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1079:(explained under positions on terrorism and security), secular and religious concerns, the intervention of the military in political issues, relations with the EU, the United States, and the Muslim world were the main issues. The outcome of this election, which brought the Turkish and Kurdish ethnic/nationalist parties (
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668:(1950-1960) proved very popular at first, relaxing the restrictions on Islam and presiding over a booming economy. In the latter half of the 1950s, however, the economy began to fail and the government introduced censorship laws limiting dissent. The government became plagued by high inflation and a massive debt.
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in
Istanbul, they have sparked riots across the country in cities such as Izmir and Ankara as well. Three and a half million people are estimated to have taken an active part in almost 5,000 demonstrations across Turkey connected with the original Gezi Park protest. Twenty-two people were killed and
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In the late 1930s Nazi
Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure. Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939. They gave Turkey a line of credit to purchase war materials from the West and a loan
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is the only government in
Turkish political history that has managed to win three general elections in a row with an increasing number of votes received in each one. The AKP has positioned itself in the midpoint of the Turkish political scene, much thanks to the stability brought by steady economic
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In 1927, Atatürk ordered the integration of road construction goals into development plans. Prior to this, the road network had consisted of 13,885 km of ruined surface roads, 4,450 km of stabilized roads, and 94 bridges. In 1935, a new entity was established under the government called
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were detained in 2008 as part of a long and complex trial. Members are accused of terrorism and of plotting to overthrow the civilian government. On 22 February 2010, more than 40 officers were arrested and formally charged with attempting to overthrow the government with respect to so-called
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against the occupations and persecutions of
Muslims in Anatolia. He and the other army officers alongside him dominated the polity that finally established the Republic of Turkey out of what was left of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey was established based on the ideology found in the country's
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and Prime
Minister Menderes, the second of whom was executed. The system returned to civilian control in October 1961. A fractured political system emerged in the wake of the 1960 coup, producing a series of unstable government coalitions in parliament alternating between the
544:
to facilitate the purchase of commodities. Afraid of threats from
Germany and Russia, Turkey maintained neutrality. It sold chrome—an important war material—to both sides. It was clear by 1944 that Germany would be defeated and the chrome sales to Germany stopped.
540:. He started his term in the office as a respected figure of the Independence War but because of internal fights between power groups and external events like the World War II which caused a lack of goods in the country, he lost some of his popularity and support.
2264:"Council of the European Union: Council Decision (CFSP) 2019/1341 of 8 August 2019 updating the list of persons, groups and entities subject to Articles 2, 3 and 4 of Common Position 2001/931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism"
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The history of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on 29 October 1923, with Atatürk as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues.
888:(state of emergency) region was established in several provinces where the rebellion was active and in which a super-governor governed with extensive political power over the political and security departments. The PKK has announced a cease-fire
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published a map of
Greater Turkey, which included Soviet controlled Caucasus and central Asian republics. In the summer of 1942, Turkish high command considered war with the Soviet Union almost unavoidable. An operation was planned, with
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The governments of the
National Front, a series of coalitions between rightist parties, followed as Ecevit was not able to remain in office despite ranking first in the elections. The fractured political scene and poor economy led to
1114:. The accused included four admirals, a general and two colonels, some of them retired, including former commanders of the Turkish navy and air force (three days later, the former commanders of the navy and air force were released).
293:
68:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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have occurred, including that of military officials, police officers, judges, governors and civil servants. There has also been significant media purge in the aftermath of the failed coup. There has been allegations of
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in 1920s and 1930s. International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean, through the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936.
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to balance regional and global powers off against one another, forming alliances that best protected the interests of the incumbent regime. The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons to and financing
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in 1908. This led to a rise of active participation of the military in politics. In 1909 they deposed the sultan and in 1913 seized power in a coup. In 1914 the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the
294:
243:, in a broad and vaguely worded clause, the right to further occupy Anatolia "in case of disorder". Within days French and British troops started occupying the remaining territory controlled by the Ottoman Empire.
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was voted in, although narrowly and divided. The referendum creates a Presidential Republic. Many observers and European states view the referendum as an "enabling act" and see it as "democratically backsliding".
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and several other women but was stopped from its activities, since during the time women were not yet legally allowed to engage in politics. The actual passage to multi-party period was first attempted with the
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have sought refuge in Turkey. In 2022, nearly 100 000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.
916:, a largely successful ceasefire was put in place by both the Turkish state and the PKK. On 21 March 2013, Öcalan announced the "end of armed struggle" and a ceasefire with peace talks. On 25 July 2015, the
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President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, citing growing non-secularism and censorship as motivation for the attempted coup. The coup was blamed on the influence of the vast network led by U.S.-based Muslim cleric
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By August 1944, the Axis was clearly losing the war and Turkey broke off relations. Only in February 1945, Turkey declared war on Germany and Japan, a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the future
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growth since they came to power in 2002. A large part of the population have welcomed the end of the political and economic instability of the 1990s, often associated with coalition governments - see
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from small provincial capitals into mid-sized economic boomtowns. Military rule began to be phased out at the end of 1983. In particular in provinces in the south-east of Turkey it was replaced by a
815:. Within two years, the military returned the government to civilian hands, although retaining close control of the political scene. The political system came under one-party governance under the
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823:(Prime Minister from 1983 to 1989). The ANAP combined a globally oriented economic program with the promotion of conservative social values. Under Özal, the economy boomed, converting towns like
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in March 2020. In December, COVID-19 cases in Turkey surpassed 1 million due to adding asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic cases that were previously not included in their official statistics.
54:
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884:(local paramilitary militias) to oppose Kurdish groups. More than 50,000 people including civilians have died as a result of the conflict. To counter the insurgency further, in 1987 the
1010:(MHP). These two parties, alongside Yılmaz's ANAP formed a government. The government was somewhat effective, if not harmonious, bringing about much-needed economic reform, instituting
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In December 2016, an off duty cop, Mevlut Altintas, shot dead a Russian Ambassador inside an Art Gallery. He refused to surrender and was then shot and killed by special police.
