132:
153:
459:
370:
first became widespread north of the Alps around 1.1 to 1 million years ago, as evidenced from specimens found dating to this time in France, Germany, the
Netherlands and southern Britain. The youngest remains of the species are from
481:. The species exhibited size variability, with individuals from the late Early Pleistocene and Middle Pleistocene being smaller on average than those from earlier in the Early Pleistocene. In comparison to modern
1351:
Konidaris, George; Tourloukis, Vangelis; Boni, Georgia; Athanassiou, Athanassios; Giusti, Domenico; Thompson, Nicholas; Syrides, George; Panagopoulou, Eleni; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Harvati, Katerina (2023-04-27).
1285:
J.A. Alcover, P. Bover (Eds.), Proceedings of the
International Symposium “Insular Vertebrate Evolution: The Palaeontological Approach.” Monographias de la Societat d'Historia Natural de !es Balears (2005), pp.
1282:
907:"Reinforcing the idea of an early dispersal of Hippopotamus amphibius in Europe: Restoration and multidisciplinary study of the skull from the Middle Pleistocene of Cava Montanari (Rome, central Italy)"
905:
Mecozzi, Beniamino; Iannucci, Alessio; Mancini, Marco; Tentori, Daniel; Cavasinni, Chiara; Conti, Jacopo; Messina, Mattia Yuri; Sarra, Alex; Sardella, Raffaele (2023-11-22). Carnevale, Giorgio (ed.).
568:(~1.4 Ma), Fuente Nueva 3 (~1.3 Ma), and VallparadĂs (~1.0 Ma), At the Marathousa 2 site in Greece, thought to date to the Middle Pleistocene around 500-400,000 years ago, remains of a juvenile
576:. It is unclear whether the remains at these sites were hunted or scavenged. It is unlikely that archaic humans regularly hunted healthy adult hippopotamuses due to their dangerousness.
131:
856:"A review on the Pleistocene occurrences and palaeobiology of Hippopotamus antiquus based on the record from the Barranc de la Boella Section (FrancolĂ Basin, NE Iberia)"
644:"A review on the Pleistocene occurrences and palaeobiology of Hippopotamus antiquus based on the record from the Barranc de la Boella Section (FrancolĂ Basin, NE Iberia)"
463:
753:"An Early Pleistocene hippopotamus from Westbury Cave, Somerset, England: support for a previously unrecognized temperate interval in the British Quaternary record"
477:. Volumetric analysis (which is generally considered more accurate) suggests a body mass of around 3,174 kilograms (6,997 lb) for a specimen on display at the
375:
in
Portugal, suggested to date to approximately 400,000 years ago, and Malagrotta in central Italy, dating to 450-380,000 years ago. Later records of the genus
366:, around 2.1-2 million years ago, which are found in Italy and Greece. The earliest specimens in the Iberian Peninsula date to around 1.7 million years ago.
1028:"150 Years of Neanderthal Discoveries; Early Europeans - Continuity & Discontinuity," ed. von Koenigswald, Wighart and Thomas Litt, TERRA NOSTRA 2006/2
854:
Fidalgo, D.; Rosas, A.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; Pineda, A.; Huguet, R.; GarcĂa-Tabernero, A.; Cáceres, I.; OllĂ©, A.; VallverdĂş, J.; Saladie, P. (May 2023).
642:
Fidalgo, D.; Rosas, A.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; Pineda, A.; Huguet, R.; GarcĂa-Tabernero, A.; Cáceres, I.; OllĂ©, A.; VallverdĂş, J.; Saladie, P. (May 2023).
1229:"Biogeochemical and Ecomorphological Inferences On Prey Selection and Resource Partitioning Among Mammalian Carnivores In An Early Pleistocene Community"
1036:
1354:"Marathousa 2: A New Middle Pleistocene Locality in the Megalopolis Basin (Greece) With Evidence of Hominin Exploitation of Megafauna (Hippopotamus)"
1453:
1522:
1517:
1073:
592:
Desmarest, A.G., 1822. Mammalogie ou description des espèces de mammifères. Mme Veuve Agasse imprimeur édit., Paris, 2ème part., pp.277-555.
446:. Their distribution was strongly controlled by temperature, with the species only extending to the northern parts of Europe during warmer
973:
609:"Taxonomy, chronology, and dispersal patterns of Western European Quaternary hippopotamuses: New insight from Portuguese fossil material"
1512:
473:
has been estimated to weigh 3,500–4,200 kilograms (7,700–9,300 lb), more than double the weight of the average specimen of
1507:
152:
267:
1052:
MartĂnez-Navarro, Bienvenido (2010), Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Baden, Andrea L. (eds.),
1431:
541:
521:
437:
1096:"Body mass estimate and in-vivo reconstruction of Hippopotamus antiquus from Figline, Upper Valdarno (Tuscany)"
1296:
Georgitsis, Michail K.; Liakopoulou, Dionysia Ε.; Theodorou, Georgios E.; Tsiolakis, Efthymios (August 2022).
1227:
Palmqvist, P.; Perez-Claros, J. A.; Janis, C. M.; Figueirido, B.; Torregrosa, V.; Grocke, D. R. (2008-11-01).
