148:. In a period ending in 1994, the tax rate of the Wausau School District rose by 10.48% because of the added expenses of services to children from immigrant families. The increase was three times as high as the increase in an adjacent school district that lacked a large immigrant population. By 1994 Wausau had 4,200 refugees. The number of Hmong students in the school district was over 2,000 in 1996. In 1998 this number reached its peak, 2,214. Wausau had some social upheaval from the Hmong arrival. Some schools in Wausau developed a minority of English speakers or were dominated by Hmong students. Some native-born American families in Wausau criticized crime associated with the Hmong community and the costs of social services to them.
169:
to coordinate with the many Hmong Mutual
Assistance Associations. Provisions were made for bilingual, bicultural aids and interpretation services to assist immigrants, and particularly the elderly, in using health and social services and managing interviews and encounters. Materials to gain a driver's license were translated into Hmong and posted on the department's website, and special programs were devised to help immigrants gain driver's licenses, to increase their readiness for work. In addition, employers were recruited for short-term programs to enhance immigrant entry into the job market.
735:(WSD). In the 1990s the Wausau School District received an increase of Hmong students, some of whom came from refugee camps and lacked formal education. In 1993 the Wausau School District began moving students, previously assigned to schools based on attendance zone, to a different scheme intended to equalize the ethnic proportions of Hmong and non-Hmong students. However it reverted to its previous scheme in 1994 after a negative reception from area parents. Patti Kraus, who worked as a secretary for the WSD, stated in 2016 that the ethnic Hmong successfully adapted to American school life.
690:
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402:, there were 49,240 Hmong persons living in Wisconsin, making up 0.9% of the state's population. As of 2000, there were 33,791 Hmong persons in the state, making up 0.63% of the total state population and 32.9% of its Asian population. In 1990 the 16,373 Hmong persons in Wisconsin made up 0.33% of the state's population.
395:
Selkowe, who served as the organization's project coordinator and the co-writer of the report, said that the language barrier was the main difficulty affecting the state's Hmong population. The immigrant generation's inexperience with the written language worsened their disadvantage in learning a new language.
129:
In 1990 there were 16,980 Hmong in
Wisconsin. This was an increase of more than 4,000% from the 1980 figure. By this time the US government had relaxed some restrictions and allowed families to immigrate, leading to reunification of Hmong families in Wisconsin and other destinations. The first effort
168:
As a result of these recommendations, additional monies were budgeted for expansion of
English as a Second Language (ESL) classes, and vocational skills training at community colleges, as well as for special classes to aid immigrants in adapting to Wisconsin. Local resettlement organizations worked
164:
appointed a Hmong
Resettlement Task Force in 2004 to review social policies and make recommendations to aid the acculturation of Hmong in the state, particularly as some welfare and social service programs were changing as a result of federal law. The state had gained experience with dealing with
405:
From 1990 to 2000, the Hmong population in
Wisconsin increased by 106%, as immigration continued from Hmong refugee camps in Thailand. The state's White- American population increased in that time by 4.8%. Of the U.S. states, Wisconsin has the third-largest Hmong population, after California and
394:
In
December 1999 the Institute for Wisconsin's Future stated in a report, "Given the major cultural differences, language barriers and skill gaps facing the Hmong, a number of Wisconsin's Hmong population have relied on welfare to meet their families' basic needs during this transition." Vicky
605:
As of 2003, 90-95% of adult Hmong in Wausau worked in low paying jobs which did not require fluency in
English. All eligible members of the family held jobs in a typical Hmong household. In the city of Wausau, as of 2003, some Hmong owned small businesses, restaurants, and grocery stores.
116:, Wausau had fewer than 1% non-White people. There were several dozen Asian immigrants in 1978. By 1980 200 Southeast Asian refugees had settled in Wausau. This increased to 400 in 1982 and 800 in 1984. Over time, the Hmong became the largest ethnic minority in the city.
159:
In 2004 the U.S. agreed to allow immigration by an additional 15,000 Hmong in order to close the last refugee camp in
Thailand. By 2006 a total of 3,254 of these individuals, representing 682 families, had been settled in Wisconsin. The governor of Wisconsin
388:, 74% of Hmong households have an income below the federal poverty level. The average annual household income of the Hmong community was $ 13,518. As of 1998, the Hmong had the lowest socioeconomic status of all of the ethnic groups in Wisconsin.
