202:
122:
394:, this name has become better known in English than the others in recent decades. However, except for some scholars who prefer the word, the term 'Hmong/Mong' is only used within certain Hmong/Miao language speaking communities in China, where the majority of the Miao speakers live. In Mandarin, despite the fact that it was once a derogatory term, the word
328:
has been estimated to be about 2500 BP (500 BC) by Sagart, Blench, and
Sanchez-Mazas using traditional methods employing many lines of evidence, and about 4243 BP (2250 BC) by the Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP), an experimental algorithm for automatic generation of phonologically based
486:: serial verb constructions replace most functions of adpositions in languages like English. For example, a construction translating as "be near" would be used where in English prepositions like "in" or "at" would be used.
316:
evidence suggests that the ancestors of the speakers of the Hmong–Mien languages were a population genetically distinct from that of the Tai–Kadai and
Austronesian language source populations at a location on the
321:. Recent Y-DNA phylogeny evidence supports the proposition that people who speak the Hmong–Mien languages are descended from a population that is distantly related to those who now speak the Mon-Khmer languages.
4151:
678:
Paper for the
Symposium "Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence". Geneva June 10–13, 2004. Université de Genève.
398:(Chinese: 苗; the tone varies according to the Sinitic dialect) is now commonly used by members of all nationalities to refer to the language and the ethnolinguistic group.
3349:
1067:
1040:
643:, in Selected Papers on Comparative Tai Studies, ed. R.J. Bickner et al., pp. 117–164. Center for South and Southeast Asian studies, the University of Michigan.
571:
3484:
4201:
1451:
272:
to include the Hmong–Mien languages. The hypothesis never received much acceptance for Hmong–Mien, however. Kosaka (2002) argued specifically for a Miao–
4141:
1000:
448:
languages in the world: Longmo and Zongdi Hmong have as many as twelve distinct tones. They are notable phonologically for the occurrence of
308:
expansion or as a result of exile from an original homeland by Han
Chinese. Migration of people speaking these languages from South China to
2974:
2864:
2445:
796:
1946:
597:
1060:
4346:
3131:
1021:
933:
911:
881:
844:
4224:
3107:
3477:
2346:
4066:
4054:
737:
Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Y; Wei, L; Wang, C; Li, S; Huang, X; Jin, L; Li, H; Genographic, Consortium (2011).
247:. The Mienic languages, on the other hand, have largely preserved syllable finals but reduced the number of initial consonants.
2265:
2201:
1444:
2878:
2629:
2120:
739:"Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes"
4131:
2991:
2126:
1408:
566:
66:
688:
Li, Hui; Huang, Ying; Mustavich, Laura F.; Zhang, Fan; Tan, Jing-Ze; Wang, Ling-E; Qian, Ji; Gao, Meng-He; Jin, Li (2007).
4281:
4271:
4266:
3959:
3743:
3738:
3344:
1951:
1737:
1731:
1655:
1053:
4111:
3038:
2326:
614:
Handel, Zev (2008). "What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a
Language Family in Flux: Sino-Tibetan: a Snapshot".
4286:
4256:
3354:
3339:
2339:
2097:
2058:
463:
4136:
3113:
1971:
4234:
3575:
3470:
3334:
3328:
2386:
2304:
2277:
1981:
2900:
2358:
2016:
1976:
1966:
4351:
3903:
2561:
2156:
1986:
1672:
1437:
3119:
3095:
3070:
3043:
3026:
1934:
1505:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4159:
4081:
4076:
3732:
3718:
3493:
3312:
2036:
1991:
1961:
1460:
1343:
2791:
2623:
1494:
673:
4126:
4071:
3672:
3561:
3359:
3166:
2803:
1685:
467:
471:
675:
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?
258:
is that they constitute a family of their own, the lexical and typological similarities among Hmong–Mien and
3940:
3835:
3785:
3764:
3755:
3637:
3554:
3514:
2364:
2289:
1692:
1642:
4096:
4091:
3856:
3828:
3819:
3778:
3378:
3226:
3021:
3016:
2797:
2750:
2380:
2297:
1956:
1940:
1748:
1649:
1512:
1488:
1413:
1195:
1150:
251:
3849:
1714:
406:
273:
4248:
4121:
4101:
3644:
3582:
3424:
3322:
3011:
2814:
2604:
2593:
2555:
2162:
2136:
2041:
2031:
1630:
1481:
1418:
1200:
1190:
1180:
518:
479:
3125:
2850:
1225:
325:
243:
but greatly reduced the distinctions in the syllable finals, in particular losing all glides and stop
4229:
4219:
4209:
4059:
3913:
3726:
3610:
3399:
3284:
3156:
2964:
2937:
2920:
2888:
2786:
2500:
2425:
2352:
2131:
2108:
2080:
2011:
1922:
1703:
1175:
928:. Stockholm East Asian monographs, no. 5-6. : Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University.
