 2006 paternal DNA study by Pacheco et al. confirms that around 60% of all Azorean paternal lines are correlated to those common in mainland Portugal.
696:
In these maps, the Azores are usually depicted vertically aligned, on a north–south axis, nine islands in three clusters. The island names, in order (from south to north) are usually (with their tentative translation):
923:
In the late 14th century, many maps appeared showing fictitious islands in the Atlantic. In this period, expanding commercial contacts linked the Mediterranean with communities along the Atlantic coast. In particular,
591:
New findings were registered at Grota do Medo site, in 2015, regarding large stones that have been used to construct structures or monuments similar to ancient megalithic constructions in Europe. In the same year, a
1475:
anti-submarine squadrons patrolled the North Atlantic for Soviet submarines and surface spy vessels. Since its inception, Lajes Field has been used for refuelling aircraft bound for Europe, and more recently, the
1484:, three kilometers southeast of Lajes Field. The airfield also has a small commercial terminal handling scheduled and chartered passenger flights from other islands in the archipelago, Europe, and North America.
1692:
These archaeological sites were first identified by Nuno Ribeiro (in 2010) during archeological visits to Corvo and Terceira, but further examination and dating were required to authenticate their validity.
1166:
unable to get confessions from them, and having been unable to capture his real target, Columbus. There are later claims that Columbus was also captured, but this is not backed up by Columbus's log book.
1400:. The division was arbitrary, and did not follow the natural island groups, rather reflecting the location of each district capital on the three main cities (neither of each on the western group).
1314:
1249:
By 1504 the island's charter had passed to João Fonseca and settlers streamed through the port of Armoeira to the small hamlets. The island became permanently populated during the reign of
1228:
and his son João de Teive. The island's charter passed to Fernão Telles de Meneses, who only populated the island with sheep in 1475. His widow, Dona Maria Vilhena, contracted the Flemish
1463:
In 1944, American forces constructed a small and short-lived air base on the island of Santa Maria. In 1945, a new base was founded on the island of Terceira and is currently known as
1513:
1448:
leased bases in the Azores to the British. Previously the Portuguese government had only allowed German U-boats and navy ships to refuel there. This was a key turning point in the
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596:
was made at Grota do Medo, in a stone carved basin that also had a petroglyph. The authors dated organic matter that deposited in the basin through time. The obtained results by
1703:
1208:, but when it was destroyed in a massive landslide caused by a powerful earthquake in 1522, Ponta Delgada assumed the position. It became the first city on the island in 1546.
886:. Although not quite described in the 1341 report, Madeira and the Azores might nonetheless have been seen from a distance on the expedition's return via a long sailing arc (
1214:
was the third island to be discovered, its name literally meaning "Third Island". It was originally called the Island of Jesus Christ and was first settled in 1450.
971:
Henry's personal chronicler, is that the Prince "ordered to find the islands", rather than just sending his fleets into the unknown to discover what they could.
1134:, advertised and promoted settlement on the island. In the following centuries settlers from other European countries would arrive, most notably from Northern
1047:), identified by Portuguese sailors at the time of discovery. But this theory has been discredited. The only bird of prey that nests in the archipelago is the
378:, who were closest to the real Atlantic islands, and whose seafarers and fisherman may have seen and even visited them, articulated their own tales. Medieval
1324:
for the Spanish galleons during their occupation. In December 1640 the Portuguese monarchy was restored and the islands again became a Portuguese possession.
1293:
In 1583, Philip tried again at defeating the Azoreans. He sent his combined Iberian fleet to clear the French traders from the Azores, decisively hanging his
2220:
348:
The Middle Ages saw the emergence of a new set of legends about islands deep in the Atlantic Ocean. These were sourced in various places, e.g. the Irish
2786:
1022:("The Islands of Saint Brendan"). The use of mythical names in local naming became a theme; in São Miguel and Pico there are communities called
552:
191:
82:
37:
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but this time to be born as a king, hero or sage. After this is it is finally freed from the cycle and passes to the Islands of the Blessed….
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1253:, in 1510, by people from various regions of continental Portugal, but mainly from the northern provinces. The island became arable, and
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market supported an export economy (along with various plant species that allowed the development of the dye industry in the colonies).
