History of the halfpenny

922:

for the omission of the denomination from the contract was that the large number of de facto halfpennies (including tokens and fakes) would be driven out of circulation and Boulton would be unable to produce enough coins to meet the demand that would ensue. Public demand for legal halfpennies soon forced the government to change its mind, and in 1798 a contract was issued to Boulton for him to produce halfpennies and farthings dated 1799. However, in the meantime the price of copper had risen, and consequently the weight of the coins was reduced slightly, which resulted in them not being as popular as expected. In 1806 a further 427.5 tons of copper was struck into halfpennies by Boulton, but the price of copper had risen again and the weight was even less than the 1799 issue. This time, however, there was no unfavourable reaction from the public, so perhaps the national obsession with "intrinsic value" was over.

881:'s (1727–1760) halfpennies were the most prolific issue yet, but to them must be added a huge range of counterfeits (and pieces similar to counterfeits but with markedly different legends from the real coins, so that the manufacturers could avoid accusations of counterfeiting). Many genuine coins were melted down and underweight fabrications produced from the molten metal. It is difficult for people who use a modern regulated currency to appreciate the extent to which counterfeiting had debased the currency – for long periods of time, counterfeits outnumbered genuine coins. Halfpennies were produced in all years between 1729 and 1754, with the exception of 1741. They weighed 9.7–10.3 grams and had a diameter of 28–30 millimetres. The obverse showed the left-facing head of King George and the inscription 802:(1689–1694), the production of bimetallic tin/copper halfpennies continued in 1689, 1690, 1691 and 1692. However the tin coinage was becoming increasingly unpopular because the public did not feel that there was any intrinsic value in the coins and also the corrosion problem had become apparent; even worse, lead counterfeits had started to appear. Just before the queen's death from smallpox in 1694 a copper halfpenny, weighing 9.1–11.7 grams with 28–31 millimetres diameter was reintroduced. The contract for the new coins stipulated that the copper used should be English and the blanks struck at the Mint. It is noticeable that Charles II's Swedish copper halfpennies have toned to a dark red colour, while the William and Mary halfpennies tone to black, presumably because of different impurities in the copper. 821:

some of the coins were themselves being cast in one operation. There were other ways in which the manufacturers were economising on expenses – cheap labour was being used, including foreigners some of whom could not spell or punctuate the words they were engraving on the dies. Towards the end of the reign both the workmanship and the design and production of the dies for the copper coinage had sunk to a nadir, which is curious as simultaneously the mint was producing the highest quality work in the five and two guinea pieces which were being produced. By 1698 there was a glut of copper coinage and an Act was passed to stop the coining for one year; this seems to have had little effect and the proliferation continued. There were further Parliamentary attempts to control the glut of coinage later.

