658:, 'German Commission on Nobiliary Law' can decide matters such as lineage, legitimacy, and a person's right to bear a name of nobility, in accordance with codified nobiliary law as it existed prior to 1919. The Commission's rulings are generally non-binding for individuals and establish no rights or privileges that German authorities or courts would have to consider or observe. However, they are binding for all German nobility associations recognized by
87:
rapidly growing national and regional civil service bureaucracies, as well as in the officer corps of the military. They acquired not only the technical skills but the necessary education in high prestige German universities that facilitated their success. Many became political leaders of new reform organizations such as agrarian leagues, and pressure groups. The Roman
Catholic nobility played a major role in forming the new
766:, 'Non-Objection' results in the factual ennoblement of the recipient (even though the term is not applied), making Germany one of the few republics where it is still possible for non-nobles to join the ranks of the nobility even though there is no monarch who can ennoble anymore. However, dispensations are granted only in the most exceptional cases, as they infringe on the rights of a theoretical future monarch.
839:), grand dukes (Baden, Hesse and by Rhine, Luxembourg, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg and Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach), reigning dukes (Anhalt, Brunswick, Schleswig-Holstein, Nassau, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen), and reigning princes (Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Liechtenstein, Lippe, Reuss, Schaumburg-Lippe, Schwarzburg, and Waldeck-Pyrmont).
1014:
549:
181:
407:
emerged following industrialization, marriages with commoners were becoming more widespread. However, with few exceptions, this did not apply to higher nobility, who largely continued to marry among themselves. Upwardly mobile German families typically followed marriage strategies involving men of lower rank marrying women of higher status who brought a major dowry.
310:("hereditary prince"))—along with any heir to a title of nobility inherited via primogeniture, and their wives—were permitted to incorporate those titles into elements of the personal surname. However, these titles became extinct upon their deaths, not being heritable. With the demise of all persons styled "crown prince" before 1918, the term
259:, widespread until the 18th century and colloquially retained in some dialects, was abolished in Germany with the introduction of officially registered invariable surnames by the late 19th century, former noble titles transformed into parts of the surname in 1919 continue to appear in female and male forms.
709:
In special cases, for example when a family is about to die out or when a daughter inherits the family estate and marries a commoner, the
Adelsrechtsausschuss can grant a dispensation from Salic law, allowing for a one-time transfer of a noble surname contrary to nobiliary law, to a person considered
675:
Some impoverished nobles offered adoptions for money in the 20th century, and the adoptees adopts extensively themselves, creating a "flood" of fake nobility. A noble or noble-sounding surname does not convey nobility to those not born legitimately of a noble father, and these persons are not allowed
671:
In 1919, nobiliary particles and titles became part of the surname. Therefore, they can be transmitted according to civil law, for example from wife to husband, to illegitimate children and by way of adoption. The only difference to normal surnames is that noble surnames are deflected according to
406:
of 1794 spoke of marriage (and children) "to the right hand". This excluded marriages with women of the lower social classes, but did not mean a woman had to come from nobility herself. Especially towards the end of the 19th century and beyond, when a new upper class of wealthy common people had
769:
When a person is granted a dispensation by the
Adelsrechtsausschuss, he becomes the progenitor of a new noble family, which consists of all of his legitimate male-line descendants in accordance with nobiliary law. They are considered equal to nobles in all regards, and allowed to join nobility
86:
industrialists and businessmen who had no noble ancestors. The nobility flourished during the dramatic industrialization and urbanization of
Germany after 1850. Landowners modernized their estates, and oriented their business to an international market. Many younger sons were positioned in the
262:
Altogether abolished were titles of sovereigns, such as emperor/empress, king/queen, grand duke/grand duchess, etc. However, former titles shared and inherited by all members of the family were retained but incorporated into the surname. For instance, members of the former royal families of
883:
During the unification of
Germany, mainly from 1866 to 1871, the states of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Hohenzollern-Hechingen, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (in 1850), Schleswig-Holstein and Nassau were absorbed into Prussia. The former ruling houses of these states were still considered
686:, 'non-noble name-carriers'. The inflation of fake nobility is one of the major concerns of the Adelsrechtsausschuss, and it is up to the commission to determine whether a person should be considered noble or non-noble. For instance, the German-American businessman
525:"), are also overlooked. Nobiliary particles are not capitalised unless they begin a sentence, and then they are usually skipped, unless this creates confusion. In this, the German language practice differs from Dutch in the Netherlands, where the particle
391:
Various organisations perpetuate the historical legacy of the former nobility, documenting genealogy, chronicling the history of noble families and sometimes declining to acknowledge persons who acquired noble surnames in ways impossible before 1919.