750:
506:
4276:
4049:
4034:
3969:
3771:
3693:
3603:
3596:
3547:
3505:
3176:
3080:
2980:
2969:
2931:
2910:
2808:
2767:
2542:
2524:
2518:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2392:
2375:
2114:
1780:
1767:
1661:
1611:
1468:
1371:
1215:
542:
349:
285:
653:
4010:
3964:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3090:
3085:
3075:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3032:
3001:
2996:
2949:
2943:
2894:
2839:
2762:
2646:
2610:
2571:
2513:
2320:
2315:
2026:
1785:
1754:
1720:
1708:
1667:
1542:
1093:
1009:
719:
530:
490:
445:
405:, which is a multicultural rather than ethnolinguistic group. It includes peoples speaking Mien,
3187:
3150:
1291:
803:
239:. The Hmongic languages appear to have kept the large set of initial consonants featured in the
640:
4214:
4191:
4186:
4164:
4106:
3884:
3807:
3700:
3192:
3181:
3161:
3101:
3006:
2986:
2925:
2905:
2616:
2577:
2548:
2536:
2473:
2419:
2397:
2370:
2310:
2283:
2102:
2063:
2053:
2021:
1894:
1820:
1802:
1796:
1698:
1616:
1530:
1499:
1338:
1333:
1323:
1238:
1084:
1017:
996:
929:
907:
877:
840:
778:
711:
494:
441:
269:
259:
228:
220:
78:
489:
Besides their tonality and lack of adpositions, another striking feature is the abundance of
4176:
4169:
4116:
4044:
4039:
3996:
3989:
3919:
3863:
3801:
3707:
3679:
3665:
3651:
3568:
3540:
3528:
3521:
3409:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3208:
3202:
3197:
3171:
3064:
2959:
2883:
2821:
2773:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2669:
2653:
2588:
2583:
2566:
2507:
2401:
2333:
2244:
2211:
2189:
2179:
2075:
2047:
1996:
1917:
1901:
1887:
1869:
1862:
1848:
1808:
1790:
1774:
1760:
1582:
1565:
1361:
1328:
1318:
1310:
1296:
1210:
986:
885:
768:
758:
701:
623:
534:
456:
265:
240:
232:
224:
83:
895:
Paul K. Benedict (1942). "Thai, Kadai and
Indonesian: a new alignment in south east Asia."
4003:
3954:
3908:
3791:
3686:
3658:
3617:
3534:
3404:
3279:
3264:
3233:
2954:
2915:
2780:
2726:
2598:
2460:
2226:
2221:
2086:
2001:
1882:
1875:
1855:
1837:
1742:
1725:
1524:
1386:
1376:
1286:
1185:
1169:
1163:
1139:
1116:
1106:
1101:
546:
402:
146:
56:
50:
254:, where they remain in many Chinese classifications. The current consensus among Western
826:
Tapp, Nicholas. The Hmong of China: Context, Agency, and imaginary. Leiden: Brill, 2001.