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kitap – Generalinden 28 Şubat İtirafı "Postmodern Darbe" – Hulki Cevizoğlu, generalinden 28 şubat İtirafı "postmodern darbe", GENERALINDEN 28 ŞUBAT İTIRAFı "POSTMODERN DARBE"
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and declared it would not want to separate from Turkey, but demanded peace negotiations and cultural rights. Turkey refused to deliver any at the time. The leader of PKK,
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480:. The Liberal Republican Party was dissolved on 17 November 1930 and no further attempt for a multi-party democracy was made until 1945. Turkey was admitted to the
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requesting that he resign, which he did. The event has been famously labelled a "postmodern coup" by the Turkish admiral Salim Dervişoğlu. Shortly thereafter, the
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was submitted to state of emergency legislation, a measure which lasted until November 2002. With the turn of the 1990s, political instability returned. The
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In July 2022, the Turkish government asked the international community to recognise Turkey by its Turkish name Türkiye, preventing from confusion with
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The Government has decided to abolish all Masonic lodges in Turkey on the ground that Masonic principles are incompatible with nationalistic policy.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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634:, which were won by his party. He remained as the president of the country until 1950. He is still remembered as one of the key figures of Turkey.
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232:. In 1918 the leaders of the Young Turks took full responsibility for the lost war and fled the country into exile leaving the country in chaos.
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Gül İnanç, "The politics of 'active neutrality'on the eve of a new world order: The case of Turkish chrome sales during the Second World War."
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and subsequently lost the war. The goal was to win territory in the East to compensate for the loses in the West in previous years during the
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war in Turkey was estimated to be 3 307 882 people. The number of Syrians had decreased by 205 894 people since the beginning of the year.
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3234:"Russian migration to Turkey spikes by 218% in aftermath of Ukraine war - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East"
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J.M. Hakov, "The Great States, Turkey and Issue Concerning the New Regime of the Straits during the First Years of World War Two."
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In 1997, the military, citing his government's support for religious policies deemed dangerous to Turkey's secular nature, sent a
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between ultranationalists and communists in the streets of Turkey's cities, resulting in some 5,000 deaths during the late 1970s.
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1063:. The political reforms of the AKP have ensured the beginning of the negotiations with the European Union. The AKP again won the
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In October 2018, Prince MBS of Saudi Arabia sent a group of government agents to Turkey in order to murder a prominent critic,
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charges in the first days of February 1999. In 2013, the Turkish government started talks with Öcalan. Following mainly secret
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Turkey traded with both sides and purchased arms from both sides. The Allies tried to stop German purchases of chrome (used in
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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In May 2023, President Erdogan won a new re-election and his AK Party with its allies held parliamentary majority in the
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and a penal code modeled after the Italian Penal Code; recognition of the equality between the sexes and the granting of
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Cleveland, William L & Martin Bunton, A History of the Modern Middle East: 4th Edition, Westview Press: 2009, p. 82.
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2801:"Istanbul nightclub attack: Search continues for unidentified terrorist gunman who killed 39 at New Year's Eve party"
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Ali Çarkoğlu, "Economic evaluations vs. ideology: Diagnosing the sources of electoral change in Turkey, 2002–2011."
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Kirişci, Kemal, and Amanda Sloat. "The rise and fall of liberal democracy in Turkey: Implications for the West"
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Onur Isci, "The Massigli Affair and its Context: Turkish Foreign Policy after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact."
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in Istanbul. The events began with an armed attack on several coffee shops in the neighborhood, where an
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The Cyprus question as an issue of Turkish foreign policy and Turkish-American relations, 1959–2003
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Turkish Identity: The Specific Cultural Background of Turkey's Identity: An Opportunity for Europe?
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A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East
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In August 2014, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan won Turkey's first direct presidential
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which resulted in the fall of the Demirel government and the establishment of interim governments.
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502:(Headship of Roads and Bridges) which would drive the development of new roads after World War II.
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1167:(ISIL) and Turkish government, 304 civilians were killed by ISIL attacks across Turkey, excluding
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In March 1995, twenty-three people were killed and hundreds were injured in the incidents called
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For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through
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conspired against Sultan Abdülhamid II, who was still in charge of the Empire, by starting the
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The Ottoman Empire, consisting of Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria, was, since its foundation in
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but Turkey's followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of
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called for the declaration of war against the Soviet Union and Greece. In July 1942,
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3105:"Full Text: Memorandum of Understanding between Turkey and Russia on northern Syria"
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The Western question in Greece and Turkey: a study in the contact of civilisations
2093:"Turkish forces kill 32 Kurdish militants in bloody weekend as conflict escalates"
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Rustow, Dankwart A. (1959). "The Army and the Founding of the Turkish Republic".
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The army issued a memorandum warning the civilian government in 1971, leading to
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Airport, Turkish Airlines planes are parked at the new Istanbul (24 July 2023).
2961:"Turkey Crackdown Chronicle: Week of July 24 - Committee to Protect Journalists"
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are still ongoing between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot political leaders.
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Turkey's goal was to maintain neutrality during the war. Ambassadors from the
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2987:"Detainees beaten, tortured and raped after failed Turkey coup, Amnesty says"
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Atatürk Döneminde Masonluk ve Masonlarla İlişkilere Dair Bazı Arşiv Belgeleri
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In 1945, the first opposition party in the multi-party system in Turkey, the
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Ottoman Ulema, Turkish Republic: Agents of Change and Guardians of Tradition
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3123:"Turkey not resuming military operation in northeast Syria: security source"
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Yücel Güçlü, "Turco-British relations on the eve of the Second World War."
2315:"Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999"
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Turkish Foreign Policy During the Second World War: An 'Active' Neutrality
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5 December 1934: Full political rights, to vote and be elected, to women.
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and other army officers started a resistance movement. Shortly after the
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which had been practically wiped away from the world stage following the
2618:"Turkey election: Erdoğan's AKP wins outright majority – as it happened"
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3087:"Pence heads to Turkey as Erdogan rejects calls for ceasefire in Syria"
3037:"Recep Erdogan, Turkey's first directly elected president and 'Sultan'"
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Weaver, Matthew; Letsch, Constanze; Shaheen, Kareem (1 November 2015).
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district on the Asian side of İstanbul. Police responded with gunfire.
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The first party to be established in the newly formed republic was the
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on 5 December 1934; the language reform initiated by the newly founded
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
3171:"Turkey is now Türkiye: What other countries have changed their name?"
2934:"Turkey suspends more than 15,000 education workers in widening purge"
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Media in New Turkey: The Origins of an Authoritarian Neoliberal State
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Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan
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who were dissatisfied with these reforms worked together with Sultan
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124:
3490:
2000:"TÜRKİYE'DE HALEN FAALİYETLERİNE DEVAM EDEN BAŞLICA TERÖR ÖRGÜTLERİ"
1498:
1144:
won back the absolute majority in parliament: 317 of the 550 seats.
