History of the Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870

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consisted largely of Khoikhois – they had not received the same treatment as others serving in defence of the colony, that they got no compensation for the losses they had sustained, and that they were in various ways made to feel they were a wronged and injured race. A secret alliance was formed with the Xhosa to take up arms in order to remove the Europeans and establish a Khoikhoi republic. Within a fortnight of the attack on Colonel Mackinnon, the Kat river Khoikhoi were also in arms. Their revolt was followed by that of the Khoikhoi at other missionary stations, and some of the Khoikhoi of the Cape Mounted Rifles followed their example, including some of the very men who had escorted the governor from Fort Cox. But many of the Khoikhoi remained loyal, and the

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settlers not to help the Xhosa unless they entered labour contracts with the settlers who owned land in the area. Governor Grey and his administration believed in a conspiracy called the 'Chief’s Plot' where they claimed the chiefs deliberately starved their people in order to instill desperation so that the Xhosa would be recruited for war and attack the settlers. This narrative was used at the time to justify the confiscation of land from numerous chiefdoms. The land was distributed to colonial settlers, and over two hundred farms of around 1,500 acres each were created.

465: 923:, summarizes the wider implications of the event as "the dogged resistance to colonial expansion which the Xhosa had sustained for nearly eighty bitter years was abruptly broken". Peires emphasized the role of Governor Grey, who both encouraged the movement then capitalized on its failure via the confiscation of land, imprisonment of chiefs, and exploitative labor contracts of the newly famished Xhosa. Another scholar summarizes the event as achieving "clear domination for the British over a powerful African kingdom when eight costly frontier wars had been unable to". 867:, the highest ranking chief, who had been secretly assisting the Ngqika all along, was harshly punished. In April 1852, Sir Harry Smith was recalled by Earl Grey, who accused him – unjustly, in the opinion of the Duke of Wellington – of a want of energy and judgement in conducting the war; he was succeeded by Lieutenant-General Cathcart. Sarhili was again attacked and forced to submit. The Amatolas were then cleared of Xhosa militia, and small forts were erected to prevent their reoccupation. 902:

spirits commanded that not an animal of all their herds was to remain alive, and every grain of corn was to be destroyed. If that were done, on a given date, myriads of cattle more beautiful than those destroyed would issue from the earth, while great fields of corn, ripe and ready for harvest, would instantly appear. The dead would rise, trouble and sickness vanish, and youth and beauty come to all alike. Unbelievers and the white man would on that day perish. Great

894:, went to scare birds out of the fields. When she returned, she told her uncle Mhlakaza that she had met three spirits at the bushes, and that they had told her that all cattle should be slaughtered, and their crops destroyed. On the day following the destruction, the dead Xhosa would return and help expel the whites. The ancestors would bring cattle with them to replace those that had been killed. Mhlakaza believed the prophecy, and repeated it to the chief 836:, who had been sent out with a small army with the goal of arresting the chief, was attacked in a narrow gorge on 24 December 1850 by a large number of Xhosa gunmen. After some casualties, Mackinnon's men were driven back under heavy fire. This minor shoot-out prompted a general rising among the whole Ngqika tribe. Settlers in military villages that had been established along the border, were caught in a surprise attack after they had gathered to celebrate 95: 848:, where the governor was stationed with a small number of soldiers. More than one unsuccessful attempt was made to kill Sir Harry, and he began to explore ways to escape. Eventually, at the head of 150 mounted riflemen, accompanied by Colonel Mackinnon, he fought his way out of the fort, and rode to King William’s Town through heavy Xhosa fire – a distance of 12 miles (19 km). 662: 218: 826:

The anti-convict move had scarcely ended when the colony was once again involved in a war. The Xhosa bitterly resented Sir Harry Smith's recent annexation of their lands, and had secretly been preparing to renew their struggle ever since the last war. Sir Harry Smith, informed of the increasing Xhosa

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The agitation did not fade away without further achievements, as it had thrown up a generation of local leaders who believed that Britain did not understand or sympathise with local issues. The momentum of this, South Africa's first mass-movement, continued as a drive to obtain a free, representative

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both the Khoikhoi and the Xhosa. The championship of Khoikhoi grievances by the missionaries caused much dissatisfaction among the majority of the colonists, whose conservative views temporarily prevailed, for in 1812, an ordinance was issued which gave magistrates the power to bind Khoikhoi children

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were also prepared for the promised cattle, and huge skin sacks to hold the milk that was soon to be more plentiful than water. At length the day dawned which, according to the prophecies, was to usher in the terrestrial paradise. The sun rose and sank, but the expected miracle did not come to pass.

