History of the SAT - Knowledge (XXG)

2016:

evidence to support answers, a shift away from obscure vocabulary to words that students are more likely to encounter in college and career, an optional essay, questions having four rather than five answer options, and the removal of penalty for wrong answers (rights-only scoring). The Critical Reading section was replaced with the new Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section (the Reading Test and the Writing and Language Test). The scope of mathematics content was narrowed to include fewer topics, including linear equations, ratios, and other precalculus topics. The essay score was separated from the final score, and institutions could choose whether or not to consider it. As a result of these changes, the highest score was returned to 1600. These modifications were the first major redesign to the structure of the test since 2005. As the test no longer deducts points for wrong answers, the numerical scores and the percentiles appeared to have increased after the new SAT was unveiled in 2016. However, this does not necessarily mean students came better prepared.

1526:

creation of such an entity. Brigham felt that the interests of a consolidated testing agency would be more aligned with sales or marketing than with research into the science of testing. It has been argued that the interest of the ETS in expanding the SAT in order to support its operations aligned with the desire of public college and university faculties to have smaller, diversified, and more academic student bodies as a means to increase research activities. In 1951, about 80,000 SATs were taken; in 1961, about 800,000; and by 1971, about 1.5 million SATs were being taken each year. As more and more students from all over the U.S. tried to enter college, the SAT became more of a high-stakes exam; colleges needed something they could trust to fairly assess a prospective student's scholastic aptitude.

1813:

passages were chosen to be more like typical college-level reading material, compared to previous SAT reading passages. The changes for increased emphasis on analytical reading were made in response to a 1990 report issued by a commission established by the College Board. The commission recommended that the SAT should, among other things, "approximate more closely the skills used in college and high school work". A mandatory essay had been considered as well for the new version of the SAT; however, criticism from minority groups, as well as a concomitant increase in the cost of the test necessary to grade the essay, led the College Board to drop it from the planned changes.

1762:, and as a consequence, average verbal and math scores could vary from that time forward. In 1952, mean verbal and math scores were 476 and 494, respectively, and scores were generally stable in the 1950s and early 1960s. However, starting in the mid-1960s and continuing until the early 1980s, SAT scores declined: the average verbal score dropped by about 50 points, and the average math score fell by about 30 points. By the late 1970s, only the upper third of test takers were doing as well as the upper half of those taking the SAT in 1963. From 1961 to 1977, the number of SATs taken per year doubled, suggesting that the decline could be explained by 1741:(linked) to the April 1941 test. All SAT verbal sections after 1941 were equated to previous tests so that the same scores on different SATs would be comparable. Similarly, in June 1942 the SAT math section was equated to the April 1942 math section, which itself was linked to the 1942 SAT verbal section, and all SAT math sections after 1942 would be equated to previous tests. From this point forward, SAT mean scores could change over time, depending on the average ability of the group taking the test compared to the roughly 10,600 students taking the SAT in April 1941. The 1941 and 1942 score scales would remain in use until 1995. 1717:

choices), double definitions (filling in two blanks with provided words to best complete a sentence), and paragraph reading. In 1936, analogies were re-added. Between 1936 and 1946, students had between 80 and 115 minutes to answer 250 verbal questions (over a third of which were on antonyms). The mathematics test introduced in 1930 contained 100 free response questions to be answered in 80 minutes and focused primarily on speed. From 1936 to 1941, like the 1928 and 1929 tests, the mathematics section was eliminated. When the mathematics portion of the test was re-added in 1942, it consisted of multiple-choice questions.

1540: 2007:, New York, in which high-scoring test takers were using fake photo IDs to take the SAT for other students. In addition to the registration photo stipulation, test takers were required to identify their high school, to which their scores, as well as the submitted photos, would be sent. In the event of an investigation involving the validity of a student's test scores, their photo may be made available to institutions to which they have sent scores. Any college that is granted access to a student's photo is first required to certify that the student has been admitted to the college requesting the photo. 1939:

reported a multiple-choice subscore that ranged from 20 to 80 points. Other factors included the desire to test the writing ability of each student; hence the essay. The writing section added an additional maximum 800 points to the score, which increased the new maximum score to 2400. The "New SAT" was first offered on March 12, 2005, after the last administration of the "old" SAT in January 2005. The mathematics section was expanded to cover three years of high school mathematics. To emphasize the importance of reading, the verbal section's name was changed to the Critical Reading section.

1962:

college admissions officials agreed that the new policy would help to alleviate student test anxiety, while others questioned whether the change was primarily an attempt to make the SAT more competitive with the ACT, which had long had a comparable score choice policy. Recognizing that some colleges would want to see the scores from all tests taken by a student, under this new policy, the College Board would encourage but not force students to follow the requirements of each college to which scores would be sent. A number of highly selective colleges and universities, including

1862:

and a single omission out of 85 questions could lead to a drop of 30 or 40 points in the scaled score. Corrections to scores above 700 had been necessary to reduce the size of the gaps and to make a perfect raw score result in an 800. At the other end of the scale, about 1.5 percent of test-takers would have scored below 200 on the verbal section if that had not been the reported minimum score. Although the math score averages were closer to the center of the scale (500) than the verbal scores, the distribution of math scores was no longer well approximated by a

1643: 1948:

students who were given a lower score than they earned, but at this point many of those students had already applied to colleges using their original scores. The College Board decided not to change the scores for the students who were given a higher score than they earned. A lawsuit was filed in 2006 on behalf of the 4,411 students who received an incorrect score on the SAT. The class-action suit was settled in August 2007, when the College Board and

1820:. Test-takers were now permitted to use calculators on the math sections of the SAT. Also, for the first time since 1935, the SAT would now include some math questions that were not multiple choice, and would require students to supply the answers for those questions. Additionally, some of these "student-produced response" questions could have more than one correct answer. The tested mathematics content on the SAT was expanded to include concepts of 2036:

faced. However, this triggered a backlash from the general public as people were skeptical of how complex information could be conveyed with a single number and were concerned that it might be politically weaponized. The College Board abandoned the Adversity Score in August 2019 and created a new tool called 'Landscape' to provide the same sort of details to admissions officers using government information but without calculating a score.

1708:

of the sections tested verbal ability: math was eliminated from the SAT. The test developers, using test score data from 1926 and 1927 to calculate correlations between the various SAT sub-tests, felt that the mathematics sections were measuring a different component of intelligence than the verbal sections, and should be removed to be re-developed later as sub-tests with a score separate from that of the verbal sections.

1750:

Starting in 1958, time limits became more stable, and for 17 years, until 1975, students had 75 minutes to answer 90 questions. In 1959, questions on data sufficiency were introduced to the mathematics section and then replaced with quantitative comparisons in 1974. In 1974, both verbal and math sections were reduced from 75 minutes to 60 minutes each, with changes in test composition compensating for the decreased time.

1922:

matching the score policy for the traditional SAT tests that required students to release all scores to colleges. The College Board said that, under the old score policy, many students who waited to release scores would forget to do so and miss admissions deadlines. It was also suggested that the old policy of allowing students the option of which scores to report favored students who could afford to retake the tests.

2048:, which made administering and taking the tests difficult, on January 19, 2021, the College Board announced plans to discontinue the optional SAT essay following the June 2021 administration. Although the SAT essay was discontinued by the start of the 2021-22 school year for national administrations, the essay continues to be administered in some states as a part of their state-wide SAT school-day testing programs. 2065:

would also carry information about two-year collegiate programs and vocational training. Students may bring their own laptop or tablet computers but must sit at a designated location; those without a device will be provided with one. The College Board also announced that the SAT would be shortened to roughly two hours from three, with an onscreen calculator provided for the math section.

1699:. The test was paced rather quickly: test-takers were given 97 minutes to answer 315 questions. The raw score of each participating student was converted to a score scale with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 100. This scale was effectively equivalent to a 200 to 800 scale, although students could score more than 800 and less than 200. 2069:

length of the SAT 2 hours and 14 minutes. In each section, the questions posed in the second module depend on the performance of the student on the questions in the first module. Both math modules allow the use of a calculator: either an onscreen Desmos-based graphing calculator, or a physical one that the student brings.

