Hippophae rhamnoides - Knowledge (XXG)

845:. Harvesting the fruit is problematic because the fruit does not easily release from the stem. Different mechanical harvest methods were developed in the late 20th century, such as shaking, vacuum and quick freezing, but with the disadvantages of fruit and bark damage and low efficiency, as of 1990. Except when frozen on the shrub, fresh fruit mechanical harvesting is still in the development stage during the early 21st century. This is mainly due to the difficulty in separating the stem (pedicel) from the berry (pericarp). Mechanical harvesting – with the sequence of cutting a branch from the tree, freezing it, then shaking the branch to release the berries – eliminates the necessity for maintenance pruning, leaving a hedge that has been uniformly cut back, with high-quality berries. A trunk clamp-on vibrator harvester may be used when the fruit is frozen on the shrub, but with this method leaf and wood contamination is high and an additional step of berry cleaning is necessary. 283: 444: 302:, meaning that the male and female flowers grow on different shrubs. The sex of seedlings can only be determined at the first flowering, which mostly occurs after three years. The male inflorescence is built up of four to six apetalous flowers, while the female inflorescence normally consists of only one apetalous flower and contains one ovary and one ovule. Fertilization occurs solely via wind pollination, so male plants need to be close to female plants to allow for fertilization and fruit production. 33: 51: 795:

female plants. To avoid this problem, excessive male plants are replaced with female plants, or vegetative propagation from mature plants of known sex is done. With vegetative propagation, the cuttings will bear fruit 1 to 2 years earlier than seed propagated trees and the genetics and sex are known from the mother plant. Sea buckthorn can be propagated using either hardwood or softwood cuttings, root cuttings, layering and suckers.

452: 1172:, since it grows slower than weeds due to its less vigorous root system. Weeds should be removed before planting by preparing the land adequately, and they should subsequently be controlled during the first four to five years, until the shrubs are high enough to shade out the weeds. Weed control is done both mechanically and manually. Weeding should however not be too deep so as not to damage the root system of 431:. Approximately 10 000 acres of the plant are planted in China each year for berry production as well as eco-environmental improvement. As of 2003, approximately 100 km of field shelterbelts were planted in Canada each year, and over 250 000 mature fruit-producing plants were grown on the Canadian prairies with an estimated annual fruit supply of 750 000 kg. Other countries that grow 739:

sea level. The plant can withstand temperatures from −43 °C to + 40 °C. Vegetation begins at average daily air temperatures of 5 to 7 °C. It flowers at temperatures 10 to 15 °C and requires total effective temperatures, spring to harvest time, of 14.5 °C to 17.5 °C, depending on latitude, elevation and species. Frost hardiness is the highest in deep

826: 1902: 773:. An orchard planting can yield 10 tonnes of berries per hectare. A number of seeds per planting site is recommended at spacing of 1 m within the row and 4 m between the rows, south-east sloping terrain is recommended to facilitate the maximum sunlight exposure and rows should be oriented in a north– south direction to provide maximum light. 1913: 833:

The fruits ripen in the fall and frequently cling on the shrub until the following March/April. Estimate of orchard planting with 2,500 trees per hectare. a 1:6–8 male and female ratio, and 4 metres (13 ft) between rows with 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) between plants should yield approximately

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is considered drought resistant but it is a moisture sensitive plant especially in the spring when plants are flowering and young fruits are beginning to develop. Planting in arid or semiarid areas is possible, if water is supplied for establishment. It can bear fruits at altitudes up to 2000 m above

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Wilt disease is a combination of fungal diseases that is sometimes also called "dried-shrink disease", "shrivelled disease", "dry rot" or "dry atrophy". In China, it causes fruit yield losses of 30–40% and annual losses of mature plantations of 4 000 ha. Several pathogens have been described as

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is by wind action only. The ratio and distance of male to female plants is important, as the number of female trees in each planting directly affects the total yield. Recommendations for male and female ratio vary from 6 to 12%, while the distance within which the female plant can be pollinated is

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Seed propagation is not commonly used in orchards because the species is dioecious, therefore the sex cannot be determined in the seed, or prior to 3 to 4 years of growth. And male plants must be replaced. If seedlings of unknown sex are planted, it may result in an uneven distribution of male and

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can be found in the northern regions of China, throughout most of the Himalayan region, including India, Nepal and Bhutan, Pakistan and Afghanistan. It is found in a variety of locations: on hills and hillsides, valleys, riverbeds, along coastal regions, on islands, in small isolated or continuous

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in November and December. During this period, negative temperatures of −50 °C may be tolerated. Whereas in the post-dormant period in January to March, the critical temperature drops in air temperature for the male to −30 °C to −35 °C and for the female, −40 °C to −45 °C.

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is native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia, between 27 and 69EN latitude and 7EW and 122EE longitude. These regions include the Baltic Coasts of Finland, Poland and Germany, the Gulf of Bothnia in Sweden, as well as coastal areas of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. In Asia,

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is found growing profusely on a wide range of soil types, but does better in soils with a light physical structure, rich in nutrient compounds and with a pH near neutral (pH 6.5–7.5). Best growth occurs in deep, well drained, sandy loam with ample organic matter. Very light, sandy soils have low

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is to train branches, promote growth and facilitate harvesting. Moderate pruning will increase the yield and fruiting life of the plants. The crown should be pruned to remove overlapping branches, and long branches should be cut to encourage development of lateral shoots. Mature fruiting plants

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is about 3.0 million ha worldwide. This number includes both wild and cultivated plants. Of these, approximately 2.5 million ha are situated in China (1.0 million ha of wild plants and 1.5 million ha in plantations), 20 000 ha in Mongolia, 12 000 ha in India and 3 000 ha in

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plant is particularly drought- and salt-tolerant and can thus be successfully used for land reclamation, against further soil erosion, as shelterbelt or in agroforestry. These characteristics are mainly due to the deep root system that the plant develops. For example, in eastern China, new

1075:) are one of the most damaging. They are usually found in the new growth on shoot tips where they stunt growth and cause yellowing of the leaves. This is then followed by shrinking of the leaves along their central vein, after which they drop prematurely. Another serious pest is the 2004:

Gutzeit D, Baleanu G, Winterhalter P, Jerz G (2008). "Vitamin C Content in Sea Buckthorn Berries (Hippophaë rhamnoides L. ssp . rhamnoides) and Related Products: A Kinetic Study on Storage Stability and the Determination of Processing Effects".

