History of the Canadian Pacific Railway

528: 339: 524:, in 10 days. Some sections of track were incomplete or had not been used before, but the trip to Winnipeg was made in nine days and the rebellion quickly suppressed. Perhaps because the government was grateful for this service, they subsequently reorganized the CPR's debt and provided a further $ 5 million loan. This money was desperately needed by the CPR. However, this government loan later became controversial. Even with Van Horne's support with moving troops to Qu'Appelle, the government still delayed in giving its support to CPR. This was due to Macdonald putting pressure on George Stephen for additional benefits. Stephen himself did admit to spending $ 1 million between 1881 and 1886 to ensure government support. This money went to buying a £40,000 necklace for Lady MacDonald and numerous other "bonifications" to government members. 470:, it is believed that for every mile of track laid in British Columbia, there is one dead Chinese worker. The victims of sickness and accidents were not given proper funerals. Most of the remains were buried into the railway and the families of the Chinese who were killed received no compensation, or even notification of loss of life. Many of the men who survived did not have enough money to return to their families in China, although Chinese labour contractors had promised that as part of their responsibilities. Many spent years in isolated and often poor conditions. Yet the Chinese were hard working and played a key role in building the Western stretch of the railway; even some boys as young as twelve years old served as tea-boys. In 2006, the then-Prime Minister 994:, not only trains and tracks, but also its ships, shops, hotels, telegraphs and, above all, its people. Aiding the war effort meant transporting and billeting troops; building and supplying arms and munitions; arming, lending and selling ships. Fifty-two CPR ships were pressed into service during World War I, carrying more than a million troops and passengers and four million tons of cargo. Twenty seven survived and returned to CPR. CPR also helped the war effort with money and jobs. CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies of some $ 100 million. As a lasting tribute, CPR commissioned three statues and 23 memorial tablets to commemorate the efforts of those who fought and those who died in the war. After the war, the Federal government created 244: 277: 547:. While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline, it was completed more than five years ahead of the new date of 1891 that Macdonald gave in 1881. The successful construction of such a massive project, although troubled by delays and scandal, was considered an impressive feat of engineering and political will for a country with such a small population, limited capital, and difficult terrain. It was by far the longest railway ever constructed at the time. It had taken 12,000 men and 5,000 horses to construct the Lake section alone. 760:

100,000 square kilometres (25 million acres). Proving already to be a very resourceful organization, Canadian Pacific began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada. Canadian Pacific agents operated in many overseas locations. Immigrants were often sold a package that included passage on a CP ship, travel on a CP train and land sold by the CP railway. Land was priced at $ 2.50 an acre and up but required cultivation. To transport immigrants, Canadian Pacific developed a fleet of over a thousand

773: 482: 428:) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May 1883, permitting all-Canadian lake and railway traffic from Eastern Canada to Winnipeg for the first time. By the end of 1883, the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains, just eight kilometres (five miles) east of Kicking Horse Pass. The construction seasons of 1884 and 1885 would be spent in the mountains of British Columbia and on the north shore of Lake Superior. 1469:. In 2002 the Montreal, Maine & Atlantic took over operations after CDAC declared bankruptcy. The Central, Maine and Quebec Railway started operations in 2014 after the MMA declared bankruptcy due to the Lac-Mégantic derailment. On this new acquisition, CP CEO Keith Creel remarked that this gives CP a true coast-to-coast network across Canada and an increased presence in New England. On June 4, 2020; Canadian Pacific bought the Central Maine and Quebec. 614: 844: 432: 119: 587: 1379:(WFS), to the list of corporate entities from which it seeks reimbursement for the environmental cleanup of the Lac-Mégantic derailment. On 15 July, the press reported that CP would appeal the legal order. Railway spokesman Ed Greenberg stated "Canadian Pacific has reviewed the notice. As a matter of fact, in law, CP is not responsible for this cleanup." In February 2014, Harrison called for immediate action to phase-out 797: 410: 1022:, which lasted from 1929 until 1939, hit many companies heavily. While the CPR was affected, it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it, unlike the CNR, was debt-free. The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the 1049:, the first time that the reigning monarch had visited the country. The CPR and the CNR shared the honours of pulling the royal train across the country, with the CPR undertaking the westbound journey from Quebec City to Vancouver. Later that year, the Second World War began. As it had done in World War I, the CPR devoted much of its resources to the war effort. It retooled its 1493:

independently until receiving approval for a merger of operations from the STB. That approval came on March 15, 2023, which permitted the railroads to merge as soon as April 14. Post merger, the combined railroad would rebrand under a new name: Canadian Pacific Kansas City (CPKC). On April 14, 2023, CP and the Kansas City Southern Railway merged into one, forming

1266:. Canadian Pacific Railway formally (but, not legally) shortened its name to Canadian Pacific in early 2007, dropping the word "railway" in order to reflect more operational flexibility. Shortly after the name revision, Canadian Pacific announced that it had committed to becoming a major sponsor and logistics provider to the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in 752: 727:

threat to national security as it was to the province's control of its own resources. The local passenger service was re-routed to this new southerly line, which connected numerous emergent small cities across the region. Independent railways and subsidiaries that were eventually merged into the CPR in connection with this route were the

629:, which was renamed "Vancouver" later that year. The first official train destined for Vancouver arrived on 23 May 1887, although the line had already been in use for three months. The CPR quickly became profitable, and all loans from the federal government were repaid years ahead of time. In 1888, a branch line was opened between 178:

which it had already spent at least $ 25 million. But its estimates of the cost of the Rocky Mountain section alone was over $ 60 million. The government also defrayed surveying costs and exempted the railway from property taxes for 20 years. The Montreal-based syndicate officially comprised five men:

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continued on as the construction superintendent for the CPR past Bonfield. He remained with the CPR for about a year after which he left the company. McIntyre was uncle to John Ferguson who staked out future North Bay and who became the town's wealthiest inhabitant and mayor for four successive terms.

