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192:(2020), call Hmong cuisine translocal: a cuisine rooted in multiple localities and highly informed by ethnic culture and history regardless of state definitions of citizenship. They categorized food from Hmong American survey respondents in four categories: indigenous Hmong dishes, Hmong American dishes, Hmong adaptations of other Southeast Asian dishes, and American food eaten by Hmong people.
81:
611:, a child who was influenced by an exceptionally large amount of cultures and as a result feels they have their own new culture, especially around food. Some sources also describe this as the "one-and-a-half generation." Hmong households in Minnesota were found to have the highest frequency of family meals and adolescent involvement in food preparation, versus other ethnic groups.
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600:. These Hmong adapted their own Southeast Asian cuisine to the realities of refugee camps in Thailand and poverty in the United States. Dishes tend to be small but flavorful, seasoned generously with herbs and spices. Rice is a staple in meals to balance out strong flavors. Hmong-style American food such as spiced hamburgers is sometimes called "Mee-Ka."
450:
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Dyed tapioca jelly with a sweet coconut sauce. Nab Vam (pronounced as Nah-vah) is a traditional Hmong drink that is occasionally served during special events. In
English, it can sometimes be called Tri-Color. Naab Vaam is a sweetened dessert drink that consists of coconut, tapioca pearls, cendol, and
440:
A study of six Hmong villages in
Northern Thailand found that vegetable stems and leaves were the main form of food, and the Hmong villagers consumed a total of 130 different species of vegetable. The most common preparations were raw or boiled in chicken soup. While many vegetables were cultivated,
428:
Hmong people are traditionally agricultural. Diaspora communities in the United States are known for their thriving home and community garden spaces, as well as strains of plants unique to Hmong seed keepers. Hmong New Year, the most major annual event, is centered around the annual rice harvest and
460:
Hmong
Americans tend to grow herbs in small pots and plots at home so they are close at hand for harvesting fresh and cooking quickly. Fresh herbs are so central to traditional Hmong cuisine, one participant in a Fresno, California majority-Hmong community garden said: "If you see pots outside with
177:
I would tell people that Hmong food is not just a type of food. It’s not about the product. It’s a philosophy. If you want to know Hmong food, you have know our people. Our story is intricately woven into the food that we eat. It’s our culture DNA that’s made out of food that we eat. If you want to
1776:
As the study observed, connection to the natural world is a significant part of Hmong culture, though widely under-researched. On
American soil, many Hmong have continued the hunting, fishing, and foraging practices they carried out while living in Laos. A 1993 study found that 60 percent of Hmong
549:
Hmong traditionally raise livestock such as chickens, cattle, and pigs. Chicken is a common meat while meats such as beef and pork were reserved for special occasions. In the 2000s an estimated 600 Hmong poultry farms existed in the United States, particularly in
Southern states such as Arkansas,
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White rice is the staple food of the Hmong. The dishes eaten with rice are often spiced with peppers in a manner similar to Thai food. The Hmong also eat noodle dishes that resemble a
Vietnamese noodle soup known as pho, which has become popular in the United States. Common meat dishes include
619:
While
Christian and American holidays are widely adopted, they are celebrated in distinctly Hmong ways with traditional costumes and Hmong cuisine. A Thanksgiving meal might look like rice, Hmong sausage, and boiled chicken alongside the traditional American turkey, mashed potatoes, and gravy.
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broiled chicken, lemongrass marinated pork, and sautéed chicken. The Hmong
Americans often grow their own vegetables in gardens, including bitter melon, bok choi, eggplant, and turnips. Traditional foods are especially popular among Hmong Americans at the annual New Year festival.
64:
Staple elements include fresh herbs, vegetables such as leafy greens and hot peppers, steamed rice, and small amounts of meat, often chicken meat. Herbs are of major importance as both a food, a flavoring agent, and traditional medicine. Common southeast Asian sauces such as
76:
Cooking is traditionally done by steaming or boiling and many dishes are prepared as simple stews or soups. In the modern Hmong diaspora, other forms of cooking such as stir frying have become common. Historically the animal fats and oils required for frying were scarce.