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water carrying capacity and are also low in nutrient mineral elements; so without the previous addition of organic matter, are not appropriate. Similarly inappropriate are clayey soils, with high density and water retention characteristics.

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should be pruned to allow more light penetration. Pruning is also recommended to eliminate thorns on the mature wood to facilitate harvesting. Pruning should be started the year trees have been planted, late winter pruning is best time.

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shrub that can grow between 2 and 4 m high (between 7 and 13 ft). It has a rough, brown or black bark and a thick, grayish-green crown. The leaves are alternate, narrow and lanceolate, with silvery-green upper faces. It is

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10 tonnes. Good plants will produce up to 7 kilograms (15 lb) annually. In Asia the fruits are harvested by hand; this process requires about 1500 person-hours/ha. Fruit harvest is the most time consuming operation in growing

609:, as part of drugs or in the cosmetic industry. The leaves can be used as feed, particularly for ruminants. Because of its tolerance against strongly eroded, nutrient-poor and sometimes salty soils, the plant is also used for 808:

The large morphological diversity is a good indication for opportunities in selection of desired characteristics for a given region. Mass selection is still practiced in many areas, although it is gradually replaced by

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Ruan CJ, Teixeira da Silva JA, Li Q, Li H, Zhang J (2010). "Pathogenicity of dried-shrink disease and evaluation of resistance in a germplasm collection of sea buckthorn (Hippophae L.) from China and other countries".

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and insect pests. It is estimated that more than 60,000 ha of natural and planted sea buckthorn stands have died in China since the year 2000 due to these three factors, and approximately 5,000 ha perish each year.

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can only be grown in well-lit, unshaded areas. Starting from its very earliest stage of development, it cannot tolerate shade. As for fertilization, phosphorus is indispensable for the normal life processes of the

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needs a period of 4 to 5 years from the appearance of the first shoots from the seeds to the beginning of fruit and peaks at the 7–8th year of plant life, remaining productive for 30 years with intermittent

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are enriched in nitrogen. The nitrogen-fixing activity of the symbiotic bacteria is not constant, but depends on external factors such as the climate or whether additional nitrogen fertilization occurred.

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accumulate oil both in soft parts and in seed of the fruit. Oil content in soft parts is 1.5–3.0%, while in seed this is 11% of the fresh weight. For the compositions of sea buckthorn oils, see article:

838:. The relatively small fruit size, short pedicel, force required to pull off each fruit, the density of fruit on the branch, and the thorniness of the plant, are the disadvantages during harvesting. 1961:

Zheng J, Yang B, Trépanier M, Kallio H (2012). "Effects of genotype, latitude, and weather conditions on the composition of sugars, sugar alcohols, fruit acids, and ascorbic acid in sea buckthorn (

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Rösch D, Bergmann M, Knorr D, Kroh LW (2003). "Structure−antioxidant efficiency relationships of phenolic compounds and their contribution to the antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn juice".

371:. These subspecies vary in size, shape, number of main lateral veins in the leaves and quantity and color of stellate hairs. They also have different areas of distribution and specific uses. 813:

and polyploidy breeding. The most important characteristics that need improvement are: yield, fruit size, winter hardness, thornlessness, fruit and pollen quality and early maturity, long

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bacteria. The roots also transform insoluble organic and mineral matters from the soil into more soluble states. Vegetative reproduction of the plants occurs rapidly via root suckers.

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Guliyev VB, Gul M, Yildirim A (2004). "Hippophae rhamnoides L.: chromatographic methods to determine chemical composition, use in traditional medicine and pharmacological effects".

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The oval or lightly roundish fruits grow in compact grapes varying from pale yellow to dark orange. Individual fruits weigh between 270 and 480 mg and contain high amounts of

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Hornig, R; Hohne, F; Jalakas, M (2010). "Results of a German-Estonian sea buckthorn cultivar trial". 1st European Workshop on sea buckthorn, Euroworks 2010:Potsdam, 1–3 December.

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Gutzeit D, Baleanu G, Winterhalter P, Jerz G (2007). "Determination of processing effects and of storage stability on vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) in sea buckthorn berries (

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Kallio H, Yang B, Peippo P, Tahvonen R, Pan R (2002). "Triacylglycerols, glycerophospholipids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in berries and seeds of two subspecies (ssp.

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Kauppinen, S (2010). "Sea buckthorn cultivation in Finland now and the future progress". 1st European Workshop on sea buckthorn, Euroworks 2010: Potsdam, 1–3 December.

3518: 2401:"Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine—An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs" 800:

about 100m. It has been shown that as the distance from the female plant to the male plant (polliniser) increases (64m), the yield of the female plant decreases.

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oil may be used to produce cosmetics, such as hand cream, shampoo or massage oils. The leaves of the shrub can be air dried, eventually ground, and used for tea.

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Jianfeng Z, Shangjun R, Jiyue L, Makeschin F (2004). "Agroforestry and its Application in Amelioration of Saline Soils in Eastern China Coastal Region".

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and juice. The fruit pomace can be used to obtain oil, natural food color (yellow/orange) or jam, while the juice is further processed and packaged as a

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Liu, XH; Ji, BY; Sun, CH; Wang, YH (2006). "Isolation, screening and identification of antagonistic cladothrix actinomyces of sea buckthorn dry rot".

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Laurinen, E (1994). "Non-traditional culture of tree fruit and small fruit crops outside the normal season and new species for economic production".

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Gutzeit D, Winterhalter P, Jerz G (2008). "Nutritional assessment of processing effects on major and trace element content in sea buckthorn juice (

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Biswas A, Bharti VK, Acharya S, Pawar DD, Singh SB (2010). "Sea buckthorn: new feed opportunity for poultry in cold arid Ladakh region of India".

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Bal LM, Meda V, Naik SN, Satya S (2011). "Sea buckthorn berries: A potential source of valuable nutrients for nutraceuticals and cosmoceuticals".