5005: 1628:. The College Board exams, which required essay responses from students and took several days to administer, were graded on a scale with a maximum score of 100. Until 1910, the grades were accompanied by verbal designations: "Excellent" (90-100), "Good" (75-89), "Doubtful" (60-74), "Poor" (40-49) [ 2035:

In May 2019, the College Board announced that it would calculate each SAT taker's "Adversity Score" using factors such as the proportion of students in a school district receiving free or subsidized lunch or the level of crime in that neighborhood. The higher the score, the more adversity the student

2068:

On March 9, 2024, the digital version of the SAT was administered nationwide in the United States. The test consists of two sections: Reading and Writing, and Math, with two 32-minute modules for reading and writing (64 minutes total) and two 35-minute modules for math (70 minutes total), making the

2051:

While some administrations of the SAT were canceled during the pandemic, others continued with precautionary measures such as requirements of temperature checks, enhanced ventilation, higher ceilings, physical distancing, and face masks. The College Board also announced the immediate discontinuation

1883:

Certain educational organizations viewed the SAT recentering initiative as an attempt to stave off international embarrassment in regards to continuously declining test scores, even among top students. As evidence, it was presented that the number of pupils who scored above 600 on the verbal portion

1861:

The drop in SAT verbal scores, in particular, meant that the usefulness of the SAT score scale (200 to 800) had become degraded. At the top end of the verbal scale, significant gaps were occurring between raw scores and uncorrected scaled scores: a perfect raw score no longer corresponded to an 800,

1716:

In 1930 the SAT was first split into the verbal and math sections, a structure that would continue until 2005 when a new writing section would be added. The verbal section of the 1930 test covered a more narrow range of content than its predecessors, examining only antonyms (with six possible answer

1707:

In 1928, the number of sections on the SAT was reduced to seven, and the time limit was increased to slightly under two hours. In 1929, the number of sections was again reduced, this time to six. These changes were designed in part to give test-takers more time per question. For these two years, all

1500:

The SAT rose in prominence after World War II due to several factors. Machine-based scoring of multiple-choice tests taken by pencil had made it possible to rapidly process the exams. At the time, elite colleges were admitting mainly students from elite private schools and wanted to take in students

1961:

As part of an effort to “reduce student stress and improve the test-day experience", in late 2008 the College Board announced that the Score Choice option, recently dropped for SAT subject exams, would be available for both the SAT subject tests and the SAT starting in March 2009. At the time, some

1733:

of 100. Although one test-taker could be compared to another for a given test date, comparisons from one year to another could not be made. For example, a score of 500 achieved on an SAT taken in one year could reflect a different ability level than a score of 500 achieved in another year. By 1940,

2002:

Beginning in the fall of 2012, test takers were required to submit a current, recognizable photo during registration. In order to be admitted to their designated test center, students were required to present their photo admission ticket—or another acceptable form of photo ID—for comparison to the

1938:

from the verbal section and quantitative comparison items from the math section. A new writing section, with an essay, based on the former SAT II Writing Subject Test, was added, in part to increase the chances of closing the opening gap between the highest and midrange scores. The writing section

1947:

In March 2006, it was announced that a small percentage of the SATs taken in October 2005 had been scored incorrectly due to the test papers being moist and not scanning properly and that some students had received erroneous scores. The College Board announced they would change the scores for the

1921:

Since 1993, using a policy referred to as "Score Choice", students taking the SAT-II subject exams were able to choose whether or not to report the resulting scores to a college to which the student was applying. In October 2002, the College Board dropped the Score Choice option for SAT-II exams,

2064:

In January 2022, College Board revealed its plan to administer the SAT digitally to American students in 2024 and to students in other countries in 2023. The digital format of the test would simplify logistics and allow scores to be determined in a matter of days rather than weeks. Score reports

2015:

On March 5, 2014, the College Board announced its plan to redesign the SAT in order to link the exam more closely to the work high school students encounter in the classroom. The new exam was administered for the first time in March 2016. Some of the major changes were: an emphasis on the use of

1874:

would have a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 110. Because the new scale would not be directly comparable to the old scale, scores awarded in April 1995 and later were officially reported with an "R" (for example, "560R") to reflect the change in scale, a practice that was continued until

1857:

in the fall of 1995 were 670 (verbal) and 720 (math). For the majority of SAT takers, however, verbal and math scores were below 500: In 1992, half of the college-bound seniors taking the SAT were scoring between 340 and 500 on the verbal section and between 380 and 560 on the math section, with

1848:

By the early 1990s, average combined SAT scores were around 900 (typically, 425 on the verbal and 475 on the math). The average scores on the 1994 modification of the SAT I were similar: 428 on the verbal and 482 on the math. SAT scores for admitted applicants to highly selective colleges in the

1812:

In early 1994, substantial changes were made to the SAT. Antonyms were removed from the verbal section in order to make rote memorization of vocabulary less useful. Also, the fraction of verbal questions devoted to passage-based reading material was increased from about 30% to about 50%, and the

1766:

changes in the group of students taking the SAT. Commissioned by the College Board, an independent study of the decline found that most (up to about 75%) of the test decline in the 1960s could be explained by compositional changes in the group of students taking the test; however, only about 25

1678:

in 1925. For example, sub-test three (analogies) of the Princeton test was used verbatim (except for the ordering of the questions) as the SAT analogies sub-test. The Princeton test was itself derived from material taken from intelligence tests administered to recruits to the United States Army

1749:

Paragraph reading was eliminated from the verbal portion of the SAT in 1946, and replaced with reading comprehension, and "double definition" questions were replaced with sentence completions. Between 1946 and 1957, students were given 90 to 100 minutes to complete 107 to 170 verbal questions.

1525:

for use with Conant's scholarship exams. The new organization was to be philosophically grounded in the concepts of open-minded, scientific research in testing with no doctrine to sell and with an eye toward public service. The ETS was chartered after the death of Brigham, who had opposed the

1869:

Beginning with the test administered in April 1995, the SAT score scale was recentered to return the average math and verbal scores close to 500. Although only 25 students had received perfect scores of 1600 in all of 1994, 137 students taking the April test scored 1600. The new scale used a

1775:

By the late 1980s, the College Board was considering changes to its testing program and had asked a group of educators and administrators from high schools and colleges to form a commission to review and advise the College Board proposals. In a 1990 report, the commission suggested that the

50:, was first administered on June 23, 1926, to about 8,000 students. The test was introduced as a supplement to the College Board essay exams already in use for college admissions, but ease of administration of the SAT and other factors led to the discontinuation of the essay exams during 1536:, it came to light that some wealthy parents obtained extra time on the SATs from doctors willing to sign off on false reports for the students. Already in the 2000s, concerns over parents obtaining fraudulent mental diagnoses to give their children an unfair advantage had been raised. 1679:

during World War I. Like many intelligence tests of the time, the non-mathematical questions on the SAT put considerable weight on word definitions and usage. The SAT was administered to 8,040 students (60% of them men) at over 300 test centers. The majority of men were applying to

1456:" (IQ) in a person. The results of an IQ test could then be used to find an elite group of students who would be given the chance to finish high school and go on to college. By the mid-1920s, the increasing use of IQ tests, such as the Army Alpha test administered to recruits in 5001: 1875:

2001. Scores awarded before April 1995 may be compared to those on the recentered scale by using official College Board tables. For example, verbal and math scores of 500 received before 1995 correspond to scores of 580 and 520, respectively, on the 1995 scale.

1767:

percent of the 1970s decrease in test scores could similarly be explained. Later analyses suggested that up to 40 percent of the 1970s decline in scores could be explained by demographic changes, leaving unknown at least some of the reasons for the decline.

4989: 1464:, argued that the test predicted success in higher education by identifying candidates primarily on the basis of intellectual promise rather than on specific accomplishment in high school subjects, with the specific aim to exclude Black students: 2730: 1804:. The president of the College Board at the time said that the name change was meant "to correct the impression among some people that the SAT measures something that is innate and impervious to change regardless of effort or instruction." 1952:

Measurement, the company that scored the SATs, announced they would pay $ 2.85 million into a settlement fund. Under the agreement, students could either elect to receive $ 275 or submit a claim for more money if the damage was greater.