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On 4 February 2020, the TSB demoted its lead investigator in the crash probe after his superiors decided these comments were "completely inappropriate". The TSB stated that it "does not share the view of the lead safety investigator". The CPPS say they did a thorough investigation into the actions of

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at noon on 4 July. This train consisted of two baggage cars, a mail car, one second-class coach, two immigrant sleepers, two first-class coaches, two sleeping cars and a diner (several dining cars were used throughout the journey, as they were removed from the train during the night, with another one

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25 million (approximately $ 625 million in modern Canadian dollars) in credit from the Canadian government and a grant of 25 million acres (100,000 km) of land. The government transferred to the new company those sections of the railway it had constructed under government ownership, on

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However, a competing cash and stock offer was later made by Canadian National Railway (CN) on April 20 at $ 33.7 billion. On May 13, KCS announced that they planned to accept the merger offer from CN, but would give CP until May 21 to come up with a higher bid. On May 21, KCS and CN agreed to a

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in British Columbia, was built in response to the booming mining and smelting economy in southern British Columbia, and the tendency of the local geography to encourage and enable easier access from neighbouring US states than from Vancouver or the rest of Canada, which was viewed to be as much of a

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were ordered. Despite these measures, several serious runaways still occurred including the first locomotive, which belonged to the contractors, to descend the line. CPR officials insisted that this was a temporary expediency, but this state of affairs would last for 25 years until the completion of

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in the northeastern United States. However, the new subsidiary, threatened with being sold off and free to innovate, quickly spun off money-losing track to short lines, instituted scheduled freight service, and produced an unexpected turn-around in profitability. On 1 January 2001 the StL&H was

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percent gradient once it reached the pass in 1884. This was over four times the maximum gradient recommended for railways of this era, and even modern railways rarely exceed a two-percent gradient. However, this route was far more direct than one through the Yellowhead Pass and saved hours for both

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During the 1990s, both CP Rail and CN attempted unsuccessfully to buy out the eastern assets of the other, so as to permit further rationalization. In 1996, CP Rail moved its head office from Windsor Station in Montreal to Gulf Canada Square in Calgary and changed its name back to Canadian Pacific

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took a circuitous route through eastern Ontario. Several operational improvements were also made to the railway in Western Canada. In 1909 the CPR completed two significant engineering accomplishments. The most significant was the replacement of the Big Hill, which had become a major bottleneck in

1302:(STB), which was expected to take about a year. On 4 October 2007, CPR announced that it had completed financial transactions required for the acquisition, placing the DM&E and IC&E in a voting trust with Richard Hamlin appointed as trustee. The merger was completed as of 31 October 2008. 759:

The CPR had built a railway that operated mostly in the wilderness. The usefulness of the prairies was questionable in the minds of many. The thinking prevailed that the prairies had great potential. Under the initial contract with the Canadian government to build the railway, the CPR was granted

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the next day. Critics claimed that the government gave too large a subsidy for the proposed project but this was to incorporate uncertainties of risk and irreversibility of insurance. The large subsidy also needed to compensate the CPR for not constructing the line in the future, but rather right

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On September 12, KCS accepted a new $ 31 billion offer from CP. Though CP's offer was lower than the offer made by CN, the STB permitted CP to use a voting trust to take control of KCS. The voting trust allowed CP to become the beneficial owner of KCS in December, but the two railroads operated

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passing through places like Cobden, Deux-Rivières, and eventually to Mattawa at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers. It then proceeded cross-country towards its final destination of Bonfield. Duncan McIntyre and his contractor James Worthington piloted the CPR expansion. Worthington

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By 1883, railway construction was progressing rapidly, but the CPR was in danger of running out of funds. In response, on 31 January 1884, the government passed the Railway Relief Bill, providing a further $ 22.5 million in loans to the CPR. The bill received royal assent on 6 March 1884.

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started to take traffic away from railways. This naturally helped the CPR's air and trucking operations, and the railway's freight operations continued to thrive hauling resource traffic and bulk commodities. However, passenger trains quickly became unprofitable. During the 1950s, the railway

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months of hard labour, they could net as little as $ 16. Chinese labourers in British Columbia made only between 75 cents and $ 1.25 a day, paid in rice mats, and not including expenses, leaving barely anything to send home. They did the most dangerous construction jobs, such as working with

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to oversee construction with the inducement of a generous salary and the intriguing challenge of handling such a difficult railway project. Van Horne stated that he would have 800 km (500 mi) of main line built in 1882. Floods delayed the start of the construction season, but over

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for traffic in southern British Columbia forced the CPR to construct a second line across the province, south of the original line. Van Horne, now president of the CPR, asked for government aid, and the government agreed to provide around $ 3.6 million to construct a railway from

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in 1971. Its air, express, telecommunications, hotel and real estate holdings were spun off, and ownership of all of the companies transferred to Canadian Pacific Investments. The slogan was: "TO THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD" The company discarded its beaver logo, adopting the new

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Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. trains resumed regular operations on 1 June 2012 after a nine-day strike by some 4,800 locomotive engineers, conductors and traffic controllers who walked off the job on 23 May, stalling Canadian freight traffic and costing the economy an estimated

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proposed replacing Fred Green as CP's chief executive. Just hours before the railway's annual shareholder meeting on Thursday, 17 May 2012, Green and five other board members, including chairman John Cleghorn, resigned. The seven nominees, including Ackman and his partner,

793:, reducing the grade to 2.2 percent from 4.5 percent. The Spiral Tunnels opened in August. In April 1908, the CPR started work to replace the Old Calgary-Edmonton Rail Bridge across the Red Deer River with a new standard steel bridge that was completed by March 1909. 1324:(PSCM) indicated it owned 12.2 percent of Canadian Pacific. PSCM began acquiring Canadian Pacific shares in 2011. The stake eventually increased to 14.2 percent, making PSCM the railway's largest shareholder. At a meeting with the company that month, Pershing's head 1401:

over antitrust concerns created by the proposed merger. Canadian Pacific filed a complaint against the U.S. DOJ and dropped their proposed proxy fight in the proposed merger with Norfolk Southern. The proposed merger was also opposed by rival freight company, the

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extension ended. The CCR was owned by Duncan McIntyre, who amalgamated it with the CPR, and became one of the handful of officers of the newly formed CPR. The CCR started in Brockville and extended to Pembroke. It then followed a westward route along the

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A more lasting consequence of the choice of route was that, unlike the one proposed by Fleming, the land surrounding the railway often proved too arid for successful agriculture. The CPR may have placed too much reliance on a report from naturalist

331:. The CPR promised him a cheque for $ 5,000 and that the pass would be named in his honour. Rogers became obsessed with finding the pass that would immortalize his name. He discovered the pass in April 1881 and, true to its word, the CPR named it " 1397:. and wanted to have a shareholder vote on it. Canadian Pacific created a website to persuade people that the Canadian Pacific/Norfolk Southern merger would benefit the rail industry. However, this proposed merger would come under scrutiny by the 1107:

In 1968, as part of a corporate reorganization, each of the major operations, including its rail operations, were organized as separate subsidiaries. The name of the railway was changed to CP Rail, and the parent company changed its name to

1281:. The transaction was an "end-to-end" consolidation and gave CPR access to United States shippers of agricultural products, ethanol and coal. CPR stated its intention to use this purchase to gain access to the rich coalfields of 1489:

merger. However, CN's merger attempt was blocked by a STB ruling in August that the company could not use a voting trust to assume control of KCS, due to concerns about potentially reduced competition in the railroad industry.