100:
is a common theme, as many Hmong are from low-income backgrounds, especially Hmong
Americans who immigrated from underfunded refugee camps. Prior to the 21st century, Hmong lived mostly in self-sustaining agricultural villages where they raised livestock and grew crops.
553:
Hunting, fishing, and foraging meat remain a significant supplement to livestock, even for Hmong diaspora in the United States. A study of Hmong households in
Wisconsin recorded that 60% regularly hunted and fished, which was twice the rate of the general population.
252:
which is a core part of Hmong meals, especially during New Years celebrations. Cooking dilutes the natural dye in black rice, leading to a purple colored rice dish. In areas where black rice is uncommon, the rice may be dyed with purple cornstalk or purple carrots.
147:, but the diversity of Hmong backgrounds complicates the idea of a single origin. For example, some Hmong identify with their country of settlement even among other Hmong, such as Thai Hmong, Lao Hmong, and Hmong American, which greatly influences their cuisine.
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A triangular pattern with one jagged edge is known as "chicken tail" and evokes the chicken s important position in Hmong cuisine and as a ritual offering (22). A chicken is sacrificed at funerals, since it is believed to guide the soul of the deceased to the
355:
many other toppings that are mixed in. In Hmong culture, it is essential to have toppings such as colored chestnuts, jello, sweet fruit, and grass jelly. Most of these toppings can be made from scratch by using sugar, coconut milk, and rice flour.
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Because many Hmong American Christians do not eat food made with blood, during mixed gatherings with Christians and traditional animists multiple forms of foods are prepared with and without blood.
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Each family has their own recipe, but typically the rolls consist of eggs mixed with shredded carrots and cabbage, ground pork, onions, scallions, and cilantro. These are seasoned with
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versus extended tribe and clan ties, changing how food is produced and consumed, including making smaller meals. Hmong Americans born abroad who grew up in America may identify as a
798:
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feature prominently, although a fresh sauce called "pepper dip" which is unique to Hmong cuisine is so popular that the first ever Hmong cookbook included 11 variations.
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know our people you have to know our food. By knowing our food, you will know our story. You’ll know where we been and it will show the trajectory to where we’re going.
826:
716:: "a Hmong Woman loves baby / cucumbers, unripened papayas, and green mangoes / anything she can dip with chili peppers and fish sauce / to spice up her life"
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Missouri, Oklahoma, and North Carolina. Chicken is core to Hmong cuisine and additionally serves ritual purposes and features in traditional embroidery.
464:
A common herb combination is "chicken herbs": a bundle that includes usually eight herbs used to flavor a chicken soup from traditional Hmong medicine (
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127:
Pakou Hang calls Hmong cuisine "the ultimate fusion food." Hmong cuisine is influenced by frequent ancient and modern migration, including through
624:
is a common dish during Hmong New Years celebrations and at other large gatherings such as festivals and graduations. It is typically served with
1777:
households in Green Bay, Wisconsin participated in hunting and fishing—more than twice the participation rate of Green Bay's general population.
441:
some were foraged from surrounding forests. Hmong cultivation of endangered plants for food was found to indirectly support their conservation.
50:. Most dishes are not unique to Hmong culture, but are rather served in a Hmong style developed during centuries of migration across cultures.
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Hmong American households tend to be smaller than traditional Hmong households, with an average of 3 people per household and a focus on
1961:
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680:
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1856:"Description of the home food environment in Black, White, Hmong, Latino, Native American and Somali homes with 5–7-year-old children"
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A fresh pork sausage seasoned with herbs like lemongrass and Kaffir lime leaf. Usually served with purple sticky rice and pepper dip.
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during their migration across Asia. These fried and flour wrapped rolls can be found at family events and annual events such as the
143:, China, Japan, South Korea, and even the United States, Canada, Mexico, and Argentina. Some sources claim Hmong food is closest to
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who are present today in countries across the world. Because Hmong people come from all over the world, their cuisine is a
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1978:
124:
1936:"'Food Is A Universal Language': Chef Yia Vang Finds Home For Hmong Flavors In Minneapolis' North Loop - CBS Minnesota"
1636:
Srithi, Kamonnate; Trisonthi, Chusie; Wangpakapattanawong, Prasit; Srisanga, Prachaya; Balslev, Henrik (May 26, 2012).