453:
particle can also hint to the split of a dynasty, as providing information on the adopted new home of one split-off branch: For instance, a senior branch owning and maybe even still residing at the place of the dynasty's origin might have been called
895:
of the Royal House of
Prussia after yielding sovereignty to their royal kinsmen. The exiled heirs to Hanover and Nassau eventually regained sovereignty by being allowed to inherit, respectively, the crowns of Brunswick (1914) and Luxembourg (1890).
168:(1919–1934) and, contrary to Germany, the subsequent use and legal recognition of hereditary titles and aristocratic particles and use as part of surnames was banned. Today, Austrian nobility is no longer conferred by the Republic of
645:
Although nobility as a class is no longer recognised in
Germany and enjoys no legal privileges, institutions exist that carry on the legal tradition of pre-1919 nobiliary law, which in Germany today is subsumed under
756:
The
Adelsrechtsausschuss does not recognize ennoblements made by heads of formerly ruling houses, but the associations of the formerly ruling and mediatized houses of Germany send representatives to the commission.
207:
or "ancient nobility") were usually eventually recognised by a sovereign, confirming their entitlement to whatever legal privileges nobles enjoyed in that sovereign's realm. Noble rank was usually granted to men by
513:
When sorting noble—as well as non-noble—names in alphabetic sequence, any prepositions or (former) title are ignored. Name elements which have developed from honorary functions, such as
1670:
2474:
Kaudelka-Hanisch, Karin. "The Titled
Businessman: Prussian Commercial Councillors in the Rhineland and Westphalia during the Nineteenth Century", in David Blackbourn and Richard J. Evans, eds.,
2345:
111:(1918–1933), Germany's new constitution officially abolished royalty and nobility, and the respective legal privileges and immunities appertaining to an individual, a family or any heirs.
400:
Many German states, however, required a marriage to a woman of elevated social status in order for a nobleman to pass on his titles and privileges to his children. In this respect, the
197:
In
Germany, nobility and titles pertaining to it were recognised or bestowed upon individuals by emperors, kings and lesser ruling royalty, and were then inherited by the legitimate,
1167:) were borne by noble, non-reigning families. The vast majority of the German nobility, however, inherited no titles, and were usually distinguishable only by the nobiliary particle
835:; the heads of these families were entitled to be addressed by some form of "Majesty" or "Highness". These were the families of kings (Bavaria, Hanover, Prussia, Saxony, and
1957:, that German law on names does not recognise hereditary surname variants for heads of families distinct from the legal surname borne by other family members. (cf., N.N.
384:
only concerned the individual who had violated nobility codes of conduct. Their kin, spouse, and living children were not affected, but children born to a man after an
376:, to marry persons "of low birth". Moreover, nobles employed in menial labour and lowly trades or wage labour could lose their nobility, as could nobles convicted of
337:
are now inherited as part of the surname, and remain protected as private names under the laws. Whereas the title previously prefixed the given and surname (e.g.,
255:
on 11 August 1919, all Germans were declared equal before the law. an exceptional practice regarding surnames borne by former members of the nobility: whereas the
172:(1945–present), and the public or official use of noble titles as title or part of the surname, is a minor offence under Austrian law for Austrian citizens.
2126:, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1997, (=simultaneously: Wilhelmshaven, Fachhochsch., Diploma thesis), p. 137.
2547:
2190:, vol. 1: §§ 1–240, compiled by Kurt Herbert Johannsen, 12th, newly revised edition, Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 1982, § 12 (p. 54).
402:
2150:("Act on the abolition of the privileges of rank of the nobility and the dissolution of dynastic estates") of 23 June 1920 stipulated this in § 22 (cf.