263:(previously called Callander Station), where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie. Bonfield was inducted into Canadian Railway Hall of Fame in 2002 at the CPR first spike location. That was the point where the 377:

The greatest disadvantage of the route was in Kicking Horse Pass, at the Alberta-British Columbia border on the continental divide. In the first 6 km (3.7 mi) west of the 1,625 metres (5,331 feet) high summit, the

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of 1989, which liberalized trade between the two nations, the CPR's expansion continued during the early 1990s: CP Rail gained full control of the Soo Line in 1990, adding the "System" to the former's name, and bought the

660:, in 1889. The connection with Saint John on the Atlantic coast made the CPR the first truly transcontinental railway company in Canada and permitted trans-Atlantic cargo and passenger services to continue year-round when 1077:

a new luxury transcontinental train. However, in the 1960s, the company started to pull out of passenger services, ending services on many of its branch lines. It also discontinued its secondary transcontinental train

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over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade. Smith was a principal financier of the CPR. staking much of his personal wealth to the venture. In 1885, he drove the last spike to complete the transcontinental line.

1663: 316:. This route was more direct and closer to the Canada–US border, making it easier for the CPR to keep American railways from encroaching on the Canadian market. However, this route also had several disadvantages. 114:

was commenced in 1875. By 1880, around 1,000 kilometres (700 mi) was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres (300 mi) of track.

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contingent on commencement of construction on the smaller railway's Powder River extension and specified volumes of coal shipments from the Powder River Basin. The transaction was subject to approval of the U.S.

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The controversial Crowsnest Pass Agreement effectively locked the eastbound rate on grain products and westbound rates on certain "settlers' effects" at the 1897 level. Although temporarily suspended during the

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Map from 1890 showing system of land survey and the lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Manitoba, Alberta, Assiniboia, and Saskatchewan. First Nations reserves are marked throughout with "I.R." for "Indian

816:, Alberta, was opened. It is 1,624 metres (5,328 feet) long and, at its maximum, 96 metres (315 feet) high, making it one of the longest railway bridges in Canada. In 1916, the CPR replaced its line through 882:, a significant port on the Atlantic Ocean. The Dominion Atlantic was isolated from the rest of the CPR network and used the CNR to facilitate interchange; the DAR also operated ferry services across the 102:. Surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by the construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The 566:(O&Q). It also launched a fleet of Great Lakes ships to link its terminals. Through the O&Q, the CPR had effected purchases and long-term leases of several railways, and built a line between 1262:, spun off its five subsidiaries, including the CPR, into independent companies. Most of the company's non-railway businesses at the time of the split were operated by a separate subsidiary called 335:" and gave him the cheque. However, he at first refused to cash it, preferring to frame it, saying he did not do it for the money. He later agreed to cash it with the promise of an engraved watch. 2053:

Dorman, Robert and Stoltz, D.E. "A Statutory History of Railways in Canada 1836-1986". The Canadian Institute of Guided Ground Transport, Queen's University, 1987, pp. 109–110, 213, 293, 374, 421.

1420:. The 112-car grain train with three locomotives derailed into the Kicking Horse River just after the Trans Canada Highway overpass. The three crew members on the lead locomotive were killed. The 2707: 527: 707:

prices. The Crowsnest Pass line opened on 18 June 1898, and followed a complicated route through the maze of valleys and passes in southern British Columbia, rejoining the original mainline at

1438:(TSB) called for the RCMP to investigate as lead investigator Don Crawford said, "There is enough to suspect there's negligence here and it needs to be investigated by the proper authority". 1428:"retain jurisdiction" over the investigation, the RCMP wrote that "it never had jurisdiction because the crash happened on CP property". On 26 January 2020, Canadian current affairs program 2659: 2550: 2347: 2623: 2927: 2590: 1406:(UPS), who spoke out about the rail merger and said they were against the Canadian Pacific/Norfolk Southern merger. CP ultimately terminated its efforts to merge on 11 April 2016. 1065:

After the Second World War, the transportation industry in Canada changed. Where railways had previously provided almost universal freight and passenger services, cars, trucks and

2796: 162:, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry and 1458: 998:(CNR, later CN) out of several bankrupt railways that fell into government hands during and after the war. CNR would become the main competitor to the CPR in Canada. In 1923, 945:. By then, the CPR had competition from three other transcontinental lines, all of them money-losers. In 1919, these lines were consolidated, along with the track of the old 574:(completed on 5 May 1884) to connect these acquisitions. The CPR obtained a 999-year lease on the O&Q on 4 January 1884. In 1895, it acquired a minority interest in the 2573: 1117:(which, when mirrored by an adjacent "multi-mark" creates a diamond appearance on a globe) that was used – with a different colour background – for each of its operations. 1100:

that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN. Via eventually took almost all of its passenger trains, including

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threatened to sue Canadian Pacific for the derailment. Part of the compromise was to accept GO Transit commuter rail service along the Galt Subdivision corridor up to

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to clear tunnels through rock. The exact number of Chinese workers who died is unknown, but historians estimate the number is between 600 and 800. According to

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and other armoured vehicles, and transported troops and resources across the country. Additionally, 22 of the CPR's ships went to war, 12 of which were sunk.