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The exact date of this re-discovery of the Atlantic islands is not clear, though historical accounts indicate that the islands of
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Even if they were not discovered by the mapping expedition of 1341 itself, the islands may have been found by any of the numerous
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Madeira and the Azores were discovered, or at least sighted, during the 14th century, well before their official discovery dates.
101:
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noted that two ships discovered the lands in 1431, and that a fleet of sixteen ships were sent to colonize the islands in 1432.
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From these Greek, Irish, Norse, Arab and Iberian seafaring tales – often cross-fertilizing one another – emerged a myriad of
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in 1452, during their return from voyages to the west, usually attributed to other discoveries or from fishing in the
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One fact often debated is the origin of the name "Azores" used to identify the archipelago. By 1492, in the globe of
980:
824:
712:
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and vegetables were cultivated. According to the 2003 maternal DNA study of the Azores by Santos et al., people from
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upon his ascension to the Portuguese throne in 1580. They, along with most of the rest of the Azores, believed that
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suggesting they first arrived from Northern Europe, suggesting that they were brought to the islands by Norwegian
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From 1836 to 1976, the archipelago was divided into three districts, equivalent (except in area) to those on the
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during the 14th century, well before its official discovery date. The first map to depict the Azores was the
440:(Land of Codfish), and so on, which, however uncertain, became so ubiquitous that they were considered fact.
3101:
3063:
2730:
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1356:, making Terceira the main headquarters of the new Portuguese regime and also where the Council of Regency (
1301:". The Azores were the second-to-last part of the Portuguese empire to resist Philip's reign over Portugal (
1098:
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made an unplanned stop on Santa Maria while returning to Spain after his first voyage to America. His ship
3043:
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The island of São Miguel was apparently populated by 1444. The population came mostly from the regions of
1106:
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455:'s notes, and that it was one reason why Columbus presumed that India was on the other side of the ocean.
448:
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Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580 – Europe and the World in the Age of Expansion (2nd Ed.)
1969:
1229:
875:
282:
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1382:
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One hypothesis is that the Azores were discovered in the course of a mapping expedition in 1341 to the
600:
was 910 ± 30 years before the present (BP) and the conventional radiocarbon age was 950 ± 30 years BP.
1452:; by allowing the Allies to provide aerial coverage in the middle of the Atlantic (i.e. it closed the
858:
The source of this information is a mystery. It could simply be derived from pure legend, possibly of
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512:(structures carved into embankments, that may have been used for burials) on the islands of Corvo,
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Histoire de la découverte des Îles Açores et de l'origine de leur dénomination d'Îles Flamandes
2122:
The Nautical Chart of 1424 and the Early Discovery and Cartographical Representation of America
187:
Needs serious cleanup; sources' valid claims are mixed with legends without proper attribution.
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Before Columbus: exploration and colonisation from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 1229–1492
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efforts in the mainland, but by the people attacking the well-fortified Castilian garrison of
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967:, whose program of exploration, discovery, and settlement was tailored for this dual purpose.
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2124:. Coimbra and Minneapolis. (Portuguese trans. "A Carta Nautica de 1424", published in 1975,
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Stories of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, legendary and otherwise, had been reported since
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related stories of Atlantic island encounters in the legend of the 9th-century navigator
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Estruturas podem ter mais de dois mil anos: Monumentos funerários descobertos nos Açores
474:. This claim is generally discredited among academics today. So were local stories of a
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De la Roncière (1925: p. 4ff.); Magalhães Godinho (1962: p. 30); Cortesão (1954 (1975):
1903:"De Canaria et insula reliquis, ultra Ispaniam, in occeano noviter repertis" (repr. in
1849:(1339) map, under the names St. Brendan, Primaria sive puellarum, Capraria and Canaria.
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to Santa Maria of Açores, patron saint of the parish of Açores, in the municipality of
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Beazley, C. Raymond (1899). "Introduction" in C. R. Beazley and E. Prestage, 1898–99,
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being the last). The Azores were returned to Portuguese control with the end of the
1010:("Islands of Flowers"). Similarly, older nautical charts had identified them as the
2674:
2504:
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The Azores Islands, Site with abundant information about the Azores Islands History
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The islands of the Azores as they appeared in an 1818 map by J. Dosserray (ed.)