754:
4181:
3949:
3414:
3274:
3243:
3214:
2845:
2731:
2714:
2664:
2659:
2530:
2467:
2237:
2231:
2151:
2146:
2092:
2069:
1814:
1636:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1548:
1536:
1398:
1366:
1353:
1243:
1205:
1158:
1134:
978:
773:
738:
550:
538:
522:
309:
289:
154:
43:
112:
4340:
3298:
3238:
3220:
2736:
2720:
2674:
2431:
2251:
2216:
2206:
2184:
2141:
2006:
1587:
1519:
1265:
1257:
1233:
627:
577:
449:
318:
301:
293:
919:
Hmong writing systems in
Vietnam: a case study of Vietnam's minority language policy
4086:
3894:
3628:
2195:
1281:
1124:
723:
669:
437:
297:
227:(Yao) are closely related, but clearly distinct. For internal classifications, see
763:
1381:
526:
510:
410:
305:
255:
190:
186:
3462:
797:"Automated Dating of the World's Language Families based on Lexical Similarity"
4261:
3980:
3930:
3796:
1842:
706:
689:
598:
The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes
514:
483:
387:
121:
1429:
1129:
969:
236:
178:
106:
92:
926:
A myth become reality: history and development of the Miao written language
889:
782:
715:
436:
Like many languages in southern China, the Hmong–Mien languages tend to be
201:
1028:
Mien–English everyday language dictionary = Mienh in-wuonh dimv nzangc sou
654:
On the affiliation of Miao-Yao and Kadai: Can we posit the Miao-Dai family
98:
1014:
Mother of writing: the origin and development of a Hmong messianic script
475:
452:
422:
244:
250:
Early linguistic classifications placed the Hmong–Mien languages in the
3497:
1045:
991:
554:
174:
170:
158:
3589:
3419:
3317:
235:. The largest differences are due to divergent developments in their
166:
517:. These languages have variously been proposed as having Hmong-Mien
157:. They are spoken in mountainous areas of southern China, including
200:
182:
162:
150:
39:
963:. Bangkok, Thailand: German Cultural Institute, Goethe-Institute.
947:
Grammar of Mong Njua (Green Miao): a descriptive linguistic study
300:
rivers, but speakers of these languages might have migrated from
954:
Dictionary of Mong Njua: a Miao (Meo) language of
Southeast Asia
3466:
3438:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
1433:
1049:
313:
185:
provinces; the speakers of these languages are predominantly "
690:"Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River"
459:; otherwise their phonology is quite typical of the region.
904:
Austro-Thai language and culture, with a glossary of roots
837:
The
Languages of East and Southeast Asia: An Introduction
482:
before the noun like
Chinese. They are extremely poor in
312:
took place during the 17th century (1600–1700). Ancient
921:. Stockholm, Sweden: Center for Pacific Asian Studies.
968:
Phonology of a Yao dialect spoken in the province of
401:
The Mandarin name Yao, on the other hand, is for the
4247:
4200:
4150:
4023:
3978:
3938:
3929:
3893:
3818:
3754:
3717:
3627:
3504:
3392:
3369:
3297:
3141:
2863:
2831:
2749:
2638:
2444:
2411:
2264:
2172:
1916:
1830:
1607:
1558:
1467:
1395:
1352:
1309:
1274:
1256:
1224:
1149:
1115:
1092:
1083:
1041:
Basic vocabulary word lists of Hmong–Mien languages
193:, who have settled the more fertile river valleys.
105:
91:
72:
62:
49:
33:
21:
16:Language family of south China and Southeast Asia
262:being attributed to contact-induced influence.
390:refugees in the United States call themselves
3478:
1445:
1061:
938:Lombard, S. J., & Purnell, H. C. (1968).
8:
4322:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3448:Families with more than 30 languages are in
985:. Canberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics.
641:"On the Thai evidence for Austro-Tai" (PDF)
545:, various Lowland Yao languages including
337:The Mandarin names for these languages are
4027:
3935:
3485:
3471:
3463:
3305:
2871:
2755:
2452:
2270:
1927:
1622:
1473:
1452:
1438:
1430:
1221:
1089:
1068:
1054:
1046:
974:. Hartford studies in linguistics, no. 15.
956:. Janua linguarum, 123. The Hague: Mouton.
1012:, Vang, C. K., & Yang, G. Y. (1990).
990:
772:
762:
705:
421:when spoken by Yao. For this reason, the
386:are local names for Miao, but since most
1016:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
857:The Languages of East and Southeast Asia
493:and their use where other languages use
413:, and Miao languages, the latter called
589:
572:Hmong-Mien comparative vocabulary list
18:
876:. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House .
466:in word order but are not as rigidly
71:
7:
428:may be preferred as less ambiguous.
268:, an American scholar, extended the
126:Distribution of Hmong-Mien languages
497:or demonstratives to modify nouns.
