212:
224:
habits and styles of dress, had seen them initially classified as
European. The community was horrified to discover in 1885 their schools were no longer classified as European. For the remainder of British rule the Baghdadi Jews struggled to be recognised as European. They sought exemption from the 1878 Indian Arms Act which forbade natives from carrying arms but were not successful. They sought to be moved from the non-Muslim native electorate to the European electoral roll in 1929 and 1935 for elections to the Bengal Legislative Council, but were not successful. Many were resentful that the British would not socialise with them or permit them membership of the whites-only clubs that elite life in colonial Kolkata revolved around or shared a sense the British were conquerors who ignored the Jews.
25:
343:
335:
220:
production in
Kolkata declined with as Judeo-Arabic cultural production declined. A new wave of English language and Zionist orientated newspapers and clubs flourishing in the mid twentieth century before Indian Independence. Middle class and poorer Jews were the ones drawn to Zionism and its new popular community associations. Throughout the closing decades of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century the community grew more British-orientated in cultural habits, dress and aspirations.
351:
326:
community in the city. Without the historic leadership and charity of the merchant families communal life became hard to maintain. Barely 200 Jews remained by the mid-1990s. Lack of opportunities for both business, high quality education and in particular for Jewish marriages in
Kolkata speeded up the community's dissolution in the late twentieth century. By the early twenty-first century less than twenty Jews remained in the city.
322:
and the
Congress Party lose power in 1967 to the United Left Front, the first of a series of hard left alliances to govern West Bengal, which remained in power for the rest of the twentieth century. The late 1960s saw the renaming colonial legacy companies and families depart as the left wing government severely impacted trade.
200:
characterized the mostly
British elite upper class to which they aspired, and a steadfast fidelity to their ancestral faith and traditions. They expressed their devotion to Jewish traditions through the sponsoring of elaborate synagogues, religious seminaries, ritual scrolls and books across Asia and the Middle East.
196:
factory workers or clerks. As a rule the community stuck to trade, finance and commerce with relatively few of the
Baghdadi Jewish community entered either government service or the professions. As many as fifty percent of the Baghdadi Jewish community of Kolkata was poor and dependent on communal Jewish charity.
392:
Today the three surviving synagogues of
Kolkata were restored in the early twentieth-first century and are unique in being some of the few surviving currently accessible synagogues built by Iraqi Jews. Two further synagogues formerly existed but have not survived as part of Kolkata's Jewish heritage.
257:
The merchant elite families emigrated rapidly as there was talk of the imposition of socialism and the nationalization of banks and they felt emigration was essential to secure their wealth. They are unsure whether they would be soon stop being able to take money out of the country. The emigration of
223:
However the
Baghdadi Jews of British India, including Kolkata, were denied the legal inclusion as Europeans during British rule. In 1885, the Baghdadi Jews were reclassified as from the government from European to native. It has been argued their late arrival in India and pale skin, as well as social
207:
at home and adhered to their Arabic style of costumes in public. Slowly and unevenly this began to change as the second generation of Jews born in
Kolkata adopted European dress and lifestyle and English as their language of communication. By 1906 it was recorded that as amongst the wealthier Jews in
191:
Throughout its heyday the
Baghdadi Jewish community was dominated by its leading families including the Ezras, Elias, Judahs, Sassoons, Belilios and Musleahs. These leading families intermarried over the generations. The Ezra family was the dominant family in the Baghdadi Jewish community for much of
325:
Against this background the rich fabric of community institutions and charitable support networks unravelled with the departure of the remains of the merchant family elite. The closing of the B.N. Elias mills in 1973 deprived many Baghdadi Jews of jobs and formed one of the final blows to the Jewish
253:
Mass emigration began in a moment of extreme economic dislocation. In the space of a few years the transnational colonial trading system in which they had prospered was dismantled. In India, new economic regulations enacted by the Indian Government restricted imports and controlled foreign exchange,
241:
of 1946 that saw 4,000 killed and 100,000 made homeless in seventy-two hours of Hindu-Muslim communal violence. Rioting between 1945 and 1947 also killed numerous Europeans. Scenes of devastation that unsettled the Baghdadi Jewish community included vultures feasting on piles of human remains in the
79:
In the early nineteenth century the community grew rapidly, drawing mostly on Jewish migrants from Baghdad and to a lesser extent on those from Aleppo. Historically it was led by a flourishing merchant elite trading in cotton, jute, spices and opium issued from the leading Jewish families of Baghdad
321:
Those that stayed in India embraced new Judeo-Indian identities in the new state. However, in the Kolkata the Jewish population had shrunk to 700 people by 1969. The mass refugee influx and a sharp rise in radical left politics had further unsettled West Bengal. The 1960s saw further communal riots
195:
However this merchant elite whose firms amassed fabulous wealth, employed a great many of the Baghdadi Jewish community, whilst running the community's religious institutions and funding its charitable system, numbered less than forty families. The rest were shopkeepers, pedlars, brokers, artisans,
175:
in the year 1792 and established himself as a trader before moving to Kolkata. In 1805, his nephew Moses Simon Duek Ha Cohen arrived in Kolkata. He married his eldest daughter Lunah. In the early nineteenth century the Baghdadi Jews began to settle in large numbers in Kolkata, thus outnumbering the
417:
The cemetery reflects the Baghdadi culture of the community and its evolution. Nineteenth and early Twentieth century Baghdadi graves are rounded and flat following the traditional Sephardic and Mizrahi pattern. In the mid twentieth century a few standing tombstones marking the graves of Ashkenazi
296:
There was also a great desire in the Baghdadi Jewish community to settle in Australia but following 1948 the country secretly implemented an immigration policy excluding Jews from the Middle East and Asia from settling in the country frustrating Baghdadi Jews from emigrating there. However, in the
261:
The atmosphere in Calcutta at independence, rocked by Hindu-Muslim riots as millions were displaced and hundreds of thousands died across the country in partition was unsettled. The Japanese invasion of China, Burma and Singapore has already seen a mass flight of the Baghdadi Jews settled there to
208:
their habits and dress were European though their vernacular remained Arabic. Amongst lower social classes older generations retained Arabic style of dress while younger generations had adopted the European one. Their identities evolved too from a Judeo-Arabic identity towards a Judeo-British one.
199:
Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the grand merchant families who formed the nucleus of the Baghdadi Jewish community travelled widely building their fortunes across the Middle East and Asia. They continuously strove to maintain a balance between embracing the European culture that
183:(1817–1831) in what was then a province of the Ottoman Empire, including many of the most illustrious families of Baghdad. The Iraqi Jews, mostly from Baghdad, soon outnumbered the original settlers from Aleppo. By the end of the nineteenth century the Kolkata community numbered some 1,800 people.
142:
In the early twenty-first century fewer than twenty Jews remain in the city. The synagogues that remain are some of the last surviving and presently accessible heritage sites founded by Iraqi Jews. Today, especially in the United Kingdom, to which the wealthier Baghdadi Jewish families were drawn,
388:
Along with Ezekiel Judah this construction made the other pivotal figures in building the synagogues of Kolkata were the Ezra family, both David Joseph Ezra and his son Elias David Joseph Ezra. The Ezra family were seen as one of the preeminent Baghdadi Jewish merchant families in the city in the
376:
his family name was seen as highly aristocratic amongst Iraqi Jews. One of his sons by his first wife was a leader of the Jews in Baghdad. Another son conducted a Yeshiva in Jerusalem founded by Ezekiel Judah at which ten scholars constantly studied the Torah and recited prayers. For a year after
277:
Most Baghdadi Jews felt they now had to decide which citizenship to choose. From 1947 to 1952, all those living in India still held British Indian passports. Consequently, all those Indians who wanted to emigrate and could afford the fare left India. By 1951 only 1,500 Jews remained in Kolkata.