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leaves. The leaf roller occurs from May to July, while the spongy moth occurs later in the summer. Further insect pests include the commashaped

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has dense, compact vines growing to 2 feet (0.61 m) tall and wide, characteristics possibly making it useful as a low hedge near the sea.

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Shchapov NS, Kreimer VK (1988). "Experimental polyploids of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) I. Producing and identifying polyploids".

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is a very versatile plant and the fruits as well as the leaves can be used. The fruits are processed and then used in the food industry, in

3806: 2724:(Proceedings of the 3rd European Workshop on Sea Buckthorn EuroWorkS2014). Helsinki: Natural Resources Institute Finland. pp. 31–35. 386:= "to shine" and is due to the ancient Greek use of sea buckthorn leaves as horse fodder to make their coats shine more. The species name 3796: 3440: 1427: 1336: 645:

fruits are processed in the food industry to different products. Usually, the berries are first washed and then pressed, resulting in

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Ruan CJ, Rumpunen K, Nybom H (2013). "Advances in improvement of quality and resistance of a multipurpose crop: sea buckthorn".

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is also involved in interactions with various animals (birds, rodents, deer, livestock) that can lead to damage in plantations.

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fruits have also been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea, juice, or syrup for treatment of infections.

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Kluczynski B (1989). "Effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) cultivation on post-industrial wastelands in Poland".

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Montpetit D, Lalonde M (1988). "In vitro propagation and subsequent nodulation of the actinorhizal Hippophae rhamnoides L.".

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Gatner EM, Gardener IC (1970). "Observations on the fine structure of the root nodule endophye of Hippophae rhamnoides L.".

1123:), which sucks sap from the bark and can cause important damage by leading to the death of the plant, and the larvae of the 3060:

Zhang, J; Meng, QT; Zhou, ZZ; Li, HW; Sun, HS (2001). "A preliminary study on sea buckthorn wilt disease and its control".

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Baker RM (1996). "The future of the invasion shrub, sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), on the west coast of Britain".

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Difficulties in harvesting are the major barriers of orchard production and development of the plant's potential as a

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has also recently been planted in countries such as Canada, the United States, Bolivia, Chile, Japan and South Korea.

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are used to control insect pests in the soil, and insecticide soap can be employed against green aphid infestations

672:, particularly in Russia and Northeast Asia. The leaves are used as supposed herbal medicine for various disorders. 3681: 3601: 1696: 50: 499:, with total sugar content of 2.7–5.3 g/100 ml of juice. Typical sourness of the fruits is due to high content of 282: 3557: 3041:

Zhang, J; Xin, WB (2002). "Epidemic construction of and escaping from sea buckthorn dry atrophy in cold desert".

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Höhne F (2015). "Overview of cultivation technologies and their challenges". In Kauppinen S, Petruneva E (eds.).

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Bernáth J, Földesi D (1992). "Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): A Promising New Medicinal and Food Crop".

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The plants have a very developed and extensive root system, and the roots live in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing

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spp.), which causes gall formation on the leaves and thereby leads to deformation of the leaf surface. Both the

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Du, HJ (2001). "Development and causative agent of shrivelled disease of sea buckthorn: survey and analysis".

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Zhang, J (2006). "Screening and application of antagonistic fungus of sea buckthorn Plowrightia hippophaes".

1903:"Die Sanddornfruchtfliege (Rhagoletis batava) – Untersuchungen zur Biologie und zum Auftreten 2014 in Gülzow" 3453: 3022:

Li, JM; Liu, XH (2006). "Screening tests of W culture medium against actinomyces in sea buckthorn dry rot".

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Du HJ (2002). "Identification and screen of resistance to dried-shrink disease of sea buckthorn cultivars".

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at the same site for 3–5 years, and avoiding to make cuttings from infected plants. Antagonistic fungi like

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Stewart WD, Pearson MC (1967). "Nodulation and nitrogen-fixation by Hippophae rhamnoides L. in the field".

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Study on the pathogen and pollution-free control of dry shrink of sea buckthorn in Heilongjiang province

1501:"Attributes of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) to Meet Nutritional Requirements in High Altitude" 1124: 858: 443: 167: 3484: 1531: 1214: 522:

content – approximately 400 mg per 100 grams, placing sea buckthorn fruit among the richest

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Eliseev IP, Fefelov VA (1977). "Material for studying Hippophae rhamnoides in Kabardino – Balkaria".

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is included in the system as shelterbelt, providing a habitat to different birds and small mammals.

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Xu, MQ; Dai, YC (1997). "A New Forest Pathogen on Hippophae in China: Phellinus hippophaeicola".

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Wu, FH; Zhao, YZ (2004). "A review of diseases and pest control of seabuckthorn in former USSR".

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Nakos, M.; Pepelanova, I.; Beutel, S.; Krings, U.; Berger, R. G.; Scheper, T. (1 February 2017).

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Methods to control the disease include removing and burning infected branches, not replanting

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Biswas MR, Biswas AK (1980). "In desertification, control the deserts and create pastures".

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Both in Asia and in Europe, sea buckthorn losses occur notably due to environmental stress,

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Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, et al. (2013).

956: 861:. 'Leikora' is a dense-fruit cultivar, while 'Pollmix' is used as a pollinator for female 451: 255: 88: 2320: 1682: 573: 3275:

Rongsen, L (1992). "Seabuckthorn – A Multipurpose Plant Species for Fragile Mountains".

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Gaetke R, Triquart E (1992). "Pruning machine for mechanized harvest of sea buckthorn".

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Andersson SC, Olsson ME, Johansson E, Rumpunen K (2009). "Carotenoids in sea buckthorn (

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Kondrashov VT, Sokolova EP (1990). "New wilt-resistant forms of Hippophaë rhamnoides".

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Varlamov GP, Gabuniya VG (1990). "Picking sea buckthorn fruit by suction air stream".

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Dobritsa SV, Novik SN (1992). "Feedback regulation of nodule formation in Hippophae".

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on the roots. The plant requires little nitrogen, due to its ability to fix nitrogen.

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L.) berries: identification and effects of different origins and harvesting times".

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Painting by the Swedish botanist C. A. M. Lindman (1856–1928), taken from his book,

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Fu L, Su H, Li R, Cui Y (2014). "Harvesting technologies for sea buckthorn fruit".