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An incident which occurred from 1815 to 1816 did much to make the Dutch frontiersmen permanently hostile to the British. A farmer named Bezuidenhout refused to obey a summons issued to him after a complaint from Khoikhoi was registered. He fired on the party sent to arrest him, and was killed by the

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The arrival of these immigrants also introduced the English language to the Cape. English language ordinances were issued for the first time in 1825, and in 1827, its use was extended to the conduct of judicial proceedings. Dutch was not, however, ousted, and the colonists became largely bilingual.

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Meanwhile, a new threat to the Cape arose. Some 900 of the Kat river Khoikhoi, who had in former wars been firm allies of the British, joined their former enemies: the Xhosa. They were not without justification. They complained that while serving as soldiers in former wars – the Cape Mounted Rifles

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of slaves was proclaimed in 1834. Each of these ordinances drew further ire from the Dutch farmers towards the Cape government. Moreover, the inadequate compensation awarded to slave-owners, and the suspicions engendered by the method of payment, caused much resentment, and in 1835 the trend where

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chiefly as a way of finding employment for a few thousand of the unemployed in Britain. Yet, the emigration scheme accomplished something with more far reaching implications than its authors had intended. The new settlers, drawn from every part of the United Kingdom and from almost every grade of

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and the other chiefs for a meeting. Sandile refused to attend the meeting, after which the governor declared him deposed from his chieftainship at an assembly of other chiefs in October 1850, and appointed an English magistrate named Mr Brownlee to be temporary chief of the Ngqika tribe. It seems

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The Xhosa did not initially offer violent resistance against this annexation, and they were mainly left alone as the governor had other serious matters to contend with, including the assertion of British authority over the Boers beyond the Orange River, and the establishment of amicable relations

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Sarhili ordered the commands of the spirits to be obeyed. At first, the Xhosa were ordered to destroy their fat cattle. Nongqawuse, standing in the river where the spirits had first appeared, heard unearthly noises, interpreted by her uncle as orders to kill more and more cattle. At length, the

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where they had originally sworn to expel "the English tyrants". The resentment caused by the hanging of these men was deepened by the circumstances of the execution, for the scaffold on which the rebels simultaneously were hanged broke from their united weight and the men were hanged one by one

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and his colleagues. Sir Harry Smith had the support of the extremist settlers of the Eastern Cape, whose expansion onto Xhosa lands he had facilitated, but he could not govern without the consent of the powerful Cape Town elite, or his Legislative Council from which they had resigned en masse.

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to the natives, and the free trade in intoxicants which followed had most deplorable results among the Xhosa tribes. A severe drought, affecting almost the entire colony for several years, caused great economic depression, and many farmers suffered severely. It was at this period in 1869 that

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This movement drew to an end by early 1858. By then, approximately 40,000 people had starved to death and over 400,000 cattle had been slaughtered. Among the survivors was the girl Nongqawuse; however, her uncle perished. Sir George Grey, governor of the Cape at the time, ordered the European

1020:, who dwelt in the upper valleys of the Orange River, had subsisted under a semi-protectorate of the British government from 1843 to 1854; but having been left to their own resources on the abandonment of the Orange sovereignty, they fell into a long exhaustive warfare with the Boers of the 492:, who reached Graham's Town on 6 January 1835, six days after news of the violence had reached Cape Town. The British fought the Xhosa warriors for nine months until hostilities were ended on 17 September 1836 with the signing of a new peace treaty, by which all the country as far as the 889:

In 1854, the "lung sickness" disease spread through the cattle of the Xhosa. The disease arrived in South Africa with infected animals imported from the Netherlands by the settlers in 1853 to improve their herds. Widespread cattle deaths resulted. In April 1856, two girls, one named

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became governor of the Cape Colony in 1854, and the development of the colony owes much to his administration. In his opinion, policy imposed upon the colony by the home government's policy of not governing beyond the Orange River was mistaken, and in 1858 he proposed a scheme for a

785:. Local people, who were already upset about Smith's perceived dictatorial rule, established an anti-convict association whose members bound themselves to cease from all interaction of any kind with persons in any way associated "with the landing, supplying or employing convicts". 693:

This was done without consulting the British Government, or the local Boers and African states which now found themselves annexed. However, his expansionist policy against the neighbouring Xhosa did win him the local support of the extremist colonists of the Eastern Cape frontier.