1371:
272:
1854:
Trofholz, Amanda; Tate, Allan; Fulkerson, Jayne A; Hearst, Mary O; Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne; Berge, Jerica M (2019).
368:
A simple chicken soup with homemade rice noodles adopted from the Lao. There are various names and spellings such as
2182:
1466:
Nguanchoo, Varangrat; Srisanga, Prachaya; Swangpol, Sasivimon; Prathanturarug, Sompop; Jenjittikul, Thaya (2014).
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There is an emphasis on fresh ingredients, as many Hmong are farmers and may pick ingredients from a
1701:"'I Salute the Spirit of My Communities': Autoethnographic Innovations in Hmong American Literature"
2009:
2369:
2161:
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593:
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1979:"CNN show 'United Shades of America' goes inside the home of Minnesota's rising star Hmong chef"
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or salt and vinegar. Commonly served with a meat dish such as Hmong sausage and sticky rice.
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Herbs are used as food, seasoning, and traditional medicine - frequently all three at once.
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563:
420:
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231:, or in English as pepper dip, pepper condiment, hot chili condiment, or simply "pepper."
144:
1397:"Grandma's Pickled Mustard Greens: Puj's Zaub Qaub [Preserving Grandma's Recipe]"
643:
Yia Vang runs a popular restaurant called Union Hmong Kitchen in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
2384:
What is authenticity in food? essay by Union Hmong Kitchen's Yia Vang and Ming-Jinn Tong
200:
Dishes popular among Hmong people, served in a Hmong style, or unique to Hmong cuisine.
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involves nearly a week of feasts and whole roasted pigs. Rice is considered the Hmong
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2041:"13: Boiled Chicken and Pizza: The Making of Transnational Hmong American Foodways"
2005:
1983:
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66:
57:
23:
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2424:
2297:
Vang, Nengher N. (13 March 2016). "Hmong American Culture". In Dong, Lan (ed.).
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Mass immigration of Hmong refugees from Southeast Asia in the 1980s after the
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1252:"Traditional egg rolls are centerpiece of Providence Hmong Church fundraiser"
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Dishes from Hmongtown Marketplace vendors were featured in 2019 as part of
221:, and lime juice that is served at most meals, and especially to accompany
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27:
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2147:"Following the Plant: The Political Ecology of a Hmong Community Garden"
2146:
1729:
1608:"Hmong Medicinal Chicken Herb Starter Package - Tshuaj Rau Qaib Package"
657:
2045:
The Immigrant-Food Nexus: Borders, Labor, and Identity in North America
1700:
503:
449:
190:
The Immigrant-Food Nexus: Borders, Labor, and Identity in North America
140:
2419:
1830:"Gia Vang and Yia Vang on 'Hmonglish,' Iron Chef and leaving KARE 11"
1760:"Down the Deer Path: Reflections on the Future of Hunting in America"
89:
1639:"Plant Diversity in Hmong and Mien Homegardens in Northern Thailand"
777:
Pea shoots for sale from a Hmong farmers market vendor in California
470:). The recipe is considered by some to be the signature Hmong dish.
1530:
1740:
1296:"Seriously, the Best Egg Rolls! Hmong Egg Rolls – Our Little Nook"
656:
575:
448:
434:
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309:
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Deboned chicken wings stuffed with a meat mixture such as from an
271:
163:
114:
79:
52:
31:
1764:
Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers
1336:
847:
A Hmong specialities restaurant in Ha Giang city, Vietnam in 2014
1531:"Cooking From The Heart: The Hmong Kitchen In America - Recipes"
649:
in Saint Paul, Minnesota serves a variety of Hmong-style foods.
132:
46:, as well as modern diasporas in the Western world such as the
2254:
Frontier Livelihoods: Hmong In the Sino-Vietnamese Borderlands
688:
318:
Traditional "Hmong" egg rolls can be culturally tied back to
833:
Hmong goat head soup meal at Bắc Hà Sunday Market in Vietnam
735:
Laotian bowl of Pheu Hmong at Sunday Market in French Guiana
188:
Scholars such as Alison Hope Alkon and Kat Vang, writing in
157:
calls Hmong cuisine a "philosophy" and a way to understand
2181:. Culture and Customs of Asia. Santa Barbara, California:
1419:
1417:
2388:
2173:
Lee, Gary Yia; Tapp, Nicholas (2010). Lu, Hanchao (ed.).
