480:. Few of the Laupheim Jews had had surnames. Those that had used them were the families of Einstein, Obernauer and Weil. Suddenly new families seemed to emerge even though they had been living in Laupheim for quite some time. There were several options: one, to Germanise the first name, which led, amongst others, to Levi, Löw, Löffler and Levinger, instead of Levi, or to Heumann instead of Hayum. A second option was to use the name of the place from where the family had once moved to Laupheim. This resulted in family names such as Nördlinger, Öttinger, Hofheimer and Thannhauser. Furthermore, not only surnames were suddenly Germanised but first names were adapted to the German speaking environment too. Hayum became, for example, Heinrich, Baruch was changed to Berthold or Bernhard, so that at the end of the 19th century, it was almost impossible to distinguish the Jewish citizens of Laupheim from their Christian fellow-citizens simply because of their names.
782:
801:, Jewish life in Laupheim began to change for the worse. During the previous decades, Jews had been influential and prominent members in all ways of life, not only in the economic life but also in the cultural sphere. Numerous non-Jews had been employed by Jewish-run businesses and by Jewish households. Jews had been participating in all spheres of public and commercial life. The local craftsmen had been able to rely on Jewish customers to sell their products to. Jews were members in several cultural, political and social societies. All these relations began to loosen or even abruptly break down after January 1933. On 1 April 1933, the nationwide
268:, Illeraichheim and other places, where Jews had already been allowed to settle, so that, when, in 1754, the protection contract, which had expired some time before, was renewed for another 30 years, the Jewish community in Laupheim had grown to 27 families. The contract was again renewed in 1784 and with each of these renewals a substantial fee of 800 fl had to be paid. The families arriving after 1750 had to have their houses built at their own expense. The area where those dwellings were built was allocated by the local rulers, who also kept the legal right to the properties. After 1784, these houses were held by the Jews as hereditary
917:
885:. In Laupheim, Jewish shops were vandalised and the synagogue was burnt to the ground. The fire-brigade was prevented by locals from extinguishing the fire. A number of Jewish inhabitants were arrested and transported to the town hall. From there, they were marched to the burning synagogue, escorted by members of the Nazi-party, where they had to listen to a diatribe by a SA-leader, after which they were forced to carry out physical exercises in front of the burning building during which several of them were physically assaulted and injured. Afterwards, some of them were released, whereas the more prominent Jews were transported to the
449:. Another indication for this prosperity was the fact that, when a couple wanted to get married, it had to prove a certain amount of wealth before the permission to marry was granted by the local ruler, more Jewish inhabitants of Laupheim were able to get married than their Christian fellow-citizens. The act of 1828 also lifted any restrictions with regards to the prohibition of Jews to choose their professions. From now on, Jews were allowed to choose and work in any profession they wished. Furthermore, the prohibition of Jews to buy and own property was abolished.
139:
2428:. Schenk dates Treitel's rabbinate from 1895 to 1925 whereas Kohl says that with the retirement of Treitel on 1 April 1923, the office of rabbi in Laupheim ceased to exist. This is confirmed by Emmerich who indicates that Treitel was rabbi for more than 28 years and retired in the year of the publication of his monograph on Philo of Alexandria in 1923. However, during a speech held in 1937 the last teacher of the Laupheim Jewish school, Heinz Säbel, dated the end of Treitel's rabbinate to 1922. Furthermore, in an obituary dated 20 March 1931 published in the
612:
909:
174:
147:
546:
population of
Laupheim grew disproportionally. In 1869, 843 Jews were registered in Laupheim, accounting for approximately twelve percent of the total population. From this year onwards, the Jewish population dwindled. The reason for this lies in the fact that for many Jewish inhabitants, Laupheim did not offer enough opportunities to sustain a living. This process of migration had already started in the 1850s with many Laupheim Jews being attracted to the bigger cities, such as Ulm,
689:
677:
391:
711:. In 1808, the number of Jewish children amounted to 39 which indicates that many children were sent to either Christian schools or to Jewish schools outside Laupheim. The first Jewish school was founded only in 1823, when the Jewish community rented a ballroom in a public house to be used as a classroom and hired a teacher, Simon Tannenbaum from Mergentheim. He acted as head teacher until his retirement in 1860. As his assistant Abraham Sänger from
928:
166:
862:
820:, the Laupheim Jews were deprived of membership of all non-Jewish organisations, be it political or cultural. On 6 November 1935, a non-local party group leader of the NSDAP took photographs of customers entering a shoe shop, which happened to be owned by a Jew. This caused such a commotion that the police had to be called in to disperse the crowd, which was shouting abuse at entering customers by calling them
410:
399:
182:
155:
131:
457:, the last feudal lord of Laupheim, sold the castle to the state of WĂĽrttemberg. He was bitterly disappointed with his subjects obstinate behaviour towards him as their former feudal lord (they had taken him to court for 300 different offences) and sold the castles to the Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg. GroĂźlaupheim Castle with all accompanying lands was then acquired by the Jewish merchant
212:. The first protection contract between them and the local authorities dates from 1730 which indicates that the final arrival of the four Jewish families occurred in that year. This contract was at first limited to 20 years. The first house for the newly arrived Jews was erected between 1730 and 1731. The Jews had to contribute to the costs of the house with 100 fl each.
944:. In Laupheim this meant that some Jewish shops were bought by one or some of the former employees at a rate considerably lower than the current market price. However, most of these businesses did not manage to survive for long as they lacked sufficient capital and expertise to run an enterprise, especially since there was no possibility to export goods.