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Yang B, Karlsson RM, Oksman PH, Kallio HP (2001). "Phytosterols in sea buckthorn (

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Stobdan T, Chaurasia OP, Korekar G, Mundra S, Ali Z, Yadav A, et al. (2010).

1485: 1083:), whose larvae feed on the fruit flesh, rendering the fruits unsuitable for use. 3102:. Harbin, China: Dissertation for Master's Degree, Northeast Forestry University. 1842: 1329:

Dictionary of gardening: A practical and scientific encyclopaedia of horticulture

3722: 3699: 3588: 3570: 3492: 3363: 1151: 1032: 1026: 750: 614: 587: 569: 508: 326: 2766: 365:

carpatica, caucasia, fluviatilis, mongolica, rhamnoides, sinensis, turkestanica

2496: 2461: 2416: 1312: 1295: 539: 504: 500: 479:, fiber, amino acids, minerals, and plant sterols. Species belonging to genus 476: 472: 322: 314: 3445: 3354: 3283:. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. 1555: 1437: 3427: 2536: 2519: 1884: 1603:. Katmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. 1193: 842: 825: 712:

systems have been developed to reclaim land with high salinity contents and

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fruit contains sugars, sugar alcohols, fruit acids, vitamins (C, E, and K),

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being the major sterol compound as it constitutes 57–83% of total sterols.

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that were relatively resistant to wilt disease have also been identified.

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In the United Kingdom, the cultivars 'Leikora' and 'Pollmix' have won the

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fruit processing can be used as animal feed, such as for poultry feeding.

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pure stands, but also in mixed stands with other shrub and tree species.

3707: 3348: 932: 740: 634: 579: 543: 492: 262:, native to the cold-temperate regions of Europe and Asia. It is a spiny 101: 3624: 2340:"Comparative study of vitamin C contents in fruits and medicinal plants" 1639: 1516: 1168:

Weed control is important, especially during the early growth stages of

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Plant Database, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture

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were found to be the predominating class of phenolic compounds, while

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Byulleten Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Biologicheskii

1594:"Sea buckthorn: A multipurpose plant species for fragile mountains" 1411:

Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): Production and Utilization

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shrub. The plant is used in the food and cosmetics industries, in

62: 3313:. Peachland, BC, Canada: Canada Seabuckthorn Enterprises Limited. 1743:

Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Sea Buckthorn

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As of 2003, no herbicides were registered for use in orchards of

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as an agricultural plant include for example Germany and France.

1939:"Natvit – L'argousier bio une baie riche en vitamines A, C et E" 817:(to facilitate mechanical harvest) and nitrogen fixing ability. 526:. Additionally, fruits have high concentrations of carotenoids, 427:

Pakistan. This makes China the largest agricultural producer of

3329: 1296:"Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.): A Multipurpose Plant" 511:(1.2-2.1 g/100 ml of juice). Major sugar alcohol in fruit is L- 885:

plants that are 1–2 years old develop root nodules containing

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Sea Buckthorn: A Promising Multipurpose Crop for Saskatchewan

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Rousi A (1971). "The Genus Hippophae L.: A Taxonomic Study".

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sp. can be used to combat wilt disease in plants infected by

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Rousi A (1971). "The genus Hippophae L. A taxonomic study".

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Huang Q (1995). "A review on Hippophae breeding in China".

899:. As a result of this relationship, the soils in stands of 565:(0.28–0.32 mg/100 g), and copper (0.1 mg/100 g). 2645:

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1532:"Isolation and analysis of vitamin B12 from plant samples" 641:

amounts, exceeding the levels seen in lemons and oranges.

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Kadamshoev, M (1998). "The green sea buckthorn aphid".

1655:"Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) Management Guide" 2660:

Invest. Sibirsk. Otdel. Akad. Nauk SSR Biol. Ikh Nauk

1131:), which penetrate into fresh buds and feed on them. 2338:

Hussain I, Khan L, Gul A, Ahmed N, Saleem M (2008).

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is affected by several insect pests, of which green