732:(1660–1685), there was a clear need for low-denomination coins to fund day-to-day purchases. The silver 1d and 2d coins issued in the first few years of the reign were being hoarded, and tradesmen in many parts of the country had taken to issuing private tokens in base metal; while this was an offence, in practice penalties were minimal and the government appreciated the need for such coinage which was not available legally. A problem with the production of low-value coins is that if the face value is less than the cost of production (including the metal) then the exercise is done at a loss and the coins may be clipped or melted down for their metal content; if the face value is higher, counterfeit coins begin to appear. The Mint was not ready to produce copper coins until 1672; by that time 898: 1023: 1015: 741:(modelled by the Duchess of Richmond) on the reverse. It was soon discovered that the Mint was incapable of producing the copper blanks needed for the new coins, and these eventually were imported from Sweden; to facilitate the process, the Customs Duty on the import of the metal was waived. Further delays ensued, caused not least by transportation problems, and the first halfpennies did not appear in circulation until after Christmas (the year did not end until 24 March in those days, so there were still three months before the start of 1673). 909:(1760–1820) the first issue of halfpennies did not come until 10 years after the king's accession, in 1770. Counterfeiting was rampant, and in 1771 the issuance of counterfeit copper coin became a serious crime; this however had little effect and for the next twenty years or so the majority of copper so-called coins in circulation were forgeries. In March 1782 a female counterfeiter was hanged, then fixed to a stake and burned before the debtor's door at Newgate prison in London. In a letter to Lord Hawkesbury of 14 April 1789, 863:(1714–1727) the surplus of copper coins was used up, and in 1717 a new contract was signed and a Royal Warrant issued for the production of a new halfpenny. The halfpennies struck in 1717 and 1718 looked slightly odd as they were smaller, thicker and somewhat lighter than the previous issues, weighing 9.4–10.3 grams with a diameter of 25–27 millimetres, but they were well-struck with high-relief features of the right-facing head of King George and the inscription 1082:, and the usual right-facing Britannia on the reverse. Unlike some of the pennies of this reign, no halfpennies have mintmarks from provincial mints. Halfpennies of this reign suffer somewhat from "ghosting", caused by production problems when the image of one side partly comes through to the other; efforts were made to solve the problem with a modification of the king's effigy in 1925, but the problem was not finally solved until a second modification in 1928. 849: 931: 608:, the halfpenny was becoming a coin of lesser importance, and less effort was spent on producing good-quality impressions on the coin blanks, with the result that many of the inscriptions are difficult to read. The coins of his first and second coinage (1509–1526 and 1526–1544) look similar to those of his father, Henry VII, although the obverse inscriptions were changed between the two coinages, from 1296: 35: 301:(1216–1272) – these are extremely rare and very little is known about them; they have all been found in the London area, where they circulated alongside the more common cut coinage, and while it is possible that these coins were patterns or trials, it is clear that they did see circulation. It is possible that there are other coins or issues still to be discovered. 132: 915:"In the course of my journeys, I observe that I receive upon an average two-thirds counterfeit halfpence for change at toll-gates, etc., and I believe the evil is daily increasing, as the spurious money is carried into circulation by the lowest class of manufacturers, who pay with it the principal part of the wages of the poor people they employ" 293:(1272–1307), with earlier requirements for small change being provided by "cut coinage"; that is, pennies cut into halves or quarters, usually along the cross which formed a prominent part of the reverse of the coin. However, in recent years metal detectorists have discovered a few halfpennies of Kings 824:

The William III halfpenny appears with various distinct types of engraving of the king's head, Britannia, and the inscriptions, with the quality getting worse as the reign wore on. The coins were copper, weighing 8.9 to 11.5 grams, with a diameter of 28–29 millimetres. The king's effigy on

991:

being invited to design the coins instead. This delay may be regarded as a good thing, as Wyon's designs are generally considered among the most elegant British coins. The George IV halfpenny was produced between 1825 and 1827, weighed 9.1–9.5 grams, with a diameter of 28 millimetres. The

820:

For the widowed King William III, the production of halfpennies continued under the contract granted during the previous reign. However it soon became apparent that the manufacturers were in breach of contract – to save costs, not only were some of the blanks being cast rather than struck, but

921:

pennies and twopences, thwarting the counterfeiters, did not extend to producing the halfpenny, though Boulton had expected that it would, and had prepared patterns of the appropriate size and weight in accordance with his ideas on the intrinsic value of copper coins. The reason the government gave

736:

small silver (1d–4d) coins were being produced and were circulating widely, so no copper pennies were produced, although a Royal Proclamation in August 1672 decreed that halfpennies and farthings would be issued, and that they would have a face value equal to the value of the metal less the

674:

Halfpennies were produced in some quantity in Queen Elizabeth I's fifth and sixth coinage issues (1582–1600 and 1601–1602). Because of their small size, they did not have the queen's effigy or any legends on them, but instead had a portcullis on the obverse and a cross on the reverse.

1042:

on the reverse), and the bronze issue of 1860–1901 (which itself is split between 1894 and 1895 into coins displaying the "young head" and the "old head" of the Queen). The bronze coins weighed 5.5–5.8 grams and were 25 millimetres in diameter. The bronze coins also featured the

443:

During the reign of King Edward II (1307–1327), halfpennies were only produced at the mints in London and Berwick, probably because sufficient had been produced when his father introduced the new coinage. The principal difference between the coins of Edward II and his father is that the obverse

1093:

which would have been awaiting royal approval about the time that the king abdicated in December 1936. The king insisted that his left profile be used on the coinage instead of the right, which would have been used if he had followed the alternating tradition going back to King Charles II; the

774:

in the centre. The corrosion properties of tin mean that very few coins survive in a good state of preservation, not helped by the electrochemical reaction between copper and tin. The objects of using tin were to produce coins at a profit while at the same time producing a coin which would be