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1182:
1033:
1004:("Islands of the Azores"), while the islands of western group were called the
917:
859:
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archipelago also appears on most of these same maps, with their modern names:
379:
273:
region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of
1759:"Evidence of people on the Azores archipelago 700 years earlier than thought"
2469:
1564:
1472:
1040:
960:
863:
466:, the author talks of the discovery of the islands by Joshua Vander Berg of
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Estudos arqueológicos podem indicar presença prévia ao povoamento das ilhas
486:, or the strange inscriptions found along the coast of Quatro Ribeiras (on
1332:
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Petrus Amat di S. Filippo (1892). "I veri Scopritori delle Isole Azore",
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1999:
1480:. The US Army operates a small fleet of military ships in the harbor of
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447:, two dead bodies that looked like those of Amerindians were found on
1973:
1810:"Vikings in paradise: Were the Norse the first to settle the Azores?"
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471:
467:
350:
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1739:(in Portuguese), Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal: Açoreana Oriental
1444:, in 1943, representing a change in policy, the Portuguese dictator
1407:
consisted of Terceira, São Jorge, and Graciosa, with the capital at
1058:
The naming of the islands may have been an homage by the discoverer
1708:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: Correio da Manhã, archived from
916:'s map "for sailing to the Isles of Azores", showing loxodromes or
1784:"Viking mice: Norse discovered Azores 700 years before Portuguese"
1614:
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consisted of Pico, Faial, Flores, and Corvo, with the capital at
2178:
La découverte de l'Afrique au Moyen Âge: Le Périple du continent
2083:
Legendary islands of the Atlantic: a study in medieval geography
1344:
in Portugal had strong repercussions in the Azores. In 1829, in
1321:
1234:
638:
Detail of the Azores and Madeira islands, from the 14th-century
382:
2775:
2202:
998:, the eastern and central group of islands were referred to as
1238:
1097:
It is clear that after 1420, regular expeditions captained by
1032:
The classical theory attributes the naming to the presence of
524:
160:
58:
17:
2052:
Diffie, B. W.; Boyd C. Shafer; George Davison Winius (1977).
1427:
consisted of São Miguel and Santa Maria, with the capital at
1286:
was the rightful successor, and defeated the Spanish at the
1197:. The area was also frequently subjected to pirate attacks.
1516:
was implemented and the Azorean districts were suppressed.
1224:
was discovered in the late summer of 1452 by the navigator
1218:
was settled shortly afterward from settlers from Terceira.
811:– would be transferred to the modern Azorean islands. Only
947:
Prince Henry hoped to establish communication by sea with
1278:
and along the coastline, took a brave stand against King
657:(1351). Its depiction was subsequently replicated in the
1309:, not by the military efforts, as these were already in
2180:, Vol. II. Cairo: Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte
494:
western islands, or the Brazil Island (De Brazil). The
281:, and about 1,930 km (1,200 mi) southeast of
2037:. Instituto Cultural de Ponta Delgada, Ponta Delgada.
1617:) routinely visited Atlantic islands to the southwest.
354:, or missionary sailing voyages (such as the tales of
2112:
The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea
1845:) suggests it may have already been hinted at in the
3158:
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3072:
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2708:
2513:
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1954:The islands of Flores and Corvo were discovered by
1073:"Açores" may have been a Portuguese variant of the
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1365:Portuguese that started to catch again cod in the
1122:). Settlers quickly arrived from the provinces of
508:There have been recent discoveries (2010–2011) of
2146:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1270:The residents of Terceira, who mostly settled in
815:seems to be routinely missing on these maps. The
277:, about 1,500 km (930 mi) northwest of
1986:Catz, Rebecca (1990). "Columbus in the Azores".
1658:A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indias
470:, who landed there during a storm on his way to
687:(1413) and others. They are also listed in the
305:(or Isles of the Blest) were sung by the poets
2014:"The Role of Portugal – co-opting Nazi Gold",
1389:From 1750 to 1911, coins and banknotes of the
482:that were purportedly discovered on island of
2787:
2214:
1968:(the name attributed to the eastern coast of
987:were the first to be discovered by navigator
8:
2168:Bollettino della Società geografica italiana
2139:. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar
2085:. New York: American Geographical Society.