275:
wrote that "the Hmong stand out more singularly as an ethnic minority" in the other counties, which are less densely populated, "than they do in metropolitan areas like
Milwaukee, which is already more racially and culturally diverse."
279:
In 1998 Zaniewski and Rosen stated that the cities with the largest Hmong groups "are dispersed widely throughout the state". The communities that they identified as having significant Hmong populations included
Appleton,
165:
Hmong immigrants since the 1980s immigration, and many studies supported changes to programs to increase effectiveness. The task force reported in 2005 to the governor with recommendations to support the 2004 immigration.
666:, stating that it would grow to the point where native-born Americans would be displaced. Beck credited the article for a book publishing deal and other benefits, and these benefits resulted in him establishing
271:. The Hmong make up higher percentages of the population in Eau Claire, La Crosse, and Marathon counties than in the larger Milwaukee county. Jenna Christian, Pa Sia Low Moua, and Ingolf Vogeler, authors of
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In 2000 there were 46,600 Hmong in Wisconsin. In 2006 there were 38,949 Hmong. By 2002, 12% of the Wausau population was Hmong, and 25% of the students at Wausau public schools were Hmong.
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The majority of Wisconsin Hmong live in central city boundaries of Wisconsin communities, but some rural areas and small towns also have Hmong residents. Due to the post-
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As of the 1990 U.S. Census, 28% of Hmong are employed in professions or services related to professions. The Wisconsin statewide average in that sector was 23%.
213:, stated that Hmong in Milwaukee had recently been moving to the northwest side of Milwaukee; they historically lived in the north and south areas of Milwaukee.
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system. By 1980, the Hmong quickly began to organize Mutual Assistance Associations in cities where they had the largest populations, and these have continued.
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in Laos. Hmong in Vietnam and Laos were subjected to targeted attacks in both countries, and tens of thousands were killed, imprisoned or forcibly relocated
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stated that ethnic tension between Hmong and native-born Americans in the state started in the 1980s and spilled over into the following decade.
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wrote a follow-up article on Beck's, criticizing it for having "racial anxiety" and stating that Beck's predictions did not come to fruition.
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are extremely important to their society, and they pressed also for extended family members to be allowed to immigrate. They have a
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As of the 1990 Census, 3% of Wisconsin Hmong are 65 years of age or older, and 55% of Hmong are younger than 15 years of age.
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800:
760:
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792:
752:
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Garcia, J. A., & Harris, R. D. (2001). "Barriers to employment for welfare recipients: the role of race/ethnicity",
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721:
30:, they started seeking asylum as political refugees after the communist takeover in both nations in 1975, including the
747:
Burt, Susan Meredith. "Hmong in Wisconsin" (Chapter 8). In: Purnell, Thomas, Eric Raimy, and Joseph Salmons (editors).
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256:
252:
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Churches and social service agencies initially settled Southeast Asian refugees, most of them Hmong, along with some
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A Review of the Recommendations of the Hmong Resettlement Task Force and the Implementation of These Recommendations
1034:
A Review of the Recommendations of the Hmong Resettlement Task Force and the Implementation of These Recommendations
1412:- Page 2/30 states that the report focuses on Hmong as that ethnic group was the largest at the time of publication
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260:
653:, has carried a locally-based Hmong program since 1983 from Vue Yang and the Hmong Mutual Assistance Association.
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was built in Sheboygan. It memorializes the Hmong veterans and civilians who fought with the United States in the
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97:". By 1980 there were 408 Hmong people in the state. Originally only Hmong veterans were allowed to immigrate.
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89:. They were seeking asylum in the United States, as many had worked or served in fighting for U.S. forces in
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was not written for a significant part of its history. In the Twin Cities of Minnesota, the radio station
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As of the 1990 Census, of the Hmong older than 25, 47% had an education below the fifth-grade level.