219:
Kolkata in the late nineteenth century was a minor centre of Iraqi-Jewish intellectual production with numerous Judeo-Arabic newspapers, closely covering events in Baghdad and the Middle East, with books in Hebrew ans Judeo-Arabic printed in Kolkata. In the early twentieth century intellectual
380:
In 1825, Ezekiel Judah built the Neveh Shalom Synagogue on Canning Street. It was rebuilt in 1911. In 1856, Ezekiel Judah and David Joseph Ezra built the Beth El Synagogue on Pollock Street. It was rebuilt and extended in 1886 by Elias Shalom Gubbay. In 1884, Elias David Joseph Ezra built the
421:
The cemetery contains around 2,000 graves almost all of them from prior to the community's mass emigration in the mid-Twentieth century. The cemetery fell into disrepair in the late twentieth century but was renovated in the early twenty-first century and is currently well maintained.
405:
is located on Narkeldanga Main Road. It was a Muslim Bengali friend of Shalom Obadiah Cohen, the founder of the Jewish community of Calcutta, who sold him the land to build the cemetery. The first recorded death in the Kolkata Jewish community was Moses de Pas, an emissary from
227:
The intellectual leadership of the Kolkata community amongst the Baghdadi Jewish community in Asia and its higher educational level can be noted in the fact that of all the memoirs written of Indian Baghdadi Jewish almost all were written by members of the Kolkata community.
211:
130:
or internments. This highpoint was followed by a precipitously decline in numbers. The community largely emigrate after Indian independence in 1947, moving mainly to Australia, Canada, Great Britain, Israel and the USA. This migration followed the turmoil of
372:. Ezekiel Judah was an esteemed talmudist who led the Baghdadi Jewish community in Kolkata in spiritual matters during his lifetime, building two synagogues. He was a leading indigo merchant who traded in silks and muslins. A descendant of
236:
Following Indian Independence majority of the Baghdadi Jewish population began to rapidly emigrate to London, to where the richer Baghdadi Jewish merchant families had been drawn for a generation. The community was deeply affected by the
273:
to the new state of Israel, the collapse of the Dutch East Indies, and successive nationalist revolutions in Iraq, Syria and Egypt. Emigration of Baghdadi Jewish business owners was soon followed by those they employed.
301:
immigration policy was progressively dismantled. This saw considerable Baghdadi Jewish emigration from Kolkata to Australia. It has been estimated a third of the Baghdadi Jewish community of Kolkata eventually settled in
106:
and one under the leadership of the mercantile Sassoon, Ezra, Elias, Gubbay, Belilios and Judah families. In their heyday such mercantile Kolkata Jews sponsored numerous leading religious and charitable institutions in
364:
The Jewish community established five independent synagogues in Kolkata, out of which regular prayers are only heard in one. The first synagogue, now known as the Old Synagogue, was built by Shalome David Cohen.
317:
and the Kurdani neighborhood near Haifa and in across Israel's major cities. Broadly those that did settle in Israel did not maintain a communal identity but merged with the wider Iraqi Jewish community.
135:, the breakdown of the colonial trading system in Asia, severing historic trade flows between the Middle East and Asia, and the birth of a Jewish state in Palestine. The few remaining maintained their
281:
The wealthier Baghdadi Jewish merchant families from Kolkata with ties to the British establishment and the Sassoon family settled in West London where they soon formed the majority of the historic
289:
in North London. By the early 1960s Golders Green had become home to a larger Baghdadi Jewish diaspora from Shanghai, Burma, India and Singapore who founded numerous small synagogues following the
313:
in Kolkata before World War Two relatively few of the Baghdadi Jews from Kolkata eventually settled permanently in Israel. Baghdadi Jews from India settled in concentration in Ramat Eliyahu,
418:
Jews appear. Later graves of the wealthier Baghdadi Jews, from the 1930s onwards, are more decorative and use English and not just Hebrew, showing growing Westernisation of the community.