3338: 2047:L.) berries during ripening and use of pheophytin 3294:Sigh, V; Li, TSC; Rongsen, L; Zubarev, Y (2009). 2520:"Sea-buckthorn: a species with a variety of uses" 1450:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1044:were found to be usable as antagonistic fungi in 2747:Engineering in Agriculture, Environment and Food 1662:The Rufford Small Grants for Nature Conservation 274:, in horticulture, and for ecological purposes. 2327:. Alexandria, VA: ASHS Press. pp. 393–398. 1354:Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 1703:. Davis Landscape Architects. 26 November 2012 3298:. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on demand GmbH. 3194: 3192: 8: 2038: 2036: 1870: 1868: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 2835:"Hippophae rhamnoides: Common seabuckthorn" 2347:Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan 3326: 2858: 2856: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2275:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2240:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2112:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2053:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1971:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1896: 1894: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 821:Harvesting and challenges in mechanization 31: 20: 2535: 2424: 2092: 2090: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1331:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1311: 491:Major sugars in sea buckthorn fruits are 286:Sea buckthorn leaves, thorns, and berries 2828: 2826: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 2718:Producing Sea Buckthorn of High Quality 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1206: 926:causing the sickness in sea buckthorn: 769:. Spring is the best time for planting 637:. Particularly the fruit contains high 363:is divided into eight subspecies: ssp. 3178: 3167: 3127: 3116: 2781:"Hippophae rhamnoides 'Leikora' (f/f)" 2321:"Product Development of Sea Buckthorn" 1683:"Product Development of Sea Buckthorn" 1443: 1414:. Ottawa, Canada: NRC Research Press. 1587: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1289: 1287: 1139:have also been observed as affecting 198: 7: 3612:8e0ee0e2-8673-4c68-bc75-a18f620690ff 3296:Sanddorn – Moderne Anbautechnologien 2806:"Hippophae rhamnoides 'Pollmix' (m)" 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1267: 1879:. Canada: PFRA Shelterbelt Centre. 687:is used for feeding livestock. The 518:The fruit of the plant has a high 503:(0.8-3.2 g/100 ml of juice) while 14: 2323:. In Janick J, Whipkey A (eds.). 1831:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 550:is the major vitamin E compound. 3787:Flora of the Indian subcontinent 3687:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:323851-1 2325:Trends in New Crops and New Uses 2213:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00817.x 2170:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00567.x 2019:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00957.x 1040:. Additionally, four strains of 829:Harvested sea buckthorn berries. 378:originates from the Greek words 49: 3309:Li, TSC; McLoughlin, C (1997). 2450:World's Poultry Science Journal 515:(0.15–0.24 g/100 ml of juice). 325:, as well as higher amounts of 3311:Sea Buckthorn Production Guide 1601:ICIMOD Occasional Paper No. 20 1548:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.08.037 1422:(inactive 12 September 2024). 1248:New Flora of the British Isles 594:) represent minor components. 1: 2378:10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.08.047 1807:10.1016/j.scienta.2010.09.007 1605:Index page from publisher is 1486:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.002 942:F. acuminatum, F. camptoceras 725:Soil and climate requirements 625:In general, all parts of the 422:The current total acreage of 2951:Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 2405:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1875:Schroeder WR, Yao Y (1995). 1843:10.3109/07388551.2012.676024 1408:Li TS, Beveridge TH (2003). 1294:Li TS, Schroeder WR (1996). 1224:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 557:in sea buckthorn fruits are 3807:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 3201:Global Seabuckthorn Res Dev 3081:Global Seabuckthorn Res Dev 2841:. University of Connecticut 2366:Journal of Chromatography B 1912:(in German). Archived from 1901:Höhne F, Kuhnke KH (2015). 1701:Landscape Architect's Pages 1474:Food Research International 855:Royal Horticultural Society 534:. The main carotenoids are 40:Common sea buckthorn shrub 3828: 3797:Medicinal plants of Europe 2767:10.1016/j.eaef.2013.10.002 1758:Aspects of Applied Biology 1222:Plants of the World Online 568:The fruit is also rich in 524:plant sources of vitamin C 349:is situated in the family 16:Species of flowering plant 2497:10.1007/s11632-004-0016-2 2485:Forestry Studies in China 2462:10.1017/S004393391000067X 2417:10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007 2154:) and related products". 1313:10.21273/HORTTECH.6.4.370 1050:Fusarium sporotrichioides 908:Diseases and insect pests 561:(300–380 mg/100 g), 197: 190: 173: 166: 46:Scientific classification 44: 39: 30: 23: 3802:Plants described in 1753 3792:Medicinal plants of Asia 2626:Annales Botanici Fennici 1745:. Xi'an, China: 275–287. 1628:Annales Botanici Fennici 1087:is also affected by the 1008:Phellinus hippophaeicola 3782:Flora of temperate Asia 3277:ICIMOD Occasional Paper 2537:10.12657/denbio.072.003 2201:Journal of Food Science 2157:Journal of Food Science 2051:as a maturity marker". 