4594: 1476:

By 1930, however, Brigham would repudiate his own conclusions, writing that "comparative studies of various national and racial groups may not be made with existing tests" and that SAT scores could not reflect some innate,

1472:. The tests, he wrote, would prove the racial superiority of white Americans and prevent 'the continued propagation of defective strains in the present population'—chiefly, the 'infiltration of white blood into the Negro.' 1978:, rejected the Score Choice option at the time. Since then, Cornell, University of Pennsylvania, and Stanford have all adopted Score Choice, but Yale continues to require applicants to submit all scores. Others, such as 4348:

Critics have panned the adversity score as a 'bogus . . . to rank students on a one-to-100 pseudoscientific index of oppression,' a 'backdoor to racial quotas,' and an approach that will 'only invite a new quest for

2599: 4428: 1908:

remarked that "calling the Scholastic Assessment Test is like calling it the Scholastic Test Test". Minor name changes would be made later: In 2004, the Roman numeral in SAT I: Reasoning Test was dropped, making

4485: 1493:. Specifically, Conant wanted to find students, other than those from the traditional northeastern private schools, that could do well at Harvard. The success of the scholarship program and the advent of 4868: 2722: 1650:

The first administration of the SAT occurred on June 23, 1926, when it was known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test. This test, prepared by a committee headed by eugenicist and Princeton psychologist

1433:, was formed in late 1899 to establish a nationally administered, uniform set of essay tests based on the curricula of the boarding schools that typically provided graduates to the colleges of the 1425:

In the late nineteenth century, elite colleges and universities had their own entrance exams and they required candidates to travel to the school to take the tests. To better organize matters, the

1737:

In order to make cross-year score comparisons possible, in April 1941 the SAT verbal section was scaled to a mean of 500, and a standard deviation of 100, and the June 1941 SAT verbal section was

1564:

were administered to 973 students across 67 locations in the United States, and two in Europe. Although those taking the test came from a variety of backgrounds, approximately one third were from

4997: 1509:(ETS) also played a significant role in the expansion of the SAT beyond the roughly fifty colleges that made up the College Board at the time. The ETS was formed in 1947 by the College Board, 4454: 3329: 2566: 4590: 54:. The SAT has since gone through numerous changes in content, duration, scoring, and name; the test was taken by more than 1.9 million students in the graduating high school class of 2023. 2128: 1441:, among others. The first College Board exam—covering mathematics, the physical sciences, history, languages, and other subjects—was administered in 1901 to fewer than 1,000 candidates. 4073: 4677: 4819: 4133: 3378: 4864: 4686: 3061: 2394: 1510: 3405: 3159: 1539: 3922: 3019: 1884:

of the test had fallen from a peak of 112,530 in 1972 to 73,080 in 1993, a 36% backslide, despite the fact that the total number of test-takers had risen by over 500,000.

4420: 1734:

it had become clear that setting the mean SAT score to 500 every year was unfair to those students who happened to take the SAT with a group of higher average ability.

5695: 4805: 3473: 1896:. However, in the spring of 1997, the College Board announced that the SAT by itself could not properly be called the Scholastic Assessment Test, and that the letters 1866:. These problems, among others, suggested that the original score scale and its reference group of about 10,000 students taking the SAT in 1941 needed to be replaced. 2998:

The College Board Admissions Testing Program: A Technical Report on Research and Development Activities Relating to the Scholastic Aptitude Test and Achievement Tests

2636: 4899: 1529:

During the 2010s, there was concern over the continued decline of SAT scores, which might be due to the expansion of the test-taking population. (See graph below.)

1481:

ability, but instead would be "a composite including schooling, family background, familiarity with English and everything else, relevant and irrelevant." In 1934,

4227: 3621: 3190: 4844: 4795: 4477: 4039: 4848: 4332: 3890: 4893: 4193: 3503: 1986:, allow students to choose which scores they submit, and use only the highest score from each section when making admission decisions. Still others, such as 2003:

one submitted by the student at the time of registration. The changes were made in response to a series of cheating incidents, primarily at high schools in

4670: 3351: 1817: 4738: 3682: 2091: 5272: 4742: 2445: 1674:, and paragraph reading. Several sections of the SAT were minor revisions of those appearing in a test that Brigham had given to incoming freshman to 1994:, allow students to choose which scores they submit, considering only the test date with the highest combined score when making admission decisions. 1758:

From 1926 to 1941, scores on the SAT were scaled to make 500 the mean score on each section. In 1941 and 1942, SAT scores were standardized via test

5409: 4958: 4800: 4450: 4370: 3451: 3322: 1468:

created the test to uphold a racial caste system. He advanced this theory of standardized testing as a means of upholding racial purity in his book

4306: 3740: 2573: 5525: 5221: 5214: 5178: 5079: 4542: 4275: 1533: 35: 3590: 3525: 3105: 2892: 2803: 1576:. The majority of those taking the test were from private schools, academies, or endowed schools. About 60% of those taking the test applied to 5669: 5374: 4983: 4878: 4874: 4663: 4568: 2117: 1892:

After the 1994 changes to the SAT, major news organizations, as well as the president of the College Board, referred to the SAT using the name

4099: 5350: 4065: 2291: 1788:

because the test could "no longer be accurately described as a test of aptitude". In 1993, the College Board changed the name of the test to

3563: 19:

This article is about the college admission test in the United States of America. For the exams in England colloquially known as SATs, see

4755: 4163: 4125: 2852: 1497:

led to the end of the College Board essay exams and to the SAT being used as the only admissions test for College Board member colleges.

5345: 5011: 2970: 4907: 4853: 3382: 5633: 5279: 5185: 3864: 3771: 4726: 3397: 3151: 3053: 2509: 2384: 1934:

system. In order to have the SAT more closely reflect high school curricula, certain types of questions were eliminated, including

1816:

Major changes were also made to the SAT mathematics section at this time, due in part to the influence of suggestions made by the

5577: 4978: 4903: 4833: 4828: 4790: 4508: 2538: 5664: 3912: 3216: 2697: 2156: 1853:

in 1985 were 600 to 720 (verbal) and 660 to 750 (math). Similarly, median scores on the modified 1994 SAT for freshmen entering

5596: 5572: 5541: 5159: 4993: 4889: 4883: 4858: 4811: 1913:

the name of the SAT, and in 2016 the "Reasoning Test" portion of the name was eliminated when the test was redesigned in 2016.

5453: 5207: 3802: 3466: 20: 3304: 3021: 2474: 5166: 4948: 4700: 3643: 2628: 1514: 3825: 3613: 3182: 1870:

reference group of about one million seniors in the class of 1990: the scale was designed so that the SAT scores of this

4928: 4219: 3966: 2201:"The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)" 1518: 3427:

Horwitz, Sari (May 5, 1995). "Perfectly Happy With Her SAT; D.C. Junior Aces Scholastic Assessment Test With a 1,600".

2316: 5690: 5659: 5366: 5265: 5253: 5072: 4392: 4032: 3704: 1506: 4613: 4421:"Adjusting to 'new realities' in admissions process, College Board eliminates SAT's optional essay and subject tests" 3252: 1849:

United States were typically much higher. For example, the score ranges of the middle 50% of admitted applicants to

5628: 4838: 4815: 4185: 3886: 1967: 1871: 1684: 1430: 4823: 3495: 3253:"Yale University Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) Scores for Freshmen Matriculants Class of 1980 – Class of 2017" 3355: 3038:

Stedman, Lawrence; Kaestle, Carl (1991). "The Great Test Score Decline: A Closer Look". In Kaestle, Carl (ed.).

5489: 5404: 5294: 5108: 4362: 2888: 2799: 1931: 1438: 4633: 4655: 4534: 3674: 3287: 3002: 5520: 1987: 2224: 5065: 5036: 4963: 4705: 3443: 5608: 5446: 5440: 4774: 3917: 3732: 1453: 1460:, led the College Board to commission the development of the SAT. The commission, headed by eugenicist 3586: 2880: 2791: 2266: 5565: 5552: 5031: 4732: 4333:"The College Board's Inclusion of Family Structure Indicators Could Help More Disadvantaged Students" 3533: 3113: 1850: 1675: 4564: 2567:"On Further Examination: Report of the Advisory Panel on the Scholastic Aptitude Test Score Decline" 5603: 5588: 5379: 4923: 3944: 1863: 1577: 1482: 4095: 5559: 5546: 5384: 4968: 4750: 2960:"The Recentering of SAT® Scales and Its Effects on Score Distributions and Score Interpretations" 2773: 2679: 2660:"Declines in vocabulary among American adults within levels of educational attainment, 1974–2016" 1991: 1983: 1730: 1490: 1478: 4943: 3555: 2753: 2092:"Board Revises Entrance Tests; June Examinations Replaced by New Form in April, June, September" 2532:"What Does It Mean to Be a Nonprofit Educational Measurement Organization in the 21st Century?" 1452:'s in American schools. Terman in particular thought that such tests could identify an innate " 5394: 5389: 5148: 5015: 4760: 4155: 2845: 2053: 2045: 1949: 1837: 1793: 1692: 1671: 1609: 1589: 1585: 31: 3988: 2178: 5414: 2959: 2765: 2671: 2020: 1597: 1581: 1565: 1522: 4478:"How SAT testing sites are adapting to COVID restrictions: Lower your mask for an ID check" 1642: 5314: 5102: 3856: 3763: 3308: 3135:

Jordan, Mary (March 27, 1993). "SAT Changes Name, But It Won't Score 1,600 With Critics".

3025: 2754:"Brain Imaging Studies of Intelligence and Creativity: What is the Picture for Education?" 1854: 1825: 1726: 1680: 16:

The history of a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States

4933: 3090:

Pitsch, Mark (November 7, 1990). "S.A.T. Revisions Will Be Included In Spring '94 Test".