196:
in 1876. After the short-lived attempt of turning the Empire into a
2662:"Suicide bombing hits Istanbul shopping area popular with tourists"
653:
Although the multi-party period began in 1945, the election of the
203:
A couple decades later a new reform movement under the name of the
4468:
2779:"Does Turkey have to learn to live with terror? - SERKAN DEMİRTAŞ"
1025:
838:
714:
358:
352:
289:
268:
3411:
3148:
1974:
an online edition with scanned pages; accessed on 31 October 2009
1075:
was elected president at the third round. Recent developments in
298:
President Atatürk and his colleagues leaving the building of the
3423:
The First Turkish Republic; a Case Study in National Development
3271:"Turkey's Opposition Wins 'Historic Victory' in Local Elections"
3073:"MBS approved operation to capture or kill Khashoggi: US report"
1942:
1579:
The Turkey of Atatürk: social process in the Turkish reformation
885:
585:
65:
4879:
4472:
4067:
3494:
3481:
3190:"Turkey's Erdogan celebrates presidential election run-off win"
3019:"Erdoğan clinches victory in Turkish constitutional referendum"
3376:"Turkey: Successor or Continuing State of the Ottoman Empire?"
3252:"Number of Syrians in Turkey July 2023 – Refugees Association"
3208:"Uncertain Futures: Ukrainian Refugees in Turkey, One Year On"
2071:"Kurdish PKK leader: We will not withdraw our autonomy demand"
1383:
A History of the Modern Middle East. Cleveland and Buntin p.78
311:
was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on 20 April 1924.
17:
2831:"BAŞBAKANLIK KOORDİNASYON MERKEZİ AÇIKLAMASI 11 EKİM – 12:24"
2027:"The Kurdistan Freedom Falcons Emerges as a Rival to the PKK"
1657:Çakır, Serpil. Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi. Metis Yayınları, 1994.
756:
on 20 July 1974 by unilaterally exercising Article IV in the
2861:"BBC: Ankara explosions leave more than 80 dead – officials"
2139:
Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State
536:
Atatürk's successor after his death on 10 November 1938 was
2799:
Weise, Zia; Graham, Chris; Squires, Nick (9 January 2017).
1648:
Zihnioğlu, Yaprak. Kadınsız İnkılap. Metis Yayınları, 2003.
1243:
Between 9 October and 25 November 2019, Turkey conducted a
1175:
was the deadliest terror attack in modern Turkish history.
860:
started in 1984 between the Turkish government and various
772:
for reunifying the island was supported by the majority of
768:, which is recognised only by Turkey, was established. The
1171:
allegedly perperated by ISIL in which 109 civilians died.
350:, is outlawed); the law on family names; and many others.
267:
to diminish the influence of religious groups such as the
2599:"Recep Tayyip Erdogan wins Turkish presidential election"
2113:"Over 1,100 die in PKK attacks in Turkey since July 2015"
3055:"Turkey election: Erdogan wins re-election as president"
2689:"Istanbul airport attack toll rises to 45 as child dies"
1002:. The DSP became the largest parliamentary party in the
3348:
The new sultan: Erdogan and the crisis of modern Turkey
2557:
The new sultan: Erdogan and the crisis of modern Turkey
2541:
The new sultan: Erdogan and the crisis of modern Turkey
1240:
happened just a few days before his sixtieth birthday.
1043:
on the Islamisation of Turkey during the AKP government
990:(FP). A new government was formed by ANAP and Ecevit's
963:
religious leader was killed. Protests occurred both in
843:
Turkish police announcing seizure of PKK ammunition in
1207:
On 16 April 2017, the Turkey constitutional referendum
1178:
On 15 July 2016, factions within the Turkish Military
2739:"Death toll from bomb blasts at HDP rally rises to 4"
1591:
TURKISH BAN ON FREEMASONS. All Lodges To Be Abolished
740:
paramilitary organisation, which overthrew President
994:(DSP) supported from the outside by the center-left
407:
30 November 1925: Closure of religious convents and
61:
57:
a machine-translated version of the Turkish article.
5828:
5746:
5662:
5555:
5481:
5436:
5381:
5372:
5266:
5214:
5205:
5158:
5125:
5075:
4994:
4955:
4929:
4920:
4804:
4764:
4506:
4450:
4402:
4364:
4101:
4000:
3805:
3621:
3561:
3528:
455:5 February 1937: The inclusion of the principle of
442:
26 November 1934: Abolition of titles and by-names.
260:pre-Ottoman history and was also steered towards a
1839:A. C. Edwards, "The Impact of the War on Turkey,"
1138:Turkish parliamentary elections of 1 November 2015
1102:. 2011 figures showed a 9% GDP growth for Turkey.
764:at the end of the military operation. In 1983 the
302:(today the Museum of the Republic) after a meeting
2714:"Death toll rises to 57 in ISIL Gaziantep attack"
2551:
2549:
2377:"PKK declares Turkey truce dead after airstrikes"
2217:"Abdullah Öcalan'ı kim yakaladı? | GAZETE VATAN"
2165:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1289:refugees of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
375:1 November 1922: Abolition of the office of the
180:. Between 1839 and 1876 the Empire went through
3129:. 25 November 2019 – via www.reuters.com.
2482:"'Post-modern darbe' tanımının 10 yıllık sırrı"
1776:Britain, Turkey and the Soviet Union, 1940–1945
1530:Reforms for political and economic independence
1287:As of May 2023, approximately 96,000 Ukrainian
1264:severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
1236:, in the Saudi Arabian consulate in Istanbul .
1126:more than 8,000 were injured, many critically.
904:and taken to Turkey where he was sentenced for
404:25 November 1925: Change of headgear and dress.
2915:"Turkey's coup attempt: What you need to know"
2572:de Bellaigue, Christopher (19 December 2013).
1989:, London, November 1988, AI Index Eur/44/65/88
1105:Alleged members of a clandestine group called
1089:Turkey's bid for the European Union membership
86:accompanying your translation by providing an
48:Click for important translation instructions.
35:expand this article with text translated from
4891:
4484:
4079:
3506:
1215:won the presidential election in Turkey again
1121:started as a response against the removal of
811:was extended from 20 to all then existing 67
724:1973 film about contemporary events in Turkey
661:marked the first victory by a non-CHP party.
8:
2141:. Cornell University Press. pp. 78–79.
1854:
1852:
1464:. London: Haus Publishing. pp. 67–104.