470:as the Tai–Kadai languages or most
444:. They are some of the most highly
288:of the Hmong–Mien languages is in
189:", in contrast to the neighboring
14:
628:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x
616:Language and Linguistics Compass
120:
509:languages are spoken by ethnic
602:Journal of the Asiatic Society
525:, including languages such as
1:
961:English/Meo pocket dictionary
215: Mienic / Yao (in green)
209: Hmongic / Miao (in red)
764:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282
983:Hmong-Mien language history
356:, and the name for Mien is
55:One of the world's primary
4368:
4142:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
596:van Driem, George. 2018. "
4310:
4030:
3433:
3308:
2874:
2758:
2455:
2273:
1930:
1625:
1476:
1461:Primary language families
906:. New Haven: HRAF Press.
902:Paul K. Benedict (1975).
707:10.1007/s00439-007-0407-2
567:Proto-Hmong–Mien language
119:
51:Linguistic classification
26:
2278:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
884:(CLDF Dataset on Zenodo
652:Kosaka, Ryuichi. 2002. "
352:, the name for Hmong is
4319:have no living members.
4202:East and Southeast Asia
3445:have no living members.
966:Purnell, H. C. (1965).
897:American Anthropologist
3425:Unclassified languages
3379:list of sign languages
2347:Northeastern Tasmanian
940:Yao-English dictionary
890:10.5281/zenodo.3537712
872:Chen Qiguang (2013).
442:syntactically analytic
360:(i.e., Yao), although
304:either as part of the
217:
3400:Constructed languages
959:Lyman, T. A. (1970).
952:Lyman, T. A. (1974).
945:Lyman, T. A. (1979).
874:Miao and Yao language
505:Various unclassified
204:
145:) are a highly tonal
4347:Hmong–Mien languages
1947:Binanderean–Goilalan
1077:Hmong–Mien languages
237:phonological systems
135:Hmong–Mien languages
3960:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3744:Northwest Caucasian
3739:Northeast Caucasian
3229:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3132:Tequiraca–Canichana
2975:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1738:Northwest Caucasian
1732:Northeast Caucasian
1656:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
924:Enwall, J. (1994).
917:Enwall, J. (1995).
755:2011PLoSO...624282C
491:numeral classifiers
472:Mon–Khmer languages
252:Sino-Tibetan family
4225:Austronesian–Ongan
4024:Proposed groupings
2851:Tarascan/Purépecha
2340:Northern Tasmanian
2098:South Bougainville
2059:North Bougainville
1026:Smith, P. (1995).
474:, since they have
218:
4352:Language families
4334:
4333:
4243:
4242:
4235:Sino-Austronesian
4019:
4018:
3494:Language families
3460:
3459:
3410:Language isolates
3388:
3387:
3293:
3292:
2859:
2858:
2745:
2744:
2440:
2439:
2387:Western Tasmanian
2305:Eastern Tasmanian
2260:
2259:
1982:East Geelvink Bay
1912:
1911:
1603:
1602:
1427:
1426:
1305:
1304:
1252:
1251:
1002:978-0-85883-615-0
658:Mon-Khmer Studies
495:definite articles
457:uvular consonants
260:Sinitic languages
229:Hmongic languages
131:
130:
57:language families
4359:
4302:Proto-Euphratean
4028:
3936:
3904:Great Andamanese
3487:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3306:
3260:Huaorani/Waorani
3144:(extant in 2000)
3108:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2879:Andoque–Urequena
2872:
2756:
2562:Plateau Penutian
2453:
2428:(Northern Daly?)
2271:
2157:Northwest Papuan
2121:Trans–New Guinea
1987:East New Britain
1962:Central Solomons
1928:
1673:Great Andamanese
1623:
1474:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1409:Proto-Hmong–Mien
1344:Yangchun Pai Yao
1222:
1090:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1030:. Visalia, CA: .