475:– Edward by the grace of God King. At this time English coins were much envied in Europe for their weight and good metal content, with the result that English halfpennies were copied on the continent; they are similar in style to those of Edward III, but the obverse legend often reads 356:(1272–1307) successfully introduced the halfpenny as part of his new coinage, which allowed trade to increase. As with all coins of this period, the denomination was not written on the coin, which was worth its weight in silver; thus a halfpenny was half the size and weight of a penny. All 1034:'s long reign (1837–1901) can be basically divided into the copper issue of 1838–1860, where the coins were 9.1–9.5 grams in weight and 28 millimetres in diameter, and which were very similar to the halfpennies of her two predecessors (with the obvious substitution of 360:

halfpennies tend to be difficult to identify because they are small, often clipped, and in poor condition, and the legends on the coins are often incorrect because of the difficulty in making dies which were small enough for the denomination. The fact that Kings Edward

775:

difficult to counterfeit, and at the same time to assist the ailing tin-mining industry. The coins weighed between 10.5 and 11.6 grams, with a diameter of 28–30 millimetres. The obverse showed the right-facing effigy of the king with the inscription

631:

there were several issues of halfpennies. The first issue was produced between April 1547 and January 1549 at the Tower and Bristol mints; both mints' products are extremely rare and have the crowned bust of the king on the obverse, with the inscription

373:

also issued halfpennies makes it difficult to distinguish between them – in general, Edward I's coins are slightly larger than his successors'. As with other denominations, by far the majority of coins were produced at the London mint, in the

597:(1485–1509) were produced mostly at London, but also at Canterbury and York. Henry's coins are fairly distinct from those of the earlier Henries, with the king's front-facing portrait being different in style, and the obverse legend reading 313:

silver halfpennies have been discovered recently. The issue is possibly a pattern or trial, but it is obvious that several specimens entered circulation. The obverse features an uncrowned front-facing bust of the king, with the inscription

623:

The third (1544–1547) and posthumous (1547–1551) coinage halfpennies have a more lifelike bust, but were produced in debased silver (only 1/3 silver and 2/3 copper) and therefore are usually in a very poor condition.

744:

The ideal of striking coins with a value equal to their production costs was not long maintained, and the coins were given a face value slightly higher than their metal content, so inevitably counterfeits soon began to appear.

1062:

Halfpennies weighing 5.67 grams (one fifth of an ounce) and of 1 inch (25.4 millimetres) diameter (which was to remain the standard size of the coin for the remainder of its existence) were minted in all years of

1125:

and the date under the ship – from year to year, but numismatists differ in opinion as to whether this is significant enough to count as a design variation each year, or just one design for the whole reign.

979:

After the mint moved from the Tower of London to Tower Hill the production of gold and silver coins took precedence over copper. The production of copper coins did not resume until the reign of King

983:(1820–1830), when farthings were produced in 1821. The issue of new halfpennies did not happen until 14 November 1825 as a result of a disagreement between the egocentric designer 337:, produced between 1216 and 1247, and are similar in design to the pennies, but only half the size. The obverse shows a crowned bust of the king holding a sceptre, with the inscription 1330: 1000:. Wyon's preference was to put the date under the king's bust, and to put the rose, thistle, and shamrock in the exergue underneath Britannia where the date commonly appeared before. 697:

Surprisingly, considering the huge variety of coins of other denominations produced during his reign between 1625 and 1649, hardly any halfpennies were minted during the reign of

1078:

produced halfpennies to an unchanged design every year between 1911 and 1936. The obverse shows a left-facing portrait of the king by Sir Bertram Mackennal, with the inscription

512:. In 1412 the weight of the halfpenny was reduced from 4.5 grains (0.29 grams) to 3.75 grains (0.24 grams), although coins were produced from the same dies as before. 1067:'s reign (1901–1910) except 1901. They are similar to the last issues of Queen Victoria except for the king's right-facing bust on the obverse, with the inscription 848: 751:

The copper halfpenny weighed between 10.0 and 12.0 grams and had a diameter of 28–31 millimetres. The inscription on the obverse, around the king's head, reads

571:

Halfpennies of the second reign of Edward IV (1471–1483) are much like those of the first reign (only a few months earlier) but they were also produced at Durham (

687:

ascended the English throne in 1603, for the first couple of years halfpennies were produced in the same style as Elizabeth I's sixth issue, though with a thistle or