2503: 2031:

2019: Introduction and abandonment of the 'Adversity Score' and launching of 'Landscape'

1505:

produced an influx of millions of veterans into higher education. The formation of the

5458: 5309: 2531: 2249: 2056:

in the United States, and the same internationally after the June 2021 administration.

1926:

2005: SAT is changed to include a writing section with essay and a new 2400-point score

1901: 1696: 1486: 2792:"frontline: secrets of the sat: where did the test come from?: the 1901 college board" 5684: 5463: 5399: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5088: 3559: 3529: 3212: 3109: 2777: 2683: 2348:

Lemann, Nicholas (2004). "A History of Admissions Testing". In Zwick, Rebecca (ed.).

2152: 2124: 1905: 1688: 1561: 1426: 43: 4638:. Ph.D. dissertation in American History at the University of Oregon. Archived from 5505: 5499: 5494: 5484: 4973: 4010: 3794: 2499: 2446:"Why colleges are reconsidering their reliance on standardized tests for admission" 2389: 2200: 2024: 1763: 1651: 1573: 1494: 1461: 1449: 1445: 51: 47: 3301: 3213:"Scholastic Assessment Test Score Averages for High-School College-Bound Seniors" 3016: 2675: 5638: 5435: 5430: 4249: 2846:"Research Report No. 2003-3: A Historical Perspective on the Content of the SAT" 2844:

Lawrence, Ida; Rigol, Gretchen W.; Van Essen, Thomas; Jackson, Carol A. (2003).

2470: 2004: 1829: 1617: 1457: 3651: 2659: 2350:

Rethinking the SAT: The Future of Standardized Testing in University Admissions

5513: 5479: 5137: 5041: 4953: 4770: 4722: 3833: 2769: 1777: 1659: 1655: 1569: 1434: 1930:

In 2005, the test was changed again, largely in response to criticism by the

3323:"When Close Is Perfect: Even 4 Errors Can't Prevent Top Score on New S.A.T." 2881:"frontline: secrets of the sat: where did the test come from?: the 1926 sat" 2600:"SAT scores at lowest level in 10 years, fueling worries about high schools" 1667: 1621: 1605: 1502: 4307:"College Board Drops Its 'Adversity Score' For Each Student After Backlash" 3075:

Commission on New Possibilities for the Admissions Testing Program (1990).

2225:"All About SAT Scores: National Average and Full Statistics | BestColleges" 5582: 4635:

The Scholastic Aptitude Test: Its Development and Introduction, 1900–1948

3256: 1975: 1759: 1738: 4746: 3826:"$ 2.85-Million Settlement Proposed in Lawsuit Over SAT-Scoring Errors" 2292:"2010 College-Bound Seniors - Total Group Profile Report - TOTAL GROUP" 1971: 1935: 1663: 1625: 1613: 1601: 3283:

College-Bound Seniors: 1992 Profile of SAT and Achievement Test Takers

2060:

2024: The SAT changes from a paper-and-pencil test to a digital format

2040:

2020–2021: Discontinuation of the SAT essay and the impact of COVID-19

1687:, or Princeton University, and the majority of women were applying to 5046: 4938: 2723:"No one likes the SAT. It's still the fairest thing about admissions" 2011:

2016: Redesign of the SAT, including the return to a 1600-point score

1833: 3705:"Data Layout for SAT and SAT Subject Tests Electronic Score Reports" 1800:. Together, all of these tests were to be collectively known as the 1489:

used the SAT as a means to identify recipients for scholarships to

4649:

The Big Test : The Secret History of the American Meritocracy

3281: 3241:. New York: College Entrance Examination Board. 1985. p. 953. 2996: 2936:

The Big Test : The Secret History of the American Meritocracy

2698:"The Truth About Getting Extra Time on the SAT | Psychology Today" 1821: 1641: 1593: 4639: 2027:

to offer free online practice problems and instructional videos.

5057: 3001:. New York: College Entrance Examination Board. pp. 32–33. 1963: 1552:

A timeline of notable events in the history of the SAT follows.

5061: 4659: 2995:

Donlon, Thomas; Angoff, William (1971). Angoff, William (ed.).

5132: 4766: 1979: 1630: 39: 2153:"Data (SAT Program Participation And Performance Statistics)" 1917:

2002: "Score Choice" is discontinued for SAT II subject tests

1517:, to consolidate respectively the operations of the SAT, the 2023:

courses, the College Board announced a new partnership with

1844:

1995: SAT is recentered (raising the mean score back to 500)

1538: 4393:"An Update on Reducing and Simplifying Demands on Students" 2658:

Twenge, Jean; Campbell, W. Keith; Sherman, Ryne A. (2019).

2370:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 16–39. 2030: 4687:

Undergraduate admission tests to colleges and universities

4614:"Truth in testing: How the College Board flunked the SATs" 4509:"In major overhaul, SAT exam will soon be taken digitally" 3795:"Class-Action Lawsuit to Be Filed Over SAT Scoring Errors" 2572:. College Entrance Examination Board. 1977. Archived from 2267:"2005 College Bound Seniors Average SAT Scores - Fairtest" 1998:

2012: Increased security is introduced at SAT test centers

1858:

corresponding median scores of 420 and 470, respectively.

4363:"SAT 'Adversity Score' Is Abandoned in Wake of Criticism" 3989:"Freshman Application Requirements: Standardized Testing" 3054:"College Board Ponders Changes in College Admission Test" 2721:

Wai, Jonathan; Brown, Matt; Chabris, Christopher (2019).

1879:

1995: Controversy occurs over the recentering of the SAT

1725:

Until 1941, the scores on all SATs had been scaled to a

4276:"Sharpen those pencils: The SAT test is getting harder" 4033:"SAT® Score-Use Practices by Participating Institution" 3286:. College Entrance Examination Board. 1992. p. 9. 1721:

1941 and 1942: Standardized score scales are introduced

1543:

Historical average SAT scores of college-bound seniors.

3556:"What is the Difference Between the SAT and the PSAT?" 3467:"Insisting It's Nothing, Creator Says SAT, Not S.A.T." 4066:"SAT and ACT to Tighten Rules After Cheating Scandal" 3587:"College board drops 'score choice' for SAT-II exams" 3398:"Revised and Renamed, S.A.T. Brings Same Old Anxiety" 3152:"Revised and Renamed, S.A.T. Brings Same Old Anxiety" 2428:

The SAT – Its Development and Introduction, 1900–1948

1448:

and others began to promote the use of tests such as

3354:. College Entrance Examination Board. Archived from 1556:

1901: College Board begins administering essay exams

5647: 5621: 5534: 5472: 5423: 5359: 5338: 5302: 5293: 5146: 5125: 5118: 5095: 5024: 4916: 4783: 4714: 4693: 4535:"No More No. 2 Pencils: The SAT Goes Fully Digital" 3377:The Center for Education Reform (August 22, 1996). 2561: 2559: 1511:

Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching

38:to colleges and universities in the United States. 4011:"Standardized Testing Requirements & Policies" 2444:Brangham, William; Yang, John (November 5, 2019). 1957:2009: "Score Choice" becomes available for the SAT 1703:1928–1929: Math removed from SAT and other changes 2317:"Has the Pandemic Put an End to the SAT and ACT?" 1646:The analogies sub-test of the Princeton 1925 test 3857:"SAT Changes Policy, Opening Rift With Colleges" 3079:. College Entrance Examination Board. p. 9. 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2629:"SAT Scores Fall as More Students Take the Test" 2385:"The Problem with the SAT's Idea of Objectivity" 1888:1997: SAT renamed when the initialism is dropped 1745:1946: Verbal section changes are made to the SAT 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2379: 2377: 1466: 5073: 4671: 4156:"New, Reading-Heavy SAT Has Students Worried" 3614:"Students Protest Plan To Change Test Policy" 3183:"Revisions Adopted in College Entrance Tests" 2875: 2873: 2361: 2359: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2118:"2023 SAT Suite of Assessments Annual Report" 8: 3215:. National Center for Education Statistics. 2019:To combat the perceived advantage of costly 4126:"A New SAT Aims to Realign With Schoolwork" 3764:"SAT Errors Raise New Qualms About Testing" 2494: 2492: 2352:. New York: RoutledgeFalmer. pp. 5–14. 1818:National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 5299: 5122: 5080: 5066: 5058: 4678: 4664: 4656: 3644:"College Board To Alter SAT I for 2005–06" 2914: 2912: 2910: 1904:. At the time, the historian of education 61: 3913:"Cornell Rejects SAT Score Choice Option" 1560:On June 17, 1901, the first exams of the 1521:, and the achievement tests developed by 4476:Romalino, Carly Q. (February 17, 2021). 4361:Hartocollis, Anemona (August 27, 2019). 4119: 4117: 3379:"SAT Increase – The Real Story, Part II" 2752:Haier, Richard J.; Jung, Rex E. (2008). 2627:Hobbs, Tawnell D. (September 24, 2019). 2505:The College Board: Its First Fifty Years 1780:SAT, which up until this time stood for 1754:1960s and 1970s: Mean SAT scores decline 5696:Standardized tests in the United States 3496:"It's SAT, not S.A.T., and that's that" 2508:. New York: Columbia University Press. 2083: 1662:, classification, artificial language, 5670:National Merit Scholarship Corporation 4507:Thompson, Carolyn (January 25, 2022). 4488:from the original on February 19, 2021 4213: 4211: 4102:from the original on September 6, 2015 3889:. The College Board. 12 January 2016. 3774:from the original on September 1, 2017 3743:from the original on 15 September 2016 3593:from the original on February 12, 2017 3566:from the original on November 12, 2020 3302:Education Resources Information Center 3017:Education Resources Information Center 2851:. College Entrance Examination Board. 2733:from the original on November 17, 2020 2639:from the original on November 28, 2020 2439: 2437: 2366:Crouse, James; Trusheim, Dale (1988). 2310: 2308: 2159:from the original on February 21, 2014 2155:. College Entrance Examination Board. 1943:2005: Scoring problems of October SATs 4612:Freyer, Felice J. (August 24, 1982). 4431:from the original on February 4, 2021 4419:Aspegren, Elinor (January 19, 2021). 4414: 4412: 4410: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4230:from the original on October 21, 2020 4166:from the original on December 1, 2017 3805:from the original on October 23, 2014 3526:"SAT FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions" 3454:from the original on August 25, 2022. 3181:DePalma, Anthony (November 1, 1990). 3106:"SAT FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions" 3064:from the original on August 16, 2022. 3042:. Yale University Press. p. 132. 2923:. College Entrance Examination Board. 2895:from the original on October 31, 2007 2622: 2620: 1638:1926: First administration of the SAT 7: 5526:Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism 4373:from the original on August 31, 2023 3506:from the original on August 25, 2022 3442:Stewart, Donald (January 14, 1995). 3352:"SAT I Individual Score Equivalents" 2598:Anderson, Nick (September 3, 2015). 2179:"SAT Suite of Assessments - Reports" 5375:Comparative Government and Politics 4457:from the original on August 7, 2022 4451:"The SAT Essay: Overview (article)" 4250:"Overview of the 2016 SAT sections" 3945:"Standardized Testing Requirements" 3893:from the original on March 21, 2018 3867:from the original on March 12, 2018 3650:. 20 September 2002. Archived from 3624:from the original on March 12, 2018 3476:from the original on April 17, 2017 3193:from the original on April 17, 2017 2250:"SAT Results for the Class of 2009" 1840:, and problems involving counting. 1808:1994: Major changes made to the SAT 4571:from the original on March 6, 2024 4545:from the original on March 8, 2024 4064:Anderson, Jenny (March 27, 2012). 4045:from the original on April 7, 2009 3925:from the original on April 4, 2012 3465:Applebome, Peter (April 2, 1997). 3290:from the original on July 14, 2014 2806:from the original on March 4, 2012 1832:, elementary statistics including 1712:1930s: The SAT continues to change 1429:, a consortium of colleges in the 14: 4533:Goldstein, Dana (March 8, 2024). 4218:Murphy, James S. (May 12, 2016). 4196:from the original on May 15, 2014 4136:from the original on May 14, 2014 4076:from the original on May 29, 2018 3855:Rimer, Sara (December 30, 2008). 3830:The Chronicle of Higher Education 3762:Arenson, Karen (March 10, 2006). 3675:"New SAT Writing Test Is Planned" 3585:Schoenfeld, Jane (May 24, 2002). 3408:from the original on July 8, 2017 3396:Honan, William (March 20, 1994). 3332:from the original on July 8, 2017 3219:from the original on May 24, 2014 3162:from the original on July 8, 2017 3150:Honan, William (March 20, 1994). 3005:from the original on May 31, 2014 2976:from the original on May 31, 2014 2858:from the original on June 5, 2014 2544:from the original on 17 July 2011 2477:from the original on 27 July 2016 2248:Alban, Theresa R. (24 Sep 2009). 1784:, should be changed to stand for 1634:] or "Very Poor" (below 40). 1580:. The test contained sections on 34:commonly used for the purpose of 4597:from the original on 2024-03-10. 4305:Allyn, Bobby (August 27, 2019). 4186:"Key shifts of the SAT redesign" 3824:Hoover, Eric (August 24, 2007). 3793:Arenson, Karen (April 9, 2006). 3685:from the original on May 5, 2014 1470:A Study of American Intelligence 4274:Zoroya, Gregg (March 6, 2014). 3321:Barron, James (July 26, 1995). 2537:. Educational Testing Service. 2512:from the original on 2017-10-18 2471:"G.I Bill History and Timeline" 2397:from the original on 2019-11-12 2134:from the original on 2023-10-11 5535:World Languages & Cultures 4124:Lewin, Tamar (March 5, 2014). 3673:Lewin, Tamar (June 23, 2002). 3589:. St. Louis Business Journal. 2430:(Ph.D.). University of Oregon. 2315:Dance, Amber (July 15, 2021). 21:National Curriculum assessment 1: 4651:. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 3239:The College Handbook, 1985–86 3040:Literacy in the United States 2938:. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 1515:American Council on Education 5410:U.S. Government and Politics 5360:History & Social Science 5186:English Language Proficiency 4337:Institute for Family Studies 4096:"Test Security and Fairness" 3969:. University of Pennsylvania 3612:Zhao, Yilu (June 19, 2002). 3444:"Scholastic Assessment Test" 2676:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101377 1792:and changed the name of the 1501:from other backgrounds. The 46:and originally developed by 5665:Math–verbal achievement gap 5660:Educational Testing Service 5454:Computer Science Principles 5424:Math & Computer Science 4565:"How the SAT is Structured" 3733:"Understanding the New SAT" 2967:Research Report No. 2002-11 1802:Scholastic Assessment Tests 1507:Educational Testing Service 5712: 4331:Rowe, Ian (June 3, 2019). 4220:"How Hard Is the New SAT?" 1968:University of Pennsylvania 1902:did not stand for anything 1894:Scholastic Assessment Test 1786:Scholastic Assessment Test 1685:University of Pennsylvania 1431:northeastern United States 18: 5634:College Level Examination 4647:Lemann, Nicholas (2000). 2934:Lemann, Nicholas (2000). 2770:10.1080/02783190802199347 1444:In the same time period, 75: 72: 69: 5500:Physics 2: Algebra-Based 5495:Physics 1: Algebra-Based 5367:African American Studies 4632:Hubin, David R. (1988). 4591:"Calculators on the SAT" 2426:Hubin, David R. (1988). 2368:The Case Against the SAT 1932:University of California 1782:Scholastic Aptitude Test 1771:1993: The SAT is renamed 63:Mean SAT scores by year 2702:www.psychologytoday.com 2633:The Wall Street Journal 1988:Oregon State University 1900:were the trademark and 1534:Operation Varsity Blues 5325:Studio Art: 3-D Design 5320:Studio Art: 2-D Design 5037:European Baccalaureate 2919:Brigham, Carl (1932). 2530:Bennet, Randy Elliot. 1647: 1544: 1474: 5490:Environmental Science 4098:. The College Board. 4038:. The College Board. 3991:. Stanford University 3918:The Cornell Daily Sun 3836:on September 30, 2007 1798:SAT II: Subject Tests 1790:SAT I: Reasoning Test 1652:Carl Campbell Brigham 1645: 1542: 1454:intelligence quotient 5521:Physics C: Mechanics 5032:IB Diploma Programme 4733:Alberta Diploma Exam 4642:on October 11, 2016. 