1297:from the yardarms and contributing to the "
559:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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2207:
2199:
1204:became the capital. The first capital was
647:The Azores archipelago began to appear on
393:) and the 12th-century story of the eight
2151:A Economia dos descobrimentos henriquinos
1680:History of the Azores, or Western islands
579:Learn how and when to remove this message
341:, testified to the real existence of the
228:Learn how and when to remove this message
210:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
1733:Lusa (27 June 2011), A.O. Online (ed.),
633:
241:
1542:
912:English mathematician and cartographer
803:It is notable that two of the names –
2803:History of current European countries
2075:. London: Sherwood, Neely and Jones.
1728:
1726:
1237:species for export, and explored for
7:
1130:as Gonçalo Velho's nephew and heir,
557:adding citations to reliable sources
257:The following article describes the
87:adding citations to reliable sources
2736:History of the Mediterranean region
1702:Lusa (5 March 2011), J.M.A. (ed.),
428:, the island of the Seven Cities),
2035:Saudades da Terra (Vol. 1–6), 1873
1899:The 1341 expedition is related by
1613:report that fishermen from Gades (
959:states in northern Africa and the
955:, thereby outflanking the hostile
878:, and commanded by the Florentine
14:
2137:History of Portuguese Cartography
1498:Autonomous Region within Portugal
1107:Assumption Day of the Virgin Mary
880:Angiolino del Tegghia de Corbizzi
33:This article has multiple issues.
2721:Bibliography of European history
2316:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
529:
451:. He said he found that fact in
165:
63:
22:
2746:History of Western civilization
2349:Christianity in the Middle Ages
1193:were grown and exported to the
480:coins with Carthaginian writing
397:(Wanderers) of Lisbon (told by
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
2590:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2533:Christianity in the modern era
2304:Christianity in late antiquity
2149:Magalhães Godinho, V. (1962).
2142:Fernández-Armesto, F. (2007).
2012:Petropoulos, Jonathan (1997).
1496:of 1974, the Azores became an
1315:Fortaleza de São João Baptista
711:("island of wolves" (seals?),
679:(c. 1385–1410), the charts of
1:
2741:History of the European Union
1016:("The Fortunate Islands") or
963:. He was Grand Master of the
598:accelerator mass spectrometry
2093:The Dawn of Modern Geography
2091:Beazley, C. R. (1897–1906).
1956:Pedro Vasquez de la Frontera
1393:were issued for the Azores.
760:("island of venture/winds",
476:mysterious equestrian statue
2700:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2311:Crisis of the Third Century
2176:Roncière, C. de la (1925).
2056:. University of Minnesota.
1660:. New York: Penguin Books.
951:and the legendary realm of
892:) from the Canary islands.
185:. The specific problem is:
3205:
2756:Military history of Europe
2751:Maritime history of Europe
2135:Cortesão, Armando (1969).
2120:Cortesão, Armando (1954).
1890:); Cortesão (1969: p. 67.)
1833:Amat di S. Filippo (1892:
1643:). Cortesão (1954 (1975))-
1506:Região Autónoma dos Açores
1043:, while others species of
942:Prince Henry the Navigator
740:("island of embers/fire",
630:Early appearance on charts
325:. Ancient writers such as
321:articulated the legend of
181:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
2726:Genetic history of Europe
1933:Fernández-Armesto (2007).
1652:De Las Casas, Bartolomé;
1549:Beazley (1897–1906, 1899:
1514:new regional constitution
1132:João Soares de Albergaria
770:("island of St. George",
412:, the Fortunate Islands,
366:adventurers (such as the
965:Military Order of Christ
795:("island of sea crows",
670:Pinelli–Walckenaer Atlas
408:in the Atlantic Ocean –
2731:History of Christianity
2081:Babcock, W. H. (1922).
1886:Cortesão (1954 (1975):
1639:Beazley (1906: vol. 3,
1492:In 1976, following the
1456:), it helped them hunt
1320:The Azores served as a
1284:António, Prior of Crato
1053:Buteo buteo rothschildi
690:Libro del Conoscimiento
460:A History of the Azores
301:. Utopian tales of the
98:"History of the Azores"
2852:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2555:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2033:Fructuoso, G. (1966).
1859:Libro de Conoscimiento
1757:Yirka, Bob; Phys.org.
1626:Beazley (1897: vol.1,
1592:Babcock (1922: Ch. 3).