945:

1770–1775 (all years). Weight 9.2–10.8 grams, diameter 29–30 millimetres. Obverse shows a right-facing bust of the king, with the inscription

1133:'s reign produced halfpennies every year between 1953 and 1967, except for 1961. The reverse was the same as before, while the obverse featured the queen's head by 545:(1461–1470) are divided into the heavy coinage up to 1464, which was only minted in London, and the light coinage from 1464, produced at London, Bristol (now 1098:, but in a complete break from tradition Britannia was dropped from the reverse for the first time since 1672, and replaced by a sailing ship, said to represent 564:

During the short second reign of Henry VI (1470–1471), halfpennies were produced at London and Bristol. The obverse inscription was changed to read

875:

halfpenny. For the 1719–1724 issue, the size of the coin was increased to 26–29 millimetres, though with the same weight of metal as before.

1007:(1830–1837), produced in 1831, 1834, and 1837, continues the George IV design but with a right-facing bust of the new king, with the inscription 759:

around the left facing seated Britannia, holding a spray and trident, with the date beneath Britannia. Coins were produced dated 1672, 1673, and 1675.

52: 1047:

on the reverse for the first time, with the date in the exergue beneath Britannia. The inscription on the obverse of the "young head" coins reads

779:– James the Second – while the reverse shows the same Britannia as before. Unusually, the date appears not on the reverse but on the 967:

1806–1807. Weight 9.2–9.8 grams, diameter 29 millimetres. Obverse shows a right-facing bust of the king, with the inscription

956:

1799. Weight 12.0–13.1 grams, diameter 30–31 millimetres. Obverse shows a right-facing bust of the king, with the inscription

656:

around the royal shield over a cross. The quality of silver in this final issue of halfpennies was so poor that the coin was often used as a

701:. The most common issue was produced at the Tower mint and simply had a rose on both sides of the coin. The other issue was produced at the 1325: 1055:. Some 1874–1876 and 1881–1882 halfpennies have an "H" mintmark underneath the date, indicating that they were produced at the 21: 99: 71: 378:, but five other mints were active in Edward I's reign. The legend on the reverse of the coin identifies the mint's name, and reads 187: 118: 648:

on the reverse. The final issue of halfpennies was produced at the Tower mint between 1550 and 1553 with the obverse legend being

154:. It was finally abandoned in 1969 as part of the process of decimalising the British currency. "Halfpenny", colloquially written 1152: 855:

engraved this Britannia emblem with a possibly similar appearance to that of the later coins when he retouched one of his plates.

17: 78: 1267: 694:. From 1604 onwards, there was a completely different style of coin with a rose on the obverse and a thistle on the reverse. 504:(1399–1413) are difficult to identify, mainly because they have been heavily clipped or worn. The obverse legend reads 56: 1159:

of British coinage took effect in 1971, is essentially the same size as the halfpenny coin as it had most recently existed.

1121:. There are reported to be slight differences in the reverse – the size and positioning of the ship, the inscription 85: 1247: 897: 837: 150:. At first in its 700-year history it was made from silver, but as the value of silver increased the coin was made from 16:

This article is about the history of the pre-decimal British and English halfpenny coin. For the decimal halfpenny, see

534:), and less commonly at York. The designs are continuations of those of the earlier Henries, with the obverse legend 67: 996:, while the reverse shows a right-facing seated helmeted Britannia with a shield and trident, with the inscription 878: 712:. Commonwealth halfpennies were extremely plain, having no inscription on either side, but a shield charged with a 1059:

in Birmingham. Halfpennies were produced in all years of Victoria's reign except 1837, 1840, 1842, 1849 and 1850.

971:, reverse shows a slightly different left-facing seated Britannia holding a spray and spear, with the inscription 1335: 1220: 860: 333:

Two issues, both struck at the London mint, have been discovered recently. Both are in the short-cross style of

1184: 1022: 1014: 581:'s (1483–1485) short reign only produced halfpennies from the London mint. The obverse inscription reads 833:

and the date normally in the exergue beneath Britannia. Coins were produced each year between 1695 and 1701.