4162:. February 8, 2016. 3947:. Cornell University 3921:. 30 November 2001. 3358:on September 1, 2014 3060:. October 16, 1988. 2321:Smithsonian Magazine 2229:www.bestcolleges.com 1851:Princeton University 1676:Princeton University 58:Origins and overview 5622:Programs & apps 5447:Computer Science AB 5330:Studio Art: Drawing 5222:Mathematics Level 2 5215:Mathematics Level 1 5179:English Composition 4395:. The College Board 4190:The Washington Post 2727:The Washington Post 2604:The Washington Post 2579:on October 18, 2014 2044:In the wake of the 1950:Pearson Educational 1864:normal distribution 1578:Columbia University 64: 5691:1926 introductions 5655:History of the SAT 5629:Advanced Placement 5609:Spanish Literature 5441:Computer Science A 5351:English Literature 4618:The Boston Phoenix 4539:The New York Times 4367:The New York Times 4160:The New York Times 4130:The New York Times 4070:The New York Times 3887:"SAT Score Choice" 3861:The New York Times 3799:The New York Times 3768:The New York Times 3679:The New York Times 3618:The New York Times 3470:The New York Times 3402:The New York Times 3326:The New York Times 3307:2014-07-14 at the 3187:The New York Times 3156:The New York Times 3024:2014-05-31 at the 2885:Secrets of the SAT 2796:Secrets of the SAT 2670:(101377): 101377. 2098:. January 25, 1942 2096:The New York Times 1992:University of Iowa 1911:SAT Reasoning Test 1731:standard deviation 1654:, had sections of 1648: 1545: 1491:Harvard University 62: 5678: 5677: 5617: 5616: 5566:German Literature 5553:French Literature 5289: 5288: 5055: 5054: 4567:. College Board. 4192:. March 5, 2014. 4013:. Yale University 3654:on 9 October 2007 3536:on March 25, 2008 3502:. April 2, 1997. 3448:Los Angeles Times 3385:on July 21, 2011. 3300:Available at the 3116:on March 25, 2008 3077:Beyond Prediction 3015:Available at the 2969:. College Board. 2299:The College Board 2054:SAT Subject Tests 2046:COVID-19 pandemic 1794:Achievement Tests 1693:Wellesley College 1672:logical inference 1666:, number series, 1610:political science 1479:genetically-based 1423: 1422: 32:standardized test 5703: 5589:Latin Literature 5380:European History 5370:(in development) 5346:English Language 5300: 5123: 5082: 5075: 5068: 5059: 5010:United Kingdom: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4657: 4652: 4643: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4599: 4598: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4453:. Khan Academy. 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4416: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4254:Manhattan Review 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4215: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3832:. Archived from 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3737:Inside Higher Ed 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3532:. Archived from 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3381:. Archived from 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3318: 3312: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3262:on July 14, 2014 3261: 3255:. Archived from 3249: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3112:. Archived from 3102: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3035: 3029: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2975: 2964: 2955: 2940: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2921:A Study of Error 2916: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2857: 2850: 2841: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2571: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2517: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2381: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2122: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2088: 2021:test preparation 65: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5643: 5613: 5530: 5468: 5419: 5385:Human Geography 5355: 5334: 5285: 5202:Classical Greek 5142: 5114: 5103:Gaston Caperton 5091: 5086: 5056: 5051: 5020: 4912: 4779: 4765:United States: 4710: 4689: 4684: 4646: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4611: 4608: 4606:Further reading 4603: 4602: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4546: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4489: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4418: 4417: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4374: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4341: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4217: 4216: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4123: 4122: 4115: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3972: 3970: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3777: 3775: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3739:. 25 May 2005. 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3500:Tampa Bay Times 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3429:Washington Post 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3309:Wayback Machine 3293: 3291: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3137:Washington Post 3134: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3026:Wayback Machine 3008: 3006: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2943: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2917: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2842: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2626: 2625: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2498: 2497: 2490: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2443: 2442: 2435: 2425: 2424: 2409: 2400: 2398: 2393:. 18 May 2019. 2383: 2382: 2375: 2365: 2364: 2357: 2347: 2346: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2306: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2209: 2207: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2181:. College Board 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2062: 2042: 2033: 2013: 2000: 1959: 1945: 1928: 1919: 1890: 1881: 1855:Yale University 1846: 1810: 1773: 1756: 1747: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1681:Yale University 1640: 1558: 1550: 1532:In the wake of 118: 113: 111: 106: 101: 99: 94: 89: 87: 82: 60: 42:, owned by the 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5683: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5600:(discontinued) 5593: 5592:(discontinued) 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5569:(discontinued) 5562: 5557: 5556:(discontinued) 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5517:(discontinued) 5510: 5509:(discontinued) 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5450:(discontinued) 5443: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5395:Microeconomics 5392: 5390:Macroeconomics 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5304: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5153: 5152:(discontinued) 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5111:(2012–present) 5106: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5008: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4896: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4735: 4729: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4644: 4629: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4593:. 2024-03-10. 4582: 4556: 4525: 4499: 4468: 4442: 4406: 4384: 4353: 4323: 4292: 4266: 4241: 4207: 4177: 4147: 4113: 4087: 4056: 4024: 4002: 3980: 3958: 3936: 3904: 3878: 3847: 3816: 3785: 3754: 3724: 3696: 3665: 3635: 3604: 3577: 3547: 3517: 3487: 3457: 3434: 3419: 3388: 3369: 3343: 3313: 3273: 3244: 3230: 3204: 3173: 3142: 3127: 3097: 3092:Education Week 3082: 3067: 3058:Education Week 3045: 3030: 2987: 2958:Dorans, Neil. 2941: 2926: 2906: 2869: 2817: 2783: 2764:(3): 171–180. 2744: 2713: 2689: 2650: 2616: 2590: 2555: 2522: 2488: 2462: 2433: 2407: 2373: 2355: 2333: 2304: 2283: 2258: 2240: 2216: 2192: 2170: 2144: 2109: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2061: 2058: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2012: 2009: 1999: 1996: 1958: 1955: 1944: 1941: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1845: 1842: 1809: 1806: 1772: 1769: 1755: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1729:of 500 with a 1722: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1697:Vassar College 1639: 1636: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1487:Henry Chauncey 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1321: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 996: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 971: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 952: 946: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 921: 920: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 896: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 871: 870: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 846: 845: 842: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 821: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 796: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 771: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 746: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 721: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 696: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 