502:
The economic equality granted to the Jews in 1828 caused an increase in building works in
Laupheim which, in turn, caused an increase in the economic fortunes of the small market town. This is demonstrated by the fact that the number of building-related craftsmen doubled within ten years between 1845
360:
forms a regular square where the 8 oldest houses, arranged in 3 rows, are positioned parallel to one of the main streets leading away from the town centre. The local Jews were allowed to influence the planning and design of their houses from the end of the 18th century onwards. It is remarkable, even
49:
566:
and its ensuing economic crisis, which was felt most harshly by those who were less affluent. Some did return but most stayed and became an integral part of the United States. This development gathered momentum in the 1870s with more and more Jewish inhabitants leaving
Laupheim either to move abroad
732:
teachers were asked to help out. In 1874, 162 Jewish pupils attended the Jewish school. In the following decades, the number of Jewish pupils would decrease continuously, so that, at the beginning of the 20th century, the Jewish school taught only 65 pupils. However, the Jewish school existed until
659:
By the end of the 19th century Jews in
Laupheim were completely integrated and assimilated into society, being part of all walks of life, a situation which would not change for more than 30 years. This assimilation is seen by the fact that many, more affluent Jews moved away from the confinement of
947:
As a result of the accelerated discrimination of Jews, emigration from
Laupheim increased to 32 in 1939. In 1940, only 14 persons managed to escape the oppression and in 1941 a meagre 4 Jews from Laupheim managed to leave the country. Those remaining were, after having been driven out of business,
587:
was established by
Emmanuel Heumann, continued by his sons, in the town centre. The premises were later moved to the suburbs. The hop merchant Steiner also began in Laupheim to become one of the leading players in this market after expanding into the United States. The headquarters of this company
452:
In the years following this decree, Jews from
Laupheim bought several bankrupt agricultural businesses in the surrounding villages as well as within the town of Laupheim itself, split them into smaller entities and sold them off again, thereby making considerable profit. One example of this is the
428:
of Württemberg. Initially, there were no changes in the legal status of Jews living within the kingdom. However, the Jews’ Act of 1828 meant a considerable improvement in the status of the Jews. The legal obligation of Jews living only in the areas allocated by the authorities was lifted. Jews now
896:
guards during his confinement there. By
February 1939 16 of the imprisoned men had been released. The main perpetrators, were never brought to justice as they were either killed during the war or missing in action. 16 locals, however, were tried in 1948. All of them claimed that they were acting
696:
Traditionally, the education of the children of a Jewish family rested with the father. However, the absence of many fathers due to their frequently being away from home in their capacity as traders, made it necessary to employ travelling teachers who received food and accommodation in return for
578:
During this period, several businesses were founded or expanded. A company producing wooden tools, founded by Josef
Steiner and his four sons, became one of the leading distributors of products of this kind in southern Germany. A company for refinement of hair products was founded by the brothers
461:
whose family managed to hold on to the possession for five generations, even through the Nazi-period, until 1961. After Viktor
Steiner's death in 1865, his son, Daniel Steiner, and his son-in-law, Salomon Klein, became heirs to the business. They, in turn, sold it on to Laupheim-born banker and
836:
under the age of 45. On 8 April 1938, the Jewish cattle traders were allocated a separate part on the weekly cattle market and as of 1 January 1939 the licences for Jewish cattle trader were permanently revoked. From June onwards, all Jewish businesses had to be visibly marked. In July, Jewish
381:
This growth in population made it necessary in 1822, to have an even bigger synagogue built. The new building was erected at a cost of 16.000 fl. However, due to errors made during the construction, the building had to be completely broken down less than 15 years later, to be replaced by a new
574:
The upturn in Jewish fortunes was also shown in the fact that the community could afford to have the synagogue completely rebuilt and refurbished. As early as 1845 there had been complaints that the synagogue was too small to accommodate the growing numbers of believers. The works for the new
328:
and the rabbi had restricted legal authority over members of the community, being permitted to exact, up to a certain amount, financial penalties. In cases they were not allowed to decide, respected non-local rabbis were consulted and in very important legal disputes, the files were sent for
204:, to allow three Jewish families, later extended to twenty, to settle in Laupheim. After some negotiation, an agreement was reached and permission for a permanent Jewish presence was granted so that four Jewish families entered Laupheim: Leopold Jakob, Josef Schlesinger and Leopold Weil from
545:
Ironically, the absolute number of Jewish inhabitants in Laupheim reached its zenith the very same year. In 1856, the number of Jewish inhabitants constituted more than a fifth of all inhabitants of Laupheim, even though the absolute number was less than in 1869. This is because the general
627:
in Laupheim was erected in 1906 by Jewish merchant Daniel David Einstein whose family had been residents of Laupheim since the second half of the 17th century. Until the late 1980s, it was still possible to see the by then faded name of the original owner above the entrance. A number of
472:
The government's policy to encourage young Jews to learn one of the crafts they had been excluded from, only met with partial success. Even though more Jews became apprentices to craftsmen, they usually chose a profession which later enabled them to change it into a craft-related trade.
526:. This meant that after achieving economic emancipation, they were now citizens with the same rights and obligations as their Christian neighbours. Soon after this, in 1868, the first Jewish counsellors appeared on the town council, Samuel Lämmle being the first Jew elected to it.
275:
A plot of uncultivated land to the north of the Jewish settlement in Laupheim was bought by the infant community shortly after their settlement to be used as a cemetery. Due to the rapid growth of the population the cemetery had to be expanded in 1784, 1856 and again 1877.
88:, however, was often welcomed. These rulers were often highly in debt due to the fragmentation of their territories, as was the case with Laupheim being separated into two independent states, GroĂźlaupheim and Kleinlaupheim, as well as frequent wars. The income generated by
231:
officials. Furthermore, Jews had to wear special garment and hats and were allowed to trade in any goods except those that were considered to be of suspicious or dubious origin, such as wet cloth, unthreshed grain and untanned hide, as well as goods that had a particular
122:("Jews' Lane"), Jewish communities seem to have existed well before the 18th century. In Laupheim, the presence of Jewish traders on market days in the 17th century is documented. Yet, permanent Jewish presence in Laupheim was not permitted until the 18th century.
719:
until after 1933. In 1830, the Jewish community bought a house opposite the synagogue which was refurbished to house the rabbi's office and the school. This building functioned as school until 1868 when a new Jewish school was built in the vicinity of the
828:(Jews' servant). The propaganda of the ruling party had its effects in that the turnover of Jewish businesses decreased dramatically; one shop's revenue declined even by 80 percent. Many customers went for their purchases to Ulm and Biberach instead. The
857:
was added. However, many Jews clung to the businesses their ancestors had established and hoped that by keeping a low profile they could weather the storm. A record from July 1938, shows that there still existed 45 businesses run by Jews in Laupheim.