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of 1845 to South Africa. Sir Harry Smith was very much aware of his unpopularity in the Colonial Office due to his unilateral and expensive colonisation of neighbouring territories. Smith saw a way of winning favour in London, by allowing the Cape to be used as a convict station.

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of the Griqua people. Subsequent states were recognised between 1843 and 1844. While the northern frontier became more secure, the state of the eastern frontier was deplorable, with the government either unable or unwilling to settle disputes between Xhosa and Cape farmers.

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The British commanders were hampered throughout by their insufficient equipment, and it was not until March 1853 that the largest of the Frontier wars was brought to an end after the loss of several hundred British soldiers. Shortly afterwards, British Kaffraria was made a

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response both directly to the lung disease spreading among Xhosa cattle, and to the stress to Xhosa society caused by the continuing loss of their territory and autonomy. J. B. Peires, a leading historian on the conflict who wrote the standard account of the events,

564:, who exercised great influence on all non-Dutch people, a number of the "native states" were recognised and subsidised by the Cape government with the objective of creating peace on the northern frontier. The first "Treaty States" to be recognised was 768:, then colonial secretary, was sent to the governor of the Cape, as well as other colonial governors, asking them to ascertain the feelings of the colonists regarding the reception of a certain class of convicts. The Earl intended initially to send 311:

A difficulty between the Cape Colony government and the Xhosa arose in 1819, the immediate cause of which was an attempt by the colonial authorities to enforce the restitution of some stolen cattle. On 22 April 1819, led by a prophet-chief named

336:, whose treaty arrangements with the Xhosa chiefs had proved untenable, desired to erect a barrier against the Xhosa by having white colonists settle in the border region. In 1820, upon the advice of Lord Somerset, parliament voted to spend 303:

took the area with a mixed-race army in December 1811, and eventually the Xhosa were forced to fall back beyond the Fish River. On the site of Colonel Graham’s headquarters arose a town bearing his name: Graham's Town, subsequently becoming

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Other setbacks followed in quick succession. The greater part of the Xhosa police deserted, many of them leaving with their arms. Emboldened by their initial success, a large and powerful contingent of Xhosa troops surrounded and attacked

951:. Sir George also attempted for the first time, missionary effort apart, to educate the Cape Xhosa and to firmly establish British authority among them, which the self-destruction of the Xhosa rendered easy. Beyond the Kei River, the 480:, a brother of the chief who had been killed, swept across the frontier, pillaged and burned the homesteads and killed all who resisted. Among the worst sufferers was a colony of freed Khoikhoi who, in 1829, had been settled in the 780:

However Smith did not consult the local population on this plan for the Cape which prided itself on being a colony of "free settlement", so when the first convict ship arrived there was uproar among the locals and triggering the

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arrived in Simon's Bay on 19 September 1849, but to keep them on board the ship until he received orders to send them elsewhere. When the home government became aware of the state of affairs, orders were sent directing the

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He reversed Glenelg's policy soon after arrival, and embarked on a policy of unilateral conquest of neighbouring lands. A proclamation he issued on 17 December 1847 extended the borders of the colony northwards to the

476:, towards whom the policy of the Cape government was marked by much vacillation. On 11 December 1834, a government commando party killed a Xhosa chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa: an army of 10,000 men, led by 456:

farmers trekked into unknown country in order to escape from a disliked government recommenced. Emigration beyond the colonial border had in fact been continuous for 150 years, but it now took on larger proportions.