1505:
1450:Battle of the Atlantic
1386:
1337:
920:
904:Portuguese exploration
785:("island of rabbits",
750:("island of pigeons",
644:
445:Bartolomé de las Casas
414:Saint Brendan's Island
374:). The peoples of the
333:and, more explicitly,
254:
3187:History of the Azores
2635:Industrial Revolution
2153:. Lisbon: Sá da Costa
2070:Ashe, Thomas (1813).
1678:Ashe, Thomas (1813).
1460:and protect convoys.
1376:
1335:
1230:Willem van der Haegen
911:
876:Afonso IV of Portugal
637:
521:Megalithic structures
259:history of the Azores
245:
2690:European debt crisis
2685:European integration
2625:Age of Enlightenment
2465:Republic of Florence
1682:. Oxford University.
1656:(8 September 1999).
1494:Carnation Revolution
1488:Carnation Revolution
1358:Conselho de Regência
1206:Vila Franca do Campo
1154:Christopher Columbus
1099:Gonçalo Velho Cabral
1060:Gonçalo Velho Cabral
1019:Ilhas de São Brandão
874:, sponsored by King
725:("island of goats",
553:improve this section
453:Christopher Columbus
436:(Blue Islands), the
389:of Cordoba (told by
372:saga of Erik the Red
192:improve this article
83:improve this article
3073:States with limited
2655:Revolutions of 1848
2585:Early modern France
2366:Anglo-Saxon England
2271:Classical antiquity
1965:Terra dos Bacalhaus
1905:Monumenta Henricina
1398:Portuguese mainland
1362:Mary II of Portugal
1200:During these times
793:y de corvis marinis
685:Mecia de Viladestes
661:' map of 1367, the
438:Terra dos Bacalhaus
362:) and the sagas of
299:classical antiquity
2761:Crusading movement
2665:Russian Revolution
2500:Hundred Years' War
2396:Maritime republics
2299:Early Christianity
2289:Hellenistic period
2246:Paleolithic Europe
2114:, London: Halyut.
1988:Portuguese Studies
1901:Giovanni Boccaccio
1790:. 10 November 2021
1526:History of Madeira
1387:
1338:
1280:Philip II of Spain
921:
659:Pizzigani brothers
645:
594:radiocarbon dating
399:Muhammad al-Idrisi
255:
250:Islands (1584) by
3174:
3173:
2769:
2768:
2695:COVID-19 pandemic
2640:French Revolution
2615:Habsburg monarchy
2595:Cossack Hetmanate
2575:Portuguese Empire
2565:Absolute monarchy
2560:Thirty Years' War
2455:Holy Roman Empire
2380:Bulgarian Empire
2339:Early Middle Ages
2256:Bronze Age Europe
2230:History of Europe
2160:Ghent: Vuylsteke
2156:Mees, J. (1901).
1607:Life of Sertorius
1409:Angra do Heroísmo
1064:Celorico da Beira
1013:Ilhas Afortunadas
940:In this context,
884:Nicoloso da Recco
862:Arab origin e.g.
611:mitochondrial DNA
589:
588:
581:
376:Iberian Peninsula
368:Grœnlendinga saga
265:composed of nine
238:
237:
230:
220:
219:
212:
183:quality standards
174:This article may
159:
158:
151:
133:
56:
3194:
3111:Dependencies and
2810:Sovereign states
2796:
2789:
2782:
2773:
2630:Great Divergence
2545:Age of Discovery
2490:Late Middle Ages
2460:High Middle Ages
2371:Byzantine Empire
2354:Christianization
2344:Migration Period
2279:Classical Greece
2251:Neolithic Europe
2223:
2216:
2209:
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2192:
2067:
2048:
2020:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1983:
1977:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1856:
1850:
1847:Angelino Dulcert
1841:) Marcel (1887:
1837:); Mees (1901:
1831:
1825:
1824:
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1577:
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1560:
1554:
1547:
1482:Praia da Vitória
1454:Mid-Atlantic Gap
1442:Second World War
1295:prisoners-of-war
1276:Praia da Vitória
975:The re-discovery
882:and the Genoese
733:middle cluster:
700:bottom cluster:
584:
577:
573:
570:
564:
533:
525:
406:mythical islands
267:volcanic islands
252:Abraham Ortelius
233:
226:
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3112:
3106:
3092:Northern Cyprus
3074:
3068:
2984:North Macedonia
2805:
2800:
2770:
2765:
2704:
2670:Interwar period
2645:Napoleonic Wars
2509:
2480:Mongol invasion
2433:Crown of Aragon
2325:
2265:
2261:Iron Age Europe
2232:
2227:
2190:
2187:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2018:, Vol 11, No 1.