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drops 350 metres (1,150 feet). The steep drop would force the cash-strapped CPR to build a 7 km (4.3 mi) long stretch of track with a very steep 4

1165:. The first revenue train passed through the tunnel in 1988. At 14.7 km (nine miles), it is the longest tunnel in the Americas. During the 1980s, the 300:, a route suggested by Fleming based on a decade of work. However, the CPR quickly discarded this plan in favour of a more southerly route across the arid 3314: 451:". A navvy received between $ 1 and $ 2.50 per day, but had to pay for his own food, clothing, transport to the job site, mail, and medical care. After 2 169:

On 21 October 1880, a new syndicate, unrelated to Hugh Allan's, signed a contract with the Macdonald government. Fleming was dismissed and replaced with

2715: 2522: 146:. In 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km (128 mi) section of the railway from 2469: 45: 29: 3288: 1901: 3017: 2185: 397:. Safety switches were installed at several points, the speed limit for descending trains was set at 10 km per hour (6 mph), and special 2656: 2547: 2351: 179: 3381: 2635: 3030: 366:

that construction of the railway was inevitable. In return for his assent, Crowfoot was famously rewarded with a lifetime pass to ride the CPR.

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and molded it into the Canadian Pacific System, dissolving the TH&B's name from the books in 1985. In 1987, most of CPR's trackage in the

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During the first decade of the 20th century, the CPR continued to build more lines. In 1908, the CPR opened a line connecting Toronto with

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McKenzie, Kenneth J. (May 1996). "Damned if you do, Damned if you don't: An option valve to evaluating the subsidy of the CPR Mainline".

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to serve as construction superintendent for the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from

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were unofficial silent partners with a significant financial interest. On 15 February 1881, legislation confirming the contract received

3004: 2804: 1158: 1027: 829: 243: 151: 98:, ordered construction of segments of the railway as a public enterprise under the supervision of the Department of Public Works led by 2248: 2377: 1321: 424:

672 km (418 mi) of main line, as well as sidings and branch lines, were built that year. The Thunder Bay branch (west from

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In 1881, construction progressed at a pace too slow for the railway's officials who, in 1882, hired the renowned railway executive

52:, a four-month sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining 2902: 2570: 2389: 1461:. The line had had a series of different owners since being spun off of the Canadian Pacific in 1995. The first operator was the 1454: 1198: 1042: 699: 637:

where the CPR connected with the American railway system and its own steamships. That same year, work was started on a line from

543:, making good on the original promise. Four days earlier, the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven in just west of 489: 130:

With Macdonald's return to power on 16 October 1878, a more aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that

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During the late 19th century, the railway undertook an ambitious programme of hotel construction, building Glacier House in

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in British Columbia. At the time, it was not known whether a route even existed. The job of finding a pass was assigned to

3126: 1177:, merging it into its system on 1 January 1986. Also in 1980, Canadian Pacific bought out the controlling interests of the 2595: 1956: 1430: 907: 736: 669: 187: 103: 2436: 2985: 1482: 1478: 1443: 1299: 990:

During the First World War, CPR put the entire resources of the "world's greatest travel system" at the disposal of the

740: 685:, in exchange for the CPR agreeing to reduce freight rates in perpetuity for key commodities shipped in Western Canada. 602: 276: 163: 131: 3098: 531:

Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 7 November 1885

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On 4 February 2019, a loaded grain train ran away from the siding at Partridge just above the Upper Spiral Tunnel in

1010:, the first Canadian-born president of the CPR, to action. During this time the railway land grants were formalized. 517: 2865: 1785:

Berton, Pierre. "The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881–1885". McClelland and Stewart Limited, Toronto. 1971, p. 280

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as chief engineer and general manager of all government railways. They agreed to build the railway in exchange for

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Lamb, W. Kaye. "History of the Canadian Pacific Railway". Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York (1977), p. 79.

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On 12 October 2014 it was reported that Canadian Pacific had tried to enter into a merger with American railway

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The CPR acquired several smaller railways via long-term leases in 1912. On 3 January 1912, the CPR acquired the

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offered an apology for the treatment of Chinese workers, both during and following the construction of the CPR.

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immigrants. In British Columbia, government contractors eventually hired 17,000 workers from China, known as "

3370: 3066: 3112: 3035: 2464: 2456: 1334: 1310: 1007: 930: 856: 351: 281: 231: 91: 2914: 374:, who had crossed the prairies at a time of very high rainfall and had reported that the area was fertile. 2736: 1909: 1485:(STB) would first have to approve the purchase, which was expected to be completed by the middle of 2022. 1278: 1190: 1154: 955: 915: 708: 521: 497: 301: 264: 256: 199: 147: 83: 53: 41: 21: 3154:"CN steps up with $ 33B offer for Kansas City Southern, besting CP's $ 25B bid". CBC News. 20 April 2021. 2062:

Canadian Pacific Railway, "Prairie & Pacific Regions Subdivision Chart and Historical Record" (1943).

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Berton, Pierre. "The Last Spike: The Great Railway 1881–1885", Random House, 14th edition (1983), p. 267

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would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the company would follow the

2072: 481: 2526: 1333:, were then elected. The reconstituted board, having named Stephen Tobias (former vice president and 1135: 999: 934: 879: 665: 618: 505: 328: 195: 1424:(CPPS) investigated the fatal derailment. It later came to light that, although Creel said that the 1376: 942: 926: 674: 555: 379: 3067:"Keith Creel becomes CEO of Canadian Pacific; affirms commitment to safety, best-in-class service" 1169:, in which CP Rail still owned a controlling interest, underwent several changes. It acquired the 3264: 2962: 2797:"CP boss calls for halt to hazardous tankers: 'Almighty dollar' behind reluctance to take action" 1466: 1417: 1342: 1286: 1147: 979: 887: 837: 805: 496:, 7 November 1885. Completion of the transcontinental railway was a condition of BC's entry into 463: 305: 1173:

in 1982. Then on 21 February 1985, the Soo Line obtained a controlling interest in the bankrupt

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The last spike in the CPR was driven on 7 November 1885, by one of its directors, Donald Smith.

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Another obstacle was that the proposed route crossed land in Alberta that was controlled by the

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Report on Surveys and Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Railway up to January 1877

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would become president and chief executive officer of the company effective 31 January 2017.