2402:
Augustine, Dolores L. "Arriving in the upper class: the wealthy business elite of Wilhelmine Germany." in David Blackbourn and Richard J. Evans, eds.,
218:), whereas women were members of nobility by descent or by marriage to a nobleman. Nobility was inherited equally by all legitimate descendants in the
2349:
1918:
1923:
1948:
275:
In the cases of the former kings/queens of Saxony and WĂĽrttemberg, the ducal title borne by non-ruling cadets of their dynasties before 1919, or
2702:
2237:
676:
to join a nobility association. Persons who bear a noble or noble-sounding surname without belonging to the historical nobility according to
823:("upper nobility", or "high nobility") were those noble houses which ruled sovereign states within the Holy Roman Empire and, later, in the
372:("loss of the status of nobility"). Until the late 19th century, for example, it was usually forbidden for nobles, theoretically on pain of
368:
had strict laws concerning proper conduct, employment, or marriage of nobles. Violating these laws could result in temporary or permanent
2670:
292:
288:
2476:
The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
2404:
The German Bourgeoisie: Essays on the Social History of the German Middle Class from the Late Eighteenth to the Early Twentieth Century
2288:
960:("High-born"). There were also some German noble families, especially in Austria, Prussia and Bavaria, whose heads bore the titles of
352:
German nobility was not simply distinguished by noble ranks and titles, but was also seen as a distinctive ethos. Title 9, §1 of the
2458:
2195:
2131:
1097:
632:
2275:
531:
is usually capitalised when mentioned without preceding given names or initials, or from Dutch in Belgium, where the name particle
494:" ("of the", "in the", "at the"). Particularly between the late 18th and early 20th century when an increasing number of unlanded
2812:
2759:
1031:
977:
699:
566:
345:). However, the pre-1919 style sometimes continues in colloquial usage. In Austria, by contrast, not only were the privileges of
2645:
2540:
1212:
891:
In addition, the ruling families of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen were accorded the dynastic rights of a
365:
1078:
812:
was not without controversy, and the concept was seen by some as an arbitrary distinction invented by the Kingdom of Prussia.
687:
613:
1035:
570:
1050:
585:
306:
Any dynasty who did not reign prior to 1918 but had held a specific title as heir to one of Germany's former thrones (e.g.,
904:
Nobility that held legal privileges until 1918 greater than those enjoyed by commoners, but less than those enjoyed by the
2784:
2677:
972:(duke); however, never having exercised a degree of sovereignty, they were accounted members of the lower nobility (e.g.,
466:, simply hyphenating the names of the two places. Other forms also exist as combinations with the definite article: e.g. "
2370:
449:
indicates a family which is both named for and continues to own their original feudal holding or residence. However, the
2094:
1057:
592:
115:
362:"the defence of the country, as well as the supporting of the exterior dignity and the interior constitution thereof"
201:
descendants of the ennobled person. Families that had been considered noble as early as pre-1400s Germany (i.e., the
2533:
2165:
946:. Although most German counts belonged officially to the lower nobility, those who were mediatised belonged to the
314:
no longer exists as a legal surname element. Traditional titles exclusively used for unmarried noblewomen, such as
118:(1949–present), and constitutionally the descendants of German noble families do not enjoy legal privileges.
2478:(1991) (Deals with the social and political rank of the former sovereign nobles of the Holy Roman Empire who were
1024:
559:
1064:
599:
101:
2346:"DFG Regesta Imperii, 1360, Moguntie: Karl IV. (HRR) erhebt den Wiker Frosch ... in Mainz ... in den adelsstand"
502:" was typically simply put in front of a person's surname. When a person by the common occupational surname of "
2807:
2007:
989:
296:
225:
German titles of nobility were usually inherited by all male-line descendants, although some descended by male
2439:
2122:(Reich Law Gazette), No. 113 (1926), pp. 107seqq., cf. also Sebastian-Johannes von Spoenla-Metternich,
1046:
836:
581:
165:
441:
form indicates the family's continued possession of the estate from which the surname is drawn. Therefore,
2655:
2039:; these titles conferred higher precedence than that associated with other titles of the same nominal rank
997:
190:
88:
2587:
2143:
1551:
1546:
330:, were also transformed into parts of the legal surname, subject to change at marriage or upon request.
