124:, Jews who met certain criteria were allowed to live in the city. These were: Jews who had university degrees, completed military service, or were pharmacists, dentists, midwives, or first-guild merchants. As the Jewish population increased, many Jews who came did not fit the criteria and were illegal and unregistered. Liberal city administrators at the time largely looked the other way. In 1871, the Jewish population was about 8,000. In this time, the foundations of the community were laid, including the creation of the first Jewish cemetery in 1860s and the opening of a Jewish school and first formal synagogue in 1871.
137:
Moscow and who knew no other place of residence were obliged to go in search of a new home. " Some 20,000 Jews were expelled from the city in short order, and the events sent shock waves through the entire Jewish community of Russia. Poor Jews were sent to the Pale of
Settlement on criminal transports and there were large rewards offered to those who caught Jews hiding in the city. The newly-built Choral Synagogue, opened a year prior, was ordered closed in addition to eight other synagogues of the fourteen in the city. In 1897, the Jewish population was 8,095, less than a quarter of what it was prior to the expulsion.
67:
19:
481:
102:, began to arrive to Moscow, but they remained only for short periods. With the further addition to Russia of Polish territories, Jews from other governments came to Moscow. All these temporary visitors were permitted to stay only in a particular inn, Glebovskoye Podvoriye, also known as the "Jewish Inn." Since the inn was the only place at which these Jews could stay, the prices were extremely high.
650:
669:, the Moscow Jewish community remains large. More religious institutions, schools, and synagogues have opened in Moscow since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Jewish population of Moscow has also been buoyed by the Jews moving from other Soviet provinces and states to Moscow. The 2002 census showed 148,000 Jews living in Moscow, making it the largest Jewish community in Russia.
562:. Many of these directly impacted the Moscow Jewish community, and numerous Moscow Jews were fired from universities, hospitals, the press, and the government or arrested and even executed as a result of false charges by Stalin and the government in the last years of his life. One particular motivation for Stalin was the Jewish reaction to
517:(the truth) from 1920 to 1938. There was also Jewish state theater and state Yiddish theater in the city in this time period. After the population deflated during the civil war, it rapidly increased—going from 28,000 in 1920 to 86,000 in 1923 to 131,000 by 1926 (6.5% of the total population of the city).
140:
World War I caused a wave of Jewish migration to Moscow, and helped revive to Jewish community to a state of flourishing once again. Additionally, for years, more Jewish students had been coming to the city to study in university. A number of the newly settled Jews also took part in the war industry,
136:
became
Governor General of Moscow in 1891, he named one of his goals as being “to save Moscow from the Jews.” An imperial decree was promulgated (March 28, 1891) ordering the expulsion from the city and government of Moscow of all Jewish artisans, brewers, and distillers. Persons who had been born in
131:
became Tsar in 1881, he took more hardline stances on Jews in Russia. By this point, in 1882, the Jewish population of the city had boomed to 12,000-16,000 of whom the majority were not registered legally. Jews were contributing greatly to the economy, and owned 29.3 percent of the capital declared
577:
In the 1950s and 60s, the Choral
Synagogue was given permission to distribute the Jewish calendar to other synagogues in the Soviet Union. Starting from 1961, a separation was erected and enforced in the Choral Synagogue to keep foreign visitors, as well as Israeli diplomats, from interacting with
520:
The cultural boom ended in the mid 1930s, following the implementation of a new state anti-religious campaign beginning in 1929. By 1936, the last Jewish school had been shuttered and by 1937 and 1938 most
Yiddish schools and cultural institutions had closed as well. The
132:
by first-guild merchants, and were some of the most important bankers and entrepreneurs. With this success, however, came unease from some
Russians at the new Jewish influence in the city, and the community now numbered 35,000 in 1890 (3% of the total population). When
570:. A spontaneous mass gathering in her honor occurred near the Choral Synagogue during her visit on Rosh Hashanah, to Stalin's displeasure. Afterwards, there were a number of efforts to stomp out Jewish culture and feeling and spur anti-Semitism in the Soviet bloc.
573:
While the census of 1959 showed 239,246 Jews (4.7% of the population) registered in the municipal area of Moscow, many think this number to be massive underestimate, and some speculate that Moscow's Jewish population at that time was as high as 500,000.
57:
as Jewish identity became increasingly taboo in the eyes of the government. After the collapse of the Soviet government and the mass migration of a huge portion of
Russian Jews from the country, Moscow has still maintained a sizable Jewish population.