2007:Journal of Food Science 1505:Defence Science Journal 1073:Capitophorus hippophaes 895:, which are capable of 781:The purpose of pruning 457:Bilder ur Nordens Flora 278:Description and biology 3177:Cite journal requires 3126:Cite journal requires 1787:Scientia Horticulturae 1697:"Hippophae rhamnoides" 1077:seabuckthorn fruit fly 1042:Cladothrix actinomyces 1038:Plowrightia hippophaes 1002:Plowrightia hippophaes 830: 572:(340–520 mg/kg), 460: 448: 390:means "resembling the 321:and health-beneficial 287: 217:Hippophaes rhamnoideum 1420:10.1139/9780660190075 1366:10.1300/J044v01n01_04 1146:Insecticides such as 1129:Gelechia hippophaella 859:Award of Garden Merit 828: 454: 447:Sea buckthorn berries 446: 285: 201:Argussiera rhamnoides 3661:Hippophae rhamnoides 3648:Hippophae_rhamnoides 3370:Hippophae rhamnoides 3340:Hippophae rhamnoides 3147:Nordi Jordbruksforsk 2572:Tr. Gor'k. S-Kh Inst 2236:Hippophaë rhamnoides 2193:Hippophaë rhamnoides 2148:Hippophaë rhamnoides 2107:Hippophaë rhamnoides 2105:) of sea buckthorn ( 2045:Hippophae rhamnoides 1963:Hippophaë rhamnoides 1910:landwirtschaft-mv.de 1217:Hippophae rhamnoides 1158:Hippophae rhamnoides 1065:Hippophae rhamnoides 883:Hippophae rhamnoides 762:Hippophae rhamnoides 685:Hippophae rhamnoides 670:traditional medicine 666:Hippophae rhamnoides 661:Traditional medicine 607:traditional medicine 603:Hippophae rhamnoides 407:Hippophae rhamnoides 394:", referring to the 361:Hippophae rhamnoides 347:Hippophae rhamnoides 291:Hippophae rhamnoides 268:traditional medicine 247:Hippophae rhamnoides 225:Rhamnoides hippophae 209:Elaeagnus rhamnoides 177:Hippophae rhamnoides 25:Hippophae rhamnoides 2877:1967PlSoi..26..348S 2759:2014EAEF....7...64F 1919:on 16 November 2016 1799:2010ScHor.127...70R 1517:10.14429/dsj.60.344 1135:, and occasionally 1048:plants infected by 963:F. sporotrichioides 553:The most prevalent 459:, published in 1901 329:than other fruits. 3258:Zash.-Karant. Rast 2963:10.1007/bf00033643 2920:10.1007/bf00407709 2885:10.1007/bf01880184 2698:Trak. Sel'sk. Mash 2603:10.1007/bf00018843 2518:Enescu CM (2014). 1945:(in French). 2007. 1724:Environ. Sci. Appl 1653:Rajchal R (2009). 1592:Rongsen L (1992). 1125:sea buckthorn moth 1121:Chionaspis salicis 831: 668:is widely used in 461: 449: 288: 254:, is a species of 159:H. rhamnoides 3759: 3758: 3633:Open Tree of Life 3332:Taxon identifiers 3098:Song, HZ (2009). 2833:Brand MH (2015). 2287:10.1021/jf0300339 2252:10.1021/jf010813m 2246:(11): 5620–5629. 2125:10.1021/jf011556o 2119:(10): 3004–3009. 2065:10.1021/jf802599f 1983:10.1021/jf204577g 1977:(12): 3180–3189. 1327:Synge PM (1974). 1081:Rhagoletis batava 984:Verticillium wilt 797:Cross-pollination 621:Consumer products 486:sea buckthorn oil 243: 242: 237: 233:Osyris rhamnoides 229: 221: 213: 205: 3819: 3752: 3751: 3739: 3738: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3703: 3702: 3690: 3689: 3677: 3676: 3664: 3663: 3651: 3650: 3641: 3640: 3628: 3627: 3615: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3592: 3591: 3589:NBNSYS0000003533 3579: 3578: 3566: 3565: 3553: 3552: 3540: 3539: 3527: 3526: 3514: 3513: 3501: 3500: 3488: 3487: 3475: 3474: 3462: 3461: 3449: 3448: 3436: 3435: 3423: 3422: 3410: 3409: 3397: 3396: 3384: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3327: 3315: 3314: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3196: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2723: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2428: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2372:(1–2): 291–307. 2361: 2355: 2354: 2344: 2335: 2329: 2328: 2316: 2299: 2298: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2164:(9): C491–C497. 2143: 2137: 2136: 2094: 2085: 2084: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2013:(9): C615–C620. 2001: 1995: 1994: 1969:) berry juice". 1958: 1947: 1946: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1907: 1898: 1889: 1888: 1872: 1863: 1862: 1826: 1811: 1810: 1781: 1766: 1765: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1623: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1589: 1576: 1575: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1480:(7): 1718–1727. 1469: 1456: 1455: 1449: 1441: 1405: 1370: 1369: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1291: 1262: 1261: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1211: 1109:Lymantria dispar 680:Livestock fodder 651:consumer product 629:contain diverse 611:land reclamation 555:dietary minerals 548:alpha-tocopherol 250:, also known as 235: 227: 220:(L.) St.-Lag. 219: 212:(L.) A.Nelson 211: 203: 179: 54: 53: 35: 21: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3816: 3777:Flora of Europe 3762: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3747: 3742: 3734: 3729: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3706: 3698: 3693: 3685: 3680: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3654: 3646: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3623: 3620:Observation.org 3618: 3610: 3608: 3600: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3574: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3535: 3530: 3522: 3517: 3509: 3504: 3496: 3491: 3483: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3457: 3452: 3444: 3439: 3431: 3426: 3418: 3413: 3405: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3379: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3334: 3324: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3176: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3125: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2908:Arch. Mikrobiol 2905: 2904: 2900: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2810:RHS Plantfinder 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2785:RHS Plantfinder 2779: 2778: 2774: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2721: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2342: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2318: 2317: 2302: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2207:(6): H97–H102. 