722:
Transfer or inheritance of estates to the recipient of the name, for example to the son of the daughter
62:, until the beginning of the 20th century. Historically, German entities that recognized or conferred
2744:
2479:
1908:
1567:
847:
824:
300:
284:
280:
71:
59:
51:
2754:
2734:
2719:
851:
252:
2779:
2714:
2617:
2036:
1433:
993:
985:
703:
426:
415:
Most, but not all, surnames of the German nobility were preceded by or contained the preposition
334:
130:
808:. The first known such document is from September 30, 1360, for Wyker Frosch in Mainz. The term
161:
and both ended in 1919 when they were abolished, and legal status and privileges were revoked.
2729:
2650:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2556:
2454:
2450:
Nobles and Nation in Central Europe: Free Imperial Knights in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850
2191:
2169:
2127:
2117:
1913:
1840:
1484:
973:
876:
346:
230:
185:
158:
154:
138:
79:
67:
2124:
Namenserwerb, Namensführung und Namensänderung unter Berücksichtigung von Namensbestandteilen
2114:
This practice was confirmed in a judgement by the Reichsgericht on 10 March 1926 (published:
1071:
752:
Membership in organizations traditionally considered noble, such as certain chivalric orders.
606:
2769:
2764:
2739:
2660:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2572:
2411:
The politics of the Prussian nobility: The development of a conservative ideology, 1770–1848
1649:
867:
235:
119:
92:
2148:
Gesetz über die Aufhebung der Standesvorrechte des Adels und die Auflösung der Hausvermögen
2665:
2577:
1986:
1796:
1316:
981:
146:
142:
108:
55:
35:
2103:
Adelsbezeichnungen gelten nur als Teil des Namens und dĂĽrfen nicht mehr verliehen werden.
2774:
2724:
2640:
2607:
2582:
2003:
1773:
1658:
1533:
1448:
1397:
1306:
1218:
1194:
1135:
1111:
871:
805:
209:
198:
2238:
Johannes Adam Ferdinand Alois Josef Maria Marco d'Aviano Pius von und zu Liechtenstein
2222:
Adapting to Modernity: Family, Caste & Capitalism among the Baltic German Nobility
1959:
2801:
1953:
1928:
1508:
1409:
828:
695:
377:
226:
83:
75:
1947:
Several heirs filed suits against this regulation, but on 11 March 1966 the supreme
846:
also included the Empire's formerly quasi-sovereign families whose domains had been
1951:
ruled, based on Art. 109 of the Weimar Constitution and an earlier decision of the
1520:
1336:
1272:
1225:
892:
870:, Looz-Corswarem). Information on these families constituted the second section of
850:
within the German Confederation by 1815, yet preserved the legal right to continue
832:
458:
furthermore, while a new, junior branch could then have adopted the style of, say,
47:
43:
2448:
1968:
1564:
1380:
1292:
1013:
956:
548:
527:
256:
96:
2467:
Hurwich, Judith J. "Marriage strategies among the German nobility, 1400–1699,"
2207:
Judith J. Hurwich, "Marriage strategies among the German nobility, 1400-1699,"
82:
in the German Empire had a policy of expanding his political base by ennobling
2707:
2695:
2378:
2168:
mit besonderer BerĂĽcksichtigung der Rechtsprechung des Reichsgerichts und des
1741:
1496:
1353:
1144:
1115:
788:
A family whose nobility dates back to at least the 14th century may be called
522:
1903:
1782:
1729:
1717:
1624:
1326:
1127:
800:
783:
677:
316:
219:
214:
180:
2418:
Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture, 1871–1990
2316:
2749:
2564:
1989:
in 1919 when Austria abolished all indicators of nobility in family names
1883:
1814:
1788:
1705:
1692:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1472:
1405:
1370:
1282:
1154:
1131:
1119:
962:
936:
863:
495:
247:
150:
63:
245:) extending to all his male-line descendants, and later that of prince (
17:
2690:
2516:
2428:
1296:
1038: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
665:
Commission d'information et de liaison des associations nobles d'Europe
573: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
264:
169:
122:
are permitted as part of the surname (e.g., the aristocratic particles
2397:
Patricians and Parvenus. Wealth and High Society in Wilhelmine Germany
2154:{Statute for Prussia}, No. 32 (1920), 22 July 1920, pp. 367–382).