1055:(AKP). It was headed by the former mayor of
644:Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey
2636:"Ten German dead in Istanbul terror attack"
2353:. Al Jazeera. 21 March 2013. Archived from
2167:"Refworld | Chronology for Kurds in Turkey"
1245:military offensive into north-eastern Syria
835:Conflict with Kurdish groups (1984–present)
467:(Kadınlar Halk Fırkası). It was founded by
5825:
5378:
5211:
4926:
4898:
4884:
4876:
4491:
4477:
4469:
4086:
4072:
4064:
3513:
3499:
3491:
3478:
3416:(M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.
2757:"Suruç'ta ölenlerin sayısı 32'ye yükseldi"
2567:
2565:
2403:"25th Anniversary of Gazi Massacre Marked"
2351:"PKK leader calls for ceasefire in Turkey"
2049:"Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]"
1397:. London: Haus Publishing. pp. 3–41.
902:Turkish National Intelligence Agency (MIT)
281:One-party period of the Republic of Turkey
1355:Government of the Grand National Assembly
1014:, and bringing Turkey ever closer to the
595:). Inflation was high as prices doubled.
393:3 March 1924: Abolition of the office of
251:in 1919, Mustafa Kemal Pasha set foot in
3350:(2nd ed. . Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).
2266:. Official Journal of the European Union
1306:(CHP) gained a significicant victory in
940:brought a short-lived coalition between
784:. However, negotiations for solving the
630:. In 1946, İnönü's government organized
421:4 October 1926: Introduction of the new
3300:] (in Russian). Moskva: Voenizdat.
2574:"Turkey: 'Surreal, Menacing...Pompous'"
1736:(2019): DOI: 10.1177/0022009419833443.
1447:
1367:
1191:. In the aftermath of the failed coup,
1051:, bringing into power the conservative
1047:A series of economic shocks led to new
853:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
555:intermingled in Ankara. İnönü signed a
512:Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire
194:some form of constitutional arrangement
147:in 1923. This new regime delivered the
98:{{Translated|tr|Türkiye siyasi tarihi}}
1814:
1802:
1213:On 24 June 2018, Recep Tayyip Erdogan
864:insurgent groups, which have demanded
414:1 March 1926: Introduction of the new
213:to reintroduce the constitutional rule
4095:History of current European countries
3443:(University of Illinois Press, 2016)
2160:
2158:
2137:Aydin, Aysegul; Emrence, Cem (2015).
1006:. Second place went to the far-right
880:. In 1985 the government established
868:from Turkey to create an independent
606:On 24 October 1945 Turkey signed the
428:1 November 1928: Adoption of the new
7:
6054:
6042:
3431:Islamic Political Identity in Turkey
3413:Turkey's experience with corporatism
2300:"Turkey lifts Ocalan death sentence"
1611:"Tageseinträge für 14. Oktober 1935"
1165:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
565:Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union
249:Greek occupation of Western Anatolia
4028:History of the Mediterranean region
3467:Vintage Turkey: Under the Moon Star
3406:- Published online on 5 August 2011
3381:Leiden Journal of International Law
2886:Filkins, Dexter (17 October 2016).
2480:Demir, Metehan (27 February 2007).
1142:Justice and Development Party (AKP)
1067:, which followed the controversial
766:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
626:, was established by industrialist
563:on 18 June 1941, 4 days before the
510:Historically, Turkey continued the
3355:Atatürk: An intellectual biography
3269:Sharp, Alexandra (11 April 2024).
2523:"Gul elected as Turkish president"
1462:From the Sultan to Atatürk: Turkey
1395:From the Sultan to Atatürk: Turkey
1266:(SARS-CoV-2), was first confirmed
986:(RP) was banned and reborn as the
776:, but rejected by the majority of
435:21 June 1934: Introduction of the
346:; the dress law (the wearing of a
14:
6100:History of the Republic of Turkey
1695:Turkish foreign policy since 1774
1295:As of August 2023, the number of
1200:in connection with these purges.
1069:August 2007 presidential election
928:Political instability (1987–2002)
638:Multi-party period (1945–present)
300:Grand National Assembly of Turkey
6065:
6053:
6041:
6030:
6029:
6017:
5421:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes
4907:
4859:
4850:
4849:
4013:Bibliography of European history
3608:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
3294:Годы Войны/Gody voiny, 1941–1943
2932:Morris, Loveday (19 July 2016).
2807:– via www.telegraph.co.uk.
2437:from the original on 22 May 2011
1892:. Nova Publishers. p. 119.
1334:
1320:
1229:considered the election unfair.
1219:MHP (Nationalist Movement Party)
1087:) into the parliament, affected
448:14 October 1935: Closure of the
357:Atatürk listens to a citizen in
22:
6066:
4038:History of Western civilization
3641:Christianity in the Middle Ages
3313:Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1922).
1734:Journal of Contemporary History
1673:General Directorate of Highways
1427:. Macmillan. pp. 360–373.
1227:Republican People's Party (CHP)
4817:British Indian Ocean Territory
3882:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3825:Christianity in the modern era
3596:Christianity in late antiquity
3374:Öktem, Emre (September 2011).
3001:"Who was the Ankara assassin?"
2543:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020).
1302:In March 2024, the opposition
924:bombed PKK positions in Iraq.
730:Cypriot intercommunal violence
612:the fifty-one original members
328:full political rights to women
239:was signed, which granted the
96:You may also add the template
1:
4033:History of the European Union
2461:. kitapyurdu. 26 January 2004
1053:Justice and Development Party
1022:AKP government (2002–present)
618:Multi-party transition (1945)
170:
5912:Intangible cultural heritage
5258:Southeastern Anatolia Region
5090:Proclamation of the republic
3421:Robinson, Richard D (1963).
1297:refugees of the Syrian civil
760:, but without restoring the
532:Post-Atatürk era (1938–1945)
332:Turkish Language Association
275:One-party period (1923–1945)
5183:Ancient peoples of Anatolia
3992:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3603:Crisis of the Third Century
3365:Foreign Policy at Brookings
2888:"Turkey's Thirty-Year Coup"
2286:"Ocalan sentenced to death"
1787:For example, see this 1942
932:Starting in July 1987, the
876:(PKK) and primarily in the
521:Turkish War of Independence
324:modeled after Switzerland's
257:Turkish War of Independence
109:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
6116:
5014:Conquest of Constantinople
4048:Military history of Europe
4043:Maritime history of Europe
2687:hermesauto (2 July 2016).
2244:. U.S. Department of State
2195:. Routledge. p. 205.
1557:. GRIN Verlag. p. 6.
1100:Economic history of Turkey
1071:, during which AKP member
1008:Nationalist Movement Party
850:
758:Treaty of Guarantee (1960)
641:
624:National Development Party
588:being the initial target.