582:
baking and distribution was restricted in Moscow and large swaths of the Soviet Union. The Moscow Jewish
Dramatic Ensemble was established in 1962, and began drawing large crowds performing Yiddish folklore plays, such as those of
496:
While Hebrew cultural activities continued throughout the revolution, when the fighting was over the new Soviet regime shut down most such cultural institutions in the years immediately following, with the notable exception of
44:
or after 1790, as merchants allowed one month stays. In the late 1800s, the Jewish population boomed, and then dramatically dropped after the 1891 expulsion of Jews from the city. The population grew once again following
98:
proper (1772), the numerous Jewish populations of White Russia came under
Russian rule. They were the first Russo-Jewish subjects. Jewish merchants from White Russia, particularly from the town of
53:
cultural center until the end of the revolution, after which it became a Soviet Jewish center for a period of time. The Moscow Jewish community experienced a number of highs and lows under the
501:. At the same time Zionist activities were heavily depressed, in the 1920s through the mid 1930s Moscow was the center of Soviet Jewish culture and social activity. The Jewish section of the
141:
and amassed small fortunes. Moscow became a center of Jewish and
Zionist culture, and Jewish and Hebrew printing presses, theater, and social and political causes thrived.
754:
109:, the Jews were compelled to serve for 25 years in the army. Many such Jewish soldiers were sent to Moscow." Most of the first Jews to settle in Moscow were these
117:, where the vast majority of Jews were stricted to living. In 1858, the Jewish population in the District of Moscow was 340 men and 104 women. During the rule of
629:, Jewish life in Moscow expanded and new cultural organizations formed. At the same time, anti-semitic organizations grew louder and there were rumors that a
40:
center until the late 19th century when more Jews were legally allowed to settle. Prior to the 19th century, Jews had arrived in the city as prisoners of the
939:
113:, Jews that had been conscripted to the army as children, and were now done with their military service. Some of them had married Jewish women from the
133:
105:
Beginning with the second decade of the 19th century the Jewish population of Moscow began to increase. From the year 1827, during the reign of
598:. Meanwhile, Jewish nationalist groups gained traction while working underground in an atmosphere of repression. They protested, published
944:
91:
634:
594:
in Israel, a number of Jews applied to emigrate from the Soviet Union to the Jewish State and a large number were denied, known as
41:
934:
539:
set up operations in Moscow in 1943. The committee gather major Soviet Jewish figures to help in the Soviet war effort against
901:
633:
could occur during the Moscow celebrations of the millennium of
Christianity in Russia. In 1992, firebombs were thrown at the
536:
66:
638:
662:
547:
newspaper. After the war, a number of the main committee members were arrested on trumped-up false charges on
916:
681:
128:
22:
18:
502:
121:
106:
710:
543:
and try to mobilize world Jewry around the cause, both in opinion and aid, and they published the
74:
From the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century, Jews were excluded from
145:
114:
32:
goes back from the 17th century, the city of Moscow held 175,000 Jews from the Nazis although
817:
559:
905:
705:
607:
584:
567:
498:
82:
on account of religious enmity toward them. Conditions underwent a change in the reign of
887:
873:
859:
845:
831:
480:
95:
789:
928:
666:
548:
489:
898:
658:
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540:
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332:
83:
54:
649:
626:
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387:
46:
563:
485:
248:
149:
110:
615:
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488:
surrounded by crowd of 50,000 Jews near the Synagogue on the first day of
622:
599:
566:'s visit to Moscow in 1948 as the first diplomatic representative of the
220:
899:
NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
528:
In 1940, the Jewish population of the city was estimated to be 400,000.
525:
also swept up a number of Jewish Moscow elite and lead to their arrest.
510:
87:
50:
750:
630:
579:
276:
99:
79:
75:
37:
33:
648:
603:
479:
65:
359:
118:
818:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.
637:
in Moscow, and in 1999 there was a failed bomb attack on the
602:, had seminars on Jewish history, and started Hebrew
509:
was headquartered in Moscow, and published the daily
551:’s orders, and 10 people were ultimately executed.