2750:
813:
positioned themselves in front of Jewish shops in order to intimidate potential customers and prevent them from entering. The windows of one shop were smashed. In the year following the Nazis' rise to power, in the course of so-called
604:, wine, oil, grain and timber. There were even a few private banks owned by Jews, which were successful enough to survive well into the 1930s but were forced to close down after 1933 following the immense pressure put on them by the
244:
and the selling of the meat itself were allowed. However, the tongue of each slaughtered cow as well as the innards of calves and sheep slaughtered according to Jewish rites had to be handed over to the authorities. Alternatively, 4
57:
499:. This turned the office of rabbi from being a purely spiritual leader into a semi-official function, the tasks of which also included administration for which he was accountable to the officials of the Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg.
98:, the ruler of Laupheim between 1570 and 1582, explicitly forbade his subjects any contact with Jews and another early local law from 1622 threatened any inhabitant of Laupheim, who got involved with Jews with a fine of 25
538:, by appealing repeatedly to the King of WĂĽrttemberg to grant Laupheim this status from the early years of the 1860s onwards. Finally, in a charter of 1869, the King of WĂĽrttemberg conferred on Laupheim
781:
515:
and hawkers, quite a few of whom were Jewish, visited the market in Laupheim, further contributing to its prosperity. Also, a great number of the founders of the local trade bank, an early form of the
571:. In 1871 the Emancipation Law was passed and applied to all of Germany. As equal citizens the Jews began to reap success in all walks of life. Over 60% of them belonged to the settled middle-class.
437:("Jews' Street"). The fact that in a relative short period of time so many new buildings could be erected is an indication of the prosperity of the Jewish community, particularly regarding the
361:
today, that all houses are approachable from the front as well as the back, and that even the front yards and front gardens are not fenced in. The reason for this lies in the fact that the
294:
Unlike the unfree Christian population of both parts of Laupheim, the Jewish inhabitants had a considerable larger autonomy in administrating their own communal affairs. Around 1760, a
948:
systematically deprived of their other properties, evicted and allocated alternative accommodation. Some were moved into the former Rabbi's office building, now turned into a Jewish
2921:
320:("Protected Jews") and were exempt from the annual protection fee the other Jewish inhabitants of Laupheim had to pay. The Jewish community as a whole had to pay the fees for the
972:
moved into the forcibly abandoned Jewish properties. On 28 November 1941, the first transport of Laupheim Jews left, in the first instance to Stuttgart, and then onwards to
503:
and 1856. The weekly market, which had been discontinued at the beginning of the century, was reintroduced in 1842. Although it had to compete with the larger markets in
940:
A few days after the pogrom of 9–10 November 1938, a decree for the expropriation of Jewish businesses was implemented. Following this, all Jewish businesses had to be
2531:
Georg, Lutz (1967). "Historische Bauten der Stadt Laupheim: ihre bau- und kulturgeschichtliche Bedeutung im Wandel der Zeit". Diss. Pädagogische Hochschule Weingarten.
429:
had the freedom to settle and live wherever they decided to. The effect of this law in Laupheim meant that very soon the Jewish population had houses built along the
374:
After having received the houses as hereditary fiefs in 1784, Jews were allowed to buy their houses from 1812 onwards. In 1807, 41 families lived in 17 houses on the
1004:
The table below shows the development of the Jewish population of Laupheim and also shows these numbers in relation to the total number of inhabitants of Laupheim.
996:. This date marks the end of more than 200 years of Jewish history in Laupheim since none of the emigrants or surviving deportees returned to live in Laupheim.
964:
of Laupheim, where since 1927 small houses had been erected to provide accommodation for the unemployed and homeless. By 1939 these houses consisted of wooden
2177:
302:, chairmen of the community, one for each part of the divided Laupheim, as the town had been separated into GroĂźlaupheim and Kleinlaupheim since 1621. The
2160:
575:
synagogue finished in May 1877. By adding two towers with domed roofs and wide, rounded windows, the building was given a renaissance-like appearance.
988:. The final deportation took place on 19 August 1942, when the remaining 43 Jews of Laupheim, amongst whom were all the remaining inhabitants of the
745:) was founded in 1748 with the task of looking after the ill and taking care of funerals. This society was active for almost 200 years. In 1780, the
563:
32:. During this period, the Jewish community gradually assimilated to its Christian surroundings and its members prospered until the beginning of the
1176:
Of the 249 Jews registered in Laupheim in 1933, 126 managed to save their lives by fleeing Germany and emigrating to various foreign destinations.
2967:
798:
753:-Society was founded to assist the religious instruction of fellow Jews and to take care of young people. It was accompanied by a welfare society
605:
249:
could be paid for each slaughtered animal. Jews were not allowed to buy and own property and to prevent any of their community from converting to
487:
of all members of their community, something Christian priests had been obliged to do so for a long time. Rabbis now had to keep records of all
2952:
2947:
897:
under orders. Four of them were acquitted whereas the twelve others were sentenced to prison terms ranging between two months and one year for
306:
were allowed to make independent decision concerning the internal affairs of the Jewish community. Other tasks included the appointment of the
1184:
A complete list of all the Laupheim rabbis does not exist. The first rabbi is mentioned in 1730 but there is a gap in the records until 1760.
632:
were also run by Jewish landlords. Less remarkable and yet important are the contributions made by local Jewish craftsmen. There were several
2687:
2642:
2604:
2585:
2521:
2401:
2893:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 1. Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und großpolnischen Ländern 1781–1871
2369:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 1. Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und großpolnischen Ländern 1781–1871
2344:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 1. Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und großpolnischen Ländern 1781–1871
2319:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 1. Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und großpolnischen Ländern 1781–1871
2294:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 1. Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und großpolnischen Ländern 1781–1871
2269:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 1. Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und großpolnischen Ländern 1781–1871
2244:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 1. Die Rabbiner der Emanzipationszeit in den deutschen, böhmischen und großpolnischen Ländern 1781–1871
2957:
794:
916:
291:
built. It was built as an L-shaped building next to the cemetery close to the spot where later on the Jewish mortuary was to be built.
76:
but permanent residence was refused. Since the 15th century, Jews were not allowed to settle within the territories of the surrounding
2799:
Schäll, Ernst (1994). "Laupheim – einst eine große und angesehene Judengemeinde". In Kustermann, Abraham P.; Bauer, Dieter R. (eds.).
2900:
2872:
2853:
2808:
2739:
2623:
2566:
2471:
2376:
2351:
2326:
2301:
2276:
2251:
2020:
W. Eckert, "Zur Geschichte der Juden in Laupheim", p. 59. This was the department store D. M. Einstein, owned by the father of poet
993:
802:
519:, in 1868, were Jewish entrepreneurs from Laupheim. Until 1933 they were to partake in its development in prominent positions.