2190: 2189: 2185: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2096: 2095: 2088: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1960: 1959: 1950: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1905: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1828: 1827: 1814: 1783: 1782: 1769: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1579: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1471: 1470: 1459: 1442: 1430: 1407: 1406: 1373: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1326: 1325: 1321: 1293: 1292: 1265: 1258: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1227: 1225: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1189: 1166: 1062: 1052:. Cultivars of 923: 910: 897:fixing nitrogen 880: 875: 851: 823: 806: 792: 779: 759: 727: 722: 701: 682: 663: 623: 600: 466: 441: 404: 374:The genus name 353:, in the order 344: 280: 256:flowering plant 186: 181: 175: 162: 48: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3825: 3823: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3753: 3740: 3736:wfo-0000723743 3727: 3717: 3704: 3691: 3678: 3665: 3652: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3606: 3593: 3580: 3567: 3554: 3541: 3528: 3515: 3502: 3489: 3476: 3463: 3450: 3437: 3424: 3411: 3398: 3385: 3375: 3360: 3344: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3323: 3322:External links 3320: 3317: 3316: 3301: 3286: 3267: 3248: 3229: 3210: 3188: 3179:|journal= 3156: 3137: 3128:|journal= 3105: 3090: 3071: 3052: 3033: 3014: 2995: 2976: 2957:(3): 189–200. 2941: 2914:(3): 183–196. 2898: 2871:(2): 348–360. 2865:Plant and Soil 2852: 2822: 2797: 2772: 2737: 2730: 2707: 2688: 2669: 2650: 2635: 2616: 2581: 2562: 2543: 2510: 2475: 2456:(4): 707–714. 2440: 2391: 2356: 2330: 2319:Li TS (2002). 2300: 2281:(15): 4233–9. 2265: 2226: 2183: 2138: 2086: 2059:(1): 250–258. 2032: 1996: 1948: 1930: 1890: 1864: 1837:(2): 126–144. 1812: 1767: 1748: 1733: 1714: 1688: 1674: 1645: 1634:(3): 177–227. 1611: 1577: 1536:Food Chemistry 1522: 1511:(2): 226–230. 1491: 1457: 1429:978-0660190075 1428: 1371: 1360:(1–2): 27–35. 1344: 1338:978-0198691068 1337: 1319: 1306:(4): 370–380. 1300:HortTechnology 1263: 1256: 1235: 1205: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1188: 1185: 1165: 1162: 1101:Archips rosana 1061: 1058: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1004: 998: 974: 966: 952:F. rhizoctonia 922: 919: 909: 906: 887:actinobacteria 879: 876: 874: 871: 850: 847: 822: 819: 805: 802: 791: 788: 778: 775: 758: 755: 726: 723: 721: 718: 700: 697: 681: 678: 662: 659: 631:phytochemicals 622: 619: 599: 596: 584:phenolic acids 507:is related to 465: 462: 440: 437: 403: 400: 382:= "horse" and 343: 340: 279: 276: 258:in the family 241: 240: 239: 238: 230: 222: 214: 206: 204:(L.) Bubani 195: 194: 188: 187: 182: 171: 170: 164: 163: 156: 154: 150: 149: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 105: 104: 99: 92: 91: 86: 79: 78: 73: 66: 65: 60: 56: 55: 42: 41: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3824: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3371: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3312: 3305: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3171: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3120: 3109: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2731:9789523260351 2727: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2679:Gartenbau Mag 2673: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2566: 2563: 2558: 2554: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:Dendrobiology 2521: 2514: 2511: 2506: 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rhamnoides 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1141:H. rhamnoides 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:H. rhamnoides 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1085:H. rhamnoides 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1054:H. rhamnoides 1051: 1047: 1046:H. rhamnoides 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1022:H. rhamnoides 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1003: 999: 997: 996: 991: 990: 989:V. albo-atrum 985: 981: 980: 975: 973: 972: 967: 965: 964: 959: 958: 953: 950:, as well as 949: 948: 943: 939: 938:Fusarium wilt 935: 934: 929: 928: 927: 920: 918: 915: 907: 905: 902: 901:H. rhamnoides 898: 894: 893: 889:of the genus 888: 884: 877: 872: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 848: 846: 844: 839: 837: 836:H. rhamnoides 827: 820: 818: 816: 812: 811:hybridization 803: 801: 798: 789: 787: 784: 783:H. rhamnoides 776: 774: 772: 771:H. rhamnoides 768: 763: 756: 754: 752: 747: 746:H. rhamnoides 742: 737: 736:H. rhamnoides 732: 731:H. rhamnoides 724: 719: 717: 715: 714:H. rhamnoides 711: 706: 705:H. rhamnoides 698: 696: 694: 693:H. rhamnoides 690: 686: 679: 677: 675: 674:H. rhamnoides 671: 667: 660: 658: 656: 655:H. rhamnoides 652: 648: 644: 643:H. rhamnoides 640: 636: 632: 628: 627:H. rhamnoides 620: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 597: 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:beta-carotene 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 487: 482: 478: 474: 470: 469:Sea buckthorn 463: 458: 453: 445: 438: 436: 434: 433:H. rhamnoides 430: 429:H. rhamnoides 425: 424:H. rhamnoides 420: 418: 417:H. rhamnoides 413: 412:H. rhamnoides 408: 401: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 356: 352: 348: 341: 339: 337: 336: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 296: 292: 284: 277: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 252:sea-buckthorn 249: 248: 236:(L.) Scop. 234: 231: 226: 223: 218: 215: 210: 207: 202: 199: 196: 193: 189: 185: 180: 178: 172: 169: 168:Binomial name 165: 161: 160: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 77: 76:Tracheophytes 74: 71: 68: 67: 64: 61: 58: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 19: 3339: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3170:cite journal 3159: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3119:cite journal 3108: 3099: 3093: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2868: 2864: 2843:. Retrieved 2838: 2813:. Retrieved 2809: 2800: 2788:. 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Cultivar 790:Propagation 720:Cultivation 615:shelterbelt 509:quinic acid 505:astringency 477:carotenoids 473:polyphenols 439:Composition 369:yunnanensis 327:vitamin B12 323:fatty acids 315:carotenoids 89:Angiosperms 3766:Categories 3226:: 380–382. 