113:
126:
241:. They had body forms similar to modern equines, with high-crowned teeth. They first appeared in North America during the Early Miocene around 17 million years ago, before migrating into the Old World around 11.4-11.0 million years ago. The youngest species date to the
496:
Cirilli, Omar; Pandolfi, Luca; Alba, David M.; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Bukhsianidze, Maia; Kordos, Laszlo; Lordkipanidze, David; Rook, Lorenzo; Bernor, Raymond L. (April 2023).
112:
261:), over time there was increasing proportion of pure grazers, though the groups ecology remained diverse, with mixed feeding being the dominant ecology during the
498:"The last Plio-Pleistocene hipparions of Western Eurasia. A review with remarks on their taxonomy, paleobiogeography and evolution"
125:
632:
547:
622:
594:
509:
468:
427:
359:
254:
455:
Bernor, Raymond L.; Kaya, Ferhat; Kaakinen, Anu; Saarinen, Juha; Fortelius, Mikael (October 2021).
258:
373:
527:
120:
599:
585:
432:
366:
242:
627:
517:
476:
422:
412:
352:
513:
472:
338:
305:
291:
177:
616:
531:
70:
522:
497:
481:
456:
331:
284:
570:
579:
345:
45:
90:
55:
436:
417:
400:
321:
298:
137:
95:
17:
564:
401:"The Evolution of Equid Monodactyly: A Review Including a New Hypothesis"
262:
157:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
238:
197:
187:
100:
75:
457:"Old world hipparion evolution, biogeography, climatology and ecology"
167:
147:
541:
545:
280:(distinct from Old World species assigned to this genus)
399:
Janis, Christine M.; Bernor, Raymond L. (2019-04-12).
554:
312:Old World genera: (widely thought to descend from
237:is a tribe of three-toed horses in the subfamily
253:In the Old World hipparionines were initially
8:
542:
111:
31:
521:
480:
428:1983/ede09e37-96f7-4baf-aec5-1bb7766a04e7
426:
416:
386:
257:and mixed feeders (both browsing and
7:
450:
448:
446:
394:
392:
390:
405:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
25:
124:
523:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.107976
482:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103784
41:Early Miocene–Early Pleistocene
1:
649:
502:Quaternary Science Reviews
225:
220:
121:Scientific classification
119:
110:
34:
27:Extinct tribe of mammals
418:10.3389/fevo.2019.00119
273:North American genera:
595:Paleobiology Database
461:Earth-Science Reviews
514:2023QSRv..30607976C
473:2021ESRv..22103784B
610:
609:
548:Taxon identifiers
367:Proboscidipparion
243:Early Pleistocene
232:
231:
216:
16:(Redirected from
640:
603:
602:
590:
589:
588:
575:
574:
573:
543:
536:
535:
525:
493:
487:
486:
484:
452:
441:
440:
430:
420:
396:
353:Eurygnathohippus
214:
209:
129:
128:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
648:
647:
643:
642:
641:
639:
638:
637:
613:
612:
611:
606:
598:
593:
584:
583:
578:
569:
568:
563:
550:
540:
539:
495:
494:
490:
454:
453:
444:
398:
397:
388:
383:
360:Plesiohipparion
271:
251:
213:
207:
123:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
646:
644:
636:
635:
630:
625:
615:
614:
608:
607:
605:
604:
591:
576:
560:
558:
552:
551:
546:
538:
537:
488:
442:
385:
384:
382:
379:
378:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
339:Cremohipparion
335:
328:
314:Cormohipparion
310:
309:
306:Cormohipparion
302:
295:
292:Pseudhipparion
288:
281:
270:
267:
250:
247:
230:
229:
223:
222:
218:
217:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
178:Perissodactyla
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
645:
634:
633:Mammal tribes
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
618:
601:
596:
592:
587:
581:
577:
572:
566:
562:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
533:
529:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
489:
483:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
449:
447:
443:
438:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
380:
376:
375:
371:
369:
368:
364:
362:
361:
357:
355:
354:
350:
348:
347:
343:
341:
340:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:sensu stricto
324:
323:
319:
318:
317:
315:
308:
307:
303:
301:
300:
296:
294:
293:
289:
287:
286:
282:
279:
276:
275:
274:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
244:
240:
236:
228:
224:
219:
212:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
623:Hipparionini
586:Hipparionini
556:Hipparionini
555:
505:
501:
491:
464:
460:
408:
404:
374:Shanxihippus
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
332:Hippotherium
330:
325:
320:
313:
311:
304:
297:
290:
285:Neohipparion
283:
278:"Hipparion"
277:
272:
252:
235:Hipparionini
234:
233:
226:
211:Hipparionini
210:
35:Hipparionini
29:
18:Hipparionine
580:Wikispecies
346:Sivalhippus
215:Quinn, 1955
194:Subfamily:
617:Categories
508:: 107976.
467:: 103784.
381:References
571:Q18398569
532:257594449
437:2296-701X
322:Hipparion
299:Nannippus
227:See text
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
565:Wikidata
269:Taxonomy
263:Pliocene
255:browsers
184:Family:
168:Mammalia
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
628:Equinae
510:Bibcode
469:Bibcode
259:grazing
249:Ecology
239:Equinae
221:Genera
204:Tribe:
198:Equinae
188:Equidae
174:Order:
164:Class:
530:
435:
600:65579
528:S2CID
433:ISSN
46:PreꞒ
518:doi
506:306
477:doi
465:221
423:hdl
413:doi
619::
597::
582::
567::
526:.
516:.
504:.
500:.
475:.
463:.
459:.
445:^
431:.
421:.
411:.
407:.
403:.
389:^
316:)
265:.
245:.
96:Pg
534:.
520::
512::
485:.
479::
471::
439:.
425::
415::
409:7
208:†
101:N
91:K
86:J
81:T
76:P
71:C
66:D
61:S
56:O
51:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