83:
Mercantile Baghdadi Jewish families based in the city tied together through bonds of marriage or commerce the smaller Baghdadi Jewish communities trading across Asia including in
540:
Sally Lewis Meyer, Teacher of Botany at Bethune College, Calcutta (1937–1959), educated in Taxonomy at Kew Gardens, England, founder-member of the Zionist youth group Habonim
282:
24:
855:
265:
Within a few years of Indian Independence, a series of major geopolitical events occurred that had serious economic implications for the community, including the
192:
its history and much of the communal political history of the Baghdadi Jews of Kolkata revolved around the acceptance or opposition to their dominance.
1403:
519:
Ezra Barook Hakham Reuben - known as Ezra Reuben David Barook, a High Priest in Jerusalem in 1856. He traveled to India and settled in Calcutta.
1301:
1246:
1173:
1067:
1014:
987:
960:
950:
933:
899:
838:
811:
740:
677:
250:
witnessed during World War Two frightened the Baghdadi Jewish community and led them to believe there was no future for them in the city.
1473:
863:
525:
Hannah Sen, Founder Member of the Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, alumnus of the Jewish Girls School, noted public figure and social worker
215:
The Calcutta home of Moise Abraham Sassoon, in the early 20th century. One of the grand residences of the Baghdadi Jewish merchant elite.
203:
Nevertheless, the identity of the community evolved. The first generation of Jewish settlers in Kolkata in the early 19th century spoke
377:
Ezekiel Judah's death, his sons invited scholars from Jerusalem, Syria and Baghdad as well as the poor of Calcutta to study the Torah.
342:
258:
the wealthier families saw their businesses close and since they employed other Baghdadi Jews those too began to seek jobs abroad.
1443:
1236:
537:
Iris Moses, Principal of Sir Romesh Mitter School in Calcutta, MSc BT in Geography, Organized the Girls' Guide Movement in England
297:
early 1950s the Baghdadi Jews alongside other minority populations in India were granted the right to migrate to Australia as the
334:
1458:
1453:
382:
1291:
1463:
1349:
127:
543:
Ezra Arakie, barrister and Cambridge graduate, educationist, founder-member of the Elias Meyer Free School and Talmud Torah
1468:
977:
1189:
697:
266:
136:
1448:
389:
late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The name Ezra was seen as a highly aristocratic name amongst Iraqi Jews.
270:
95:
1146:
179:
The community grew rapidly, in terms of both size and prestige, as Jews from Iraq fled the persecution of the rule
163:. It attracted numerous trading communities including the Jews. The first recorded Jewish immigrant to Kolkata was
1030:
1103:
393:
The smaller Magen Aboth, dating back to 1897, is now demolished and Shaare Rason, dating to 1933, is now closed.
598:
1163:
592:
Rubeigh James Minney, novelist, playwright, biographer and film producer, Descendant of Elias Moses Duek Cohen
507:
Samuel Solomon, Indian Civil Servant who campaigned to bring an end to people's widespread addiction to opium
1381:
582:
298:
238:
204:
180:
69:
1238:
The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity
1165:
The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity
803:
The Baghdadi Jews in India: Maintaining Communities, Negotiating Identities and Creating Super-Diversity
446:
247:
293:. By the end of the 1950s there were more Kolkata Jews in Golders Green than in Kolkata at the time.
254:
seriously hampering the business of the Baghdadi Jewish merchants families which led the community.