1006:
994:
860:
853:
847:
835:Goddard, Cliff;
833:
827:
824:
818:
817:
815:
814:
808:
802:. Archived from
801:
793:
787:
786:
776:
766:
734:
728:
727:
709:
685:
679:
667:
661:
650:
644:
638:
632:
631:
611:
605:
594:
326:Proto-Hmong–Mien
284:The most likely
266:Paul K. Benedict
233:Mienic languages
214:
208:
124:
115:
101:
67:Proto-Hmong–Mien
19:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4306:
4297:Paleo-Laplandic
4292:Pre-Finno-Ugric
4239:
4196:
4160:Greater Siangic
4146:
4132:Uralic–Yukaghir
4082:Ibero-Caucasian
4077:Elamo-Dravidian
4015:
3974:
3925:
3889:
3814:
3750:
3733:North Caucasian
3713:
3623:
3562:Paleo-Sardinian
3500:
3491:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3429:
3415:Mixed languages
3384:
3365:
3300:
3289:
3143:
3137:
2992:Katembri–Taruma
2866:
2855:
2827:
2741:
2634:
2447:
2436:
2407:
2256:
2168:
2127:Turama–Kikorian
2037:Lower Mamberamo
1992:East Strickland
1920:
1908:
1826:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1554:
1463:
1458:
1428:
1423:
1399:Proto-languages
1391:
1354:Mixed languages
1348:
1301:
1270:
1248:
1220:
1145:
1111:
1079:
1074:
1037:
1003:
979:Ratliff, Martha
977:
949:. : The author.
869:
867:Further reading
864:
863:
854:
850:
834:
830:
825:
821:
812:
810:
806:
799:
795:
794:
790:
736:
735:
731:
687:
686:
682:
668:
664:
651:
647:
639:
635:
613:
612:
608:
604:, LX (4): 1-38.
595:
591:
586:
563:
523:mixed languages
503:
501:Mixed languages
468:right-branching
434:
432:Characteristics
403:Yao nationality
335:
282:
216:
212:
210:
206:
199:
147:language family
137:(also known as
127:
111:
97:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4365:
4363:
4355:
4354:
4349:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4206:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4127:Uralo-Siberian
4124:
4119:
4114:
4112:Serbi–Mongolic
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Dravido-Korean
4069:
4067:Dené–Yeniseian
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4055:Dené–Caucasian
4052:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3760:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3729:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3673:Hurro-Urartian
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3555:Paleo-Corsican
3551:
3544:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3467:
3458:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Indo-Pakistani
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3039:Piaroa–Saliban
3036:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2806:
2804:Tequistlatecan
2801:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2456:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2327:Marrku–Wurrugu
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1686:Hurro-Urartian
1682:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1035:External links
1033:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1010:Smalley, W. A.
1007:
1001:
975:
964:
957:
950:
943:
936:
922:
915:
900:
893:
868:
865:
862:
861:
848:
828:
819:
788:
729:
700:(3–4): 383–8.
694:Human Genetics
680:
662:
645:
633:
622:(3): 422–441.
606:
588:
587:
585:
582:
581:
580:
575:
569:
562:
559:
553:, and various
551:Shaozhou Tuhua
502:
499:
433:
430:
364:is also used.
334:
331:
310:Southeast Asia
290:Southern China
281:
278:
270:Austric theory
211:
205:
198:
195:
155:Southeast Asia
141:and rarely as
129:
128:
125:
117:
116:
109:
103:
102:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
81:
79:Hmongic (Miao)
74:
70:
69:
64:
63:Proto-language
60:
59:
53:
47:
46:
44:Southeast Asia
37:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4364:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Eskimo–Uralic
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:Paleosiberian
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:Austroasiatic
3833:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3786:Austroasiatic
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:Indo-European
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3638:Indo-European
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3516:
3515:Indo-European
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Original Thai
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3114:Hibito–Cholón
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:Yuman–Cochimí
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2365:Southern Daly
2363:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:Darwin Region
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
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2079:
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2067:
2065:
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2057:
2055:
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2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Demta–Sentani
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
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1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
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1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1693:Indo-European
1690:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1643:Austroasiatic
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1595:
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1462:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1414:Proto-Hmongic
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
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1368:
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1308:
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1235:
1232:
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1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:Small Flowery
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
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1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1022:0-226-76286-6
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
998:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
971:
965:
962:
958:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
935:
934:91-7153-269-2
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
912:0-87536-323-7
909:
905:
901:
898:
894:
891:
887:
883:
882:9787566003263
879:
875:
871:
870:
866:
858:
852:
849:
846:
845:0-19-924860-5
842:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
809:on 2013-11-27
805:
798:
792:
789:
784:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
756:
752:
749:(8): e24282.