1225: 709: 657: 322:– Godwin of Winchester. The fact that round halfpennies were issued by Henry I was mentioned by both 45: 836:

Due to the glut of copper coinage, there was no need to produce any copper halfpennies during the reign of

960:, reverse shows a redesigned left-facing seated Britannia holding a spray and spear, with the inscription 795: 578: 341:, while the reverse shows a small cross with four pellets in each quarter with the moneyer's inscription 729: 605: 482: 456: 433: 366: 737:

cost of producing them. The new coins were legal tender up to a total value of six pence, and depicted

92: 713: 698: 628: 594: 542: 519:(1413–1422) are a little easier to identify, but the basic design remained the same as before. 463:), although Berwick and Reading coins are very rare. The usual obverse inscription of this reign was 370: 362: 334: 327: 318:– King Henry – while the reverse features a cross with the identification of the moneyer 298: 953:

and the date in the exergue beneath Britannia. (The king's bust has a fuller face in 1774 and 1775).

1167: 984: 763: 523: 501: 437: 353: 290: 799: 702: 516: 310: 294: 949:, reverse shows a left-facing seated Britannia holding a spray and spear, with the inscription 813:(with the date beneath Britannia in 1694). The 1689–1692 coins have the edge inscription 1263: 1255: 664: 323: 1251: 1233: 1109:

Halfpennies of a similar design to his brother's were produced in each year of the reign of

485:(1377–1399) produced all his halfpennies at the London mint. The obverse legend reads 357: 251: 201: 161: 930: 1056: 910: 852: 375: 871:

and the date in the exergue beneath Britannia. The 1717–1718 issue is known as the

1031: 684: 147: 1192:

assembles 999,999 halfpennies before being made a 'halfpenny millionaire' courtesy of

1319: 1214: 1099: 748:

Charles II's head faces left on the copper coinage, and right on the silver coinage.

675:

Sixth-issue coins also had a mintmark on the obverse: "1" for 1601 and "2" for 1602.

289:

It was long considered that the first halfpenny coins were produced in the reign of

131: 1301: 1134: 1130: 988: 733: 688: 992:

obverse shows a left-facing laureated bust of King George IV with the inscription

829:– William the Third. Britannia appears on the reverse with the inscription 1156: 1086: 668: 497:– Richard King of England – around a front-facing bust of the king. 34: 1291: 1189: 1064: 1004: 906: 717: 151: 136: 667:, or of Philip and Mary, or for the first twenty years of the reign of Queen 1193: 1110: 980: 935: 738: 467:– Edward King of the English – or occasionally on earlier coins 1106:. This reverse remained in use for the remainder of the coins' existence. 1075: 691: 1171: 508:

around a front-facing bust of the king, while the reverse legend reads

652:

surrounding a rose in the centre of the coin, and the reverse showing

771: 708:

The final silver halfpennies were produced under the auspices of the

527: 1260:

Anglo-Norman Studies XIII: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1990

526:(1422–1461), halfpennies were commonly produced at London and 1196:. The sequence also shows a close up of a 1947 halfpenny reverse. 1021: 1013: 929: 896: 847: 130: 1071:, and also are extremely reminiscent of the contemporary penny. 755:– Charles, son of Charles – while the reverse shows 455:

Three mints were actively producing halfpennies in the reign of

941:

George III halfpennies were produced in three distinct phases:

767: 275: 260: 176: 28: 20:. For the British halfpenny minted between 1717 and 1967, see 1148:

The pre-decimal halfpenny ceased to be legal tender in 1969.

705:

mint, and had a rose on one side and plumes on the reverse.

409:

The king's name appears in the obverse inscription, usually

254: 269: 237: 228: 219: 213: 204: 179: 170: 1011:, while the reverse is identical to the previous reigns'. 616:– Henry by the grace of God a rose without a thorn ( 585:, which distinguishes the coins from those of Richard II. 1309: 1312:– information about British coins (from 1656 to 1952) 278: 234: 216: 188: 272: 257: 231: 210: 173: 1026:

Victoria halfpenny 1861. Bronze, type "young head".