1088:. For the next eight years, it continued to apply to discontinue the service, and service on 605:, located at Berri Street and Notre Dame Street at 8 pm on 28 June 1886, and arrived at 3127:"Rail disaster video surfaces on anniversary of CP crash amid controversy over police probe" 2245: 1447: 1394: 1380: 1238: 1019: 911: 785: 642: 467: 191: 159: 99: 49: 3085:"Three CP Rail workers killed in massive derailment near Field, B.C. | Calgary Herald" 2161: 1931: 625:

By that time, however, the CPR had decided to move its western terminus from Port Moody to

90:. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873. The new 2992: 2743: 2663: 2577: 2554: 2443: 2372:

Garden, John F., "Nicholas Morant's Canadian Pacific", Footprint Publishing, 1992, p. 55,

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CPR advertisement highlighting "Free Farms for the Million" in western Canada, circa 1893

1513: 1375:, killing 47. On 14 August 2013, the Quebec government added the CPR, along with lessor 1357:). The strike ended with a government back-to-work bill forcing both sides to come to a 3339:"Canadian Pacific and KCS officially combine under Canadian Pacific Kansas City banner" 1879: 1797: 1409:

On 18 January 2017 it was announced that Hunter Harrison was retiring from CP and that

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region, including much of the original Soo Line, were spun off into a new railway, the

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One highlight of the late 1930s, both for the railway and for Canada, was the visit of

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declined markedly. On 29 October 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to

903: 682: 288:

It was presumed that the railway would travel through the rich "Fertile Belt" of the

248: 183: 155: 107: 86:'s Inter-Ocean Railway Company which was thought to have connections to the American 3099:"Police officer suspects internal 'coverup' by CP Rail in fatal B.C. mountain crash" 1210:(via the Soo Line and Milwaukee Road as part of its historically logical route) and 1206:

in 1991. These two acquisitions gave CP Rail routes to the major American cities of

668:

closed the port of Montreal during the winter months. By 1896, competition with the

82:'s Canada Pacific Railway Company (unrelated to the current company) rather than to 2291: 2137:

Rails Across Canada: The History of Canadian Pacific and Canadian National Railways

2112: 1317: 1225:, was created to operate its money-losing lines in eastern North America, covering 1072: 883: 809: 761: 550:

Meanwhile, in Eastern Canada, the CPR had created a network of lines reaching from

269: 207: 135: 2303: 2135: 3376: 3220:"Regulator orders pause in consideration of Canadian Pacific-KC Southern merger" 1410: 1325: 1186: 1050: 965: 938: 875: 704: 551: 516:

at the time, suggested to the government that the CPR could transport troops to

371: 1453:

On 20 November 2019, it was announced that Canadian Pacific would purchase the

590:

The system in 1906, soon after the construction of the transcontinental railway

3315:"CP Rail, Kansas City Southern Rail to combine next month after U.S. approval" 3239: 2785:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 15 August 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2013. 2012:

Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Railway Historical Society, Historical Outline

1330: 813: 606: 398: 355: 309: 79: 3194:"Kansas City Southern picks Canadian Pacific's $ 31 billion bid for railroad" 1720: 953:. The CPR suffered its greatest loss of life when one of its steamships, the 74:

In 1873, John A. Macdonald and other high-ranking politicians, bribed in the

1365: 1267: 1114: 1038: 894:. DAR steamships also provided connections for passengers and cargo between 821: 694: 348: 324: 3289:"Regulators approve Canadian Pacific-Kansas City Southern merger (updated)" 1735: 1341:) as interim CEO, initiated a search for a new CEO, eventually settling on 1146:. Limited trains ran along the Milton line on weekdays only. Expansions to 1628: 1594: 1306: 1093: 1066: 975: 790: 598: 403: 394: 363: 111: 1070:

introduced new innovations in passenger service. In 1955, it introduced

836:

that was, at the time of its opening, the longest railway tunnel in the

751: 3113:"Train safety investigator wants RCMP to probe fatal CP mountain crash" 3031:"UPS Opposes Rail Merger Between Norfolk Southern and Canadian Pacific" 1282: 1242: 1207: 1182: 661: 571: 448: 2077:

The Week: A Canadian Journal of Politics, Literature, Science and Arts

1957:

Prime Minister Harper's 22 June 2006 speech to the Canadian Parliament

1434:

broadcast an episode on the derailment, and the next day the Canadian

1006:

becoming the second president of the CNR, and his competition spurred

914:

that connected to the CPR using a railcar ferry. The CPR acquired the

562:

from the Quebec government and by creating a new railway company, the

255:

Building the railway took over four years. James J. Hill in 1881 sent

3365: 3005:"Canadian Pacific Files a Complaint With the DOJ -- The Motley Fool" 2887:"Canadian Pacific argues for Norfolk Southern takeover in new report" 1477:

On March 21, 2021, CP announced that it was planning to purchase the

1226: 960: 899: 513: 444: 223: 3049:"Canadian Pacific terminates efforts to merge with Norfolk Southern" 2826:

Dana Mattioli, Liz Hoffman and David George-Cosh (13 October 2014).

1442:

the crew, which is now closed and resulted in no charges, while the

2264:

Canadian Pacific Our History. See "History of CPR & War" pdf. (

1629:"Report and Documents in Reference to the Canadian Pacific Railway" 40:). A key component of his National Policy, Macdonald was helped by 1393:

In 2015–16 Canadian Pacific sought to merge with American railway

1345:, former president of Canadian National Railway, on 29 June 2012. 842: 795: 771: 750: 612: 526: 480: 440: 430: 408: 337: 275: 242: 123: 117: 63: 1799:

The Railway Stations of Western Canada: an Architectural History

1494: 1425: 578:, giving it a link to New York and the Northeast United States. 64: 28:

was a task originally undertaken as the "National Dream" by the

2845:"Canadian Pacific Railway, Norfolk Southern don't agree on much 3018:"CP Drops Possible Proxy Fight as It Pursues Norfolk Southern" 3016:

scottdeveau, Frederic Tomesco Scott Deveau (9 February 2016).

2958:"Canadian Pacific creates website to argue for Norfolk merger" 1387: 886:

for passengers and cargo (but not rail cars) from the port of

2858:"Canadian Pacific pursues merger talks with Norfolk Southern" 1945:

Beyond the Sterile Mountains: the Chinese in British Columbia

3141:"CP to acquire Central Maine & Quebec Railway from FTAI" 2773:. The Globe and Mail (14 August 2013). Retrieved 2013-10-05. 2548:"CP Rail to buy Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern for US$ 1.48B" 2495:"Annual Information Form – Canadian Pacific Railway Limited" 1084:

in 1966, and in 1970, unsuccessfully applied to discontinue

982:

with the loss of 1,024 lives, of which 840 were passengers.

492:, drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at 393:

passengers and freight. This section of track was the CPR's

319:

One was that the CPR would need to find a route through the

2986:"Canadian Pacific creates website to argue for rail merger" 2915:"CP to seek shareholder support for Norfolk takeover talks" 2708:"As Harrison takes CP's top job, Ackman's coup is complete" 2011: 219:

away even though demand would not cover operational costs.