1033:
1393:
478:
693:
Fidalgo, DarĂo; Madurell-Malapeira, Joan; Martino, Roberta; Pandolfi, Luca; Rosas, Antonio (2024-01-10).
1479:
1228:
442:
248:
1130:
810:"The Middle Pleistocene Hippopotamus from Malagrotta (Latium, Italy): New Data and Future Perspectives"
1440:
1353:
1240:
1185:
1142:
1095:
988:
918:
867:
764:
655:
377:
354:
317:
224:
1060:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 207–224,
1333:
1264:
1209:
1029:
1004:
790:
624:
608:
506:
330:
276:
147:
45:
1298:"Functional morphology of the hindlimb of fossilized pygmy hippopotamus from Ayia Napa (Cyprus)"
564:
have been reported from several sites in Spain, dating to the late Early
Pleistocene, including
1484:
1466:
1373:
1325:
1317:
1256:
1201:
1158:
1111:
1069:
1012:
954:
936:
831:
782:
726:
433:
417:
413:
363:
326:
41:
1471:
1365:
1309:
1248:
1193:
1150:
1103:
1061:
996:
944:
926:
885:
875:
821:
772:
716:
706:
695:"An Updated Review of The Quaternary Hippopotamus Fossil Records from the Iberian Peninsula"
673:
663:
616:
565:
533:
1176:
Martino, R.; Pandolfi, L. (2022-07-03). "The
Quaternary Hippopotamus records from Italy".
1040:
1297:
1244:
1189:
1146:
1053:
992:
949:
922:
906:
871:
768:
659:
607:
Martino, Roberta; RĂos, Maria Ibanez; Mateus, Octavio; Pandolfi, Luca (December 2022).
561:
214:
1501:
1337:
1213:
1154:
1008:
794:
628:
421:
82:
1268:
880:
855:
668:
643:
486:
447:
382:
334:
1197:
1107:
458:
17:
1065:
931:
620:
1425:
204:
57:
1252:
1131:"Were Pleistocene hippopotamuses exposed to climate-driven body size changes?"
1000:
573:
498:
102:
67:
1416:
1377:
1321:
1260:
1205:
1162:
1115:
940:
835:
808:
Martino, Roberta; Marra, Fabrizio; RĂos, MarĂa; Pandolfi, Luca (2024-02-29).
786:
730:
497:, with the skull having more elevated eyesockets and the feet having shorter
164:
107:
51:
1369:
1329:
958:
1283:
Pleistocene hippopotamuses of
Mediterranean islands: looking for ancestors
401:
coexisted in Europe from 500-400,000 years ago, though this is uncertain.
1410:
429:
393:
in Europe is around 500,000 years old, and it is therefore possible that
372:
184:
97:
92:
77:
72:
62:
890:
826:
809:
721:
711:
694:
678:
1458:
1313:
436:. Remains possibly attributable to the species are also known from the
112:
87:
777:
752:
322:
194:
174:
1387:
440:
in Israel, though other authors assign these remains to the species
537:
457:
425:
358:, and may be a descendant of that species. The oldest records of
1445:
560:
Remains of the species with cut marks suggestive of butchery by
1391:
493:
has been suggested to have been more aquatically adapted than
27:
Extinct species of
Hippopotamus from the Pleistocene of Europe
485:, the skull is more slender and elongate, but with a shorter
428:
to Greece. The easternmost record of the species is from the
1094:
Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio; Bellucci, Luca (2024-07-30).
1054:"Early Pleistocene Faunas of Eurasia and Hominin Dispersals"
352:
is suggested to be closely related to the
African species
751:
Adams, Neil F.; Candy, Ian; Schreve, Danielle C. (2022).
572:
individual with cut marks were found associated with a
1400:
1129:Mazza, Paul P. A.; Bertini, Adele (January 2013).
513:preferred aquatic plants, in contrast to modern
469:Based on the transverse diameter of its limbs,
381:in Europe are believed to belong to the modern
389:). The earliest generally accepted record of
333:. It was considerably larger than the living
8:
974:"The Eemian mammal fauna of central Europe"
464:Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris
1388:
130:
31:
948:
930:
889:
879:
825:
776:
720:
710:
677:
667:
585:
517:, which prefers terrestrial grasses.
7:
849:
847:
845:
746:
744:
742:
740:
602:
600:
598:
528:) is believed to have evolved from
315:is an extinct species of the genus
981:Netherlands Journal of Geosciences
25:
142:in Florence Palaeontology museum
1155:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00285.x
151:
881:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108034
669:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108034
412:ranged across Europe, from the
286:Hippopotamus amphibius antiquus
1:
1523:Fossil taxa described in 1822
1518:Prehistoric mammals of Europe
1198:10.1080/08912963.2021.1965138
1108:10.1080/08912963.2024.2380358
972:van Kolfschoten, Th. (2000).
757:Journal of Quaternary Science
507:analysis of nitrogen isotopes
432:, at the Akhalkalaki site in
1066:10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_13
932:10.1371/journal.pone.0293405
621:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.12.010
1539:
1253:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-073r
860:Quaternary Science Reviews
648:Quaternary Science Reviews
1001:10.1017/S0016774600021752
552:, but this is uncertain.
542:Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus
522:Cretan dwarf hippopotamus
282:
275:
254:
247:
148:Scientific classification
146:
138:
129:
34:
1513:Pleistocene Artiodactyla
613:Quaternary International
556:Relationship with humans
548:) may also derive from
532:through the process of
1508:Extinct hippopotamuses
1370:10.48738/2023.iss1.810
495:Hippopotamus amphibius
483:Hippopotamus amphibius
479:University of Florence
466:
387:Hippopotamus amphibius
339:Hippopotamus amphibius
301:Hippopotamus tiberinus
291:Hippopotamus georgicus
1480:Paleobiology Database
1432:Hippopotamus antiquus
1402:Hippopotamus antiquus
1302:Journal of Morphology
570:Hippopotamus antiquus
491:Hippopotamus antiquus
461:
312:Hippopotamus antiquus
261:Hippopotamus antiquus
140:Hippopotamus antiquus
36:Hippopotamus antiquus
615:. 674–675: 121–137.
355:Hippopotamus gorgops
1245:2008Palai..23..724P
1190:2022HBio...34.1146M
1147:2013Borea..42..194M
993:2000NJGeo..79..269V
923:2023PLoSO..1893405M
872:2023QSRv..30708034F
827:10.3390/quat7010013
769:2022JQS....37...28A
712:10.3390/quat7010004
660:2023QSRv..30708034F
321:that ranged across
1314:10.1002/jmor.21488
1178:Historical Biology
1100:Historical Biology
1039:2007-02-25 at the
1030:University of Bonn
467:
331:Middle Pleistocene
296:Hippopotamus major
46:Middle Pleistocene
18:Hippopotamus major
1495:
1494:
1467:Open Tree of Life
1394:Taxon identifiers
1358:PaleoAnthropology
1075:978-90-481-9035-5
536:on the island of
418:Italian Peninsula
414:Iberian Peninsula
364:Early Pleistocene
308:
307:
42:Early Pleistocene
16:(Redirected from
1530:
1488:
1487:
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1434:
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1342:
1341:
1308:(8): 1048–1079.
1293:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1184:(7): 1146–1156.
1173:
1167:
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1119:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1049:
1043:
1026:
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1019:
1017:
1011:. Archived from
987:(2/3): 269–281.
978:
969:
963:
962:
952:
934:
917:(11): e0293405.
902:
896:
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778:10.1002/jqs.3375
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534:insular dwarfism
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240:H. antiquus
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54:
40:Temporal range:
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1239:(11): 724–737.
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1175:
1174:
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1128:
1127:
1123:
1093:
1092:
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1080:
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1058:Out of Africa I
1051:
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1219:
1168:
1141:(1): 194–209.
1121:
1086:
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1044:
1021:
1018:on 2011-07-24.
964:
897:
841:
800:
736:
685:
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562:archaic humans
557:
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540:. The extinct
526:H. creutzburgi
509:suggests that
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566:Barranco LeĂłn
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553:
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531:
527:
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503:H. amphibius.
500:
496:
492:
488:
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460:
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451:
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445:
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438:Ubeidiya site
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422:British Isles
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249:Binomial name
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69:
64:
59:
53:
50:2.1–0.4
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
1401:
1364:(1): 34–55.
1361:
1357:
1346:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1277:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1099:
1089:
1079:, retrieved
1057:
1047:
1024:
1013:the original
984:
980:
967:
914:
910:
900:
891:10261/308555
863:
859:
817:
813:
803:
763:(1): 28–41.
760:
756:
722:10261/345195
702:
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688:
679:10261/308555
651:
647:
637:
612:
588:
569:
559:
549:
545:
529:
525:
519:
515:H. amphibius
514:
510:
502:
494:
490:
487:neurocranium
482:
475:H. amphibius
474:
470:
468:
448:interglacial
441:
409:
408:
405:Distribution
399:H. amphibius
398:
394:
391:H. amphibius
390:
386:
383:hippopotamus
378:Hippopotamus
376:
367:
362:date to the
359:
353:
349:
348:
338:
335:hippopotamus
318:Hippopotamus
316:
311:
310:
309:
300:
295:
290:
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260:
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239:
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225:
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139:
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1281:A.C. Marra
550:H. antiquus
530:H. antiquus
511:H. antiquus
501:bones than
471:H. antiquus
454:Description
450:intervals.
443:H. behemoth
426:Rhine River
410:H. antiquus
395:H. antiquus
368:H. antiquus
360:H. antiquus
350:H. antiquus
325:during the
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814:Quaternary
699:Quaternary
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499:metapodial
1378:1545-0031
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345:Evolution
268:Desmarest
233:Species:
171:Kingdom:
165:Eukaryota
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950:10664965
911:PLOS ONE
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546:H. minor
430:Caucasus
416:and the
373:Condeixa
277:Synonyms
211:Family:
195:Mammalia
185:Chordata
181:Phylum:
175:Animalia
161:Domain:
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