748:
744:
740:
733:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
684:
681:
677:
676:
671:
670:Blench, Roger
666:
663:
659:
655:
649:
646:
642:
637:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
607:
603:
599:
593:
590:
583:
579:
578:Hmong writing
576:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
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516:
512:
508:
500:
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492:
487:
485:
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477:
473:
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460:
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454:
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431:
429:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
332:
330:
329:phylogenies.
327:
322:
320:
319:Yangtze River
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Central China
299:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
241:protolanguage
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
203:
197:Relationships
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:and northern
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
123:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
68:
65:
61:
58:
54:
52:
48:
45:
41:
38:
32:
25:
20:
4323:
4316:
4315:Families in
4272:Pre-Goidelic
4267:Pre-Germanic
4097:Indo-Semitic
4092:Indo-Pacific
4087:Indo-Hittite
4002:
3995:
3988:
3918:
3895:Indian Ocean
3862:
3857:Austronesian
3855:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3829:Sino-Tibetan
3827:
3806:
3784:
3779:Sino-Tibetan
3777:
3770:
3763:
3731:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3583:North Picene
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3449:
3442:
3441:Families in
3376:
3327:
3225:
3213:
3063:
3031:
3022:Pano-Tacanan
2979:
2942:
2930:
2901:Arutani–Sape
2893:
2838:
2820:
2813:
2798:Oto-Manguean
2796:
2779:
2772:
2719:
2707:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2652:
2645:
2622:
2615:
2603:
2576:
2554:
2547:
2535:
2523:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2466:
2459:
2418:
2385:
2381:Western Daly
2359:Pama–Nyungan
2357:
2345:
2338:
2325:
2303:
2298:Eastern Daly
2296:
2288:
2243:
2119:
2107:
2085:
2068:
2046:
2017:Kaure–Kosare
1977:Doso–Turumsa
1967:Chimbu–Wahgi
1957:Bulaka River
1941:Austronesian
1939:
1900:
1893:
1874:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1749:Sino-Tibetan
1747:
1730:
1713:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1660:
1650:Austronesian
1648:
1641:
1629:
1575:
1513:Nilo-Saharan
1511:
1504:
1489:Austronesian
1487:
1480:
1419:Proto-Mienic
1397:
1151:West Hmongic
1076:
1027:
1013:
982:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
925:
918:
903:
896:
873:
856:
851:
836:
831:
822:
811:. Retrieved
804:the original
791:
746:
742:
732:
697:
693:
683:
674:
665:
657:
648:
636:
619:
615:
609:
601:
592:
574:(Wiktionary)
504:
488:
461:
438:monosyllabic
435:
425:
418:
417:rather than
414:
400:
395:
391:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:
361:
357:
353:
347:
342:
338:
336:
324:The date of
323:
292:between the
283:
264:
249:
219:
149:of southern
142:
138:
134:
132:
84:Mienic (Yao)
73:Subdivisions
36:distribution
4122:Ural-Altaic
4102:Indo-Uralic
3914:Sentinelese
3645:Afroasiatic
3611:Eteocypriot
3335:Germanosign
3239:Mura-Pirahã
3120:Lule–Vilela
3096:Bora-Witoto
3071:Uru–Chipaya
3044:Ticuna–Yuri
3027:Peba–Yaguan
3012:Nambikwaran
2815:Uto-Aztecan
2751:Mesoamerica
2605:Uto-Aztecan
2594:Tsimshianic
2556:Palaihnihan
2426:Malak-Malak
2163:Papuan Gulf
2137:West Papuan
2042:Lower Sepik
2032:Lakes Plain
1935:Arai–Samaia
1923:the Pacific
1631:Afroasiatic
1506:Niger–Congo
1482:Afroasiatic
1382:She Chinese
1170:Big Flowery
992:1885/146760
899:44.576-601.
527:She Chinese
484:adpositions
306:Han Chinese
223:(Miao) and
191:Han Chinese
187:hill people
4341:Categories
4262:Pre-Celtic
4230:East Asian
4220:Austro-Tai
4210:Andamanese
4060:Eurasiatic
3981:North Asia
3931:North Asia
3843:Hmong–Mien
3797:Burushaski
3756:South Asia
3727:Kartvelian
3694:Philistine
3604:Eteocretan
3548:Tartessian
3329:Francosign
3177:Chiquitano
3157:Alacalufan
2965:Guaicuruan
2938:Chapacuran
2921:Cahuapanan
2889:Araucanian
2792:Mixe–Zoque
2787:Misumalpan
2501:Comecrudan
2353:Nyulnyulan
2132:Upper Yuat
2109:Torricelli
2081:Senu River
2012:Foja Range
1918:New Guinea
1843:Burushaski
1704:Kartvelian
1679:Hmong–Mien
1495:Khoe–Kwadi
1372:Badong Yao
972:, Thailand
813:2013-12-30
660:32:71-100.