122:
During the mid-twentieth century the Baghdadi Jewish community peaked at over 6,000 members during the
522:
Ramah Luddy, Principal of the Jewish Girls' School, Calcutta, Zionist, Worked for St. John's Ambulance
350:
469:
462:
172:
164:
891:
Beyond Strategies: Cultural Dynamics in Asian Connections: Cultural Dynamics in Asian Connections
243:
132:
108:
1345:
1297:
1242:
1169:
1063:
1010:
1004:
983:
956:
929:
923:
895:
834:
807:
736:
730:
673:
586:
513:
431:
410:, now in Israel, who died in 1812 in Kolkata. The cemetery contains a late Nineteenth century
373:
1408:
1057:
889:
828:
451:
442:
436:
123:
73:
763:
617:
570:
604:
552:
Sonny Solomon, Flying Officer in the RAF, killed during mission over Nazi Germany, 1945
474:
1437:
1337:
369:
286:
156:
53:
19:
856:"'Vultures of Calcutta': The Gruesome Aftermath of India's 1946 Hindu-Muslim Riots"
290:
139:
identity and achieved prominent positions in the military, politics and the arts.
103:
99:
888:
Singh, Ms Priya; Chatterjee, Ms Suchandana; Sengupta, Ms Anita (15 January 2014).
262:
Kolkata. Many of these were able to secure refugee status in the United States.
1130:
1087:
801:
667:
531:, First Jewish Principal of the Girls' School, first Lady Lawyer in the Community
143:
Jews tracing roots to Kolkata now enjoy prominence in British culture and media.
1327:
564:
558:
528:
152:
65:
1265:
1214:
1415:
925:
Trans-Status Subjects: Gender in the Globalization of South and Southeast Asia
94:
During the late nineteenth century Kolkata was a minor intellectual centre of
306:
in Australia with the remainder not departing to Britain settling in Israel.
1342:
Jewish Portraits, Indian Frames: Women's Narratives from a Diaspora of Hope
549:
Aaron Toric Rodney Neville Zacahriah, Group Captain in the Indian Air Force
87:, Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai with the larger Jewish communities in
576:
64:
chose to establish themselves permanently in the emerging capital of the
1034:
732:
Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century: A View from the Margin
411:
402:
358:
354:
310:
112:
61:
39:
979:
Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture
698:"The last of our synagogues: Our writer returns to his roots in India"
314:
303:
168:
88:
84:
57:
368:
One of the pivotal figures in building the synagogue of Kolkata was
1033:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
407:
349:
341:
333:
210:
160:
49:
28:
A Baghdadi Jewish man contemplates his heritage, late 20th century
23:
1398:
116:
729:
Katz, N.; Chakravarti, R.; Sinha, B.; Weil, S. (2 April 2007).
35:
1322:
The Jews of Calcutta: Autobiography of a Community 1792–1947
607:, Leader and benefactor of the Jewish community in Singapore
98:
before the Baghdadi Jews began to slowly transition from a
1293:
Return Migration in Later Life: International Perspectives
52:, began in the late eighteenth century when adventurous
456:
Elias Moses Duek Cohen, Publisher of The Jewish Gazette
555:
Lt. David Ezra, British Indian Army, Killed in Malaya
1363:
Glimpses into the Jewish World of Calcutta 1798–1948
922:
Sarker, Sonita; De, Esha Niyogi (29 November 2002).
167:, who arrived in Kolkata in 1798. Cohen was born in
155:, Kolkata was a thriving metropolis, the capital of
1332:
India's Jewish Heritage, Ritual, Art and Life Cycle
1059:
Contours of Relationship: India and the Middle East
952:
Jewish Community of Golders Green: A Social History
68:. The community they founded became the hub of the
534:Matilda Cohen, first graduate from Bethune School
516:, Jewish Member of the Bengal Legislative Council
242:streets of Kolkata. Both the extreme violence of
414:for the ritual disposition of sacred writings.
669:The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities
285:in Maida Vale. Those less wealthy settled in
8:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1104:"Economic Life: Trade and Other Occupations"
171:in present-day Syria in 1762. He arrived in
1089:The Origin and History of the Calcutta Jews
385:in memory of his father David Joseph Ezra.