322:with a secular civil code
278:
60:Machine translation, like
6013:
5521:The constitutional system
5053:Second Constitutional Era
5038:Decline and modernization
4845:
4018:Genetic history of Europe
3488:
3483:Links to related articles
3394:10.1017/S0922156511000252
2191:Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006).
1597:, 14 October 1935, p. 5.
1304:Republican People’s Party
996:Republican People's Party
699:Republican People's Party
500:Şose ve Köprüler Reisliği
211:. They forced the sultan
37:the corresponding article
5504:Ministry of the Interior
5489:Administrative divisions
5048:First Constitutional Era
4566:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3451:Turkey: A Modern History
3298:The War Years, 1941–1943
2835:Prime Minister of Turkey
2578:New York Review of Books
2381:The Daily Star Newspaper
1843:(1946) 22#3 pp. 389-400
1828:Turkey: A Modern History
1268:to have spread to Turkey
1256:coronavirus disease 2019
1012:human rights legislation
878:southeast of the country
874:Kurdistan Workers' Party
676:On 27 May 1960, General
649:Early period (1945–1987)
567:. Nationalist magazines
474:Liberal Republican Party
336:Ottoman Turkish alphabet
5451:Parliamentary elections
5253:Eastern Anatolia Region
5248:Central Anatolia Region
4930:Ancient and Middle Ages
4827:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
4023:History of Christianity
1984:Amnesty International:
1923:. BBC. 12 December 2006
1865:Turkey: A Country Study
1830:(3rd ed. 2004) pp 203-5
1528:Neubauer, Kati (2009).
1119:2013 protests in Turkey
309:The second constitution
286:Atatürk era (1923–1938)
198:constitutional monarchy
107:For more guidance, see
5622:Science and technology
5456:Presidential elections
4937:Prehistory of Anatolia
4144:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3847:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3410:Onder, Nilgun (1990).
3292:Гречко, А. А. (1976).
2302:. BBC. 3 October 2002.
1861:"Turkey after Atatürk"
1750:Middle Eastern Studies
1721:Middle Eastern Studies
1553:Baycar, Nilay (2009).
1460:Mango, Andrew (2010).
1393:Mango, Andrew (2010).
1044:
848:
807:, took place in 1980.
744:and installed the pro-
734:coup in Cyprus in 1974
728:Following a decade of
725:
682:a military coup d'état
608:United Nations Charter
519:'s faction during the
362:
303:
128:was created after the
5617:Free trade agreements
5499:Intelligence Services
5296:North Anatolian Fault
3927:Industrial Revolution
3145:covid19.saglik.gov.tr
2512:31.3 (2012): 513-521.
1867:. Library of Congress
1841:International Affairs
1752:42.6 (2006): 907-915.
1723:39.4 (2003): 159-205.
1038:
992:Democratic Left Party
890:between 1993 and 1998
842:
754:Turkey invaded Cyprus
723:
697:on the right and the
684:, removing President
632:multi-party elections
557:non-aggression treaty
517:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
356:
334:; replacement of the
297:
245:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
209:Young Turk Revolution
145:Republican Parliament
141:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
80:copyright attribution
6001:World heritage sites
5526:Turkish Armed Forces
5411:Constitutional Court
5325:Flora and vegetation
5303:Environmental issues
5291:East Anatolian Fault
5238:Mediterranean Region
4741:United Arab Emirates
3982:European debt crisis
3977:European integration
3917:Age of Enlightenment
3757:Republic of Florence
3353:Hanioglu, M. Sukru.
2288:. BBC. 29 June 1999.
2051:. GlobalSecurity.org
1886:Uslu, Nasuh (2003).
1258:(COVID-19), a novel
1173:2015 Ankara bombings
1169:2015 Ankara bombings
1061:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
803:, headed by General
801:military coup d'état
748:(union with Greece)
459:in the constitution.
366:Chronology of Major
5570:Banking and Finance
5188:History of Anatolia
5085:War of Independence
5077:Republic of Türkiye
4974:Battle of Manzikert
4768:limited recognition
4365:States with limited
3947:Revolutions of 1848
3877:Early modern France
3658:Anglo-Saxon England
3563:Classical antiquity
3007:. 20 December 2016.
2939:The Washington Post
2718:Hurriyet Daily News
2425:"Post-modern darbe"
1986:Human Rights Denied
1792:magazine photograph
1112:"Sledgehammer" plot
813:provinces of Turkey
782:referendums in 2004
701:of İsmet İnönü and
593:making better steel
437:law on family names
237:Armistice of Mudros
143:in 1922 by the new
5627:Telecommunications
5416:Court of Cassation
5117:Multi-party period
5026:Ottoman Old Regime
4947:Byzantine Anatolia
4942:Classical Anatolia
4053:Crusading movement
3957:Russian Revolution
3792:Hundred Years' War
3688:Maritime republics
3591:Early Christianity
3581:Hellenistic period
3538:Paleolithic Europe
3359:Amazon.com excerpt
3238:www.al-monitor.com
3212:pulitzercenter.org
3111:. 22 October 2019.
3093:. 16 October 2019.
2313:Miron Varouhakis.
2101:. 10 January 2016.
2006:on 14 January 2013
1921:"Timeline: Cyprus"
1859:Glazer, Stevan A.
1697:(Routledge, 2012).
1260:infectious disease
1252:worldwide pandemic
1045:
978:to Prime Minister
849:
829:state of emergency
726:
664:The government of
488:Development policy
388:Republic of Turkey
363:
304:
220:as an ally of the
182:a period of reform
125:Republic of Turkey
88:interlanguage link
6087:
6086:
6081:
6080:
6009:
6008:
5551:
5550:
5494:Foreign relations
5468:Political parties
5368:
5367:
5201:
5200:
5193:History of Thrace
5095:Atatürk's reforms
4986:Anatolian beyliks
4873:
4872:
4810:other territories
4466:
4465:
4061:
4060:
3987:COVID-19 pandemic
3932:French Revolution
3907:Habsburg monarchy
3887:Cossack Hetmanate
3867:Portuguese Empire
3857:Absolute monarchy
3852:Thirty Years' War
3747:Holy Roman Empire
3672:Bulgarian Empire
3631:Early Middle Ages
3548:Bronze Age Europe
3522:History of Europe
3429:Yavuz, M. Hakan.
3346:Cagaptay, Soner.
3256:multeciler.org.tr
3194:www.aljazeera.com
2867:. 10 October 2015
2642:. 13 January 2016
2605:. 10 August 2014.
2539:Soner Cagaptay,
2529:. 28 August 2007.