341:. In criminal cases and in disputes between Christians and Jews, the local ruler reserved the right to make a legal decision.
1496:
111:
287:, for their religious services. However, the continuous, rapid growth of the Jewish community made it necessary to have a
2942:
2801:
Jüdisches Leben im Bodenseeraum. Zur Geschichte des alemannischen Judentums mit Thesen zum christlich-jüdischen Gespräch
1445:
382:
building in 1836/1837. This new synagogue had a length of approximately 24 metres and was approximately 13 metres wide.
283:), the first Jews in Laupheim used a room on the first floor in the house of butcher Michael Laupheimer, located on the
765:, in 1838. Jewish societies sprang up not only for charitable but also for sociable purposes. A choral society, called
138:
845:
to practice law was cancelled. There were further restrictions and harassment in the same year such as the adding of
832:
of 1935, reduced the Jews in Germany to the status of second class citizens and prohibited the Jews to employ female
596:
was in Jewish hands but this vanished completely after the establishing of the credit union. The local dealers in
2758:
2680:
Die jüdische Gemeinde Laupheim und ihre Zerstörung. Biografische Abrisse ihrer Mitglieder nach dem Stand von 1933
1905:
889:
421:
197:
2652:
Kohl, Waltraud (1965). "Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim". Diss. Pädagogische Hochschule Weingarten.
611:
1433:
886:
95:
40:
of the last remaining Jews in 1942, more than 200 years of Jewish history in Laupheim forcibly came to an end.
1237:
908:
898:
201:
173:
81:
769:(Cheerfulness), was founded in 1845 and went on to win many prizes at choir festivals. The reading society
902:
523:
508:
2503:
Emmerich, Rolf (1998). "Philo und die Synagoge – Dr. Leopold Treitel, der letzte Rabbiner von Laupheim".
773:(Concord) came into existence in 1846 on the initiative of the Laupheim-born rabbi-candidate Max Sänger.
2657:
2536:
941:
729:
584:
583:
after 1933, only to be given back to its rightful owners after 1945, and is now operating worldwide. A
580:
146:
99:
558:. Furthermore, between 1835 and 1870, no less than 176 Jewish inhabitants of Laupheim emigrated to the
881:
against Jews throughout Germany and Austria on the night of 9–10 November 1938, colloquially known as
476:
A side effect of the act was that those Jews who had not used a surname as yet were forced to acquire
92:
of the Jews helped to sustain the life-style of the nobility and also to stimulate the local economy.
48:
2420:, p. 52; R. Emmerich, "Philo und die Synagoge", p. 13; A. Köhlerschmidt & K. Neildinger (Hrsg.),
1451:
1383:
Following the retirement of Leopold Treitel, the Laupheim rabbinate ceased to exist on 1 April 1923.
1329:
534:
The Laupheim Jews contributed substantially to the effort to have Laupheim elevated to the status of
454:
688:
458:
853:
respectively to non-Jewish first names, the confiscating and re-issuing of passports after a large
762:
390:
2216:
676:
356:-like area, separated from the rest of the town, yet in close proximity to the market square. The
2697:
2021:
1471:
1392:
981:
874:
715:
was taken on and worked as teacher until his death in 1856. His descendants run the public house
466:
453:
acquisition of GroĂźlaupheim Castle with all its property by the family Steiner in 1843. In 1840,
193:
115:
77:
2865:
Kilian von Steiner und Laupheim: "Ja, es ist ein weiter Weg von der Judenschule bis hierher ..."
2732:
Staat und ländliche Lebenswelt in Oberschwaben 1810–1871. (K)ein Kapitel im Zivilisationsprozeß?
640:, serving the Jewish as well as the Christian inhabitants of Laupheim. Also, a number of Jewish
240:
character. Transactions of more than 4 fl had to be registered with the local authorities. The
2962:
2896:
2868:
2849:
2804:
2735:
2683:
2638:
2619:
2600:
2581:
2562:
2517:
2467:
2397:
2372:
2347:
2322:
2297:
2272:
2247:
1427:
757:, founded in 1804, the Jewish Women Society and the Jewish Orphan Fund, supporting the Jewish
728:. This building was demolished in 1969. Due to the lack of Jewish teachers, for several years
496:
488:
330:
2392:
Jansen, Katrin Nele; Brooke, Michael; Carlebach, Julius, eds. (1996). "Einstein, Berthold".
927:
841:
were struck off the medical register. In September, the permission of Jewish members of the
806:
624:
492:
463:
165:
20:
began in the first half of the 18th century. Until the second half of the 19th century, the
2786:
Schäll, Ernst (1993). "Kilian von Steiner; Bankier und Industrieller, Mäzen und Humanist".
861:
2709:
2670:
2549:
2483:
Laupheim 1570–1870. Beiträge zu Schwabens und Vorderösterreichs Geschichte und Heimatkunde
1461:
1364:
1274:
949:
833:
816:
539:
446:
215:
Various taxes, financial obligations and restrictions were imposed on the Jews: a special
85:
69:
2884:
Die jĂĽdischen Gemeinden in WĂĽrttemberg und Hohenzollern. Denkmale, Geschichte, Schicksale
2717:
Kullen, Siegfried (1994). "Spurensuche. Jüdische Gemeinden im nördlichen Oberschwaben".
1910:
Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
2221:
Hertha Nathorff Collection; AR 5207; box number 1; folder number 3; Leo Baeck Institute
1413:
1311:
870:
829:
810:
665:
29:
223:
were obliged to perform and from which the Jews were exempt, had to be paid; an extra
2936:
1423:
893:
882:
629:
589:
568:
559:
484:
2075:
980:
took place on 25 March 1942, when a number of Laupheim Jews were transported to the
409:
398:
181:
154:
1419:
1398:
1315:
1289:
790:
712:
516:
425:
250:
233:
224:
103:
65:
2436:, upon the death of Treitel the dates for his rabbinate are given as 1985 to 1922.
522:
In 1864, Jews living in the Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg, were finally granted complete
2635:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 2. Die Rabbiner im Deutschen Reich 1871–1945
2394:
Biographisches Handbuch der Rabbiner 2. Die Rabbiner im Deutschen Reich 1871–1945
2773:
Schäll, Ernst (1981). "Friedrich Adler (1878–1942). Ein Künstler aus Laupheim".