1317:"Sweet Coconut Tapioca Dessert-Nab Vam – Our Little Nook"
1196:"Make Purple Sticky Rice to Celebrate the Hmoob New Year"
1145:"Purple Sticky Rice: Mov Nplaum Ntshaav - C.HerCreations"
791:
A Hmong farmer harvesting flowers and herbs in California
2252:
Turner, Sarah; Bonnin, Christine; Michaud, Jean (2015).
1565:"Sharing Food: Qaib rau tshuaj (Hmong chicken in herbs)"
330:
holds an annual fundraiser by selling traditional Hmong
1337:"Tri-color Tapioca Pearl Coconut Milk Dessert, Nab Vam"
982:"Appetites: Hmong cuisine, 'the ultimate fusion food'"
341:, rolled in a paper-thin wheat shell, and deep fried.
2396:
437:
is an alternate staple crop for some Hmong villages.
2378:
Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America
2242:
Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America
2212:
Cooking from the Heart: The Hmong Kitchen in America
701:
with owner Toua Xiong and local Hmong American chef
96:
for meat is also done close to the time of cooking.
1502:
1468:"Food plants in Hmong cuisine in Northern Thailand"
588:led to a sizable population of Hmong people in the
2174:
2145:
2114:
1794:"Minnesotans Line Up for Hmong Food from Yia Vang"
1699:
1637:
2370:Agriculture & Land Relations in Hmong Culture
2016:. May Lee-Yang & Lazy Hmong Woman Productions
975:
973:
971:
805:Mung bean cake at Bắc Hà Sunday Market in Vietnam
2299:Asian American Culture: From Anime to Tiger Moms
1514:
1423:
1372:"Khaub Piaj (Ko Pia)- Hmong Chicken Noodle Soup"
958:
956:
954:
952:
819:A varietal of cucumber grown by the Hmong people
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
461:cilantro and , you know this is Hmong family."
276:Sausage meal from a Wisconsin Hmong restaurant.
175:
568:History of the Hmong in Minneapolis–Saint Paul
453:Kaffir lime leaf is a popular Hmong seasoning.
2329:"Family Reunions + Feasting = Hmong New Year"
1126:
1124:
119:A Hmong girl holding a Hmong yellow cucumber.
60:selling fresh produce at a market in Vietnam.
8:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1275:"Pork Egg Rolls (Kab Yaub) - C.HerCreations"
943:
932:
424:Farming at a Hmong refugee camp in Thailand.
2256:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
712:writes about Hmong food culture such as in
474:
465:
390:
381:
375:
369:
359:
345:
301:
284:
257:
235:
226:
225:. The condiment is known by its Hmong name
204:
2082:Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America
314:Hmong style egg rolls from Food Delicious.
183:Chef Yia Vang at Industry Rules Magazine,
2376:Hmong recipe website from the authors of
2123:McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers
2056:
1887:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1091:
1087:
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123:Co-founder and executive director of the
1254:. Providence, RI: The Providence Journal
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886:
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168:A Hmong woman preparing street food at
1059:
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84:Commercially produced Thai fish sauce.
2389:Culinary culture of the Hmong people
2047:. Food, Health, and the Environment.
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1024:Harris, Phyllis Louise (2007-11-22).
678:Chef Yia Vang featured Hmong food in
7:
2208:Scripter, Sami; Yang, Sheng (2009).
2153:Humboldt Journal of Social Relations
2043:. In Agyeman J, Giacalone S (eds.).
1922:
1910:
1816:
1685:
1446:
1434:
1130:
1048:
684:episode six, "Battle Chili Peppers".
2301:. Cultures of the American Mosaic.
1963:Iron Chef: Quest for an Iron Legend
1654:The New York Botanical Garden Press
749:An ethnic Hmong marketplace in Laos
681:Iron Chef: Quest for an Iron Legend
628:, a preparation for naturally dyed
433:and is incorporated in most meals.