2510:Electoral Studies
2383:. Beirut, Lebanon
2148:978-0-8014-5620-6
1943:"UN Cyprus Talks"
1899:978-1-59033-847-6
1826:Erik J. Zurcher,
1765:(Cambridge 1989).
1710:54 (1986): 47-60.
1708:Archiv Orientální
1434:978-0-8050-8809-0
1350:History of Turkey
1225:. The opposition
1049:elections in 2002
1036:
980:Necmettin Erbakan
922:Turkish Air Force
794:mounting violence
721:
525:Atatürk's Reforms
482:League of Nations
399:Ottoman Caliphate
382:29 October 1923:
342:derived from the
320:Islamic canon law
316:Atatürk's reforms
295:
226:Italo-Turkish War
178:absolute monarchy
120:
119:
49:
45:
6107:
6069:
6068:
6057:
6056:
6045:
6044:
6033:
6032:
6021:
5826:
5711:Cities and towns
5692:Turkish language
5647:Turkish Airlines
5463:Electoral system
5426:Council of State
5379:
5313:Waste management
5243:Black Sea Region
5221:
5212:
5166:Turkic migration
5112:One-party period
4981:Sultanate of Rum
4927:
4912:
4911:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4877:
4863:
4853:
4852:
4822:Christmas Island
4508:Sovereign states
4493:
4486:
4479:
4470:
4403:Dependencies and
4102:Sovereign states
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
3922:Great Divergence
3837:Age of Discovery
3782:Late Middle Ages
3752:High Middle Ages
3663:Byzantine Empire
3646:Christianization
3636:Migration Period
3571:Classical Greece
3543:Neolithic Europe
3515:
3508:
3501:
3492:
3479:
3426:
3417:
3405:
3326:
3309:
3279:
3278:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:on 23 March 2020
3147:. Archived from
3137:
3131:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3109:The Defense Post
3101:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3025:. 16 April 2017.
3015:
3009:
3008:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2841:on 23 April 2016
2837:. Archived from
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2745:on 23 July 2015.
2741:. Archived from
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2560:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2423:(27 June 1997).
2417:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2357:on 21 March 2013
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2324:. Archived from
2319:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2260:
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2227:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2025:Brandon, James.
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2002:. Archived from
1996:
1990:
1981:
1975:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1945:. United Nations
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1824:
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1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
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1740:
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1724:
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1711:
1704:
1698:
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1649:
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1640:
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1607:
1601:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1550:
1544:
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1525:
1519:
1518:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1282:general election
1123:Taksim Gezi Park
1037:
944:'s ANAP and the
918:conflict resumed
896:was captured in
817:Motherland Party
774:Turkish Cypriots
722:
695:Süleyman Demirel
655:Democratic Party
430:Turkish alphabet
340:Turkish alphabet
296:
265:political system
175:
172:
99:
93:
66:Google Translate
47:
43:
26:
25:
18:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6005:
5824:
5820:Women in Turkey
5788:Law enforcement
5742:
5738:Life expectancy
5704:Islam in Turkey
5658:
5547:
5509:National Police
5477:
5432:
5364:
5355:Turkish Riviera
5262:
5219:
5218:
5197:
5154:
5121:
5100:Language reform
5071:
4990:
4951:
4916:
4906:
4904:
4874:
4869:
4841:
4809:
4800:
4781:Northern Cyprus
4767:
4760:
4502:
4500:History of Asia
4497:
4467:
4462:
4446:
4404:
4398:
4384:Northern Cyprus
4366:
4360:
4276:North Macedonia
4097:
4092:
4062:
4057:
3996:
3962:Interwar period
3937:Napoleonic Wars
3801:
3772:Mongol invasion
3725:Crown of Aragon
3617:
3557:
3553:Iron Age Europe
3524:
3519:
3484:
3469:– slideshow by
3463:
3449:Zurcher, Erik.
3420:
3409:
3373:
3333:
3331:Further reading
3312:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3188:Wilks, Andrew.
3187:
3186:
3182:
3177:. 28 June 2022.
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3061:. 24 June 2018.
3053:
3052:
3048:
3043:. 16 July 2016.
3041:Hindustan Times
3035:
3034:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2921:. 16 July 2016.
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2820:, 29 June 2016.
2818:NRC Handelsblad
2816:
2812:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2669:
2668:. 19 March 2016
2666:The Independent
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2554:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2331:on 4 March 2016
2328:
2317:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2221:gazetevatan.com
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2029:. Jamestown.org
2024:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1838:
1834:
1825:
1821:
1817:, pp. 225.
1813:
1809:
1805:, pp. 224.
1801:
1797:
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1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:. GRIN Verlag.
1527:
1526:
1522:
1499:10.2307/2009591
1484:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1234:Jamal Khashoggi
1189:Fethullah Gülen
1159:Since 2013, in
1148:won 134 seats,
1026:
1024:
946:True Path Party
930:
894:Abdullah Öcalan
855:
837:
762:status quo ante
715:
674:
651:
646:
640:
620:
534:
508:
495:
490:
478:Ali Fethi Okyar
469:Nezihe Muhiddin
290:
288:
283:
277:
173:
167:
159:First World War
116:
115:
114:
97:
91:
50:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
6113:
6111:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6091:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6075:
6063:
6051:
6039:
6027:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5937:Radio stations
5934:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5856:
5855:
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5840:
5834:
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5823:
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5817:
5812:
5807:
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5805:
5800:
5795:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5778:
5768:
5763:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5672:Turkish people
5668:
5666:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5637:Transportation
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
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5549:
5548:
5546:
5545:
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5533:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5511:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5442:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5345:National parks
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5279:Climate change
5270:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5228:Marmara Region
5224:
5222:
5220:(west to east)
5209:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5135:
5133:Constitutional
5129:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5092:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5023:
5021:Transformation
5018:
5017:
5016:
5006:
5000:
4998:
4996:Ottoman Empire
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4965:
4963:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4880:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4857:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4458:European Union
4454:
4452:
4451:Other entities
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4405:other entities
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4351:United Kingdom
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4164:Czech Republic
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3912:Russian Empire
3909:
3904:
3902:British Empire
3899:
3897:Dutch Republic
3894:
3892:Swedish Empire
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3872:Spanish Empire
3869:
3864:
3862:Ottoman Empire
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Serbian Empire
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3613:Late antiquity
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3576:Roman Republic
3573:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3462:
3461:External links
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3439:Yesil, Bilge.
3437:
3427:
3418:
3407:
3388:(3): 561–583.