1465:
1293:
977:
973:
653:
600:, however, were until after 1933 predominantly Jewish as well as the traders in
593:
477:
37:
912:
Memorial plaque at Laupheim-West station from where the deportations took place
511:, it still managed to hold its own as many horse and cattle traders as well as
433:
and the surrounding areas so that the street unofficially received the name of
253:. On the other hand, they were strictly forbidden to convert any Christians to
142:
Receipt for payment of 400 fl by Damian Carl von Welden to the Imperial Revenue
130:
1455:
1437:
1333:
1297:
961:
957:
649:
317:
216:
209:
205:
107:
102:. However, by then several Jewish communities had already been established in
2162:; G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 215, 239, 292, 450; J. A. Aich,
952:, where living conditions were very crammed. Others were sent to live in the
394:
Laupheim in the 1850s, the synagogue can be seen in the centre of the drawing
2578:
Die Deportation der Juden aus Laupheim. Eine kommentierte Dokumentensammlung
1374:
1337:
1266:
1212:
838:
758:
641:
620:
597:
555:
547:
438:
288:
298:
seems to have been officially established with the permission to elect two
2844:
Schenk (b), Georg (1979). "Die Juden in Laupheim". In Diemer, Kurt (ed.).
64:
At the beginning of the 18th century, Laupheim was a small market town in
1475:
1441:
1406:
1208:
797:
on 30 January 1933 and the subsequent seizure of power by his party, the
704:
334:
265:
261:
241:
89:
25:
1370:
1270:
1252:
684:, place of the first official schooling for Jewish children in Laupheim
645:
637:
512:
312:
254:
246:
237:
228:
134:
Laupheim 1726, location of future Jewish settlement at the bottom right
73:
56:
2633:
Jansen, Katrin Nele; Brooke, Michael; Carlebach, Julius, eds. (1996).
1913:
623:
were established, specializing in selling textile products. The first
1479:
1410:
1402:
1352:
985:
878:
842:
746:
708:
699:
601:
551:
442:
353:
338:
280:
33:
378:. In 1820, the number had risen to 59 families living in 34 houses.
260:
In the years after 1730, more Jewish families came to Laupheim from
2597:
Schnittmengen und Scheidelinien: Juden und Christen in Oberschwaben
703:, received a contract of six months, usually terminating at either
968:
without running water or electricity. The former residents of the
965:
926:
921:
915:
907:
860:
780:
750:
687:
675:
633:
610:
408:
397:
389:
344:
The settlement of the Jews in Laupheim developed on the so-called
307:
295:
180:
172:
169:
Oldest part of Jewish cemetery with the mortuary in the background
164:
153:
145:
137:
129:
55:
47:
2916:
2490:
Eckert, Wolfgang (1988). "Zur Geschichte der Juden in Laupheim".
2424:, p. 524; H. Säbel, "Hundert Jahre Synagoge Laupheim", p. 3, in:
2396:(in German). Vol. 2. MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur. p. 174.
420:
In 1806, both parts of Laupheim were annexed by the newly formed
1686:
1684:
1682:
1483:
535:
367:
365:
was meant to incorporate the whole Jewish settlement to form an
269:
220:
504:
21:
279:
Once the quorum of ten or more adult male Jews was reached, (
28:, expanded continuously to become the largest of its kind in
2818:
Schäll, Ernst (1996). "Der jüdische Friedhof in Laupheim".
2682:. Laupheim: Gesellschaft fĂĽr Geschichte und Gedenken e. V.
2561:. Laupheim: Gesellschaft fĂĽr Geschichte und Gedenken e. V.
668:
buildings still existing in Laupheim were erected by Jews.
424:. As a consequence the Jews in Laupheim now fell under the
2416:
G. Schenk (a), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 113f; W. Kohl,
2618:. Laupheim: Verkehrs- und Verschönerungsverein Laupheim.
2434:
Central-Vereins deutscher StaatsbĂĽrger jĂĽdischen Glaubens
2178:"Museum zur Geschichte von Christen und Juden – Laupheim"
2115:, p. 79ff; G. Schenk (a), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 118
2007:
G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 298; W. Kohl,
1464:(12 April 1914 – 25 July 2017), internationally renowned
992:, were transported to the east to the concentration camp
619:
Around and in the vicinity of the market square, several
110:
allowed Jews to settle there in 1572. In the villages of
2927:
2917:
Webpage of the Museum Of Christians and Jews (in German)
2124:
W. Eckert, "Zur Geschichte der Juden in Laupheim", p. 61
2064:
W. Eckert, "Zur Geschichte der Juden in Laupheim", p. 60
1527:
W. Eckert, "Zur Geschichte der Juden in Laupheim", p. 62
324:
and it also had to provide for their accommodation. The
2922:
Alemannia Judaica – Jewish history in Baden-Württemberg
2557:
Gesellschaft fĂĽr Geschichte und Gedenken e. V. (1998).
1721:
G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim Laupheim", p. 289
1516:
Die jĂĽdischen Gemeinden in WĂĽrttemberg und Hohenzollern
920:
Plaque commemorating the Laupheim Jews murdered in the
579:
Bergmann. This company still exists today, having been
219:
as well as compensation for various services the local
52:
Jewish man wearing a distinguishing mark (16th century)
2678:
Köhlerschmidt, Antje; Neidlinger, Karl (eds.) (2008).
2321:(in German). MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur. p. 520f.
873:, Third Secretary of the German Embassy in Paris, by
316:. These officials were not included in the number of
2867:. Marbach am Neckar: Deutsche Schillergesellschaft.
2637:(in German). Vol. 2. MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur.
2371:(in German). MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur. p. 502.
2346:(in German). MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur. p. 874.
2296:(in German). MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur. p. 880.
2271:(in German). MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur. p. 557.
2246:(in German). MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur. p. 584.
892:. One, Sigmund Laupheimer, was beaten to death by
809:, also took place in Laupheim. Members of the local
2831:Schenk (a), Georg (1970). "Die Juden in Laupheim".
2292:Wilke, Carsten, ed. (1996). "Wassermann, Salomon".