584:References
557:dialects.
543:Badong Yao
392:Hmong/Mong
350:Vietnamese
34:Geographic
22:Hmong–Mien
4287:Pre-Vedic
4277:Pre-Greek
4249:Substrata
4152:Arunachal
4050:Nostratic
4035:Alarodian
3970:Yeniseian
3820:East Asia
3772:Dravidian
3629:West Asia
3597:Tyrsenian
3360:Tanzanian
3301:languages
3198:Hodï/Joti
3142:Isolates
3081:Yanomaman
3017:Otomákoan
2981:Jirajaran
2970:Guajiboan
2932:Catacaoan
2911:Barbacoan
2840:Cuitlatec
2809:Totonacan
2768:Jicaquean
2647:Chimariko
2543:Muskogean
2525:Kalapuyan
2519:Iroquoian
2494:Chumashan
2487:Chinookan
2480:Chimakuan
2398:Yangmanic
2393:Worrorran
2376:Wagaydyic
2266:Australia
2115:Trans-Fly
1781:Yeniseian
1768:Tyrsenian
1662:Dravidian
1130:Kiong Nai
970:Chiengrai
855:Goddard,
839:; p. 36.
519:substrata
476:genitives
462:They are
453:sonorants
450:voiceless
256:linguists
179:Guangdong
143:Yangtzean
107:Glottolog
93:ISO 639-5
29:Yangtzean
4282:Vasconic
4257:Atlantic
4011:Eskaleut
3965:Yukaghir
3880:Koreanic
3875:Tungusic
3870:Mongolic
3808:Harappan
3719:Caucasus
3701:Sumerian
3576:Ligurian
3393:See also
3370:Isolates
3345:Japanese
3285:Yuracaré
3167:Candoshi
3126:Macro-Jê
3091:Zaparoan
3086:Zamucoan
3076:Witotoan
3059:Tucanoan
3054:Tiniguan
3049:Timotean
3033:Quechuan
3002:Matacoan
2997:Mascoian
2987:Jivaroan
2950:Chibchan
2944:Charruan
2895:Arawakan
2832:Isolates
2763:Chibchan
2639:Isolates
2611:Wakashan
2572:Salishan
2514:Eskaleut
2420:Giimbiyu
2412:Isolates
2321:Jarrakan
2316:Iwaidjan
2173:Isolates
2027:Kutubuan
1895:Sumerian
1831:Isolates
1786:Yukaghir
1755:Tungusic
1721:Mongolic
1709:Koreanic
1668:Eskaleut
1559:Isolates
1543:Ubangian
1362:Lingling
1339:Dzao Min
1334:Biao Min
1324:Biao Mon
1239:Nao Klao
1196:Pingtang
1172:(A-Hmao)
1166:(Gha-Mu)
1094:Bahengic
981:(2010).
859:; p. 121
783:21904623
743:PLOS ONE
716:17657509
672:. 2004.
561:See also
535:Lingling
480:numerals
423:ethnonym
286:homeland
280:Homeland
276:family.
139:Miao–Yao
113:hmon1336
27:Miao–Yao
4317:italics
4215:Austric
4192:Kho-Bwa
4187:Hrusish
4165:Siangic
4107:Karasuk
4007: ?
3920:Kenaboi
3885:Japonic
3850:Kra–Dai
3811: ?
3802:Kusunda
3708:Elamite
3680:Kassite
3666:Kaskian
3569:Camunic
3541:Iberian
3498:Eurasia
3443:italics
3420:Pidgins
3405:Creoles
3355:Swedish
3323:Chinese
3270:Urarina
3255:Puinave
3209:Itonama
3203:Irantxe
3172:Chimane
3102:Chimuan
3007:Nadahup
2926:Cariban
2906:Aymaran
2867:America
2709:Waikuri
2702:Tonkawa
2695:Timucua
2688:Takelma
2681:Siuslaw
2670:Kutenai
2654:Esselen
2617:Wintuan
2578:Shastan
2549:Na-Dene
2537:Maiduan
2474:Caddoan
2448:America
2402:Wagiman
2400:(incl.