2011:
2007:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
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1898:
1894:
1885:
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1873:
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1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1814:www.science.org
1808:
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1715:
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1701:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1654:Pagden, Anthony
1651:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1611:Pliny the Elder
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1522:
1490:
1438:
1330:
1311:Restoration War
1288:Battle of Salga
1268:
1216:Graciosa Island
1212:Terceira Island
1115:
1103:Diogo de Silves
989:Diogo de Silves
977:
906:
758:y de la ventura
649:portolan charts
632:
627:
606:
585:
574:
568:
565:
550:
534:
523:
506:
335:Pliny the Elder
303:Fortunate Isles
295:
293:Myth and legend
234:
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5:
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3198:
3190:
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3179:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3166:European Union
3162:
3160:
3159:Other entities
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3113:other entities
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
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3078:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
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3061:
3059:United Kingdom
3056:
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2899:
2894:
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2879:
2874:
2872:Czech Republic
2869:
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2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2620:Russian Empire
2617:
2612:
2610:British Empire
2607:
2605:Dutch Republic
2602:
2600:Swedish Empire
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2580:Spanish Empire
2577:
2572:
2570:Ottoman Empire
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2485:Serbian Empire
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2430:
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2420:
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2413:
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2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2321:Late antiquity
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:Roman Republic
2281:
2275:
2273:
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2258:
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2240:
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2186:
2185:External links
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1978:
1960:Diogo de Teive
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1935:
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1826:
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1775:
1749:
1722:
1712:on 14 May 2011
1694:
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1594:
1585:
1563:Atsma, Aaron.
1555:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1508:), along with
1489:
1486:
1471:, the US Navy
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:on São Miguel.
1422:
1412:
1342:1820 civil war
1329:
1326:
1267:
1264:
1226:Diogo de Teive
1114:
1111:
1095:
1094:
1071:
1066:, District of
1056:
1049:common buzzard
1007:Insulae Flores
976:
973:
905:
902:
872:Canary Islands
809:Corvis Marinis
801:
800:
790:
776:
775:
765:
755:
745:
731:
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683:(1380, 1385),
676:Corbitis Atlas
641:Corbitis Atlas
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3125:Faroe Islands
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3097:South Ossetia
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2716:Art of Europe
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2515:Modern period
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2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2063:0-8166-0782-6
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:972-9216-70-3
2040:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2017:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:Martin Behaim
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:0-14-044562-5
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:Already both
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1570:
1569:Theoi Project
1566:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1429:Ponta Delgada
1426:
1425:Ponta Delgada
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:won over the
1351:
1347:
1346:Vila da Praia
1343:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:Iberian Union
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:Iberian Union
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1251:King Manuel I
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:Flores Island
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1202:Ponta Delgada
1198:
1196:
1195:British Isles
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Vila do Porto
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:birds of prey
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:Insulae Azore
997:
996:Martin Behaim
992:
991:around 1427.
990:
986:
982:
974:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
938:
935:
931:
927:
919:
915:
914:Edward Wright
910:
903:
901:
898:
893:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
865:
861:
856:
854:
853:Savage Island
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
794:
791:
788:
784:
781:
780:
779:
778:top cluster:
773:
769:
766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
743:
739:
736:
735:
734:
728:
724:
720:
717:
714:
710:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
694:
692:
691:
686:
682:
681:Guillem Soler
678:
677:
672:
671:
666:
665:
664:Catalan Atlas
660:
656:
655:
650:
643:
642:
636:
629:
624:
622:
618:
616:
612:
603:
601:
599:
595:
583:
580:
572:
562:
558:
554:
548:
547:
543:
538:This section
536:
532:
527:
526:
520:
518:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
498:
497:Catalan Atlas
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
443:According to
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Brasil Island
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Saint Brendan
357:
353:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
253:
249:
244:
240:
232:
229:
214:
211:
203:
200:February 2018
193:
188:
184:
180:
179:
172:
163:
162:
153:
150:
142:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: –
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
3102:Transnistria
3064:Vatican City
2675:World War II
2528:Early modern
2505:Kalmar Union
2376:Papal States
2294:Roman Empire
2191:(in English)
2177:
2167:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2092:
2082:
2071:
2053:
2034:
2015:
2008:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1970:Newfoundland
1964:
1963:
1950:
1938:
1929:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1787:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1741:, retrieved
1735:
1714:, retrieved
1710:the original
1704:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1657:
1648:
1635:
1622:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1558:
1545:
1491:
1462:
1439:
1436:20th century
1424:
1414:
1411:on Terceira.