885:on the obverse, and Britannia with the inscription 867:on the obverse, and Britannia with the inscription 791:. The coins were produced in 1685, 1686, and 1687. 266: 263: 225: 222: 207: 167: 164: 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1213: 1170:, a place of great significance in the history of 1069:EDWARDVS VII DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP 1080:GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP 889:and the date in the exergue beneath Britannia. 444:inscription of the London-produced coins reads 1331:Pre-decimalisation coins of the United Kingdom 1252:"Coinage and Currency under Henry I: A Review" 825:the obverse faced right, with the inscription 663:No halfpennies were produced in the reigns of 459:, 1327–1377, at London, Berwick, and Reading ( 1262:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 63. 1053:VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP 8: 917:. Boulton's contract in 1797 to produce the 1182:In a 1967 episode of the television series 1188:, entitled "You Have Just Been Murdered", 1139:ELIZABETH II DEI GRA BRITT OMN REGINA F D 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 1096:EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP 640:on some Bristol coins) and a cross with 627:In the short reign (1547–1553) of 1205: 1113:. The inscription on the obverse reads 987:and the authorities, which resulted in 783:of the coin, which has the inscription 473:EDWARDUS ANGLIE D or EDWARDUS DEI GRA R 1115:GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP 541:The halfpennies of the first reign of 1089:, although strictly speaking it is a 432:respectively for the issues of Kings 7: 1234:participating institution membership 1119:GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX FIDEI DEF 135:The obverse of a halfpenny, showing 57:adding citations to reliable sources 22:Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin) 926:Great Britain and beyond, 1800–1970 728:In the early years of the reign of 618:Henricus Dei gratia rosa sine spina 349:Edwardian and Henrician halfpennies 345:– Terry (or Elis) of London. 1143:ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA F D 14: 859:Soon after the accession of King 557:). The obverse inscription reads 1294: 1051:, while on the "old head" it is 1018:Victoria halfpenny 1855. Copper. 250: 200: 160: 33: 18:Halfpenny (British decimal coin) 766:(1685–1688) were made of 679:17th-century silver halfpennies 471:– King Edward – or 452:on the Berwick-produced coins. 44:needs additional citations for 1174:, got its name from the coin. 1009:GULIELMUS IIII DEI GRATIA date 1: 934:1807 halfpenny struck at the 805:The obverse inscription read 1094:obverse has the inscription 1085:A halfpenny exists for King 770:with a small square plug of 593:Halfpennies in the reign of 1326:Coins of the United Kingdom 1145:for the rest of the reign. 994:GEORGIUS IV DEI GRATIA date 958:GEORGIVS III DEI GRATIA REX 1352: 1049:VICTORIA D G BRITT REG F D 901:Irish counterfeit ha'penny 809:, while the reverse reads 68:"History of the halfpenny" 15: 1221:Oxford English Dictionary 969:GEORGIVS III D G REX date 398:for Newcastle upon Tyne, 1129:Unlike the penny, Queen 716:on the obverse, and the 406:for Berwick-upon-Tweed. 195:; "1 ½d" was spoken as 1226:Oxford University Press 1137:, with the inscription 343:TERRI (or ELIS) ON LUND 146:was worth 1/480th of a 1155:coin, introduced when 1027: 1019: 1003:The halfpenny of King 998:BRITANNIAR REX FID DEF 938: 902: 856: 794:In the joint reign of 724:Base-metal halfpennies 610:HENRIC DI GRA REX ANGL 553:), York, and Norwich ( 522:In the first reign of 436:(1377–1399) and 297:(1100–1135) and 144:British halfpenny coin 139: 1025: 1017: 933: 905:In the reign of King 900: 851: 785:NVMMORVM FAMVLVS date 134: 789:an ancillary coinage 638:EDG DG ROSA SIN SPIN 328:Geoffrey of Monmouth 53:improve this article 1224:(Online ed.). 