2098:
2096:
1186:
1006:
348:("Jews’ mountain" or rather "Jews’ hill") with the
2616:Der jĂĽdische Friedhof Laupheim. Eine Dokumentation
2422:Die jüdische Gemeinde Laupheim und ihre Zerstörung
2183:(in German). Landeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
2148:Die jüdische Gemeinde Laupheim und ihre Zerstörung
2044:Die jüdische Gemeinde Laupheim und ihre Zerstörung
1615:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1599:
2599:. TĂĽbingen: TĂĽbinger Vereinigung fĂĽr Volkskunde.
1852:
1850:
733:well into the 1930s and was only closed in 1939.
1000:Development of the Jewish population in Laupheim
483:The Jews' Act of 1828 forced the rabbis to keep
2342:Wilke, Carsten, ed. (1996). "Wälder, Abraham".
1895:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 292f
1822:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 290f
1251:substitute for one year before being called to
126:From the beginnings until the Jews' Act of 1828
84:. The settlement of Jews in the territories of
2803:. Ostfildern: Schwabenverlag. pp. 59–89.
2492:Heimatkundliche Blätter für den Kreis Biberach
2317:Wilke, Carsten, ed. (1996). "Kaufman, Jakob".
2102:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 300
2033:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 299
1946:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 298
1831:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 291
1787:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 290
1743:G. Schenk (a), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 113
1699:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 288
1676:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 295
1605:G. Schenk (a), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 104
1571:G. Schenk (b), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 286
1562:G. Schenk (a), "Die Juden in Laupheim", p. 103
931:GrĂĽnderzeit-gravestones in the Jewish cemetery
242:slaughter of animals according to Jewish rites
2242:Wilke, Carsten, ed. (1996). "Lämmle, Maier".
567:or to other centres within the newly founded
8:
2926:Beit Hatfutsot, Museum of the Jewish People
2464:JĂĽdisches Laupheim. Ein Gang durch die Stadt
2418:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
2367:Wilke, Carsten, ed. (1996). "Kahn, Ludwig".
2203:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
2135:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
2113:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
2009:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1996:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1970:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1957:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1935:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1858:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1842:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1798:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1776:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1754:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1732:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1656:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1643:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1582:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1538:Die Geschichte der Judengemeinde in Laupheim
1395:(9 October 1833 – 11 November 1903), banker.
150:Memorial for the first synagogue in Laupheim
2267:Wilke, Carsten, ed. (1996). "Levi, David".
1236:(? in Schnaitheim, now part of the city of
106:. The local ruler of the nearby village of
2462:Adams, Myrah; Schönhagen, Benigna (1998).
2159:Statistisches Landesamt Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
329:consultation to the Jewish communities in
158:Typical passageway between houses on the
72:. Jews were allowed to enter the town as
2848:. Weißenhorn: Konrad. pp. 286–303.
2146:A. Köhlerschmidt & Karl Neidlinger,
2042:A. Köhlerschmidt & Karl Neidlinger,
1373:– 1931 in Laupheim) previously rabbi in
1355:) afterwards rabbi in Landau until 1934
1314:– 1876 in Laupheim) previously rabbi in
1292:– 1853 in Laupheim) previously rabbi in
1269:– 1859 in Laupheim) previously rabbi in
692:Rabbi's office and first school building
656:had their shops near the market square.
2895:(in German). MĂĽnchen: De Gruyter Saur.
2734:. Leinfelden-Echterdingen: DRW-Verlag.
1507:
1422:(17 January 1867 – 24 September 1939),
1180:Rabbis of the Laupheim Jewish community
799:National Socialist German Workers Party
697:their services. These teachers, called
2705:
2695:
2666:
2655:
2545:
2534:
615:Former department store D. M. Einstein
196:petitioned the owner of GroĂźlaupheim,
2755:Hertha Nathorff Collection, 1813–1967
2485:(4th ed.). Laupheim: A. Klaiber.
2426:Hertha Nathorff Collection, 1813–1967
1474:(30 November 1919 – 25 April 1983 in
877:served as a pretext for a nationwide
7:
2076:""Herr Lehrer, Ihre Kirche brennt!""
956:, a designated settlement area in a
192:In 1724, Abraham Kissendorfer from
60:A Jew of Swabia (Late 17th century)
1401:(7 August 1850 – 24 August 1925),
936:The end of Jewish life in Laupheim
200:, and the owner of Kleinlaupheim,
14:
2751:"Hundert Jahre Synagoge Laupheim"
2466:. Haigerloch: Medien und Dialog.
2217:"Hundert Jahre Synagoge Laupheim"
803:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
469:, who had resided in Stuttgart.
2614:HĂĽttenmeister, Nathanja (1998).
562:, particularly after the failed
352:("Jews’ Lane") at its centre, a
118:, the last of which still has a
2447:Schnittmengen und Scheidelinien
2074:Ray, Roland (9 November 2013),
2055:S. Kullen, "Spurensuche", p. 49
1811:Kilian und Steiner und Laupheim
1765:S. Kullen, "Spurensuche", p. 50
1690:S. Kullen, "Spurensuche", p. 51
1667:S. Kullen, "Spurensuche", p. 52
1632:S. Kullen, "Spurensuche", p. 47
1593:S. Kullen, "Spurensuche", p. 46
18:history of the Jews in Laupheim
2968:Holocaust locations in Germany
2719:Blaubeurer geographische Hefte
2559:Christen und Juden in Laupheim
2432:, the weekly newspaper of the
1497:History of the Jews in Germany
1454:(5 June 1895 – 10 June 1993),
592:. Until the 1880s, trading in
1:
2953:Jewish communities in Germany
2948:Jewish German history by city
2576:Hecht, Cornelia, ed. (2004).
177:Portal of the Jewish cemetery
2891:Wilke, Carsten, ed. (1996).
2863:Schönhagen, Benigna (1998).
2481:Aich, Johann Albert (1921).
1387:Prominent Jews from Laupheim
1359:
1344:
1321:
1303:
1281:
1258:
1244:
1229:
1218:
1200:
1169:
1166:
1158:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1133:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1067:
1059:
1056:
1048:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1023:
664:. Consequently, many of the
2958:Historic Jewish communities
2223:. Center for Jewish History
2215:Säbel, Heinz (1937-05-30).