755:The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
794:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
144:Jews in Moscow were active on all sides of the
657:While a significant portion of Jews left the
8:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
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733:
731:
729:
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725:
723:
721:
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148:, and some fought for and some against the
701:
699:
697:
554:Post-war, Stalin embarked on a number of
17:
888:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года
874:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года
860:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года
846:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года
832:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года
693:
653:Kollel Birkat Yitzhak in Moscow in 2008
484:Israeli ambassador to the Soviet Union
166:Historical ethnic composition of Moscow
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
159:
7:
661:in the late 1980s and the 1990s for
156:Post-Revolution and the Soviet Union
606:. Some of these activists, such as
14:
940:Jewish Russian and Soviet history
578:the local congregation. In 1962,
751:"The Jewish Community of Moscow"
645:After Soviet collapse and today
134:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
1:
537:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
469:
70:Jewish Market in Moscow, 1911
30:history of the Jews in Moscow
36:did not become an important
639:Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue
618:were arrested as a result.
961:
945:Jews and Judaism in Moscow
904:February 17, 2007, at the
635:Maryina Roshcha Synagogue
466:
162:
86:. With the separation of
917:Stalin and antisemitism
682:Ethnic groups in Moscow
473: By native language
49:, and was a Jewish and
23:Moscow Choral Synagogue
935:Jewish history by city
654:
503:Soviet Communist Party
493:
71:
25:
652:
483:
69:
21:
94:and its addition to
711:Jewish Encyclopedia
788:Praisman, Leonid.
655:
494:
146:Russian Revolution
115:Pale of Settlement
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26:
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42:Russo-Polish war
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558:campaigns and
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667:United States
664:
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641:in the city.
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490:Rosh Hashanah
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155:
153:
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147:
142:
138:
135:
130:
129:Alexander III
125:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
61:
59:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
31:
24:
20:
16:
912:
894:
885:(in Russian)
880:
871:(in Russian)
866:
857:(in Russian)
852:
843:(in Russian)
838:
829:(in Russian)
824:
815:(in Russian)
810:
798:. Retrieved
793:
758:. Retrieved
709:
671:
659:Soviet Union
656:
620:
589:
576:
572:
556:anti-Semitic
553:
544:
541:Nazi Germany
533:World War II
530:
527:
519:
514:
495:
468:
333:Azerbaijanis
182:
176:Ethnic group
175:
165:
143:
139:
126:
122:Alexander II
104:
88:White Russia
84:Catherine II
73:
55:Soviet Union
29:
27:
15:
627:Perestroika
612:Yosef Begun
592:Six-Day War
523:Great Purge
513:newspaper,
507:Yevsektsiya
462:10,382,754
388:Belarusians
47:World War I
929:Categories
688:References
564:Golda Meir
515:"Der Emes"
486:Golda Meir
249:Ukrainians
243:8,808,009
150:Bolsheviks
111:cantonists
107:Nicholas I
616:Ida Nudel
596:refusniks
459:8,875,579
456:7,931,602
453:7,061,008
448:4,137,018
445:1,038,591
416:Georgians
305:Armenians
240:7,963,246
237:7,146,682
234:6,301,247
231:4,507,899
228:3,614,430
902:Archived
790:"Moscow"
676:See also
665:and the
623:Glasnost
600:samizdat
545:Eynikayt
492:in 1948.
327:124,425
299:166,083
271:253,644
221:Russians
800:26 June
760:26 June
621:During
531:During
511:Yiddish
437:54,387
410:59,353
382:79,359
379:174,728
376:222,900
373:251,350
370:239,246
367:250,181
354:95,563
296:157,376
293:131,328
290:109,252
268:252,670
265:206,875
262:184,885
259:115,489
225:987,044
51:Zionist
796:. YIVO
706:Moscow
663:Israel
631:pogrom
614:, and
604:ulpans
549:Stalin
535:, the
434:19,608
431:12,180
407:73,005
404:59,193
401:50,257
398:34,370
395:24,952
351:20,727
324:43,989
321:31,414
318:25,584
315:18,379
312:13,682
287:80,489
284:57,687
277:Tatars
256:90,479
100:Shklov
96:Russia
92:Poland
80:Russia
76:Moscow
38:Jewish
34:Moscow
580:matzo
560:plots
442:TOTAL
428:4,195
425:6,365
422:4,251
392:1,016
364:5,070
348:7,967
345:9,563
342:2,528
309:1,604
281:4,288
253:4,478
127:When
90:from
802:2018
762:2018
625:and
360:Jews
214:2002
209:1989
204:1979
199:1970
194:1959
189:1939
183:1897
119:Tsar
28:The
339:677
78:in
931::
792:.
770:^
753:.
718:^
708:,
696:^
610:,
587:.
505:,
470:^a
152:.
804:.
764:.
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