1168:Broadhalfpenny Down 1030:The halfpennies of 985:Benedetto Pistrucci 893:Counterfeit coinage 840:(1701–1714). 762:The halfpennies of 650:EDG ROSA SINE SPINA 515:The halfpennies of 500:The halfpennies of 1256:Chibnall, Marjorie 1178:In popular culture 1163:Cricket connection 1074:The reign of King 1028: 1020: 939: 903: 857: 844:The United Kingdom 807:GVLIELMVS ET MARIA 614:H DG ROSA SIE SPIA 599:HENRIC DEI GRA REX 446:EDWARDUS REX A(NG) 140: 1232:(Subscription or 1144: 1140: 1124: 1120: 1117:until 1948, then 1116: 1100:Sir Francis Drake 1097: 1081: 1070: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1010: 999: 995: 974: 970: 963: 959: 952: 948: 888: 884: 870: 866: 832: 828: 827:GVLIELMVS TERTIVS 816: 812: 808: 786: 778: 758: 754: 714:St George's cross 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 634:EDG ROSA SIN SPIN 615: 611: 600: 589:Tudor halfpennies 584: 583:RICARD DI GRA REX 574: 567: 566:HENRIC DI GRA REX 560: 559:EDWARD DI GRA REX 556: 552: 548: 537: 533: 511: 507: 496: 492: 488: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 451: 447: 431: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 344: 340: 324:John of Worcester 321: 317: 305:Early halfpennies 129: 128: 121: 103: 1343: 1336:Coins of England 1304: 1299: 1298: 1297: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1244: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1217: 1210: 1142: 1138: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1095: 1079: 1068: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1008: 997: 993: 972: 968: 961: 957: 950: 947:GEORGIVS III REX 946: 886: 882: 868: 864: 830: 826: 815:NVMMORVM FAMVLVS 814: 810: 806: 796:King William III 784: 777:IACOBVS SECVNDVS 776: 756: 753:CAROLVS A CAROLO 752: 720:on the reverse. 653: 649: 646:CIVITAS BRISTOLI 645: 641: 637: 633: 613: 609: 604:By the reign of 598: 582: 579:King Richard III 572: 565: 558: 554: 550: 546: 535: 531: 509: 505: 494: 490: 486: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 449: 445: 429: 425: 421: 418: 414: 410: 403: 399: 395: 391: 388:VILLA BRISTOLLIE 387: 383: 379: 342: 338: 319: 315: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 244: 243: 240: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 206: 197:a penny ha'penny 191: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 169: 166: 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1316: 1315: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1248:Blackburn, Mark 1246: 1245: 1241: 1231: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1180: 1165: 1065:King Edward VII 928: 911:Matthew Boulton 895: 883:GEORGIVS II REX 846: 817:with the date. 730:King Charles II 726: 681: 606:King Henry VIII 591: 549:), Canterbury ( 536:HENRIC REX ANGL 506:HENRIC REX ANGL 483:King Richard II 465:EDWARDUS REX AN 457:King Edward III 450:EDWARDUS REX AN 404:VILLA BEREVVICI 400:CIVITAS EBORACI 376:Tower of London 351: 307: 253: 249: 203: 199: 189: 163: 159: 158:was pronounced 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 25: 12: 11: 5: 1349: 1347: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1305: 1289: 1288:External links 1286: 1283: 1282: 1268: 1239: 1204: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1179: 1176: 1164: 1161: 1157:decimalisation 1111:King George VI 1032:Queen Victoria 977: 976: 965: 962:BRITANNIA 1799 954: 927: 924: 894: 891: 879:King George II 845: 842: 725: 722: 699:King Charles I 680: 677: 654:CIVITAS LONDON 642:CIVITAS LONDON 629:King Edward VI 595:King Henry VII 590: 587: 555:CIVITAS NORWIC 551:CIVITAS CANTOR 543:King Edward IV 510:CIVITAS LONDON 422:R ANGL DNS HYB 402:for York, and 392:CIVITAS LINCOL 380:CIVITAS LONDON 350: 347: 335:King Henry III 320:GODWIN A ON WI 306: 303: 247:three ha'pence 148:pound sterling 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1348: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1310:British Coins 1308: 1307: 