3377:

MHS Centennial Business: Canadian Pacific Railway Company

3167:"CN Rail Is Close to $ 33 Billion Deal for K.C. Southern" 3165:

Black, Thomas; Porter, Kiel; Deveau, Scott (2021-05-13).

2416:"The Mississauga Evacuation, Final Report, November 1981" 597:

The first transcontinental passenger train departed from

2771:

Quebec targets CP Railway for Lac-Mégantic cleanup costs

1273:

On 4 September 2007, CPR announced it was acquiring the

2591:"CP completes Dakota, Minnesota & Eastern takeover" 2093:

Jonathan Hanna, "Colonist Cars Helped Build the West",

2624:""Activist hedge fund takes major stake in CP Rail", 2039:. Mika Publishing, Belleville, Ontario (1984). p. 72. 1383:, known to be more dangerous in cases of derailment. 247:

Canadian Pacific Railway Crew laying tracks at lower

1459:

Fortress Transportation and Infrastructure Investors

1014:

Great Depression and the Second World War, 1929–1945

2828:"Canadian Pacific Approached CSX About Merger Deal" 2657:"Pershing Square CEO looks to move fast on CP Rail" 2109:"Canadian Pacific Railway Bridge now 100 years old" 1796: 1368:which CP had subcontracted to short-line operator 228:Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal 2783:"CP Rail refuses to pay for Lac-Mégantic cleanup" 2758:, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1 June 2012. 2756:"CBC coverage of rail strike at Canadian Pacific" 1803:. White Rock, British Columbia: Studio E Martin. 560:Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Occidental Railway 3265:"LIVE UPDATES: Regulators Approve CP-KCS Merger" 2292:"The Canadian Pacific Railway in Western Canada" 1902:"History: Building the Canadian Pacific Railway" 1835:(2 ed.). Surrey, BC: Heritage. p. 49. 1736:"An Act Respecting the Canadian Pacific Railway" 1568:The National Dream: The Great Railway, 1871–1881 1030:, as well as popular protest in the form of the 878:. This acquisition gave the CPR a connection to 832:, an eight-kilometre-long (5-mile) tunnel under 558:, by 1885 – mainly by buying the 2682:"Ackman wins proxy battle for Canadian Pacific" 2246:Pointe-au-Père Site historique maritime profike 2111:. Red Deer Advocate. p. 34. Archived from 2049: 2047: 2045: 1153:In 1984, CP Rail commenced construction of the 784:. Previously, westbound traffic originating in 230:, who had risen from factor to governor of the 2418:. Ministry of the Solicitor General of Ontario 2304:"Railway Land Grants in the Prairie Provinces" 1250:formally amalgamated with the CP Rail system. 722:The Southern Mainline, generally known as the 226:was chosen as the railway's logo in honour of 8: 3382:Telling Times: The Canadian Pacific Railways 2847:, Chicago Business Journal, 10 February 2016 1987:The men who built the CPR: Lords of the Line 1707:Martin, Joseph E. (Oct–Nov 2017). "Titans". 1473:Merger with Kansas City Southern (2021–2023) 1171:Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway 56:, after initially requesting a wagon road. 2766: 2764: 1668:. Springer Science & Business Media. 1305:In 2010, four repainted Canadian Pacific 1132:derailment of a hazardous materials train 949:and its spurs, into the government-owned 46:North Western Coal and Navigation Company 3240:"The great train takeover - FT Big Deal" 2966:. The Associated Press. 11 February 2016 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1450:called for an independent police probe. 703:, which allowed the gradual increase of 617:First transcontinental train arrives in 585: 3366:Canadian Pacific Historical Association 2795:Stephenson, Amanda (19 February 2014). 2737:Strike ends at Canadian Pacific Railway 2580:, newswire.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2014. 2457:"Branchline Canada's Rail Newsmagazine" 1989:. New York: Penguin Group. p. 157. 1688: 1505: 906:. On 1 July 1912, the CPR acquired the 18:history of the Canadian Pacific Railway 2984:Press, Associated (11 February 2016). 2917:. 10 February 2017 – Reuters.com 2571:"CP completes acquisition of DM&E" 2140:. MBI Publishing Company. p. 67. 1481:(KCS) for US$ 29 billion. The US 1309:were used in the filming of the movie 1275:Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad 1193:, which was subsequently purchased by 354:. This difficulty was overcome when a 20:dates back to 1873. Together with the 3188: 3186: 2437:Canadian Pacific Subsidiaries website 2390:"Mississauga Train Derailment (1979)" 1514:"Railways: The Road to Confederation" 1179:Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway 1126:The 1979 Mississauga train derailment 755:One of the CPR's land offerings, 1883 652:in 1891 for 991 years, and built the 576:Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway 7: 3313:Reynolds, Christopher (2023-03-17). 1662:Cook, Ramsay; Hamelin, Jean (1966). 1370:Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway 645:. That line opened on 12 June 1890. 3029:Stevens, Laura (11 February 2016). 1934:– via www.historicacanada.ca. 1258:In 2001, the CPR's parent company, 1028:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation 3020:– Bloomberg.com. 2016 02 09. 2864:. 12 February 2016. Archived from 2337:, cpr.ca. Retrieved 27 April 2014. 2000:Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures 1322:Pershing Square Capital Management 976:Canadian Pacific Steamship Company 959:, sank after a collision with the 697:" was permanently replaced by the 693:, it was not until 1983 that the " 14: 2599:. 31 October 2008. Archived from 2073:"The Canadian Pacific Railway Co" 443:worked on the railway. Many were 126:locomotive no. 2000 and employees 3003:Neely, Luke (28 November 2016). 2267:"Canadian Pacific - Our history" 2037:The Ontario & Quebec Railway 1857:"CPR / My Neighbour to the West" 1665:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1542:Dictionary of Canadian Biography 1455:Central Maine and Quebec Railway 1448:Teamsters Canada Rail Conference 1364:On 6 July 2013, a unit train of 1199:Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement 874:, a railway that ran in western 828:killed 62 men in 1910) with the 700:Western Grain Transportation Act 362:, persuaded the Blackfoot chief 212:Canadian Pacific Railway Company 88:Northern Pacific Railway Company 3269:Railfan & Railroad Magazine 3218:Kaberline, Brian (2021-03-16). 2622:Brent Jang and Jacquie Mcnish. 