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203:, the Hmong population was primarily concentrated in medium-sized and large-sized towns. In 2013
1037:, Master's Thesis, March 2009, Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout Menominee, pp 3-7.
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26:. Allies of the United States in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War and later stages of the
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19:
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A Hmong-centered charter school is located in Milwaukee. Chris Her-Xiong established the
703:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
497:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
367:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
638:
187:, there were 49,240 Hmong in the state. This was a 46% increase over the 2000 figures.
105:
35:
31:
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518:
50:
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Wisconsin's Hmong Population: Census 2000 Population and Other Demographic Trends...
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The Flavor of Wisconsin: An Informal History of Food and Eating in the Badger State
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122:
1228:"Making a connection: Hmong radio program has been serving community for 30 years"
1208:). University of Wisconsin Extension & Applied Population Laboratory (Source:
1051:. Master's Thesis, March 2009, University of Wisconsin-Stout Menominee, pp. 3-7.
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602:. In the state relatively few Hmong work full-time in the agricultural sector.
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255:. In order, the following numerically largest groups are in the counties of
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23:
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Maternal Diet and Infant Feeding Practices of Hmong Refugees in Wisconsin
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1339:
English for Hmong Students in Wisconsin: Practical, Everyday Expressions
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Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 10(4),21-41.
841:
Hoeffel, Elizabeth M., Sonya Rastogi, Myoung Ouk Kim, and Hasan Shahid,
645:(690 AM) carries a Hmong language format, along with television station
1181:
Kaiser, Robert L. "After 25 Years In U.S., Hmong Still Feel Isolated."
1013:, Issue: 12.1 (Spring 1988) Health and Healing, accessed 30 August 2014
646:
138:
637:, there was relatively little Hmong-language media. Historically, the
409:
As of 2014, the largest Hmong populations in the state are located in
1371:
Wisconsin Hmong Population and Hmong Mutual Assistance Associations
1325:
Levy, S. G. (2004). "2004 Wisconsin Lao-Hmong resettlement summary"
1422:
1341:(Issue 321 of Bulletin (Wisconsin. Dept. of Public Instruction)).
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Christian, Moua, and Vogeler, p. 3 (internal document page number)
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Wisconsin United Coalition of Mutual Assistance Associations, Inc
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in 1975 or 1976 following the United States withdrawal from the
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As of 2013 many Hmong families have market gardens and attend
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Among measures to recognize Hmong contributions, in 2006, the
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273:
The Cultural Landscape of the Hmong in Eau Claire, Wisconsin,
772:
The Cultural Landscape of the Hmong in Eau Claire, Wisconsin
216:
As of 2010 the largest groups of Hmong in Wisconsin live in
251:
As of 2008, the numerically largest Hmong population is in
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1410:: La Crosse Area Hmong Mutual Assistance Association, Inc.
1404:"Understanding the Special Needs of Southeast Asian Youth"
1435:
Eau Claire Area Hmong Mutual Assistance Association, Inc.
1007:
Mary Jo Beghto, "Hmong Refugees and the US Health System"
847:(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, March 2012), 19.")
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La Crosse Area Hmong Mutual Assistance Association, Inc.
749:
Wisconsin Talk: Linguistic Diversity in the Badger State
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aided nuclear families, but Hmong extended families and
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are the largest Asian ethnic group in the U.S. state of
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Christian, Jenna, Pa Sia Low Moua, and Ingolf Vogeler (
530:
62:
1445:
Hmong Mutual Assistance Association of Sheboygan, Inc.
1301:
New Pioneers in the Heartland: Hmong Life in Wisconsin
1389:
Hmong Mutual Assistance Association (HMAA) Directory
1259:"How Wausau's immigration fears failed to come true"
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wrote an article about Wausau's Hmong community for
649:. In Sheboygan, the city's school district station,
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617:in Wisconsin of $ 49,200 is closer to the state's
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144:In 1991 there were 1,010 Hmong students in the
1479:. Wisconsin Historical Society. 3 August 2012.
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1397:Wisconsin Department of Children and Families
1364:Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development
1333:Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development
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731:In 1981 there were 160 Hmong students in the
8:
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787:Zaniewski, Kazimierz J. and Carol J. Rosen.