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government for the colony. The British government granted this concession, which had been previously promised by Lord Grey, and a constitution was established in 1854 of almost unprecedented liberality. The first

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had an ample justification for war; they had to resent, and endeavoured justly, though impotently, to avenge a series of encroachments." This attitude towards the Xhosa was one of the many reasons given by the

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while transporting the man to Graham's Town to be tried for stealing an axe. A party of Xhosa attacked and killed the escort. The surrender of the murderer was refused, and war was declared in March 1846. The

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Although the colony was prosperous, many Dutch farmers were as dissatisfied with British rule as they had been with that of the Dutch East India Company, though their grievances were not the same. In 1792,

549:, where they had been preceded, however, by British emigrants. From this time on, Cape Colony ceased to be the only European community in South Africa, though it was the most predominant for many years. 112: 316:, they attacked Graham’s Town, then held by a handful of white troops. Upon the arrival of reinforcements, the Xhosa troops retreated. It was then agreed that the land between the Fish and the 299:, which became a neutral ground of sorts. For some time before 1811, the Xhosa had taken possession of the neutral ground and attacked the colonists. In order to expel them from the Zuurveld, 287:

had already been fought by the time that the Cape Colony had been ceded to the United Kingdom. The Xhosa that crossed the colonial frontier had been expelled from the district between the

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The War of the Axe, 1847: Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Henry Pottinger, and the commander of the British forces at the Cape, Sir George Berkeley, and others

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History of the Boers in South Africa; Or, the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain

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Over the ensuing decades there was considerable political tension between the eastern and the western halves of the Cape Colony. The Eastern Cape, from its major port and urban centre

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Elsewhere, however, the colony was making progress. The change from slave to free labour proved to be advantageous to the farmers in the western provinces. An efficient

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who lived in Cape Colony from 1834 to 1838, was adopted. Road Boards were established and proved to be very effective in constructing new roads. A new stable industry,

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50,000 (equivalent to £4,930,000 in 2023) to promote migration to the Cape, prompting 4,000 British people to emigrate. These immigrants, who are now known as the

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restructured the Cape administration to meet the major eastern concerns and, in the Constitutional Amendment Bill of 1873, abolished the last formal distinctions.

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in the Western Cape and frequently agitated to become a separate colony. These separatist tensions did not completely die down until the 1870s when Prime Minister

653:, the chief of the Ngqika, surrendered. Other chiefs gradually followed this action, and by the end of 1847 the violence died down after 21 months of fighting. 50: 45: 159: 752: 131: 138: 996:

The province of British Kaffraria was incorporated into the colony in 1865, under the title of the Electoral Divisions of King William’s Town and

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to the British crown, thus re-absorbing the territory that had been given up by Lord Glenelg. The land was not, however, incorporated into the

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that would include all of South Africa, however it was rejected by Britain as being impractical. Sir George kept open a British road through

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After the confusion caused by the surprise attack had subsided, Sir Harry Smith and his force turned the tide of war against the Xhosa. The

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and other free African people in the Cape. Another ordinance in 1830 imposed heavy penalties for harsh treatment of slaves, and finally the

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was acknowledged to be British, and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for the seat of government was selected and named

452: 410: 253:, then called "Bushmansland", and had an area of about 194,000 square kilometres and a population of some 60,000, of whom 27,000 were 1396: 1382: 1368: 1350: 1336: 178: 708:

A few days later, at a meeting of the Xhosa chiefs on 23 December 1847, Sir Harry announced the annexation of the land between the

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Andreas, Christian. "The Spread and Impact of the Lungsickness Epizootic of 1853–57 in the Cape Colony and the Xhosa Chiefdoms".

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on a large scale. They were the more-or-less direct result of the granting to the colony of a large share in its own government.

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Sir George Grey left the Cape in 1861. During his governorship the resources of the colony had increased with the opening of the

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fought for superiority, while the Cape government endeavoured to protect the rights of the native Africans. On the advice of the

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Christian Andreas, "The Spread and Impact of the Lungsickness Epizootic of 1853–57 in the Cape Colony and the Xhosa Chiefdoms",

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that the governor believed that he would be able to prevent a war and that Sandile could be arrested without armed resistance.

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return fire. This caused a miniature rebellion, and in its suppression five ringleaders were publicly hanged by the British at

245:, and in 1814, the colony was ceded outright by the Netherlands to the British crown. At that time, the colony extended to the 229:

but subsequently invaded and taken over by the British. After war broke out again, a British force was sent once more to the

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The British government did not approve of the actions of Sir Benjamin d'Urban, and the British Secretary for the Colonies,

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society, retained strong loyalty to Britain. In the course of time, they formed a counterpoint to the Dutch colonists.