2475:from the original on 2019-07-08 2348:"1977: VIA Rail Canada is born" 2214:"Soo train goes into the river" 2186:"Canadian Railway Hall of Fame" 2107:Dawe, Michael (19 March 2010). 1422:Canadian Pacific Police Service 1223:St. Lawrence and Hudson Railway 541:Craigellachie, British Columbia 282:Canadian Pacific Railway Survey 239:Building the railway, 1881–1886 78:, granted federal contracts to 1221:A new subsidiary company, the 847:C.P.R. railway locomotive 2860 789:the CPR's main line, with the 654:International Railway of Maine 280:Unidentified engineers of the 158:. The contract was awarded to 142:rivers between Port Moody and 1: 2596:Railway Gazette International 2523:"News – 2010 Commerce Centre" 2328:Canadian Pacific: Our History 2024:CPConnecting Canada, Timeline 1755:Canadian Journal of Economics 1293:with future payments of over 1150:may be coming in the future. 908:Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway 737:Columbia and Kootenay Railway 641:, to the Canada–US border at 32:government of Prime Minister 3373:in the Canadian Encyclopedia 3263:Franz, Justin (2023-03-15). 2306:, Atlas of Alberta Railways. 2294:, Atlas of Alberta Railways. 1483:Surface Transportation Board 1479:Kansas City Southern Railway 1444:Alberta Federation of Labour 1320:filing, the U.S. hedge fund 1300:Surface Transportation Board 747:Settlement of western Canada 741:Columbia and Western Railway 729:Shuswap and Okanagan Railway 2680:Austen, Ian (17 May 2012). 1436:Transportation Safety Board 1247:Delaware and Hudson Railway 1204:Delaware and Hudson Railway 656:, connecting Montreal with 421:William Cornelius Van Horne 414:William Cornelius Van Horne 406:in the early 20th century. 44:, who was the owner of the 3415: 2446:. Retrieved 27 April 2014. 2318:. Retrieved 27 April 2014. 2255:. Retrieved 27 April 2014. 2230:"Train derailed on bridge" 2014:. Retrieved 27 April 2014. 1966:. Retrieved 27 April 2014. 1795:Martin, Edward J. (1980). 1627:Fleming, Sandford (1880), 1593:Fleming, Sandford (1877). 1538:"Canadian Pacific Railway" 1463:Canadian American Railroad 1399:U.S. Department of Justice 996:Canadian National Railways 951:Canadian National Railways 564:Ontario and Quebec Railway 3371:Canadian Pacific Railways 2316:On to Ottawa Trek website 1339:Norfolk Southern Railroad 1316:On 28 October 2011, in a 1289:. The purchase price was 1047:1939 royal tour of Canada 892:Saint John, New Brunswick 872:Dominion Atlantic Railway 658:Saint John, New Brunswick 610:added the next morning). 3397:Canadian Pacific Railway 2991:16 February 2016 at the 1769:"Canada Central Railway" 1616:– via Archive.org. 1518:Histoiredurailhistory.ca 1390:, but was unsuccessful. 1373:derailed in Lac-Mégantic 1264:Canadian Pacific Limited 1260:Canadian Pacific Limited 1110:Canadian Pacific Limited 867:), killing at least 43. 853:passenger train derailed 804:On 3 November 1909, the 733:Kaslo and Slocan Railway 648:The CPR also leased the 535:On 7 November 1885, the 510:District of Saskatchewan 304:in Saskatchewan and via 290:North Saskatchewan River 26:Canadian Pacific Railway 3129:. CBC. 4 February 2020. 3115:. CBC. 27 January 2020. 3101:. CBC. 24 January 2020. 3036:The Wall Street Journal 2928:"DEV CP Emerg Response" 2832:The Wall Street Journal 2746:, Reuters, 1 June 2012. 2706:Canada (29 June 2012). 2083:: 127. 24 January 1884. 2026:. Retrieved 8 July 2022 1962:31 October 2013 at the 1906:Collectionscanada.gc.ca 1335:chief operating officer 1130:On 10 November 1979, a 1053:in Montreal to produce 1008:Edward Wentworth Beatty 974:(operated by the CPR's 931:Field, British Columbia 855:on the CPR line at the 2465:Bytown Railway Society 1985:Cruise, David (1988). 1947:, Joseph Morton (1976) 1833:Incredible Rogers Pass 1279:Electra Private Equity 1155:Mount Macdonald Tunnel 1024:Social Credit movement 916:Quebec Central Railway 851:On 21 January 1910, a 848: 801: 777: 756: 681:to the south shore of 670:Great Northern Railway 622: 591: 532: 501: 436: 416: 344: 285: 265:Canada Central Railway 257:Alpheus Beede Stickney 252: 148:Yale, British Columbia 127: 84:David Lewis Macpherson 71: 42:Alexander Tilloch Galt 24:, the creation of the 22:Canadian Confederation 2576:20 March 2014 at the 2442:16 April 2014 at the 2396:. City of Mississauga 2333:11 March 2014 at the 1404:United Parcel Service 1233:, trackage rights to 947:Intercolonial Railway 923:Glacier National Park 918:on 14 December 1912. 846: 826:most serious of which 820:, which was prone to 799: 775: 754: 724:Kettle Valley Railway 650:New Brunswick Railway 616: 589: 530: 484: 434: 412: 341: 314:Rocky Mountain Trench 292:Valley and cross the 279: 246: 171:Collingwood Schreiber 121: 67: 38:1st Canadian Ministry 2742:2 April 2015 at the 2553:23 June 2014 at the 2251:19 July 2013 at the 2115:on 22 September 2010 1197:. Influenced by the 1136:Mississauga, Ontario 1000:Henry Worth Thornton 970:On 29 May 1914, the 743:and various others. 666:Gulf of St. Lawrence 506:North-West Rebellion 329:Albert Bowman Rogers 232:Hudson's Bay Company 196:John Stewart Kennedy 3143:. 20 November 2019. 2932:Cpconsolidation.com 2868:on 13 February 2016 2807:on 25 February 2014 2662:3 July 2015 at the 2561:. 5 September 2007. 2354:on 28 February 2014 2166:cdnrail.railfan.net 2134:Tom Murray (2011). 2035:Wilson, Donald M., 1859:. 21 November 2008. 1831:Downs, Art (1980). 1775:on 21 October 2012. 1377:World Fuel Services 1214:(via the D&H). 978:) went down in the 943:Banff Springs Hotel 927:Mount Stephen House 711:after crossing the 675:Lethbridge, Alberta 556:St. Thomas, Ontario 504:In March 1885, the 380:Kicking Horse River 302:Palliser's Triangle 96:Alexander Mackenzie 3087:. 5 February 2019. 2963:The Globe and Mail 2712:The Globe and Mail 2670:, 30 October 2011. 2668:The Globe and Mail 2632:The Globe and Mail 2628:, 28 October 2011" 2236:, 25 January 1910. 1912:on 1 November 2015 1467:Iron Road Railways 1418:Kicking Horse Pass 1343:E. Hunter Harrison 1287:Powder River Basin 1277:from London-based 1148:Cambridge, Ontario 1104:, off CP's lines. 980:St. Lawrence River 956:Empress of Ireland 888:Digby, Nova Scotia 849: 838:Western Hemisphere 806:Lethbridge Viaduct 802: 800:Lethbridge Viaduct 778: 757: 623: 592: 533: 502: 439:Many thousands of 437: 435:CPR trestle bridge 417: 345: 306:Kicking Horse Pass 286: 253: 128: 72: 3244:Financial Tribune 2220:, 22 January 1910 2147:978-1-61060-139-9 1882:. Old Time Trains 1842:978-0-919214-08-8 1579:978-0-385-67355-6 1572:. Anchor Canada. 