346:Interiors in Magen David Synagogue, Kolkata
1081:
1079:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
504:Bernard Jacob, Calcutta Symphony Orchestra
480:David Haskell Cohen, Journalist and editor
465:, Founder of the Calcutta Jewish community
1414:Jael Silliman, Mia Tramz (1 April 2015).
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
585:, Indian actress and winner of the first
917:
915:
913:
911:
283:Spanish and Portuguese Jews Congregation
1260:
1258:
1006:Australian Made: A Multicultural Reader
883:
881:
691:
689:
629:
1320:Flower Elias and Judith Cooper Elias:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
724:
722:
720:
718:
546:Aaron Joseph Curlender, Philanthropist
1344:, Seagull, Calcutta; Brandeis, 2003,
1056:Chatterjee, Kingshuk (17 June 2019).
830:Jews and India: Perceptions and Image
758:
756:
754:
752:
7:
1388:University of California Press, 2000
1404:A look at Kolkata’s Jewish heritage
1003:Mycak, Sonia; Sarwal, Amit (2010).
827:Egorova, Yulia (22 February 2008).
510:Joe Solomon, Jewish Samson of India
246:between Hindus and Muslims and the
1031:"The Jewish Community of Calcutta"
489:Benjamin Nissim Elias, businessman
14:
583:Pramila (Esther Victoria Abraham)
579:(Edwyn Meyers), Indian film-maker
1416:"Meet the Last Jews of Calcutta"
1266:"Meet the Last Jews of Calcutta"
595:Solomon Bekhor, Calcutta Theatre
477:, Indian Army Lieutenant General
468:Moses Duek Cohen, Son-in-Law of
338:Magen David Synagogue in Kolkata
309:Despite support and interest in
1290:John, Percival (24 July 2013).
492:Hacham Twena, Religious Scholar
1:
1235:Weil, Shalva (28 June 2019).
1162:Weil, Shalva (28 June 2019).
1086:Abraham, Isaac Silas (1969).
800:Weil, Shalva (28 June 2019).
1190:"The last of our synagogues"
976:Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2009).
573:, Indian silent film actress
498:David Mordecai, photographer
486:Aaron Curlender, businessman
126:as smaller communities fled
1474:Jews and Judaism in Kolkata
1009:. Sydney University Press.
949:Fox, Pam (3 October 2016).
770:. Kopelman Foundation. 1906
267:communist takeover in China
1490:
1386:Who are the Jews of India?
1365:, Readers Service, Kolkata
1356:Calcutta's Jewish Heritage
1111:shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in
601:, Businessman in Hong Kong
571:Arati Devi (Rachel Sofaer)
483:Rev. David Hai Jacob Cohen
159:and the commercial hub of
72:-speaking Baghdadi Jewish
56:merchants originally from
17:
1399:Recalling Jewish Calcutta
1334:, Marg Publishers, Mumbai
1129:Parasuram, T. V. (1982).
928:. Duke University Press.
894:. KW Publishers Pvt Ltd.
271:mass flight of Iraqi Jews
1444:Ethnic groups in Kolkata
1148:Bengal: Past and Present
666:Yisrael, Muzeon (1995).
599:Emanuel Raphael Belilios
102:identity towards a more
1132:India's Jewish heritage
401:The Jewish cemetery in
1459:Jewish history by city
1454:Iraqi diaspora in Asia
501:Eddie Joseph, Magician
495:Maurice Arthur Shellim
361:
347:
339:
216:
29:
1464:Jewish Indian history
1409:Synagogues of Kolkata
1375:Sally Solomon Luddy:
1361:Kaustav Chakrabarti:
1135:. Sagar Publications.
955:. The History Press.
447:Solomon David Sassoon
441:Rachel Ezra, wife of
383:Magen David Synagogue
353:
345:
337:
239:Great Kolkata Killing
214:
153:British rule in India
91:and the Middle East.
27:
1469:Jewish Iraqi history
1151:. The Society. 1974.