2525:
1871:
1846:
1593:
1583:
1439:
1360:
1262:
1241:
1139:
968:
930:
862:
families, but included a few dukes also of Belgian and Dutch origin (
790:
779:
659:
322:
203:
134:), and these surnames can then be inherited by a person's children.
1858:
1808:
1753:
1390:
1346:
1252:
1248:
924:
859:
179:
388:
were commoners and did not inherit the father's former nobility.
2499:
2178:; "Civil Law Code with Special Attention to Jurisdiction of the
1823:
1760:
1577:
1460:
1235:
1123:
950:, the heads of their families being entitled to be addressed as
942:
858:). These quasi-sovereign families comprised mostly princely and
341:), the legal usage moves the former title to the surname (i.e.,
241:
2529:
2423:
Cecil, Lamar. "The creation of nobles in Prussia, 1871–1918."
1007:
914:
542:
417:
124:
2071:
Lamar Cecil, "The creation of nobles in Prussia, 1871–1918."
798:("ancient nobility", or "old nobility"). This contrasts with
349:
abolished, but their titles and nobiliary particles as well.
279:
for the six deposed grand dukes (i.e., the former rulers of
2375:
American Heritage Dictionary's Index of Indo-European Roots
874:’ entries on reigning, princely, and ducal families in the
58:
relative to other people under the laws and customs in the
2507:
713:
The following criteria are most important in such cases:
164:
In April 1919, Austrian nobility was abolished under the
918:
in their surnames. Higher-ranking noble families of the
437:
form indicates the family's place of origin, while the
100:, while Protestant nobles were similarly active in the
27:
Status groups of the medieval society in Central Europe
912:. Most were untitled, only making use of the particle
229:, especially in 19th and 20th century Prussia (e.g.,
114:
Today, German nobility is no longer conferred by the
706:, hence he is one of the 'non-noble name-carriers'.
506:" received nobility, they would thus simply become "
2616:
2563:
2317:"Guidelines of the German Nobiliary Law Commission"
747:
Virtuous personality and sufficient social standing
732:
Noble ancestors (for example mother or grandmother)
727:
Biological relation with the family giving the name
2291:is listed as: Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf von.
2014:. These words are cognates derived from Germanic
717:Danger of extinction of the relevant noble family
954:("Illustrious Highness"), rather than simply as
702:in 1980, allegedly arranged by the title dealer
1148:were borne by rulers who belonged to Germany's
239:(not a title), was granted the title of count (
2487:Adelsherrschaft und Adelskultur in Deutschland
1867:Young Lord (Often grouped with Untitled Noble)
908:were considered part of the lower nobility or
251:) in primogeniture). Upon promulgation of the
2541:
2265:can also form part of non-noble family names.
8:
2510:(Institute for German Aristocratic Research)
2416:Buse, Dieter K. and Doerr, Juergen C., eds.
2115:
761:
681:
663:
653:
647:
356:declared that the nobility's responsibility
2186:: Commentaries"), edited by members of the
153:system of the German Empire was similar to
2548:
2534:
2526:
1434:Holy Roman Emperor / Emperor of the Romans
429:. The two were occasionally combined into
403:General State Laws for the Prussian States
354:General State Laws for the Prussian States
2232:
2230:
2051:indicates an unmarried baroness by birth.
1966:("primogeniture – only a syllable"), in:
1919:Neues allgemeines deutsches Adels-Lexicon
1098:Learn how and when to remove this message
888:under laws adopted by the German Empire.
804:("patent nobility"): nobility granted by
633:Learn how and when to remove this message
257:gender differentiation in German surnames
1924:Former German nobility in the Nazi Party
1879:Unlanded Hereditary Knight / Free knight
1419:
1173:
358:"as the first social class in the state"
107:In August 1919, at the beginning of the
2489:. Limburg a.d.Lahn.: C.A. Starcke 1998.
2064:
1949:Federal Administrative Court of Germany
1940:
433:(meaning "of and at"). In general, the
141:, which came to be associated with the
2332:
2018:, "to ride", from Proto-Indo-European
652:, 'special private law'. The
137:Later developments distinguished the
7:
2469:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2209:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2035:indicates a title granted by a past
1226:Principality with Imperial Immediacy
1036:adding citations to reliable sources
737:Proximity to the historical nobility
571:adding citations to reliable sources
303:) and their consorts were retained.