1404:
1395:
1391:Azorean real
1388:
1379:Azores Reals
1357:
1339:
1328:Liberal wars
1322:port of call
1319:
1299:Black Legend
1292:
1269:
1248:
1220:
1210:
1199:
1185:and dyes to
1168:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1144:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1052:
1025:Sete Cidades
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1000:
999:
993:
978:
969:
953:Prester John
946:
939:
922:
894:
889:volta do mar
887:
869:
857:
848:
840:
833:porto sancto
832:
827:for "wood",
820:
808:
804:
802:
792:
782:
777:
767:
757:
747:
737:
732:
722:
718:
708:
704:
699:
695:
688:
674:
673:(1384), the
668:
667:(1375), the
662:
654:Medici Atlas
652:
646:
639:
619:
607:
590:
575:
566:
551:Please help
539:
507:
495:
492:
459:
457:
442:
437:
433:
426:Sete Cidades
425:
403:
394:
349:
347:
296:
283:Newfoundland
258:
256:
239:
224:
206:
197:
190:Please help
186:
175:
145:
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
3140:Isle of Man
3075:recognition
3044:Switzerland
2979:Netherlands
2660:World War I
2650:Nationalism
2538:Reformation
2523:Renaissance
2495:Black Death
2428:Kievan Rus'
2331:Middle Ages
2172:pp. 529–41.
2170:, Vol. 29,
2128:, Coimbra.
2107:(1260–1420)
2103:(900–1260)
1909:pp. 202–06.
1861:(1877 ed.:
1794:13 December
1768:13 December
1574:12 February
1512:, when the
1478:Middle East
1465:Lajes Field
1440:During the
1354:absolutists
1272:Porto Judeu
1171:Estremadura
981:Santa Maria
918:rhumb lines
837:Porto Santo
738:y de brazil
713:Santa Maria
693:(c. 1380).
625:Exploration
514:Santa Maria
464:Thomas Ashe
462:(1813), by
434:Ilhas Azuis
271:Macaronesia
263:archipelago
246:Map of the
194:if you can.
3014:San Marino
2974:Montenegro
2954:Luxembourg
2934:Kazakhstan
2837:Azerbaijan
2423:Viking Age
2238:Prehistory
2095:. London.
2016:Dimensions
1922:pp. 90–91.
1907:, vol. I,
1532:References
1502:Portuguese
1367:Grand Bank
1183:sugar cane
1113:Settlement
1079:Florentine
1039:(some say
985:São Miguel
930:Florentine
860:Andalusian
748:li columbi
727:São Miguel
569:April 2024
387:Khashkhash
380:Andalusian
109:newspapers
38:improve it
3130:Gibraltar
2949:Lithuania
2470:Feudalism
2441:Catalonia
1994:: 17–23.
1874:Babcock,
1565:"Elysion"
1551:p. lxxii.
1473:P-3 Orion
1421:on Faial.
1290:in 1581.
961:Holy Land
864:al-Idrisi
805:San Zorzo
783:li conigi
772:São Jorge
768:san zorzo
540:does not
430:Satanazes
391:al-Masudi
44:talk page
3181:Category
3150:Svalbard
3135:Guernsey
3082:Abkhazia
3029:Slovenia
3024:Slovakia
2999:Portugal
2857:Bulgaria
2709:See also
2680:Cold War
2475:Crusades
2445:Valencia
2126:Esparsos
2099:(–900),
2000:41104900
1819:4 August
1763:phys.org
1603:Plutarch
1520:See also
1469:Cold War
1381:, 1865.