1093:. January 6, 2013. Retrieved March 2, 2014.
471:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1423:Hmong American Friendship Association Inc.
1343:Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction
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1226:Ortegon-Weyandt, Janet (17 October 2013).
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789:The Atlas of Ethnic Diversity in Wisconsin
957:16 June 2003. Retrieved on March 2, 2014.
555:Learn how and when to remove this message
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155:State task force to aid 2004 immigration
81:Hmong people first arrived in the upper
1085:Report shows growth in Hmong community"
948:In Wausau, Hmong at another crossroads"
830:Wisconsin Department of Health Services
812:
784:, Volume 23 (2008-2009), pp. 3–19.
728:in 2004 as a K-12 school system there.
201:federal government of the United States
1383:Natural Resources Conservation Service
1216:). p. VII. Retrieved on March 1, 2014.
1064:A Review of Task Force Recommendations
922:. April 1994. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
755:, September 17, 2013. Start page 111.
1345:, 1980. Available in snippet view at
1292:, 1992. Available in snippet view at
1210:2000 Census of Population and Housing
7:
1450:Wausau Area Hmong Mutual Association
910:The Ordeal of Immigration in Wausau"
1599:Asian-American culture in Wisconsin
1584:Hmong-American culture in Wisconsin
1429:Hmong Wisconsin Chamber of Commerce
1594:Hmong-American culture and history
768:University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire
14:
1395:) - Posted at the website of the
1200:Karon, Jeanette and Dan Veroff. "
1105:Hachten, Harva and Terese Allen.
979:"To Be Both Midwestern and Hmong"
452:This section has multiple issues.
1290:University of Wisconsin--Madison
688:
670:. In 2014 Robert Mentzer of the
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482:
441:
352:
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1305:Allyn & Bacon, Incorporated
460:or discuss these issues on the
1379:U.S. Department of Agriculture
1353:Hmong Resettlement Task Force.
1257:Mentzer, Robert (2014-12-07).
1191:. Retrieved on April 14, 2012.
1:
832:. Retrieved on March 1, 2014.
793:University of Wisconsin Press
753:University of Wisconsin Press
199:resettlement policies of the
1455:Hmong Community Center, Inc.
1111:Wisconsin Historical Society
826:Asian Americans in Wisconsin
722:Hmong American Peace Academy
1011:Cultural Survival Quarterly
726:International Peace Academy
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1589:Ethnic groups in Wisconsin
1284:Anderson, Jane Elizabeth.
1090:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
844:The Asian Population: 2010
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697:This section needs to be
491:This section needs to be
361:This section needs to be
1165:Zaniewski and Rosen, p.
1143:Zaniewski and Rosen, p.
885:Zaniewski and Rosen, p.
288:, Green Bay, La Crosse,
174:Sheboygan Hmong Memorial
1467:Hmong Community Liaison
16:Ethnic group population
1552:Minneapolis–Saint Paul
1385:(NRCS). November 2007.
733:Wausau School District
146:Wausau School District
1187:. December 27, 1999.
1113:, September 3, 2013.
210:Hmong Studies Journal
1477:"Hmong in Wisconsin"
1463:(WUCMAA) (Manitowoc)
1408:La Crosse, Wisconsin
1121:, 9780870205538. p.
781:Wisconsin Geographer
207:, the editor of the
1263:Wausau Daily Herald
1233:The Sheboygan Press
1047:Arlene K. Welcher.
1032:Arlene K. Welcher,
673:Wausau Daily Herald
112:. According to the
1471:City of Eau Claire
1431:(HWCC) (Milwaukee)
1214:U.S. Census Bureau
975:Xaykaothao, Doualy
529:. You can help by
61:. You can help by
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1083:Pabst, Georgia. "
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398:According to the
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267:(Green Bay), and
218:Greater Milwaukee
178:Laotian Civil War
118:Doualy Xaykaothao
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36:following the war
28:Laotian Civil War
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400:2010 U.S. Census
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253:Milwaukee County
185:2010 U.S. Census
114:1980 U.S. Census
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1168:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1022:Fungchatou Lo
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
986:
985:
980:
976:
970:
968:
966:
964:
960:
956:
954:
949:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
898:
896:
892:
888:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
868:
864:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:
838:
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
817:
813:
807:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
783:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
734:
729:
727:
723:
712:
700:
695:
686:
685:
679:
677:
675:
674:
669:
665:
664:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
628:
626:
625:of $ 50,800.