671: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 621: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 596: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 571: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 546: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 530: 527: 521: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 496: 495: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 452: 446: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 421: 420: 417: 414: 411: 408: 405: 402: 396: 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 371: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 346: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 321: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 296: 295: 292: 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 271: 270: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 252: 246: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 171: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 121: 120: 115: 108: 103: 96: 91: 84: 78: 77: 74: 71: 68: 59: 56: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5708: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5415:World History 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5280:World History 5277: 5275: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5228:Modern Hebrew 5226: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149:Subject Tests 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5109:David Coleman 5107: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5089:College Board 5083: 5078: 5076: 5071: 5069: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025:International 5023: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4863:Philippines: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4630: 4623:September 17, 4619: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4526: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4500: 4487: 4483: 4480:. Education. 4479: 4472: 4469: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4267: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4229: 4225: 4222:. Education. 4221: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4178: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4041: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3879: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3786: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3713: 3712:College Board 3706: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3578: 3565: 3561: 3560:College Board 3557: 3551: 3548: 3535: 3531: 3530:College Board 3527: 3521: 3518: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3373: 3370: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3131: 3128: 3115: 3111: 3110:College Board 3107: 3101: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2991: 2988: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2854: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758:Roeper Review 2755: 2748: 2745: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2714: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2609:September 17, 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2575: 2568: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2500:Fuess, Claude 2495: 2493: 2489: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2206: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2130: 2126: 2125:College Board 2119: 2113: 2110: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2039: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1907: 1906:Diane Ravitch 1903: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1885: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1728: 1720: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Smith College 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1644: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:College Board 1555: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1439:Seven Sisters 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:College Board 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 976: 973: 972: 968: 965: 962: 959: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 943: 940: 937: 934: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 893: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 851: 848: 847: 843: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 826: 823: 822: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 801: 798: 797: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 778: 776: 773: 772: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 728: 726: 723: 722: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 526: 523: 522: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 451: 448: 447: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 168: 165: 162: 159: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 116: 109: 104: 97: 92: 85: 80: 79: 67: 66: 57: 55: 53: 49: 45: 44:College Board 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 5654: 5595: 5587: 5564: 5551: 5512: 5504: 5445: 5405:U.S. History 5369: 5315:Music Theory 5278: 5273:U.S. History 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5158: 5147: 4784:Asia-Pacific 4701:South Africa 4648: 4640:the original 4634: 4621:. Retrieved 4617: 4585: 4573:. Retrieved 4559: 4547:. Retrieved 4538: 4528: 4516:. Retrieved 4513:PBS Newshour 4512: 4502: 4490:. Retrieved 4481: 4471: 4461:December 22, 4459:. Retrieved 4445: 4433:. Retrieved 4424: 4397:. Retrieved 4387: 4375:. Retrieved 4366: 4356: 4349:victimhood.' 4347: 4340:. Retrieved 4336: 4326: 4314:. Retrieved 4310: 4285:February 18, 4283:. Retrieved 4279: 4269: 4257:. Retrieved 4253: 4244: 4234:February 22, 4232:. Retrieved 4224:The Atlantic 4223: 4198:. Retrieved 4189: 4180: 4168:. Retrieved 4159: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4129: 4104:. Retrieved 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4069: 4059: 4047:. Retrieved 4027: 4017:February 23, 4015:. Retrieved 4005: 3995:February 23, 3993:. Retrieved 3983: 3973:February 23, 3971:. Retrieved 3961: 3951:February 23, 3949:. Retrieved 3939: 3929:February 13, 3927:. Retrieved 3916: 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3881: 3869:. Retrieved 3860: 3850: 3838:. Retrieved 3834:the original 3829: 3819: 3809:February 18, 3807:. Retrieved 3798: 3788: 3778:February 18, 3776:. Retrieved 3767: 3757: 3745:. Retrieved 3736: 3727: 3715:. Retrieved 3711: 3699: 3687:. Retrieved 3678: 3668: 3656:. Retrieved 3652:the original 3647: 3638: 3626:. Retrieved 3617: 3607: 3595:. Retrieved 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3550: 3538:. Retrieved 3534:the original 3520: 3508:. Retrieved 3499: 3490: 3480:February 18, 3478:. Retrieved 3469: 3460: 3447: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3412:February 18, 3410:. Retrieved 3401: 3391: 3383:the original 3372: 3360:. Retrieved 3356:the original 3346: 3336:February 18, 3334:. Retrieved 3325: 3316: 3292:. Retrieved 3282: 3276: 3264:. Retrieved 3257:the original 3247: 3238: 3233: 3221:. Retrieved 3207: 3197:February 18, 3195:. Retrieved 3186: 3176: 3166:February 18, 3164:. Retrieved 3155: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3118:. Retrieved 3114:the original 3100: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3033: 3007:. Retrieved 2997: 2990: 2978:. Retrieved 2966: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2897:. Retrieved 2884: 2860:. Retrieved 2808:. Retrieved 2795: 2786: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2737:February 15, 2735:. Retrieved 2726: 2716: 2705:. Retrieved 2701: 2692: 2667: 2664:Intelligence 2663: 2653: 2641:. Retrieved 2632: 2607:. Retrieved 2603: 2593: 2581:. Retrieved 2574:the original 2546:. Retrieved 2525: 2514:. Retrieved 2504: 2479:. Retrieved 2465: 2453:. Retrieved 2450:PBS Newshour 2449: 2427: 2399:. Retrieved 2390:The Atlantic 2388: 2367: 2349: 2324:. Retrieved 2320: 2298: 2286: 2275:. Retrieved 2273:. 