208:, and David Obernauer from
198:Constantin Adolf von Welden
2984:
2514:Das Königreich Württemberg
1884:Das Königreich Württemberg
1368:
1362:
1350:
1347:
1327:
1324:
1309:
1306:
1287:
1284:
1264:
1261:
1250:
1247:
1235:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1206:
1203:
785:Synagoge in Laupheim, 1932
741:The first Jewish society (
125:
36:-period in 1933. With the
2846:Laupheim. Stadtgeschichte
2759:Center for Jewish History
2595:Hoffmann, Andrea (2011).
1192:
1189:
865:Memorial of the Synagogue
789:After the appointment of
96:Hans Pankraz von Freyberg
2886:. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.
2580:. Herrenberg: C. Hecht.
2512:Engisch, Helmut (2006).
824:(people's traitors) and
416:-front of KapellenstraĂźe
68:and politically part of
1351:(1862 in Ulm – 1935 in
1225:(? - 1804 in Laupheim)
899:crimes against humanity
272:from the local rulers.
2730:Oswalt, Vadim (2000).
2665:Cite journal requires
2544:Cite journal requires
1444:designer; murdered in
1436:(29 April 1878–1942),
1336:) afterwards rabbi in
960:just outside the then
932:
924:
913:
866:
786:
693:
685:
616:
422:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
417:
406:
395:
202:Damian Carl von Welden
189:
178:
170:
162:
151:
143:
135:
61:
53:
2928:https://www.bh.org.il
2516:. Stuttgart: Theiss.
1906:"The Jews of Germany"
976:. The second wave of
930:
919:
911:
869:The assassination of
864:
795:Chancellor of Germany
784:
691:
679:
614:
412:
401:
393:
184:
176:
168:
157:
149:
141:
133:
59:
51:
2882:Sauer, Paul (1966).
2833:Ulm und Oberschwaben
1809:Benigna Schönhagen,
1348:Dr Berthold Einstein
1240:– 1824 in Laupheim)
227:was also imposed by
82:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
78:free imperial cities
2943:Biberach (district)
2080:Schwäbische Zeitung
2820:Schwäbische Heimat
2788:Schwäbische Heimat
2775:Schwäbische Heimat
2708:has generic name (
2505:Schwäbische Heimat
2164:Laupheim 1570–1870
2022:Siegfried Einstein
1983:Historische Bauten
1710:Historische Bauten
1621:Historische Bauten
1551:Laupheim 1570–1870
1472:Siegfried Einstein
1393:Kilian von Steiner
1262:Salomon Wassermann
1013:Jewish population
982:General Government
933:
925:
914:
887:concentration camp
875:Herschel Grynszpan
867:
787:
694:
686:
617:
606:National Socialist
564:revolution of 1848
524:political equality
497:death certificates
489:birth certificates
445:that followed the
418:
407:
396:
337:or even as far as
190:
179:
171:
163:
152:
144:
136:
62:
54:
2689:978-3-00-025702-5
2644:978-3-598-24874-0
2606:978-3-932512-69-8
2587:978-3-00-013113-4
2523:978-3-8062-1554-0
2403:978-3-598-24874-0
2176:Hecht, Cornelia.
1428:Universal Studios
1381:
1380:
1377:; Jewish scholar
1307:Dr Abraham Wälder
1273:, later rabbi in
1174:
1173:
777:From 1933 to 1938
672:The Jewish school
530:From 1869 to 1933
493:marriage licenses
386:From 1828 to 1869
2975:
2906:
2887:
2878:
2859:
2840:
2827:
2814:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2745:
2726:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2701:
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2668:
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2540:
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2508:
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2414:
2408:
2407:
2389:
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2358:
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2339:
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2314:
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2289:
2283:
2282:
2264:
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2257:
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2228:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2193:
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2182:
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2167:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2125:
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2116:
2109:
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2100:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1912:. Archived from
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1861:
1854:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1785:
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1766:
1763:
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1700:
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1677:
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1665:
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1646:
1639:
1633:
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1617:
1606:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1204:Jakob Bär (Beer)
1187:
1007:
843:legal profession
807:Julius Streicher
743:Chewra Kadischah
737:Jewish societies
625:department store
608:administration.
402:Entrance to the
296:Jewish community
86:Imperial Knights
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2933:
2932:
2913:
2903:
2890:
2881:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2785:
2772:
2763:
2761:
2748:
2742:
2729:
2716:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2677:
2664:
2654:
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2645:
2632:
2626:
2613:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2575:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2502:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2461:
2458:
2456:Further reading
2453:
2444:
2440:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
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2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
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1791:
1786:
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1764:
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1703:
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1566:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1462:Gretel Bergmann
1452:Hertha Nathorff
1434:Friedrich Adler
1414:reform movement
1389:
1365:Leopold Treitel
1275:Bad Mergentheim
1248:Leopold Lehmann
1182:
1002:
950:retirement home
938:
817:Gleichschaltung
805:, organised by
779:
755:Nathan Basseser
739:
674:
532:
455:Karl von Welden
447:Napoleonic Wars
388:
128:
70:Further Austria
46:
12:
11:
5:
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954:Wendelinsgrube
937:
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871:Ernst vom Rath
830:Nuremberg Laws
822:Volksverräter
778:
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738:
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730:Roman Catholic
673:
670:
652:, tailors and
531:
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467:Kilian Steiner
459:Viktor Steiner
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387:
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185:Street on the
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1965:
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1916:on 2019-07-17
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1470:
1468:of the 1930s.
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
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1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:, founder of
1425:
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1201:1730 – ?