470:Shalom Obadiah Cohen
463:Shalom Obadiah Cohen
357:at Jewish Cemetery,
165:Shalom Obadiah Cohen
1358:, Minerva, Calcutta
768:Jewish Encyclopedia
459:Shalome Aaron Cohen
291:Mizrahi Jewish rite
1449:History of Kolkata
362:
348:
340:
217:
176:Jews from Aleppo.
128:Japanese invasions
44:formerly known as
30:
1303:978-1-4473-0123-3
1248:978-0-429-53387-7
1215:"Jewish Calcutta"
1175:978-0-429-53387-7
1069:978-1-00-052740-7
1016:978-1-920899-36-3
989:978-1-85109-873-6
962:978-0-7509-6950-5
935:978-0-8223-8423-6
901:978-93-85714-53-5
840:978-1-134-14655-0
813:978-0-429-53387-7
742:978-0-230-60362-2
679:978-965-278-179-6
514:David Jacob Cohen
432:David Joseph Ezra
1481:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1308:
1307:
1296:. Policy Press.
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1000:
994:
993:
973:
967:
966:
946:
940:
939:
919:
906:
905:
885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
862:. Archived from
851:
845:
844:
824:
818:
817:
797:
780:
779:
777:
775:
760:
747:
746:
726:
713:
712:
710:
708:
693:
684:
683:
663:
452:Elias David Ezra
445:and daughter of
443:David Elias Ezra
437:David Elias Ezra
244:Indian Partition
124:Second World War
74:trading diaspora
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1413:
1395:
1370:Jews of the Raj
1317:
1315:Further reading
1312:
1311:
1304:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1002:
1001:
997:
990:
975:
974:
970:
963:
948:
947:
943:
936:
921:
920:
909:
902:
887:
886:
879:
869:
867:
854:Cosgrove, Ben.
853:
852:
848:
841:
826:
825:
821:
814:
799:
798:
783:
773:
771:
762:
761:
750:
743:
728:
727:
716:
706:
704:
695:
694:
687:
680:
665:
664:
631:
626:
618:Bengali cuisine
614:
428:
426:Notable persons
399:
397:Jewish cemetery
332:
299:White Australia
234:
189:
149:
54:Baghdadi Jewish
34:history of the
22:
12:
11:
5:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1393:External links
1391:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1282:
1254:
1247:
1227:
1206:
1181:
1174:
1154:
1138:
1116:
1095:
1075:
1068:
1048:
1037:on 1 July 2018
1022:
1015:
995:
988:
968:
961:
941:
934:
907:
900:
877:
866:on 1 June 2015
846:
839:
819:
812:
781:
748:
741:
714:
685:
678:
628:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
613:
610:
609:
608:
605:Manasseh Meyer
602:
596:
593:
590:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
526:
523:
520:
517:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:J. F. R. Jacob
472:
466:
460:
457:
454:
449:
439:
434:
427:
424:
398:
395:
374:Solomon Ma’tuk
331:
328:
233:
230:
188:
185:
148:
145:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1486:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1377:Hooghly Tales
1374:
1372:, Bristol, UK
1371:
1368:Mavis Hyman:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:Jael Silliman
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1241:. Routledge.
1240:
1239:
1231:
1228:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1195:
1194:www.thejc.com
1191:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1168:. Routledge.
1167:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1062:. Routledge.
1061:
1060:
1052:
1049:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1008:
1007:
999:
996:
991:
985:
981:
980:
972:
969:
964:
958:
954:
953:
945:
942:
937:
931:
927:
926:
918:
916:
914:
912:
908:
903:
897:
893:
892:
884:
882:
878:
865:
861:
857:
850:
847:
842:
836:
833:. Routledge.
832:
831:
823:
820:
815:
809:
806:. Routledge.