16:Culinary traditions of Hmong people
2337:Minnesota Historical Society Press
2280:Minnesota Historical Society Press
2039:Alkon AH, Vang K (24 March 2020).
1714:The Johns Hopkins University Press
1612:Hmong Specialty Plants & Herbs
708:Award-winning Hmong American poet
572:History of the Hmong in California
125:Hmong American Farmers Association
22:comprises the culinary culture of
14:
1503:Turner, Bonnin & Michaud 2015
38:of many flavors and histories in
2418:
2406:
2177:Culture and Customs of the Hmong
2117:An Introduction to Hmong Culture
2010:"The Things a Hmong Woman Loves"
1792:Zonunpari, Angela (2023-08-22).
1194:Mennecke, Rebecca (2020-11-25).
839:
825:
811:
797:
783:
769:
755:
741:
727:
665:with Hmong staple lemongrass on
364:(chicken soup with rice noodles)
2058:10.7551/mitpress/11862.001.0001
1977:Jackson, Sharyn (19 May 2019).
217:, cilantro, green onion, salt,
2084:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.).
1758:Bussjaeger, Jackie A. (2020).
714:The Things a Hmong Woman Loves
479:(chicken soup herbs) mixture:
1:
2218:University of Minnesota Press
2121:. Jefferson: North Carolina:
980:John, Steven (4 March 2015).
580:Hmong American woman farming.
2144:L'Annunziata, Elena (2010).
1250:Ciampa, Gail (28 May 2014).
1026:"The elusive Hmong cuisine"
639:Commercial food preparation
2457:
2353:A Cook's Tour of Minnesota
2333:A Cook's Tour of Minnesota
2183:Greenwood Publishing Group
2080:. In Riggs, Thomas (ed.).
2076:Bankston, Carl L. (2014).
1395:Her, Cindy (1 June 2022).
561:
467:Nqaij Qaib Hau Xyaw Tshuaj
398:
391:
360:
346:
302:
285:
265:
258:
236:
205:
108:
1872:10.1017/S136898001800280X
1662:10.1007/s12231-012-9199-y
1273:Her, Cindy (2019-07-14).
1143:Her, Cindy (2020-12-12).
326:. The Hmong community of
2327:Burckhardt, Ann (2004).
1960:"Battle Chili Peppers".
1477:
1221:"Prix Fixe Hmong Dinner"
1164:Vang, Yia (2020-04-14).
1064:ArtFormss (2023-10-01).
1030:Twin Cities Daily Planet
944:Scripter & Yang 2009
933:Scripter & Yang 2009
698:United Shades of America
511:grassy-leaved sweet flag
395:(pickled mustard greens)
2278:. People of Minnesota.
1860:Public Health Nutrition
1766:. University of Montana
496:Koj liab/ko taw os liab
475:
466:
416:Agricultural traditions
382:
376:
370:
289:(stuffed chicken wings)
227:
105:Hmong cuisine as fusion
1698:Chiu, Jeannie (2004).
1652:(2). Bronx, New York:
992:Minnesota Public Radio
875:List of Asian cuisines
674:
581:
558:Hmong American cuisine
519:Tauj dub (lemon grass)
454:
425:
315:
277:
213:A condiment made with
186:
173:
170:Ban Vinai Refugee Camp
120:
85:
61:
2303:Bloomsbury Publishing
1722:10.1353/lit.2004.0030
1475:The Journal of Botany
1109:www.splendidtable.org
1105:"Hot Chili Condiment"
1092:Alkon & Vang 2020
1012:Alkon & Vang 2020
963:Alkon & Vang 2020
899:Alkon & Vang 2020
660:
647:Hmongtown Marketplace
615:Holidays and religion
598:Saint Paul, Minnesota
579:
452:
423:
399:Further information:
313:
275:
266:Further information:
167:
118:
92:just before cooking.
83:
56:
2051:. pp. 261–280.
1166:"Purple Sticky Rice"
763:A Hmong dinner table
320:Vietnamese egg rolls
246:glutinous sweet rice
240:(purple sticky rice)
219:monosodium glutamate
2113:Cha, Ya Po (2010).