3220:Forest Res 3153:: 149–174. 2845:15 October 2815:15 October 2666:: 111–117. 2632:: 177–227. 2591:Plant Soil 2559:: 146–153. 2197:rhamnoides 2152:rhamnoides 1764:: 461–468. 1730:: 145–162. 1201:References 1111:) chew on 1103:) and the 995:V. dahliae 976:the genus 968:the genus 930:the genus 729:In nature 540:zeaxanthin 501:malic acid 388:rhamnoides 319:flavonoids 3772:Hippophae 3459:200014616 3239:Hippophae 3062:Hippophae 3043:Hippophae 3024:Hippophae 3005:Hippophae 2986:Hippophae 2597:: 45–50. 2530:: 41–46. 2103:mongolica 1967:mongolica 1943:natvit.fr 1556:0308-8146 1446:cite book 1438:928553466 1194:Hippophae 1148:gammaxene 1089:gall tick 1014:Phomopsis 957:F. solani 878:Symbionts 849:Cultivars 843:cash crop 639:vitamin C 635:nutrients 592:catechins 580:Flavonols 563:manganese 559:potassium 532:vitamin K 528:vitamin E 520:vitamin C 481:Hippophae 396:buckthorn 376:Hippophae 311:vitamin E 307:vitamin C 300:dioecious 295:deciduous 264:deciduous 228:Moench 153:Species: 146:Hippophae 59:Kingdom: 3720:VASCAN: 3713:11600003 3708:Tropicos 3645:PalDat: 3576:2.132675 3550:55686342 3524:10207334 3511:323851-1 3378:BioLib: 3349:Wikidata 3245:: 23–25. 3207:: 35–40. 3087:: 44–48. 3068:: 14–16. 3049:: 16–18. 3030:: 18–20. 3011:: 13–15. 2992:: 13–14. 2971:37576868 2936:29205341 2893:21066501 2704:: 29–30. 2647:. China. 2611:25203627 2505:84706047 2470:84505794 2435:23770053 2386:15556505 2295:12848490 2260:11714369 2221:19241584 2195:L. ssp. 2178:18034709 2150:L. ssp. 2133:11982433 2099:sinensis 2081:29020397 2073:19125686 2027:19021790 1991:22397621 1885:45525578 1859:33892027 1851:22676076 1640:23724624 1572:20653911 1564:27596424 1246:(2010). 1244:Stace CA 1187:See also 971:Stigmina 933:Fusarium 804:Breeding 757:Planting 741:dormancy 544:lycopene 493:fructose 342:Taxonomy 192:Synonyms 131:Family: 102:Eudicots 3558:MoBotPF 3472:3039285 3415:Ecocrop 3355:Q165378 2928:4191131 2873:Bibcode 2790:6 March 2755:Bibcode 2426:3791396 1795:Bibcode 1228:8 March 1137:earwigs 1093:Vasates 1030:sp. or 892:Frankia 815:pedicel 777:Pruning 767:pruning 751:nodules 699:Ecology 497:glucose 398:plant. 392:Rhamnus 355:Rosales 335:Frankia 141:Genus: 125:Rosales 121:Order: 63:Plantae 3749:425756 3674:HIRH80 3669:PLANTS 3638:623185 3609:NZOR: 3602:193516 3563:279923 3537:503044 3498:163812 3446:169002 3394:254080 3381:423857 2969: 2934: 2926: 2891: 2728: 2609: 2578:: 3–7. 2503: 2468: 2433: 2423: 2384: 2293: 2258: 2219: 2176: 2131: 2079: 2071: 2025: 1989: 1883: 1857: 1849: 1638: 1570: 1562: 1554: 1436: 1426: 1335: 1254: 1133:Thrips 1069:aphids 867:Sprite 863:clones 689:pomace 647:pomace 613:or as 546:while 272:fodder 115:Rosids 3744:WoRMS 3519:IRMNG 3485:19177 3441:EUNIS 3433:HIORH 3407:3M2F8 3264:: 22. 2967:S2CID 2932:S2CID 2889:S2CID 2722:(PDF) 2607:S2CID 2501:S2CID 2466:S2CID 2343:(PDF) 2077:S2CID 1965:ssp. 1917:(PDF) 1906:(PDF) 1855:S2CID 1707:2 May 1667:2 May 1658:(PDF) 1636:JSTOR 1597:(PDF) 1568:S2CID 1152:dylox 1117:scale 1060:Pests 691:from 464:Fruit 384:phaos 380:hippo 109:Clade 96:Clade 83:Clade 70:Clade 3723:5459 3700:8765 3682:POWO 3656:PfaF 3625:6869 3597:NCBI 3545:IUCN 3532:ITIS 3506:IPNI 3480:GRIN 3467:GBIF 3428:EPPO 3420:6732 3389:BOLD 3183:help 3132:help 2924:PMID 2847:2019 2817:2019 2792:2018 2726:ISBN 2431:PMID 2382:PMID 2291:PMID 2256:PMID 2217:PMID 2199:)". 2174:PMID 2129:PMID 2109:)". 2101:and 2069:PMID 2023:PMID 1987:PMID 1925:2016 1881:OCLC 1847:PMID 1709:2020 1669:2020 1607:here 1560:PMID 1552:ISSN 1452:link 1434:OCLC 1424:ISBN 1333:ISBN 1252:ISBN 1230:2022 1150:and 1016:spp. 992:and 960:and 954:and 944:and 703:The 633:and 598:Uses 586:and 542:and 530:and 495:and 367:and 3731:WFO 3695:RHS 3584:NBN 3454:FoC 3402:CoL 2959:doi 2916:doi 2881:doi 2763:doi 2599:doi 2595:144 2576:105 2532:doi 2493:doi 2458:doi 2421:PMC 2413:doi 2409:149 2374:doi 2370:812 2283:doi 2248:doi 2209:doi 2166:doi 2121:doi 2061:doi 2015:doi 1979:doi 1839:doi 1803:doi 1791:127 1544:doi 1540:216 1513:doi 1482:doi 1416:doi 1362:doi 1308:doi 1219:L." 986:): 940:): 857:'s 3768:: 3746:: 3733:: 3710:: 3697:: 3684:: 3671:: 3658:: 3635:: 3622:: 3599:: 3586:: 3573:: 3560:: 3547:: 3534:: 3521:: 3508:: 3495:: 3482:: 3469:: 3456:: 3443:: 3430:: 3417:: 3404:: 3391:: 3366:: 3351:: 3281:20 3279:. 3262:12 3260:. 3243:19 3241:. 3224:10 3222:. 3203:. 3191:^ 3174:: 3172:}} 3168:{{ 3151:76 3149:. 3123:: 3121:}} 3117:{{ 3083:. 3066:14 3064:. 3047:15 3045:. 3028:19 3026:. 3009:14 3007:. 2990:15 2988:. 2965:. 2955:15 2953:. 2930:. 2922:. 2912:70 2910:. 2887:. 2879:. 2869:26 2867:. 2855:^ 2837:. 2825:^ 2808:. 2783:. 2761:. 2749:. 2700:. 2681:. 2662:. 2628:. 2605:. 2593:. 2574:. 2557:96 2555:. 2528:72 2526:. 2522:. 2499:. 2487:. 2464:. 2454:66 2452:. 2429:. 2419:. 2407:. 2403:. 2380:. 2368:. 2351:30 2349:. 2345:. 2303:^ 2289:. 2279:51 2277:. 2254:. 2244:49 2242:. 2215:. 2205:73 2203:. 2172:. 2162:72 2160:. 2127:. 2117:50 2115:. 2089:^ 2075:. 2067:. 2057:57 2055:. 2035:^ 2021:. 2011:73 2009:. 1985:. 1975:60 1973:. 1951:^ 1941:. 1908:. 1893:^ 1867:^ 1853:. 1845:. 1835:33 1833:. 1815:^ 1801:. 1789:. 1770:^ 1762:44 1760:. 1728:12 1726:. 1699:. 1660:. 1630:. 1614:^ 1599:. 1580:^ 1566:. 1558:. 1550:. 1538:. 1534:. 1509:60 1507:. 1503:. 1478:44 1476:. 1460:^ 1448:}} 1444:{{ 1432:. 1374:^ 1356:. 1302:. 1298:. 1266:^ 1183:. 1176:. 1143:. 653:. 617:. 538:, 488:. 475:, 357:. 317:, 313:, 309:, 184:L. 111:: 98:: 85:: 72:: 3205:4 3185:) 3181:( 3134:) 3130:( 3085:2 2973:. 2961:: 2938:. 2918:: 2895:. 2883:: 2875:: 2849:. 2819:. 2794:. 2769:. 2765:: 2757:: 2751:7 2734:. 2702:1 2683:1 2664:6 2630:8 2613:. 2601:: 2540:. 2534:: 2507:. 2495:: 2489:6 2472:. 2460:: 2437:. 2415:: 2388:. 2376:: 2297:. 2285:: 2262:. 2250:: 2223:. 2211:: 2180:. 2168:: 2135:. 2123:: 2083:. 2063:: 2049:a 2029:. 2017:: 1993:. 1981:: 1927:. 1887:. 1861:. 1841:: 1809:. 1805:: 1797:: 1711:. 1685:. 1671:. 1642:. 1632:8 1609:. 1574:. 1546:: 1519:. 1515:: 1488:. 1484:: 1454:) 1440:. 1418:: 1368:. 1364:: 1358:1 1341:. 1316:. 1310:: 1304:6 1260:. 1232:. 1215:" 1127:( 1119:( 1107:( 1099:( 1091:( 1079:( 1071:( 982:( 936:( 590:(

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