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
559:
556:
541:
532:
528:
525:This section
523:
520:
516:
515:
506:
494:
489:
480:
479:
474:
472:
465:
464:
459:
458:
453:
448:
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438:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
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407:
403:
401:
396:
392:
389:
387:
376:
364:
359:
350:
349:
343:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:Stevens Point
320:, Sheboygan,
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
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212:
211:
206:
202:
198:
190:
188:
186:
181:
179:
175:
170:
166:
163:
154:
152:
149:
147:
142:
140:
137:
133:
127:
125:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
73:
64:
60:
57:This section
55:
52:
48:
47:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1562:
1352:
1347:Google Books
1338:
1337:Vang, Teng.
1319:
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1294:Google Books
1285:
1266:. Retrieved
1237:. Retrieved
1231:
1221:
1196:
1182:
1139:
1130:
1106:
1088:
1066:, pp. 15-19.
1063:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1010:
988:. Retrieved
984:The Atlantic
982:
951:
919:The Atlantic
917:
843:
837:
788:
779:
748:
737:
730:
719:
706:
698:
671:
663:The Atlantic
661:
655:
632:
622:
618:
614:
611:Hmong median
610:
608:
604:
569:
566:
551:
535:
531:adding to it
526:
500:
492:
468:
461:
455:
454:Please help
451:
408:
404:
397:
393:
390:
383:
370:
362:
344:Demographics
278:
272:
250:
215:
208:
205:Mark Pfeifer
194:
182:
171:
167:
158:
150:
143:
128:
123:The Atlantic
121:
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93:during the "
80:
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63:adding to it
58:
18:
1550:Minnesota (
1517:by location
1457:(Manitowoc)
1425:(Milwaukee)
668:Numbers USA
406:Minnesota.
292:, Madison,
286:Fond du Lac
197:Vietnam War
136:patrilineal
87:Vietnam War
1578:Categories
1543:Michigan (
1527:California
1355:Report to
1313:0205274129
1268:2018-12-19
1239:17 October
1119:0870205536
990:2018-12-19
801:029916070X
761:0299293335
742:References
621:household
613:household
576:Eau Claire
457:improve it
384:As of the
334:Two Rivers
269:Eau Claire
263:(Wausau),
226:Eau Claire
183:As of the
102:Vietnamese
95:secret war
70:March 2014
1563:Wisconsin
1360:Jim Doyle
906:Beck, Roy
861:Burt, p.
709:June 2016
680:Education
596:Milwaukee
588:La Crosse
584:Sheboygan
580:Green Bay
538:June 2016
503:June 2016
463:talk page
423:Sheboygan
419:Milwaukee
415:La Crosse
411:Green Bay
373:June 2023
310:Milwaukee
306:Menomonie
294:Manitowoc
290:Ladysmith
257:La Crosse
242:Sheboygan
234:La Crosse
230:Green Bay
191:Geography
162:Jim Doyle
24:Wisconsin
1357:Governor
1307:, 1998.
795:, 1998.
658:Roy Beck
656:In 1994
647:KJNK-LD3
433:Commerce
326:Superior
261:Marathon
222:Appleton
1545:Detroit
1393:Archive
1381:(USDA)
1375:Archive
1366:. 2005.
1329:Archive
1206:Archive
914:Archive
776:Archive
699:updated
592:Madison
493:updated
363:updated
318:Oshkosh
302:Menasha
298:Mauston
238:Madison
139:kinship
83:Midwest
42:History
1537:Merced
1532:Fresno
1311:
1117:
799:
759:
635:Wausau
623:income
619:median
615:income
600:Wausau
598:, and
427:Wausau
425:, and
314:Neenah
246:Wausau
244:, and
110:Wausau
808:Notes
629:Media
330:Tomah
265:Brown
132:clans
108:, in
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