2007-08-21 2271:fairtest.org 2270: 2261: 2243: 2232:. Retrieved 2228: 2219: 2208:. Retrieved 2204: 2195: 2183:. Retrieved 2173: 2161:. Retrieved 2147: 2136:. Retrieved 2112: 2100:. Retrieved 2095: 2086: 2067: 2063: 2050: 2043: 2034: 2025:Khan Academy 2018: 2014: 2001: 1960: 1946: 1929: 1920: 1910: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1882: 1868: 1860: 1847: 1815: 1811: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1774: 1757: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1649: 1629: 1574:Pennsylvania 1559: 1551: 1531: 1528: 1499: 1495:World War II 1483:James Conant 1475: 1469: 1467: 1462:Carl Brigham 1450:Alfred Binet 1446:Lewis Terman 1443: 1424: 1399: 1374: 1349: 1324: 1299: 1274: 1249: 1224: 1199: 1174: 1149: 1124: 1099: 1074: 1049: 1024: 999: 974: 949: 924: 899: 874: 849: 824: 799: 774: 749: 724: 699: 674: 649: 624: 599: 574: 549: 524: 499: 474: 449: 424: 399: 374: 349: 324: 299: 274: 249: 224: 199: 174: 149: 124: 52:World War II 48:Carl Brigham 27: 25: 5639:CSS Profile 5459:Precalculus 5436:Calculus BC 5431:Calculus AB 5310:Art History 5160:Biology E/M 5105:(1999–2012) 4954:Netherlands 4884:South Korea 4873:Singapore: 4737:Caribbean: 4518:January 25, 4435:February 5, 4399:January 20, 4316:February 2, 3648:Daily Nexus 2899:October 20, 2810:October 20, 2643:February 2, 2455:January 25, 2205:nces.ed.gov 2185:October 30, 2005:Long Island 1830:probability 1764:demographic 1656:definitions 1618:mathematics 1458:World War I 5685:Categories 5464:Statistics 5400:Psychology 5208:Literature 5138:PSAT/NMSQT 5126:Main tests 5096:Presidents 4723:Vestibular 3840:August 27, 3510:August 25, 2707:2021-10-20 2516:2016-08-05 2401:2019-11-12 2326:August 26, 2277:2023-07-02 2234:2023-07-02 2210:2023-07-02 2138:2023-10-24 2078:References 1778:initialism 1660:arithmetic 1570:New Jersey 1513:, and the 1435:Ivy League 5514:Physics C 5506:Physics B 5485:Chemistry 5167:Chemistry 5119:SAT tests 4988:Ukraine: 4898:Vietnam: 4829:Indonesia 4801:Hong Kong 4791:Australia 4575:March 10, 4549:March 10, 4482:USA Today 4425:USA Today 4280:USA Today 4259:March 25, 3967:"Testing" 3717:March 25, 3570:March 16, 2889:Frontline 2800:Frontline 2778:144517270 2684:200037032 1936:analogies 1668:analogies 1622:chemistry 1606:geography 1503:G.I. Bill 36:admission 5578:Japanese 5473:Sciences 5295:AP exams 5238:Japanese 4959:Portugal 4888:Taiwan: 4854:Malaysia 4761:Colombia 4731:Canada: 4721:Brazil: 4715:Americas 4595:Archived 4569:Archived 4543:Archived 4492:March 6, 4486:Archived 4455:Archived 4429:Archived 4377:June 13, 4371:Archived 4342:March 6, 4228:Archived 4194:Archived 4170:July 25, 4164:Archived 4134:Archived 4100:Archived 4074:Archived 4049:March 9, 4040:Archived 3923:Archived 3897:March 7, 3891:Archived 3871:March 8, 3865:Archived 3803:Archived 3772:Archived 3741:Archived 3683:Archived 3628:March 7, 3622:Archived 3597:March 7, 3591:Archived 3564:Archived 3504:Archived 3474:Archived 3452:Archived 3406:Archived 3362:June 29, 3330:Archived 3305:Archived 3294:June 21, 3288:Archived 3217:Archived 3191:Archived 3160:Archived 3062:Archived 3022:Archived 3003:Archived 2971:Archived 2893:Archived 2853:Archived 2804:Archived 2731:Archived 2637:Archived 2583:June 24, 2539:Archived 2510:Archived 2502:(1950). 2475:Archived 2395:Archived 2157:Archived 2129:Archived 2102:July 30, 1976:Stanford 1760:equating 1664:antonyms 1566:New York 1548:Timeline 1523:Ben Wood 40:The test 5648:Related 5604:Spanish 5597:Russian 5573:Italian 5542:Chinese 5480:Biology 5339:English 5266:Spanish 5260:Russian 5254:Physics 5233:Italian 5173:Chinese 5012:A-Level 4964:Romania 4949:Ireland 4944:Iceland 4939:Germany 4929:Finland 4924:Denmark 4859:Myanmar 4843:Japan: 4810:India: 4751:O-Level 4747:A-Level 4706:Tunisia 4200:May 14, 4140:May 14, 4106:May 22, 4080:May 25, 3747:July 3, 3658:July 3, 3540:May 29, 3266:June 4, 3223:May 23, 3120:May 29, 3009:May 30, 2980:May 30, 2862:June 1, 2481:28 July 2301:. 2010. 2052:of the 1984:Harvard 1972:Cornell 1739:equated 1626:physics 1614:biology 1602:history 1582:English 112:/Verbal 110:Reading 100:/Verbal 98:Reading 88:/Verbal 86:Reading 81:Year of 76:Female 5560:German 5547:French 5243:Korean 5197:German 5192:French 5047:Matura 5016:Higher 4984:Turkey 4979:Sweden 4969:Russia 4934:France 4917:Europe 4908:TNTHPT 4904:THPTQG 4900:TSĐHCĐ 4869:PUPCET 4839:Israel 4694:Africa 3689:May 5, 2776: 2682: 2548:28 Mar 2163:May 5, 1974:, and 1966:, the 1872:cohort 1834:median 1624:, and 1590:German 1586:French 119:Score 5583:Latin 5248:Latin 4974:Spain 4879:GCE-A 4875:GCE-O 4865:UPCAT 4845:NCTUA 4806:Macau 4796:China 4756:Chile 4043:(PDF) 4036:(PDF) 3708:(PDF) 3260:(PDF) 2974:(PDF) 2963:(PDF) 2856:(PDF) 2849:(PDF) 2774:S2CID 2680:S2CID 2577:(PDF) 2570:(PDF) 2542:(PDF) 2535:(PDF) 2295:(PDF) 2253:(PDF) 2132:(PDF) 2121:(PDF) 2073:Notes 1824:of a 1822:slope 1695:, or 1598:Greek 1594:Latin 1572:, or 117:Math 114:Score 107:Score 105:Math 102:Score 95:Score 93:Math 90:Score 30:is a 5303:Arts 5006:USQE 5002:UPEE 4890:GSAT 4834:Iran 4824:CLAT 4820:NEET 4812:CUET 4743:CSEC 4739:CAPE 4727:ENEM 4625:2024 4577:2024 4551:2024 4520:2022 4494:2021 4463:2022 4437:2021 4401:2021 4379:2024 4344:2021 4318:2021 4287:2021 4261:2021 4236:2021 4202:2014 4172:2017 4142:2014 4108:2019 4082:2018 4051:2018 4019:2020 3997:2020 3975:2020 3953:2020 3931:2008 3899:2018 3873:2018 3842:2007 3811:2017 3780:2017 3749:2016 3719:2021 3691:2014 3660:2016 3630:2018 3599:2018 3572:2021 3542:2007 3512:2022 3482:2017 3414:2017 3364:2014 3338:2017 3296:2014 3268:2014 3225:2014 3199:2017 3168:2017 3122:2007 3011:2014 2982:2014 2901:2007 2864:2014 2812:2007 2739:2021 2645:2021 2611:2020 2585:2014 2550:2015 2483:2016 2457:2022 2328:2021 2187:2022 2165:2014 2104:2022 1990:and 1982:and 1964:Yale 1838:mode 1836:and 1826:line 1727:mean 1485:and 1437:and 1419:500 1400:2023 1394:512 1375:2022 1369:519 1350:2021 1344:516 1325:2020 1319:519 1300:2019 1294:522 1275:2018 1269:516 1250:2017 1244:494 1225:2016 1219:496 1200:2015 1194:499 1175:2014 1169:499 1150:2013 1144:499 1125:2012 1119:500 1100:2011 1094:499 1075:2010 1069:498 1050:2009 1044:499 1025:2008 1019:499 1000:2007 994:502 975:2006 969:504 950:2005 944:501 925:2004 919:503 900:2003 894:500 875:2002 869:498 850:2001 844:498 825:2000 819:495 800:1999 794:496 775:1998 769:494 750:1997 744:492 725:1996 719:490 700:1995 694:487 675:1994 669:484 650:1993 644:484 625:1992 619:482 600:1991 594:483 575:1990 569:482 550:1989 544:483 525:1988 519:481 500:1987 494:479 475:1986 469:480 450:1985 444:478 425:1984 419:474 400:1983 394:473 375:1982 369:473 350:1981 344:473 325:1980 319:473 300:1979 294:474 275:1978 269:474 250:1977 244:475 225:1976 219:479 200:1975 194:488 175:1974 169:389 150:1973 144:489 125:1972 83:exam 73:Male 26:The 5133:SAT 5042:PAA 4998:UEE 4994:EIE 4990:SFC 4894:AST 4849:EJU 4816:JEE 4775:CLT 4771:ACT 4767:SAT 4311:NPR 2766:doi 2672:doi 1980:MIT 1898:SAT 1796:to 1631:sic 1519:GRE 1416:523 1413:515 1410:517 1407:508 1404:520 1391:531 1388:530 1385:526 1382:521 1379:529 1366:535 1363:537 1360:530 1357:528 1354:533 1341:532 1338:531 1335:523 1332:523 1329:528 1316:534 1313:537 1310:529 1307:528 1304:531 1291:539 1288:542 1285:534 1282:531 1279:536 1266:534 1263:538 1260:532 1257:527 1254:533 1241:493 1238:524 1235:496 1232:508 1229:494 1216:493 1213:527 1210:497 1207:511 1204:495 1191:495 1188:530 1185:499 1182:513 1179:497 1166:494 1163:531 1160:499 1157:514 1154:496 1141:493 1138:532 1135:498 1132:514 1129:496 1116:495 1113:531 1110:500 1107:514 1104:497 1091:498 1088:533 1085:502 1082:515 1079:500 1066:497 1063:533 1060:502 1057:514 1054:499 1041:499 1038:532 1035:502 1032:514 1029:500 1016:500 1013:532 1010:503 1007:514 1004:501 991:502 988:536 985:505 982:518 979:503 966:505 963:538 960:513 957:520 954:508 941:504 938:537 935:512 932:518 929:508 916:503 913:537 910:512 907:519 904:507 891:502 888:534 885:507 882:516 879:504 866:502 863:533 860:509 857:514 854:506 841:504 838:533 835:507 832:514 829:505 816:502 813:531 810:509 807:511 804:505 791:502 788:531 785:509 782:512 779:505 766:503 763:530 760:507 757:511 754:505 741:503 738:527 735:507 732:508 729:505 716:502 713:525 710:505 707:506 704:504 691:497 688:523 685:501 682:504 679:499 666:497 663:524 660:504 657:503 654:500 641:496 638:521 635:504 632:501 629:500 616:495 613:520 610:503 607:500 604:499 591:496 588:521 585:505 582:501 579:500 566:498 563:523 560:510 557:502 554:504 541:499 538:521 535:512 532:501 529:505 516:502 513:523 510:512 507:501 504:507 491:504 488:523 485:515 482:500 479:509 466:503 463:522 460:514 457:500 454:509 441:598 438:518 435:511 432:497 429:504 416:498 413:515 410:508 407:494 404:503 391:499 388:516 385:509 382:493 379:504 366:496 363:516 360:508 357:492 354:502 341:498 338:515 335:506 332:492 329:502 316:501 313:516 310:509 307:493 304:505 291:503 288:517 285:511 282:494 279:507 266:505 263:520 260:509 257:496 254:507 241:508 238:520 235:511 232:497 229:509 216:509 213:518 210:515 207:498 204:512 191:520 188:524 185:524 182:505 179:521 166:521 163:525 160:523 157:506 154:523 141:529 138:527 135:531 132:509 129:530 70:All 28:SAT 5687:: 5014:, 5004:, 5000:, 4996:, 4992:, 4906:, 4902:, 4892:, 4877:, 4867:, 4847:, 4822:, 4818:, 4814:, 4773:, 4769:, 4749:, 4745:, 4741:, 4725:, 4616:. 4541:. 4537:. 4511:. 4484:. 4427:. 4423:. 4409:^ 4369:. 4365:. 4346:. 4335:. 4309:. 4295:^ 4278:. 4252:. 4226:. 4210:^ 4188:. 4158:. 4132:. 4128:. 4116:^ 4072:. 4068:. 3915:. 3863:. 3859:. 3828:. 3801:. 3797:. 3770:. 3766:. 3735:. 3710:. 3681:. 3677:. 3646:. 3620:. 3616:. 3562:. 3558:. 3528:. 3498:. 3472:. 3450:. 3446:. 3404:. 3400:. 3328:. 3189:. 3185:. 3158:. 3154:. 3108:. 3056:. 2965:. 2944:^ 2909:^ 2891:. 2887:. 2883:. 2872:^ 2820:^ 2802:. 2798:. 2794:. 2772:. 2762:30 2760:. 2756:. 2729:. 2725:. 2700:. 2678:. 2668:76 2666:. 2662:. 2635:. 2631:. 2619:^ 2602:. 2558:^ 2491:^ 2473:. 2448:. 2436:^ 2410:^ 2387:. 2376:^ 2358:^ 2336:^ 2319:. 2307:^ 2297:. 2269:. 2227:. 2203:. 2127:. 2123:. 2094:. 1970:, 1828:, 1691:, 1683:, 1670:, 1658:, 1620:, 1616:, 1612:, 1608:, 1604:, 1600:, 1596:, 1592:, 1588:, 1584:, 1568:, 5081:e 5074:t 5067:v 4679:e 4672:t 4665:v 4627:. 4579:. 4553:. 4522:. 4496:. 4465:. 4439:. 4403:. 4381:. 4320:. 4289:. 4263:. 4238:. 4204:. 4174:. 4144:. 4110:. 4084:. 4053:. 4021:. 3999:. 3977:. 3955:. 3933:. 3901:. 3875:. 3844:. 3813:. 3782:. 3751:. 3721:. 3693:. 3662:. 3632:. 3601:. 3574:. 3544:. 3514:. 3484:. 3431:. 3416:. 3366:. 3340:. 3311:. 3298:. 3270:. 3227:. 3201:. 3170:. 3139:. 3124:. 3094:. 3028:. 3013:. 2984:. 2903:. 2866:. 2814:. 2780:. 2768:: 2741:. 2710:. 2686:. 2674:: 2647:. 2613:. 2587:. 2552:. 2519:. 2485:. 2459:. 2404:. 2330:. 2280:. 2255:. 2237:. 2213:. 2189:. 2167:. 2141:. 2106:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index