1350:liberals
1189:. Later
1187:Flanders
1175:Alentejo
1146:growing
1140:Flanders
1128:Alentejo
1075:Genovese
1041:goshawks
934:Venetian
897:Majorcan
849:salvazes
845:Desertas
841:desertas
825:Ligurian
813:Graciosa
742:Terceira
488:Terceira
422:Antillia
410:Atlantis
395:Maghurin
370:and the
356:Ui Corra
327:Plutarch
323:Atlantis
176:require
139:May 2012
3054:Ukraine
3004:Romania
2964:Moldova
2922:Ireland
2917:Iceland
2912:Hungary
2902:Germany
2897:Georgia
2887:Finland
2882:Estonia
2877:Denmark
2862:Croatia
2847:Belgium
2842:Belarus
2832:Austria
2827:Armenia
2822:Andorra
2817:Albania
2550:Baroque
2449:Majorca
2361:Francia
2027:Sources
1876:p. 166.
1839:p. 140.
1835:p. 534.
1743:27 June
1716:18 June
1628:p. 465.
1510:Madeira
1458:U-boats
1446:Salazar
1191:oranges
1179:Algarve
1124:Algarve
1087:azzorre
1083:azzurre
1034:diurnal
926:Genoese
829:Madeira
821:legname
817:Madeira
723:cabrera
719:caprara
615:Vikings
604:Vikings
561:removed
546:sources
510:hypogea
504:Hypogea
351:immrama
339:Ptolemy
279:Morocco
269:in the
178:cleanup
123:scholar
3145:Jersey
3087:Kosovo
3049:Turkey
3039:Sweden
3019:Serbia
3009:Russia
2994:Poland
2989:Norway
2969:Monaco
2939:Latvia
2907:Greece
2892:France
2867:Cyprus
2437:Aragon
2416:Amalfi
2401:Venice
2389:Second
2162:online
2130:vol. 3
2105:vol. 3
2101:vol. 2
2097:vol. 1
2087:online
2077:online
2073:Empire
2060:
2041:
1998:
1974:Canada
1888:p. 82.
1863:p. 50.
1843:p. 31.
1664:
1641:p. 532
1609:) and
1383:Luís I
1348:, the
1259:Flores
1243:silver
1177:, and
1136:France
1068:Guarda
1045:eagles
957:Muslim
932:, and
847:) and
787:Flores
472:Lisbon
468:Bruges
449:Flores
432:, the
331:Strabo
315:Pindar
313:, and
311:Horace
287:Canada
275:Lisbon
248:Azores
125:
118:
111:
104:
96:
3120:Åland
3034:Spain
2959:Malta
2929:Italy
2406:Genoa
2384:First
1996:JSTOR
1615:Cadiz
1537:Notes
1419:Horta
1415:Horta
1405:Angra
1360:) of
1303:Macau
1255:grain
1148:wheat
1081:word
949:India
797:Corvo
762:Faial
484:Corvo
383:Arabs
364:Norse
319:Plato
307:Homer
261:, an
130:JSTOR
116:books
2411:Pisa
2058:ISBN
2039:ISBN
1958:and
1821:2022
1796:2022
1788:CALS
1770:2022
1745:2011
1718:2011
1662:ISBN
1576:2024
1340:The
1274:and
1235:woad
1163:Niña
1158:Niña
1138:and
1126:and
1091:azul
983:and
807:and
752:Pico
709:lobo
705:lovo
544:any
542:cite
478:and
424:(or
358:and
337:and
102:news
2116:v.2
1972:in
1377:20
1239:tin
1085:or
1077:or
855:).
839:),
831:),
721:or
707:or
555:by
458:In
401:).
85:by
3183::
2447:,
2443:,
2439:,
1990:.
1812:.
1786:.
1761:.
1725:^
1578:.
1567:.
1504::
1317:.
1241:,
1173:,
1142:.
1101:,
928:,
729:),
617:.
420:,
416:,
345:.
329:,
317:.
309:,
289:.
285:,
47:.
2795:e
2788:t
2781:v
2451:)
2435:(
2222:e
2215:t
2208:v
2132:)
2066:.
2047:.
2002:.
1992:6
1976:.
1924:)
1911:)
1865:)
1823:.
1798:.
1772:.
1668:.
1630:)
1605:(
1553:)
1500:(
1385:.
1093:.
1070:.
1051:(
851:(
843:(
835:(
823:(
799:)
789:)
774:)
764:)
754:)
744:)
715:)
582:)
576:(
571:)
567:(
563:.
549:.
231:)
225:(
213:)
207:(
202:)
198:(
152:)
146:(
141:)
137:(
127:·
120:·
113:·
106:·
79:.
54:)
50:(
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