3371:
3361:
3351:
3344:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3310:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3275:Foreign Policy
3261:
3243:
3224:
3199:
3180:
3162:
3132:
3114:
3096:
3091:Deutsche Welle
3078:
3064:
3046:
3028:
3010:
2992:
2989:. independent.
2978:
2967:. 25 July 2016
2952:
2924:
2906:
2893:The New Yorker
2878:
2852:
2822:
2810:
2791:
2770:
2759:. 21 July 2015
2748:
2730:
2705:
2679:
2653:
2627:
2608:
2590:
2561:
2545:
2532:
2514:
2501:
2472:
2448:
2433:(in Turkish).
2421:Çandar, Cengiz
2412:
2394:
2368:
2342:
2305:
2291:
2277:
2255:
2233:
2208:
2201:
2183:
2154:
2147:
2129:
2104:
2084:
2062:
2040:
2017:
1991:
1976:
1956:
1934:
1912:
1898:
1878:
1848:
1832:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1780:
1778:(London 2009).
1767:
1754:
1741:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1693:William Hale,
1686:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1639:by Kemal Özcan
1627:
1602:
1595:Malaya Tribune
1582:
1570:
1563:
1545:
1538:
1520:
1493:(4): 513–552.
1487:World Politics
1477:
1470:
1452:
1450:, p. 260.
1440:
1433:
1419:Fromkin, David
1410:
1403:
1385:
1376:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1331:
1328:History portal
1315:
1312:
1308:local election
1065:2007 elections
1023:
1020:
1016:European Union
1004:1999 elections
998:(CHP), led by
938:1995 elections
929:
926:
882:village guards
836:
833:
786:Cyprus dispute
780:, in separate
778:Greek Cypriots
736:staged by the
673:
672:Military coups
670:
666:Adnan Menderes
650:
647:
642:Main article:
639:
636:
619:
616:
601:United Nations
533:
530:
507:
506:Foreign policy
504:
494:
493:Infrastructure
491:
489:
486:
484:in July 1932.
461:
460:
453:
450:Masonic lodges
446:
443:
440:
433:
426:
419:
412:
405:
402:
391:
380:
377:Ottoman Sultan
344:Latin alphabet
287:
284:
279:Main article:
276:
273:
218:Central Powers
186:Young Ottomans
176:, ruled as an
166:
163:
118:
117:
113:
112:
105:
94:
72:
69:
58:
51:
44:(October 2020)
32:
31:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
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4:
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6112:
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5490:
5487:
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5480:
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5435:
5427:
5424:
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5409:
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5387:
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5380:
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5351:
5348:
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5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5308:Air pollution
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5277:
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5272:
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5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Aegean Region
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Turkification
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5140:
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5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
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5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
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5080:
5078:
5074:
5066:
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5058:
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5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5029:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5009:Classical Age
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4969:Seljuk Empire
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4878:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4848:
4847:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:South Ossetia
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4763:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
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4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
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4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Faroe Islands
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:South Ossetia
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
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4319:
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4314:
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4309:
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4299:
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4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:Liechtenstein
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
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4177:
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4089:
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4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Art of Europe
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
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3868:
3865:
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3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3807:Modern period
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
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3511:
3509:
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3497:
3496:
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3480:
3474:
3473:
3472:Life magazine
3468:
3465:
3464:
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3456:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:online review
3442:
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3356:
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3324:
3320:
3317:. Constable.
3316:
3311:
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3265:
3262:
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2805:The Telegraph
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2693:Straits Times
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2018:
2005:
2001:
1995:
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1969:0-86210-156-5
1966:
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1761:S. Deringil,
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1539:9783640402854
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1342:Turkey portal
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1275:Turkey (bird)
1271:
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1120:
1117:Although the
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1103:
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1021:
1019:
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1013:
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1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Welfare Party
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
957:Gazi Massacre
953:
952:at the helm.
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
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891:
887:
883:
879:
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867:
863:
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847:, August 2015
846:
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832:
830:
826:
822:
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810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:as dictator,
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
713:
711:
706:
705:on the left.
704:
703:Bülent Ecevit
700:
696:
692:
691:Justice Party
687:
683:
679:
671:
669:
667:
662:
660:
656:
648:
645:
637:
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190:Abdülhamid II
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5907:Illumination
5843:Architecture
5771:Human rights
5759:Universities
5677:Ethnic Kurds
5664:Demographics
5575:Construction
5076:
4806:Dependencies
4736:Turkmenistan
4701:Saudi Arabia
4394:Transnistria
4356:Vatican City
3967:World War II
3820:Early modern
3797:Kalmar Union
3668:Papal States
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1073:Abdullah Gül
1046:
1000:Deniz Baykal
988:Virtue Party
973:
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950:Tansu Çiller
942:Mesut Yılmaz
931:
914:negotiations
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5991:Video games
5783:Individuals
5776:LGBT rights
5766:Health care
5733:Immigration
5514:Gendarmerie
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5389:Legislative
5286:Earthquakes
5171:Oghuz Turks
5060:Dissolution
4865:Asia portal
4766:States with
4686:Philippines
4626:South Korea
4621:North Korea
4516:Afghanistan
4432:Isle of Man
4367:recognition
4336:Switzerland
4271:Netherlands
3952:World War I
3942:Nationalism
3830:Reformation
3815:Renaissance
3787:Black Death
3720:Kievan Rus'
3623:Middle Ages
3286:Works cited
3155:20 December
2899:13 December
2583:12 December
2555:Cagaptay,
2122:10 November
2073:. Ekurd.net
1927:25 December
1815:Гречко 1976
1803:Гречко 1976
1774:N. Tamkin,
1357:(1920–1923)
1250:An ongoing
1041:Şafak Pavey
948:, now with
821:Turgut Özal
809:Martial law
805:Kenan Evren
686:Celal Bayar
659:in May 1950
657:government
549:Axis powers
538:İsmet İnönü
230:Balkan Wars
205:Young Turks
192:to realize
174: 1299
5932:Newspapers
5917:Literature
5897:Folk dance
5798:Corruption
5682:Minorities
5610:Renewables
5565:Automotive
5374:Government
5105:Secularism
4746:Uzbekistan
4721:Tajikistan
4636:Kyrgyzstan
4616:Kazakhstan
4536:Bangladesh
4526:Azerbaijan
4306:San Marino
4266:Montenegro
4246:Luxembourg
4226:Kazakhstan
4129:Azerbaijan
3715:Viking Age
3530:Prehistory
3455:Amazon.com
3435:Amazon.com
3342:Amazon.com
2871:10 October
2845:13 October
2784:7 December
2763:7 December
2723:7 December
2698:7 December
2672:7 December
2646:7 December
2407:bianet.org
2335:16 October
2176:20 October
1971:, page 1;
1949:1 February
1615:chroniknet
1362:References
1262:caused by
1156:40 seats.