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were the chief tribe engaged in the war, assisted by the Ndlambe and Thembu. The Xhosa were defeated on 7 June 1846 by

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that "the great evil of the Cape Colony consists in its magnitude" and demanded that the boundary be moved back to the

533:, as it is called, lasted from 1836 to 1840. The trekkers (Boers), numbering around 7,000, founded communities with a 333: 357: 520:. He also eventually had d'Urban dismissed from office in 1837. Lord Glenelg's dispatch of 26 December stated: "The 464: 1360: 944: 105: 1028:, they were proclaimed British subjects in 1868, and their territory became part of the Cape Colony in 1871 (see 1016:

Whether by or against the wish of the home government, the limits of British authority continued to extend. The

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Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853

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Considerable trouble was caused by the emigrant Boers on either side of the Orange River, where the Boers, the

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their headquarters. Intended primarily as a measure to secure the safety of the frontier, and regarded by the

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Lewis, Jack. "Materialism and Idealism in the Historiography of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement 1856–7".

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wool industry had been established and Natal made a separate colony. The opening, in November 1863, of the

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of British settlers of any considerable scale, an event with far-reaching consequences. The then governor,

1405:. Alan Mabin. University of the Witwatersrand, African Studies Institute. 1983. 27 pages. ASIN B0007B2MXA. 1192:

Jack Lewis, "Materialism and Idealism in the Historiography of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement 1856–7",

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The Spread and Impact of the Lungsickness Epizootic of 1853–57 in the Cape Colony and the Xhosa Chiefdoms

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was gaining strength in England, and the missionaries appealed at length, from the colonists to Britain.

1328: 875:. The Khoikhoi settlement at Kat River remained, but the Khoikhoi power within the colony was crushed. 418: 345: 833: 484:

valley by the British authorities. There were few available soldiers in the colony, but the governor,

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The Cape Colony was the first European colony in South Africa, which was initially controlled by the

605: 485: 444:. The ordinance further stipulated that all legal proceedings be henceforth conducted in English. 441: 393: 238: 62: 1311:

Making Empire: Colonial Encounters and the Creation of Imperial Rule in Nineteenth-Century Africa

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Making Empire: Colonial Encounters and the Creation of Imperial Rule in Nineteenth-Century Africa

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afterwards. The deeply religious Dutch frontiersmen believed the collapsing scaffold to be an

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Materialism and Idealism in the Historiography of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement 1856–7

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Confronted with public resistance, he agreed not to allow the convicts to land when the

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The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856-7.

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The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856-7

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The dead will arise: Nongqawuse and the great Xhosa Cattle-Killing movement of 1856-7

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Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870 : A Tragedy of Manners

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Speeches and rally against the establishment of a penal colony at the Cape Colony.

1391:. Elizabeth Elbourne. McGill-Queen's University Press. December 2002. 560 pages. 1217: 1067: 717: 526: 353: 329: 305: 266: 226: 196: 94: 26: 1068:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1201: 1124: 1029: 891: 884: 661: 581: 561: 542: 530: 423: 278: 447:

A subsequent ordinance in 1828 granted equal rights with white people to the

1282: 1261: 989:, long needed on that perilous coast, marked the beginning in the colony of 986: 978: 837: 713: 573: 481: 472:

On the eastern border, further trouble arose between the government and the

429: 373: 265:. These slaves were mostly people brought in from other parts of Africa and 234: 1000:. The transfer was marked by the removal of the prohibition of the sale of 217: 669:

In December 1847, or what was to be the last month of the War of the Axe,

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was established in 1835, giving the colonists a share in the government.

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Ashforth, Adam. "The Xhosa Cattle Killing and the Politics of Memory".

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Examination of Nonqause before the Chief Commissioner of 9 April 1858,

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A crisis arose in the colony over a proposal to make the Cape Colony a

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or Amatola War, broke out in 1846, when a Khoikhoi escort who had been

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had been established for the benefit of the Khoikhoi, and in 1799, the

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Recession and its aftermath: The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties

1345:. George McCall Theal. Greenwood Press. 28 February 1970. 392 pages. 970: 962: 634: 629: 593: 477: 204: 1040:. This annexation was a consequence of the discovery there of rich 673:

reached Cape Town by boat to become the new governor of the colony.

792:, had 289 convicts on board, among whom was the famous Irish rebel 203:, which lasted from 1779 to 1879. The wars were fought between the 903: 751: 660: 625: 589: 585: 463: 216: 1377:. Basil Alexander Le Cordeur. Brenthurst Press. 1981. 287 pages. 1288:

Peires, J. B. "The Central Beliefs of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing."