1381:DOT-111 tank cars 1359:binding agreement 1245:) as well as the 1235:Chicago, Illinois 1191:Wisconsin Central 1167:Soo Line Railroad 1163:Selkirk Mountains 1098:Crown corporation 1032:On-to-Ottawa Trek 1004:David Blyth Hanna 935:Château Frontenac 713:Cascade Mountains 603:Dalhousie Station 545:Jackfish, Ontario 508:broke out in the 488:, later known as 321:Selkirk Mountains 261:Bonfield, Ontario 69:John A. Macdonald 34:John A. Macdonald 3404: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3178: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3027: 3021: 3014: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2934:. Archived from 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2903:"Business Index" 2899: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2803:. Archived from 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2714:. Archived from 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2677: 2671: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2638:on 16 March 2014 2634:. Archived from 2619: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2587: 2581: 2568: 2562: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2529:on 11 March 2014 2525:. Archived from 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2509: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2474: 2461: 2453: 2447: 2434: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2350:. Archived from 2344: 2338: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2273:on 11 March 2014 2269:. Archived from 2262: 2256: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2221: 2218:Evening Sentinel 2211: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2201: 2192:. Archived from 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2104: 2098: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1908:. Archived from 1898: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1880:"Spiral Tunnels" 1876: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1802: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1771:. Archived from 1765: 1759: 1758: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1734:David J Gagnon. 1731: 1725: 1724: 1709:Canada's History 1704: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1649: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1524: 1510: 1431:The Fifth Estate 1395:Norfolk Southern 1356: 1352: 1296: 1292: 1291:US$ 1.48 billion 1239:Norfolk Southern 1181:(TH&B) from 1159:Connaught Tunnel 1096:, a new federal 1020:Great Depression 912:Vancouver Island 890:, to the CPR at 830:Connaught Tunnel 786:southern Ontario 643:Windsor, Ontario 635:Sault Ste. Marie 512:. Van Horne, in 468:Historica Canada 460: 459: 455: 391: 390: 386: 192:Richard B. Angus 160:Andrew Onderdonk 106:section linking 100:Sandford Fleming 94:prime minister, 50:British Columbia 3414: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3387: 3386: 3362: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3296: 3295:. 15 March 2023 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3203: 3201: 3192: 3191: 3184: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3011: 3002: 2998: 2993:Wayback Machine 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2938:on 7 April 2019 2926: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2900: 2896: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2862:Manila Bulletin 2856: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2744:Wayback Machine 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2664:Wayback Machine 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2621: 2620: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2603:on 4 March 2014 2589: 2588: 2584: 2578:Wayback Machine 2569: 2565: 2555:Wayback Machine 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2507: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2444:Wayback Machine 2435: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2371: 2367: 2357: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2335:Wayback Machine 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2302: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2253:Wayback Machine 2244: 2240: 2228: 2224: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2106: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2088: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2010: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1964:Wayback Machine 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1915: 1913: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1706: 1705: 1694: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1475: 1354: 1350: 1294: 1290: 1256: 1231:Eastern Ontario 1229:, Southern and 1157:to augment the 1144:Milton, Ontario 1140:Hazel McCallion 1128: 1123: 1063: 1055:Valentine tanks 1043:Queen Elizabeth 1016: 988: 986:First World War 910:, a railway on 834:Mount Macdonald 770: 749: 717:Coquihalla Pass 691:First World War 639:London, Ontario 621:on 30 June 1886 584: 490:Lord Strathcona 457: 453: 452: 388: 384: 383: 298:Yellowhead Pass 294:Rocky Mountains 241: 200:Donald A. Smith 188:Duncan McIntyre 76:Pacific Scandal 62: 12: 11: 5: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3368: 3361: 3360:External links 3358: 3356: 3355: 3330: 3305: 3280: 3255: 3231: 3210: 3182: 3157: 3146: 3132: 3118: 3104: 3090: 3076: 3058: 3040: 3022: 3009: 2996: 2977: 2949: 2919: 2907: 2894: 2879: 2849: 2837: 2818: 2801:Calgary Herald 2787: 2775: 2760: 2748: 2729: 2718:on 16 May 2013 2698: 2672: 2649: 2626:Globe and Mail 2614: 2582: 2563: 2559:Financial Post 2540: 2514: 2504:. 1 March 2002 2486: 2448: 2429: 2407: 2381: 2378:978-0969162131 2365: 2339: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2257: 2238: 2222: 2206: 2177: 2153: 2146: 2126: 2099: 2086: 2064: 2055: 2041: 2028: 2016: 2004: 2002:(1937), p. 15. 1992: 1977: 1968: 1949: 1937: 1923: 1893: 1871: 1862: 1848: 1841: 1823: 1809: 1787: 1778: 1760: 1745: 1726: 1692: 1681: 1674: 1654: 1641: 1619: 1605: 1585: 1578: 1562:Berton, Pierre 1553: 1529: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1474: 1471: 1465:a division of 1355:US$ 77 million 1351:CA$ 80 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