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962:built-up area
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590:New York City
586:
582:
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569:German Empire
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560:United States
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194:Illeraichheim
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80:, nor in the
79:
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67:
58:
50:
43:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
24:community in
23:
19:
2892:
2883:
2864:
2845:
2836:
2832:
2823:
2819:
2800:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2754:
2731:
2722:
2718:
2679:
2658:cite journal
2634:
2615:
2596:
2577:
2558:
2537:cite journal
2513:
2504:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2463:
2446:
2441:
2433:
2430:C.V.-Zeitung
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2368:
2362:
2343:
2337:
2318:
2312:
2293:
2287:
2268:
2262:
2243:
2237:
2225:. Retrieved
2220:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2084:, retrieved
2079:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2016:
2008:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1977:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1942:
1934:
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1909:
1900:
1891:
1883:
1882:H. Engisch,
1878:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1841:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1797:
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1655:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1628:
1620:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1550:
1549:J. A. Aich,
1545:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1456:pediatrician
1420:Carl Laemmle
1399:Moritz Henle
1382:
1316:Berlichingen
1290:Berlichingen
1222:Maier Lämmle
1183:
1175:
1003:
989:
978:deportations
969:
953:
946:
939:
868:
854:
850:
846:
825:
821:
815:
791:Adolf Hitler
788:
770:
766:
754:
742:
740:
725:
721:
716:
713:Buttenhausen
698:
695:
681:
661:
658:
654:wood turners
621:retail shops
618:
585:textile mill
577:
573:
544:
533:
521:
517:Credit Union
501:
482:
478:family names
475:
471:
451:
434:
430:
426:jurisdiction
419:
413:
403:
380:
375:
373:
366:
362:
357:
349:
345:
343:
325:
321:
311:
303:
299:
293:
284:
278:
274:
259:
251:Christianity
214:
191:
186:
159:
119:
104:Upper Swabia
94:
66:Upper Swabia
63:
17:
15:
2764:10 December
2507:(4): 13–19.
2498:(2): 57–62.
2227:10 December
2082:(in German)
1871:Spurensuche
1869:S. Kullen,
1813:, p. 4, 11f
1466:high jumper
1340:until 1914
1294:Weikersheim
1277:until 1854
1016:Percentage
826:Judenknecht
666:GrĂĽnderzeit
650:clockmakers
594:real estate
588:are now in
540:city rights
435:JudenstraĂźe
318:Schutzjuden
116:Orsenhausen
38:deportation
30:WĂĽrttemberg
2937:Categories
2839:: 103–120.
2826:: 404–417.
2086:26 January
1981:L. Georg,
1920:2019-07-18
1708:L. Georg,
1619:L. Georg,
1514:P. Sauer,
1438:Jugendstil
1334:Heidelberg
1332:– 1914 in
1298:Bad Buchau
1238:Heidenheim
1233:David Levi
958:gravel pit
905:to arson.
901:and being
839:physicians
717:Zum Ochsen
363:Judengasse
350:Judengasse
285:Judengasse
238:liturgical
217:death duty
210:Grundsheim
120:Judengasse
108:Baltringen
2698:cite book
2205:, p. 51f.
2201:W. Kohl,
2133:W. Kohl,
2111:W. Kohl,
2011:, p. 58ff
1994:W. Kohl,
1968:W. Kohl,
1955:W. Kohl,
1937:, p. 53ff
1933:W. Kohl,
1856:W. Kohl,
1840:W. Kohl,
1796:W. Kohl,
1774:W. Kohl,
1752:W. Kohl,
1734:, p. 30ff
1654:W. Kohl,
1641:W. Kohl,
1580:W. Kohl,
1536:W. Kohl,
1446:Auschwitz
1375:Karlsruhe
1369:(1845 in
1360:1895–1922
1345:1892–1894
1338:Heilbronn
1330:Baisingen
1328:(1845 in
1322:1877–1892
1310:(1809 in
1304:1852–1876
1288:(1783 in
1282:1835–1852
1265:(1780 in
1259:1825–1835
1245:1824–1825
1230:1804–1824
1219:1760–1804
1213:Memmingen
942:Aryanised
903:accessory
771:Konkordia
763:Esslingen
759:orphanage
722:Judenberg
662:Judenberg
598:livestock
581:Aryanised
556:Frankfurt
548:Stuttgart
439:recession
414:Judenberg
404:Judenberg
376:Judenberg
358:Judenberg
346:Judenberg
331:Frankfurt
326:parnassim
322:parnassim
304:parnassim
300:parnassim
289:synagogue
234:Christian
187:Judenberg
160:Judenberg
2963:Laupheim
2781:: 46–61.
2150:, p. 357
2046:, p. 298
1778:, p. 47f
1730:W. Kohl,
1518:, p. 118
1491:See also
1476:Mannheim
1442:Art Deco
1407:composer
1312:Rexingen
1267:Oberdorf
1209:Fellheim
1196:Details
767:Frohsinn
726:Radgasse
700:chedarim
646:furriers
642:cobblers
638:butchers
509:Biberach
441:and the
310:and the
266:Fischach
262:Fellheim
229:Austrian
112:Schwendi
90:taxation
26:Laupheim
2794:: 4–11.
2725:: 1–79.
2449:, p. 12
2187:27 June
2166:, p. 31
2137:, p. 85
1998:, p. 58
1985:, p. 61
1972:, p. 57
1959:, p. 49
1886:, p. 82
1873:, p. 47
1860:, p. 48
1844:, p. 51
1800:, p. 73
1756:, p. 45
1712:, p. 59
1658:, p. 18
1645:, p. 11
1623:, p. 57
1584:, p. 7f
1371:Breslau
1271:Ansbach
1253:Belfort
1046:ca. 125
724:in the
682:Zum Rad
513:pedlars
443:famines
313:chazzan
255:Judaism
74:pedlars
44:Prelude
2899:
2871:
2852:
2807:
2738:
2686:
2641:
2622:
2603:
2584:
2565:
2520:
2470:
2400:
2375:
2350:
2325:
2300:
2275:
2250:
1553:, p. 7
1540:, p. 4
1480:author
1411:Jewish
1403:cantor
1353:Landau
1115:13.4%
1104:22.6%
1093:21.7%
1082:18.2%
1071:17.3%
1035:ca. 75
1024:ca. 25
986:Poland
966:shacks
890:Dachau
879:pogrom
851:Israel
834:Aryans
747:Talmud
709:Sukkot
705:Pesach
634:bakers
602:liquor
552:Munich
495:, and
354:ghetto
339:Prague
281:Minyan
206:Buchau
22:Jewish
2181:(PDF)
1503:Notes
1211:near
1207:from
1193:Name
1190:Year
1170:0.0%
1159:2.7%
1148:4.3%
1137:6.1%
1126:8.3%
1060:8.6%
1049:5.6%
1038:3.7%
1027:1.3%
1010:Year
922:Shoah
751:Torah
335:FĂĽrth
308:rabbi
270:fiefs
221:serfs
2897:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2766:2011
2736:ISBN
2710:help
2684:ISBN
2671:help
2639:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2582:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2550:help
2518:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2298:ISBN
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