2371:Tangkic
2311:Garawan
2284:Bunuban
2245:Tambora
2212:Maybrat
2180:Abinomn
2103:Teberan
2064:Pauwasi
2054:Mairasi
2022:Kiwaian
1902:Tambora
1888:Shompen
1870:Kusunda
1863:Kenaboi
1849:Elamite
1821:Siangic
1803:Kho-Bwa
1797:Hrusish
1715:Kra–Dai
1699:Japonic
1608:Eurasia
1583:Sandawe
1566:Bangime
1531:Songhay
1387:Younian
1329:Kim Mun
1319:Iu Mien
1297:Sanqiao
1211:Dongjia
1201:Luobohe
1191:Huishui
1181:Guiyang
1085:Hmongic
774:3164178
751:Bibcode
724:2533393
555:Pinghua
507:Sinitic
407:Kra–Dai
388:Laotian
294:Yangtze
221:Hmongic
175:Guangxi
171:Sichuan
159:Guizhou
4177:Mijiic
4170:Digaro
4117:Pontic
4045:Borean
4040:Altaic
4004:Rouran
3997:Turkic
3990:Uralic
3979:Other
3864:Turkic
3792:Nihali
3687:Gutian
3659:Hattic
3652:Turkic
3618:Minoan
3590:Sicani
3535:Basque
3529:Turkic
3522:Uralic
3506:Europe
3318:BANZSL
3280:Yamana
3265:Trumai
3234:Movima
3188:Fulniô
3151:Aikanã
3065:Tupian
2960:Chonan
2884:Arauan
2822:Xincan
2774:Lencan
2727:Yokuts
2624:Yukian
2589:Tanoan
2584:Siouan
2567:Pomoan
2508:Coosan
2334:Mirndi
2227:Porome
2222:Pawaia
2076:Senagi
2048:Madang
1997:Eleman
1952:Border
1883:Nihali
1876:Minoan
1856:Hattic
1838:Basque
1809:Mijiic
1791:Digaro
1775:Uralic
1761:Turkic
1612:Europe
1469:Africa
1377:Yeheni
1367:Maojia
1311:Mienic
1292:Ná-Meo
1287:Raojia
1226:Bu–Nao
1186:Mo Piu
1176:Mashan
1140:Younuo
1107:Hm Nai
1102:Pa-Hng
1020:
999:
932:
910:
880:
843:
781:
771:
722:
714:
547:Yeheni
539:Maojia
521:or as
382:, and
354:H'Mông
298:Mekong
225:Mienic
213:
207:
167:Yunnan
3955:Nivkh
3909:Ongan
3275:Warao
3244:Nukak
3215:Kunza
3193:Guató
3182:Cofán
3162:Camsá
2955:Choco
2916:Boran
2865:South
2846:Huave
2781:Mayan
2732:Yuchi
2715:Washo
2665:Karuk
2660:Haida
2599:Utian
2531:Keres
2468:Alsea
2461:Algic
2446:North
2238:Taiap
2232:Sulka
2087:Sepik
2002:Engan
1743:Ongan
1726:Nivkh
1594:Shabo
1577:Jalaa
1571:Hadza
1525:Mande
1275:Hmuic
1244:Numao
1216:Xixiu
1206:Gejia
1159:Hmong
1135:Pa Na
1117:Sheic
807:(PDF)
800:(PDF)
720:S2CID
446:tonal
384:Hmong
333:Names
245:codas
183:Hubei
163:Hunan
151:China
40:China
4324:bold
4182:Miju
3950:Ainu
3450:bold
3377:See
3313:Arab
3299:Sign
3250:Páez
3227:Maku
3221:Leco
2737:Zuni
2721:Yana
2675:Seri
2432:Tiwi
2252:Wiru
2217:Mpur
2207:Kuot
2190:Anêm
2185:Abun
2152:Yuat
2147:Yawa
2093:Skou
2070:Ramu
1921:and
1815:Miju
1637:Ainu
1617:Asia
1615:and
1588:Laal
1549:Kadu
1537:Ijaw
1500:Kx'a
1266:Xong
1258:Xong
1234:Bunu
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