1152:. Other counts, as well as barons (
2485:Johannes Rogalla von Bieberstein:
2289:Claus Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg
52:medieval society in Central Europe
25:
2002:is "rider", and likewise for the
2519:(Castles and Palaces of Germany)
2508:Institut Deutsche Adelsforschung
2420:(2 vol. Garland, 1998) pp 41–42.
1671:Imperial Abbot / Imperial Abbess
1012:
700:Princess Marie-Auguste of Anhalt
694:in Germany. He was married with
547:
267:and Bavaria were allowed use of
2500:Archive for Feudalism in Saxony
2436:High Society in the Third Reich
1545:Mediatised Prince (Also called
1023:needs additional citations for
922:bore such hereditary titles as
854:with still-reigning dynasties (
558:needs additional citations for
155:nobility in the Austrian Empire
2453:. Cambridge University Press.
655:Deutscher Adelsrechtsausschuss
1:
2084:Buse and Doerr, 1998), p. 41.
1960:Primogenitur – Nur eine Silbe
2174:(=GroĂźkommentare der Praxis
1972:, No. 15 (1966), p. 61.
1776:/Reichsfreifrau/Reichsfreiin
1400:/Reichsfreifrau/Reichsfreiin
333:All other former titles and
157:; both developed during the
91:in resistance to Bismarck's
2447:Godsey, William D. (2004).
1317:County Palatine, Palatinate
116:Federal Republic of Germany
2829:
2425:American Historical Review
2249:However, the prepositions
2152:Gesetzsammlung fĂĽr PreuĂźen
2073:American Historical Review
1998:In German, the meaning of
777:
462:, sometimes even dropping
343:Kasimir Graf von der Recke
339:Graf Kasimir von der Recke
688:Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt
683:Nichtadelige Namensträger
2278:standard # 5007, part 2.
1841:Landed Hereditary Knight
1676:Reichsabt/Reichsäbtissin
1497:Grand Duke/Grand Duchess
990:Henckel von Donnersmarck
742:Marriage to a noblewoman
78:(1871–1918). Chancellor
54:, which enjoyed certain
2813:Social class in Germany
2097:[Article 109].
1664:Reichsgraf/Reichsgräfin
1175:Titles and territories
692:Hans Robert Lichtenberg
535:is always capitalised.
166:First Austrian Republic
2395:Augustine, Dolores L.
2166:BĂĽrgerliche Gesetzbuch
2116:
1817:/Freifrau/Freiin/Baron
1527:Fürstabt/Fürstäbtissin
762:
682:
664:
654:
648:
194:
191:Siebmachers Wappenbuch
39:
2427:75.3 (1970): 757–795
2413:(Princeton UP, 2014).
2305:Von Humboldt said ...
2211:(1998) 29#2:169–195.
2144:Free State of Prussia
2075:75.3 (1970): 757–795.
1640:Pfalzgraf/Pfalzgräfin
1625:Landgrave/Landgravine
1547:Princes of the Empire
1327:Landgrave/Landgravine
1312:Pfalzgraf/Pfalzgräfin
460:of A-town at B-ville
184:Heraldic arms of the
183:
2715:Hungary and Slovakia
2636:Austria and Slovenia
2517:Burgen und Schlösser
2471:(1998) 29#2:169–195.
2434:D'Almeida, Fabrice.
1909:German Mediatisation
1473:Archduke/Archduchess
1213:Prince of the Empire
1032:improve this article
825:German Confederation
774:Uradel and Briefadel
567:improve this article
498:were ennobled, the "
425:(meaning "at") as a
301:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
293:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
289:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
74:(1814–1866) and the
72:German Confederation
60:German-speaking area
2482:from 1803 to 1815.)
2409:Berdahl, Robert M.