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J. B. Peires, "The Central Beliefs of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing",

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mines, an event which was destined to have far-reaching results.

1095:"The anti-convict agitation: South Africa's first mass movement" 601: 597: 405:

as apprentices under conditions little different from those of

810:, and it did so after staying in Simon’s Bay for five months. 88: 943:

to the far interior, gaining the support of the missionaries

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Convict agitation and granting of a constitution (1848–1853)

840:. Many of them were killed, and their houses set on fire. 488:

acted quickly and all available forces were mustered under

985:, and the construction in 1860 of the great breakwater in 214:

who, defending their land, fought against European rule.

720:, but instead made a crown dependency under the name of 426:. An ordinance passed in 1827 abolished the old Dutch 1174:"The Xhosa Cattle Killing and the Politics of Memory" 827:

mobilisation, went to the border region and summoned

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The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony

1009:-farming was successfully established as a separate 879:

Xhosa cattle-killing movement and famine (1854–1858)

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The Xhosa cattle killing and the politics of memory

119:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 233:. After a battle in January 1806 on the shores of 690:, roughly doubling the area of the Cape Colony. 1294:The Central Beliefs of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing 1032:). In the same year, the southeastern part of 1313:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 1168: 1166: 1152:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008) 1139:, reprinted in Grahamstown Journal, 1 May 1858 328:The war of 1817–1819 led to the first wave of 128:"History of the Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870" 772:peasants who had been driven to crime by the 604:became the country's most valuable export. A 70: 8: 1212: 1210: 193:history of the Cape Colony from 1806 to 1870 1302:Cape Town: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2003. 1188: 1186: 588:-raising, was added to the original set of 435: 427: 1036:was annexed to Britain under the title of 927:Sir George Grey’s governorship (1854–1870) 77: 63: 17: 1064:inflation figures are based on data from 1024:. On the urgent petition of their chief 856:likewise sided with the Cape government. 616:Another war with the Xhosa, known as the 179:Learn how and when to remove this message 409:. In the meantime, the movement for the 1416:Cape Colony History on Encyclopedia.com 1053: 657:Extension of British sovereignty (1847) 195:spans the period of the history of the 25: 7: 1327:.P.J. Van Der Merwe, Roger B. Beck. 1137:British Kaffraria Government Gazette 556:, other native tribes, Bushmen, and 320:rivers should be neutral territory. 117:adding citations to reliable sources 1421:Encyclopædia Britannica Cape Colony 914:Historians view this movement as a 742:Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope 649:. However, the war continued until 460:Third cape frontier war (1834–1836) 283:The first of several wars with the 698:Establishment of British Kaffraria 14: 1222:(Cape Town: Jonathan Ball, 2003). 529:for leaving the Cape Colony. The 241:surrendered to the British under 1279:South African Historical Journal 1258:South African Historical Journal 1194:South African Historical Journal 1117:South African Historical Journal 958:were left to their own devices. 764:. A circular written in 1848 by 93: 1359:. Robert Ross, David Anderson. 822:Eighth frontier war (1850–1853) 576:system, owing its inception to 384:Dutch hostility to British rule 104:needs additional citations for 1290:The Journal of African History 1233:The Journal of African History 818:was elected in the same year. 537:form of government beyond the 512:, declared in a letter to the 273:First and second frontier wars 221:Map of the Cape Colony in 1809 1: 1331:. 