805:
804:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
782:
769:
765:
759:
757:
755:
753:
749:
744:
738:
734:
733:
725:
723:
721:
719:
715:
703:
702:www.thejc.com
699:
692:
690:
686:
681:
675:
671:
670:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
630:
623:
619:
616:
615:
611:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
471:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
444:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
425:
423:
419:
415:
413:
409:
404:
396:
394:
390:
386:
384:
378:
375:
371:
370:Ezekiel Judah
366:
360:
356:
352:
344:
336:
329:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
307:
305:
300:
294:
292:
288:
287:Golders Green
284:
279:
275:
272:
268:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
248:Bengal Famine
245:
240:
231:
229:
225:
221:
213:
209:
206:
201:
197:
193:
186:
184:
182:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:British India
154:
147:Early history
146:
144:
140:
138:
134:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
105:
104:Judeo-British
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
81:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
41:
37:
26:
21:
20:Baghdadi Jews
16:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1341:
1331:
1321:
1292:
1285:
1275:12 September
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1237:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1209:
1199:12 September
1197:. Retrieved
1193:
1184:
1164:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1131:
1110:
1098:
1088:
1058:
1051:
1039:. Retrieved
1035:the original
1025:
1005:
998:
982:. ABC-CLIO.
978:
971:
951:
944:
924:
890:
868:. Retrieved
864:the original
859:
849:
829:
822:
802:
772:. Retrieved
767:
735:. Springer.
731:
705:. Retrieved
701:
696:Judah, Ben.
668:
420:
416:
400:
391:
387:
379:
367:
363:
324:
320:
308:
295:
280:
276:
264:
260:
256:
252:
235:
226:
222:
218:
205:Judeo-Arabic
202:
198:
194:
190:
178:
150:
141:
137:Judeo-Indian
121:
100:Judeo-Arabic
93:
82:
80:and Aleppo.
78:
70:Judeo-Arabic
45:
33:
31:
15:
1382:Nathan Katz
1354:Dalia Ray:
1328:Shalva Weil
565:Gerry Judah
559:Manny Elias
529:Regina Guha
181:Dawud Pasha
151:During the
66:British Raj
1438:Categories
1425:2 November
1350:1584653051
1324:, Calcutta
1220:24 January
1092:. Daw Sen.
870:21 January
774:27 January
764:"Calcutta"
707:15 January
624:References
587:Miss India
561:, musician
330:Synagogues
232:Emigration
96:Iraqi Jews
18:See also:
133:partition
109:Palestine
76:in Asia.
672:. UPNE.
612:See also
577:Ezra Mir
567:, artist
46:Calcutta
589:pageant
412:genizah
403:Kolkata
359:Kolkata
355:Genizah
311:Zionism
187:Culture
113:Lebanon
85:Rangoon
62:Baghdad
40:Kolkata
1348:
1300:
1245:
1172:
1066:
1041:1 July
1013:
986:
959:
932:
898:
837:
810:
739:
676:
315:Ashdod
304:Sydney
269:, the
169:Aleppo
89:Mumbai
58:Aleppo
1107:(PDF)
408:Safed
173:Surat
161:India
50:India
48:, in
1427:2016
1420:TIME
1384:Ed:
1346:ISBN
1330:Ed:
1298:ISBN
1277:2021
1270:Time
1243:ISBN
1222:2015
1201:2021
1170:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1043:2018
1011:ISBN
984:ISBN
957:ISBN
930:ISBN
896:ISBN
872:2020
860:Time
835:ISBN
808:ISBN
776:2013
737:ISBN
709:2020
674:ISBN
117:Iraq
115:and
60:and
36:Jews
32:The
119:.
38:in
1440::
1418:.
1340::
1268:.
1257:^
1192:.
1119:^
1109:.
1078:^
910:^
880:^
858:.
784:^
766:.
751:^
717:^
700:.
688:^
632:^
111:,
1429:.
1306:.
1279:.
1251:.
1224:.
1203:.
1178:.
1113:.
1072:.
1045:.
1019:.
992:.
965:.
938:.
904:.
874:.
843:.
816:.
778:.
745:.
711:.
682:.
42:,
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