1303: 1292: 1287: 1271: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1240: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1222: 1216: 1209: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1146: 1141:in 1953, and 1136: 1132: 1127: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1043:denomination 1033: 1024: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1001: 990: 986: 982: 966: 955: 944: 943: 942: 937: 932: 925: 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 899: 892: 890: 880: 876: 874: 862: 854: 850: 843: 841: 839: 834: 822: 818: 803: 801: 800:Queen Mary II 797: 792: 790: 782: 773: 769: 765: 764:King James II 760: 749: 746: 742: 740: 735: 731: 723: 721: 719: 715: 711: 706: 704: 700: 695: 693: 690: 686: 678: 676: 672: 670: 666: 661: 659: 630: 625: 621: 619: 607: 602: 596: 588: 586: 580: 576: 573:CIVITAS DERAM 569: 562: 547:VILLA BRISTOW 544: 539: 529: 525: 524:King Henry VI 520: 518: 513: 503: 502:King Henry IV 498: 484: 480: 461:VILLA RADINGY 458: 453: 441: 440:(1399–1413). 439: 435: 407: 394:for Lincoln, 390:for Bristol, 377: 372: 368: 364: 359: 355: 354:King Edward I 348: 346: 336: 331: 329: 325: 312: 304: 302: 300: 296: 292: 291:King Edward I 287: 283: 248: 242: 198: 194: 193: 184: 157: 153: 149: 145: 138: 133: 123: 120: 112: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 73: 70: – 69: 65: 64:Find sources: 58: 54: 48: 47: 42:This article 40: 36: 31: 30: 27: 23: 19: 1302:Money portal 1273:. Retrieved 1259: 1242: 1219: 1208: 1185:The Avengers 1183: 1181: 1166: 1150: 1147: 1135:Mary Gillick 1131:Elizabeth II 1128: 1108: 1103: 1090: 1084: 1073: 1061: 1029: 1002: 989:William Wyon 978: 940: 918: 914: 904: 877: 872: 865:GEORGIVS REX 858: 835: 823: 819: 804: 793: 788: 780: 761: 750: 747: 743: 727: 710:Commonwealth 707: 696: 685:King James I 682: 673: 665:Queen Mary I 662: 626: 622: 617: 603: 592: 577: 570: 563: 540: 521: 517:King Henry V 514: 499: 481: 477:EDWARDIENSIS 469:EDWARDUS REX 454: 442: 408: 386:for London, 384:LONDONIENSIS 352: 339:HENRICUS REX 332: 311:King Henry I 308: 288: 246: 196: 155: 143: 141: 115: 106: 96: 89: 82: 75: 63: 51:Please help 46:verification 43: 26: 1215:"halfpenny" 1104:Golden Hind 1087:Edward VIII 1057:Heaton mint 734:Maundy-type 703:Aberystwyth 669:Elizabeth I 532:VILLA CALIS 396:NOVI CASTRI 152:base metals 1320:Categories 1275:23 October 1269:0851152864 1236:required.) 1200:References 1190:John Steed 1123:HALF PENNY 1045:HALF PENNY 1005:William IV 913:commented 907:George III 838:Queen Anne 757:BRITAN NIA 718:Irish harp 434:Richard II 316:HENRIC REX 137:Edward VII 79:newspapers 1153:two pence 981:George IV 973:BRITANNIA 951:BRITANNIA 936:Soho Mint 919:Cartwheel 887:BRITANNIA 869:BRITANNIA 831:BRITANNIA 811:BRITANNIA 739:Britannia 299:Henry III 156:ha'penny, 109:June 2012 1250:(1991). 1194:Mrs Peel 1151:The new 1076:George V 861:George I 787:– 692:mintmark 658:farthing 495:REX ANGL 438:Henry IV 358:hammered 1258:(ed.). 1172:cricket 1091:pattern 853:Hogarth 487:RICHARD 295:Henry I 192:-pə-nee 93:scholar 1266: 772:copper 528:Calais 491:RICARD 448:, and 426:RICARD 369:, and 309:A few 95: 88: 81: 74: 66: 1254:. In 1230: 683:When 430:HENRI 424:, or 417:, or 100:JSTOR 86:books 1277:2021 1264:ISBN 1038:for 873:dump 798:and 781:edge 636:(or 489:(or 419:EDWR 415:EDWA 326:and 142:The 72:news 1102:'s 1040:REX 1036:REG 768:tin 689:lis 644:or 620:). 612:to 575:). 428:or 411:EDW 382:or 367:III 245:or 190:HAY 55:by 1322:: 1218:. 671:. 660:. 601:. 568:. 561:. 538:. 493:) 479:. 413:, 371:IV 365:, 363:II 330:. 286:. 276:ən 270:eɪ 261:iː 229:eɪ 177:ən 171:eɪ 1279:. 1228:. 975:. 964:. 530:( 282:/ 279:s 273:p 267:h 264:ˈ 258:r 255:θ 252:/ 241:/ 238:i 235:n 232:p 226:h 223:ˈ 220:i 217:n 214:ɛ 211:p 208:ˈ 205:ə 202:/ 183:/ 180:i 174:p 168:h 165:ˈ 162:/ 122:) 116:( 111:) 107:( 97:· 90:· 83:· 76:· 49:. 24:.

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Knowledge

History of the halfpenny

Index