1569:The Minnesota Daily
1478:วารสารพฤกษศาสตรไทย
1202:. Photos by Yia Lor
286:Kooj tis qaib nitim
196:Common Hmong dishes
2339:. pp. 39–54.
2276:Hmong in Minnesota
2168:– via JSTOR.
1706:College Literature
1225:Rose City Book Pub
675:
661:Yia Vang grilling
653:In popular culture
626:purple sticky rice
594:Fresno, California
582:
455:
426:
316:
278:
237:Mov nplaum ntshaav
174:
121:
86:
62:
2272:Vang, Chia Youyee
2263:978-0-295-99466-6
2196:978-0-313-34526-5
2132:978-0-7864-4951-4
2102:Gale Power Search
2078:"Hmong Americans"
1515:L'Annunziata 2010
1424:L'Annunziata 2010
1359:. 7 October 2021.
609:third culture kid
586:Laotian Civil War
538:Sedum sarmentosum
531:Limnophila rugosa
502:Nkaj liab Hmoob (
361:Khaub piaj/ko pia
259:Nyhuv ntxwm hmoob
244:A preparation of
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2274:(24 July 2009).
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2201:Internet Archive
2185:, an imprint of
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2137:Internet Archive
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524:Okinawan spinach
478:
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2321:Further reading
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2216:. Minneapolis:
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2160:(1/2): 97–134.
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1563:Raemont, Nina.
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1066:"Chef Yia Vang"
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667:Outdoor Channel
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564:Hmong Americans
560:
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522:Nroj rog liab (
499:Tshuaj rog liab
493:Zej tshua ntuag
476:tshuaj rau qaib
447:
418:
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401:Pickled mustard
397:
366:
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291:
270:
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262:(Hmong sausage)
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153:celebrity chef
145:Laotian cuisine
113:
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5:
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2364:External links
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1866:(5): 882–893.
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111:Fusion cuisine
106:
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44:Southeast Asia
15:
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2092:. p. 336
2091:
2090:Cengage Group
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2068:9780262538411
2064:
2059:
2054:
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2042:
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2032:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:Lee-Yang, May
2001:
1998:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1925:, p. 968
1924:
1919:
1916:
1913:, p. 965
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
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1819:, p. 939
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1694:
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1688:, p. 953
1687:
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1679:
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1673:Springer Link
1663:
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1517:, p. 111
1516:
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1508:
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1504:
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1476:
1469:
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1452:
1449:, p. 112
1448:
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1436:
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1376:Kathy Nom Nom
1373:
1370:Kathynomnom.
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1094:, p. 269
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1017:
1014:, p. 263
1013:
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965:, p. 262
964:
959:
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922:Bankston 2014
918:
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901:, p. 270
900:
895:
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865:Hmong culture
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622:Hmong sausage
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590:United States
587:
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408:fermented in
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268:Hmong sausage
256:
254:
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228:kua txob ntsw
224:
223:Hmong sausage
220:
216:
206:Kua txob ntsw
203:
201:
195:
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179:
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159:Hmong culture
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55:
51:
49:
48:United States
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:Hmong cuisine
2390:
2377:
2358:Google Books
2351:
2332:
2298:
2275:
2253:
2247:Google Books
2240:
2211:
2199:– via
2176:
2157:
2151:
2135:– via
2116:
2105:
2100:– via
2094:. Retrieved
2081:
2044:
2018:. Retrieved
2014:May Lee Yang
2013:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:Star Tribune
1982:
1972:
1962:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1942:. 2021-10-28
1939:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1836:. 2022-06-15
1833:
1824:
1812:
1801:. Retrieved
1798:Arts Midwest
1797:
1775:
1768:. Retrieved
1763:
1753:
1744:
1739:– via
1733:. Retrieved
1709:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1671:– via
1665:. Retrieved
1649:
1643:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1510:
1498:
1486:. Retrieved
1484:(2): 131–145
1481:
1474:
1442:
1430:
1404:. Retrieved
1400:
1390:
1379:. Retrieved
1375:
1365:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1331:
1320:. Retrieved
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1229:. Retrieved
1227:. 2023-05-20
1224:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1199:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1138:
1133:, p. 67
1112:. Retrieved
1108:
1099:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1051:, p. 92
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:
1019:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
985:
939:
928:
713:
710:May Lee-Yang
696:
679:
670:
645:
642:
634:
618:
602:
592:, primarily
583:
552:
548:
536:
529:
488:Joe-pye weed
472:
463:
459:
456:
439:
427:
404:
367:
353:
339:oyster sauce
336:
328:Rhode Island
317:
292:
279:
243:
212:
209:(pepper dip)
199:
189:
187:
176:
149:
122:
87:
75:
63:
58:Flower Hmong
24:Hmong people
19:
18:
1746:afterworld.