1 January 1995. 333 pages. 788:The boat, a vessel named the 468:The Eastern Frontier, ca 1835 440:courts, instead substituting 677:Expansion of the Cape Colony 372:, resented being ruled from 1281:25, no. 1 (1991): 244–268. 1196:25, no. 1 (1991): 244–268, 1452: 1363:. 1 July 1999. 220 pages. 1361:Cambridge University Press 1271:6, no. 3 (1991): 581–592. 882: 745: 739: 701: 276: 1292:28, no. 1 (1987): 43–63. 1202:10.1080/02582479108671959 1180:6, no. 3 (1991): 581–592. 1125:10.1080/02582470509464889 766:Henry Grey, 3rd Earl Grey 398:London Missionary Society 1260:53 no. 1 (2005): 50–72. 1119:53 no. 1 (2005): 50–72. 834:Colonel George Mackinnon 237:, the Dutch garrison of 1066:Clark, Gregory (2017). 490:Colonel Sir Harry Smith 757: 666: 504:Great Trek (1836–1840) 469: 436: 428: 222: 1329:Ohio University Press 883:Further information: 755: 664: 612:War of the Axe (1846) 467: 334:Lord Charles Somerset 249:in front of the vast 220: 686:and eastward to the 486:Sir Benjamin d'Urban 442:resident magistrates 411:abolition of slavery 113:improve this article 1105:on 10 October 2014. 1002:alcoholic beverages 645:, a few miles from 606:legislative council 498:King William's Town 301:Colonel John Graham 27:Cape Colony history 21:Part of a series on 1269:Sociological Forum 1178:Sociological Forum 1062:Retail Price Index 967:Little Namaqualand 863:were stormed, and 758: 667: 470: 358:British government 223: 201:Cape Frontier Wars 1319:978-0-521-88968-1 1235:28, no. 1 (1987) 1158:978-0-521-88968-1 1022:Orange Free State 949:David Livingstone 861:Amatola Mountains 722:British Kaffraria 704:British Kaffraria 578:Sir John Herschel 346:Albany settlement 189: 188: 181: 163: 87: 86: 1443: 1309:Price, Richard. 1244: 1229: 1223: 1214: 1205: 1190: 1181: 1170: 1161: 1146: 1140: 1133: 1127: 1113: 1107: 1106: 1101:. 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By 1846, 598:wine making 354:Grahamstown 352:, and made 330:immigration 306:Grahamstown 239:Cape Castle 199:during the 197:Cape Colony 1251:References 1030:Basutoland 983:Wellington 892:Nongqawuse 885:Nongqawuse 714:Kei Rivers 592:-growing, 582:astronomer 535:republican 531:Great Trek 518:Fish River 424:act of God 279:Xhosa Wars 139:newspapers 987:Table Bay 979:Cape Town 965:mines in 728:with the 710:Keiskamma 574:education 494:River Kei 482:Kat River 437:heemraden 430:landdrost 374:Cape Town 318:Keiskamma 247:mountains 235:Table Bay 208:colonists 169:July 2009 1430:Category 1243:, p. 43. 1011:industry 953:Transkei 846:Fort Cox 808:Tasmania 712:and the 630:murdered 622:manacled 554:Basothos 449:Khoikhoi 394:missions 391:Moravian 348:, later 297:Zuurveld 259:Khoikhoi 205:European 36:Pre-1806 1042:diamond 1026:Moshesh 1018:Basotho 1007:ostrich 975:railway 896:Sarhili 865:Sarhili 829:Sandile 804:Neptune 799:Neptune 790:Neptune 651:Sandile 641:on the 635:Ngqikas 558:Griquas 522:Kaffirs 407:slavery 402:convert 153:scholar 1395: 1381: 1367: 1349: 1335: 1317: 1241:181448 1239: 1156: 971:mohair 969:, the 963:copper 904:kraals 643:Gwangu 596:, and 539:Orange 478:Maqoma 314:Makana 267:Malays 263:slaves 155: 148: 141: 134: 126: 1237:JSTOR 1079:7 May 1048:Notes 977:from 956:Xhosa 854:Fingo 770:Irish 626:thief 590:wheat 586:sheep 580:, an 547:Natal 474:Xhosa 285:Xhosa 255:white 227:Dutch 212:Xhosa 160:JSTOR 146:books 1393:ISBN 1379:ISBN 1365:ISBN 1347:ISBN 1333:ISBN 1315:ISBN 1154:ISBN 1081:2024 947:and 628:was 602:wool 543:Vaal 541:and 514:King 434:and 291:and 231:Cape 191:The 132:news 1198:doi 1121:doi 1060:UK 981:to 115:by 1432:: 1209:^ 1185:^ 1176:, 1165:^ 1097:. 1070:. 1013:. 898:. 732:. 724:. 500:. 308:. 269:. 1399:. 1385:. 1371:. 1353:. 1339:. 1321:. 1306:. 1285:. 1264:. 1204:. 1200:: 1160:. 1123:: 1083:. 338:£ 182:) 176:( 171:) 167:( 157:· 150:· 143:· 136:· 109:. 78:e 71:t 64:v

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