1152:59 seats,
976:memorandum
934:South-East
866:separation
858:A conflict
851:See also:
845:Diyarbakır
819:(ANAP) of
770:Annan Plan
610:as one of
457:secularism
423:civil code
165:Background
39:in Turkish
5986:TV series
5944:Miniature
5887:Festivals
5803:Terrorism
5754:Education
5687:Languages
5531:Air Force
5446:Elections
5394:Executive
5340:Mountains
5207:Geography
5126:Overviews
5065:Partition
5031:Tulip era
4832:Hong Kong
4786:Palestine
4711:Sri Lanka
4706:Singapore
4586:Indonesia
4422:Gibraltar
4241:Lithuania
3762:Feudalism
3733:Catalonia
3402:145773201
3323:718448089
3141:"Covid19"
2971:5 October
2640:The Local
2465:18 August
2117:Aa.com.tr
1905:16 August
1668:"History"
1577:Webster,
1515:154071871
1238:His death
1184:overthrow
1180:attempted
1107:Ergenekon
920:when the
906:terrorism
872:, mainly
870:Kurdistan
825:Gaziantep
576:Çınaraltı
416:penal law
395:Caliphate
137:Mehmed VI
130:overthrow
102:talk page
6094:Category
6036:Category
5974:Football
5959:Painting
5902:Folklore
5810:Marriage
5716:Istanbul
5699:Religion
5652:Railways
5642:Aviation
5580:Currency
5438:Politics
5406:Judicial
5382:Branches
5360:Wildlife
5150:Military
5138:Economic
5043:Tanzimat
4855:Category
4776:Abkhazia
4726:Thailand
4681:Pakistan
4661:Mongolia
4656:Maldives
4651:Malaysia
4551:Cambodia
4442:Svalbard
4427:Guernsey
4374:Abkhazia
4321:Slovenia
4316:Slovakia
4291:Portugal
4149:Bulgaria
4001:See also
3972:Cold War
3767:Crusades
3737:Valencia
3306:14013882
3175:euronews
3059:BBC News
3005:ABC News
2919:BBC News
2865:BBC News
2603:BBC News
2435:Archived
2387:3 August
2361:21 March
2270:18 April
2248:18 April
2171:Refworld
2077:15 April
2033:15 April
2010:12 April
1845:in JSTOR
1620:16 April
1421:(2009).
1314:See also
1223:election
1163:between
1131:election
1057:Istanbul
969:Ümraniye
742:Makarios
732:and the
370:Reforms:
368:Kemalist
228:and the
78:provide
6072:Outline
6048:Commons
5981:Theater
5964:Pottery
5880:Ottoman
5875:Cuisine
5853:Ottoman
5830:Culture
5815:Poverty
5747:Society
5632:Tourism
5585:Defense
5557:Economy
5399:Cabinet
5330:Geology
5274:Climate
5216:Regions
5143:Ottoman
4961:Beyliks
4957:Seljuks
4922:History
4751:Vietnam
4666:Myanmar
4646:Lebanon
4576:Georgia
4531:Bahrain
4521:Armenia
4346:Ukraine
4296:Romania
4256:Moldova
4214:Ireland
4209:Iceland
4204:Hungary
4194:Germany
4189:Georgia
4179:Finland
4174:Estonia
4169:Denmark
4154:Croatia
4139:Belgium
4134:Belarus
4124:Austria
4119:Armenia
4114:Andorra
4109:Albania
3842:Baroque
3741:Majorca
3653:Francia
3453:(2004)
3433:(2003)
3367:(2019)
3357:(2011)
3340:(2011)
3127:Reuters
2965:cpj.org
2945:19 July
2559:(2020).
2494:27 July
2441:27 July
2322:cia.gov
2226:28 June
2055:23 July
1871:2 March
1507:2009591
1221:in the
1198:torture
1136:In the
910:treason
900:by the
898:Nairobi
862:Kurdish
750:Sampson
581:Bozkurt
570:Bozkurt
411:lodges.
409:dervish
386:of the
361:(1930).
262:secular
153:to the
100:to the
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6024:Portal
5969:Sports
5870:Cinema
5865:Carpet
5848:Seljuk
5838:Anthem
5721:Ankara
5590:Energy
5482:Topics
5350:Rivers
5267:Topics
5159:Topics
4914:Turkey
4796:Taiwan
4731:Turkey
4696:Russia
4631:Kuwait
4611:Jordan
4601:Israel
4561:Cyprus
4546:Brunei
4541:Bhutan
4437:Jersey
4379:Kosovo
4341:Turkey
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738:EOKA B
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253:Samsun
241:Allies
184:. The
134:Sultan
5954:Names
5949:Music
5922:Media
5793:Crime
5726:İzmir
5335:Lakes
5320:Fauna
4837:Macau
4756:Yemen
4716:Syria
4691:Qatar
4671:Nepal
4606:Japan
4581:India
4571:Egypt
4556:China
4412:Åland
4326:Spain
4251:Malta
4221:Italy
3698:Genoa
3676:First
3398:S2CID
3296:[
2487:Sabah
2430:Sabah
2329:(PDF)
2318:(PDF)
1511:S2CID
1503:JSTOR
961:Alevi
559:with
359:Tokat
269:Ulema
62:DeepL
5996:Wine
5892:Flag
5595:Coal
5541:Navy
5536:Land
5004:Rise
4959:and
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4641:Laos
4596:Iraq
4591:Iran
3703:Pisa
3319:OCLC
3302:OCLC
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3157:2020
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2847:2015
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2765:2016
2725:2016
2700:2016
2674:2016
2648:2016
2585:2013
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2467:2010
2443:2008
2389:2015
2363:2013
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2197:ISBN
2178:2020
2143:ISBN
2124:2016
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2057:2013
2035:2011
2012:2016
1965:ISBN
1951:2017
1929:2006
1907:2011
1894:ISBN
1873:2011
1790:Life
1681:2020
1622:2024
1559:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1429:ISBN
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1083:and
1077:Iraq
967:and
965:Gazi
908:and
886:OHAL
680:led
586:Baku
573:and
551:and
235:The
122:The
76:must
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5860:Art
5605:Oil
5600:Gas
4808:and
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1495:doi
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1182:to
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1150:HDP
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1095:AKP
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1081:MHP
1039:MP
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