1656:: 192–206.
1406:11 November
1357:"Naab Vaam"
1258:31 December
1170:Bon Appétit
946:, p. 6
509:Pawj qaib (
431:staple crop
350:(tri-color)
306:(egg rolls)
215:Thai chilis
172:, Thailand.
26:, an Asian
2391:Hmong Food
2088:, part of
2020:4 November
1990:29 October
1966:. Netflix.
1946:2023-10-24
1840:2023-10-24
1803:2023-10-24
1617:2023-10-25
1574:2023-10-25
1540:2023-10-26
1381:2023-10-26
1342:2023-10-25
1322:2023-10-25
1301:2023-10-25
1280:2023-10-25
1231:2023-10-24
1206:2023-10-26
1175:2023-10-26
1150:2023-10-26
1114:2023-10-24
1075:2023-10-26
1035:2023-10-26
997:2 November
881:References
693:Emmy Award
562:See also:
410:rice water
371:khaub piaj
250:black rice
109:See also:
94:Butchering
71:fish sauce
2236:286478281
2096:April 27,
2049:MIT Press
1923:Vang 2016
1911:Vang 2016
1880:1368-9800
1817:Vang 2016
1770:April 20,
1735:April 21,
1716:: 43–69.
1686:Vang 2016
1667:April 25,
1488:April 20,
1447:Vang 2009
1435:Vang 2016
1131:Vang 2009
1049:Vang 2009
695:-winning
545:Livestock
516:Xuv ntsim
483:Ncas liab
392:Zaub qaub
332:egg rolls
98:Frugality
2435:Category
2166:23263228
2008:(2020).
1898:30477596
1834:MPR News
1730:25115207
987:MPR News
870:Yia Vang
854:See also
703:Yia Vang
303:Kab yaub
295:egg roll
181:—
155:Yia Vang
137:Cambodia
129:Thailand
28:diaspora
2399:Portals
1889:7310517
721:Gallery
504:Iresine
490:strain)
347:Nab vam
141:Vietnam
2343:
2309:
2286:
2260:
2234:
2224:
2193:
2164:
2129:
2065:
1896:
1886:
1878:
1728:
570:, and
486:Ntiv (
377:ko pia
90:garden
67:oyster
36:fusion
2413:China
2162:JSTOR
2033:Cited
1741:JSTOR
1726:JSTOR
1712:(3).
1471:(PDF)
671:Feral
445:Herbs
435:Maize
383:kopia
32:China
2425:Food
2341:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2232:OCLC
2222:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2098:2024
2086:Gale
2063:ISBN
2022:2023
1992:2023
1894:PMID
1876:ISSN
1772:2024
1737:2024
1669:2024
1490:2024
1408:2023
1260:2017
999:2023
663:copi
596:and
374:and
248:and
133:Laos
69:and
42:and
40:East
2356:at
2245:at
2053:doi
1884:PMC
1868:doi
1718:doi
1658:doi
691:'s
689:CNN
669:'s
380:or
2437::
2335:.
2331:.
2305:.
2282:.
2230:.
2220:.
2189:.
2158:33
2156:.
2150:.
2125:.
2104:.
2061:.
2012:.
1981:.
1938:.
1892:.
1882:.
1874:.
1864:22
1862:.
1858:.
1832:.
1796:.
1784:^
1774:.
1762:.
1743:.
1724:.
1710:31
1708:.
1704:.
1650:66
1648:.
1642:.
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