2170:Bundesgerichtshofes
2099:Weimar Constitution
1983:Friedrich von Hayek
1981:Thus, for example,
1769:Imperial Baron(ess)
1706:Altgrave/Altgravine
1699:Burggraf/Burggräfin
1659:Imperial Count(ess)
1636:Count(ess) Palatine
1630:Landgraf/Landgräfin
1610:Margrave/Margravine
1552:or Imperial Princes
1421:
1376:Burggraf/Burggräfin
1371:Burgrave/Burgravine
1349:(ess) of the Empire
1332:Landgraf/Landgräfin
1307:Count(ess) Palatine
1288:Markgraf/Markgräfin
1283:Margrave/Margravine
1189:Territory (German)
1186:Territory (English)
1176:
1171:in their surnames.
1163:), Landed knights (
852:royal intermarriage
763:(Nichtbeanstandung)
698:and was adopted by
539:Nobiliary law today
411:Nobiliary particles
396:Marriage strategies
335:nobiliary particles
253:Weimar Constitution
2656:Estonia and Latvia
2565:Present monarchies
2557:Nobility of Europe
2037:Holy Roman Emperor
1420:
1174:
704:Hans Hermann Weyer
680:are classified as
427:nobiliary particle
421:(meaning "of") or
233:, born a baronial
195:
102:Conservative Party
2795:
2794:
2618:Former monarchies
2406:(1991) pp: 46–86.
2301:Humboldt said ...
2220:Heide W. Whelan,
2184:Bundesgerichtshof
2118:Reichsgesetzblatt
1914:Holy Roman Empire
1895:
1894:
1711:Altgraf/Altgräfin
1682:Imperial Provost
1592:Prince/Princess (
1485:Prince-Archbishop
1418:
1417:
1230:ReichsfĂĽrstentum
1155:Freiherren/Barons
1108:
1107:
1100:
1082:
1047:"German nobility"
877:Almanach de Gotha
649:Sonderprivatrecht
643:
642:
635:
617:
582:"German nobility"
231:Otto von Bismarck
186:Holy Roman Empire
159:Holy Roman Empire
139:Austrian nobility
120:Hereditary titles
80:Otto von Bismarck
68:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
2820:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2464:
2383:
2382:
2377:. Archived from
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2348:. Archived from
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2188:Bundesgerichthof
2177:
2161:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2121:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2029:
2023:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1945:
1747:Rheingraf/gräfin
1651:GefĂĽrsteter Graf
1594:Sovereign Prince
1523:/Princess-Abess
1422:
1321:Pfalzgrafschaft
1263:Sovereign Prince
1177:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1081:
1040:
1016:
1008:
1004:Titles and ranks
765:
685:
667:
657:
651:
638:
631:
627:
624:
618:
616:
575:
551:
543:
273:Herzog/Herzogin.
269:Prinz/Prinzessin
70:(962–1806), the
21:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2808:German nobility
2798:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2612:
2559:
2554:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2461:
2446:
2392:
2390:Further reading
2387:
2386:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:, rather than:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2202:
2175:
2162:
2158:
2141:
2137:
2113:
2109:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2030:
2026:
1997:
1993:
1987:Friedrich Hayek
1980:
1976:
1963:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1900:
1891:Untitled Noble
1797:Imperial Knight
1723:Waldgraf/gräfin
1646:Princely Count
1558:ReichsfĂĽrst(in)
1550:
1490:FĂĽrsterzbischof
1428:Title (German)
1425:Title (English)
1414:Freiherrschaft
1385:Burggrafschaft
1341:Landgrafschaft
1301:Markgrafschaft
1180:Title (English)
1104:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1041:
1039:
1029:
1017:
1006:
940:(or baron) and
902:
818:
786:
778:Main articles:
776:
760:This so-called
639:
628:
622:
619:
576:
574:
564:
552:
541:
413:
398:
277:Herzog/Herzogin
178:
147:Austria-Hungary
143:Austrian Empire
109:Weimar Republic
32:German nobility
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2603:United Kingdom
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2495:
2494:External links
2492:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:on 2009-04-22.
2362:
2337:
2325:
2308:
2293:
2280:
2267:
2242:
2226:
2213:
2200:
2156:
2135:
2107:
2086:
2077:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2041:
2024:
1991:
1974:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1774:Reichsfreiherr
1770:
1766:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:Raugraf/gräfin
1732:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1534:Prince-provost
1530:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:GroĂźherzog(in)
1499:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:Prince-elector
1445:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1402:
1398:Reichsfreiherr
1394:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1207:KurfĂĽrstentum
1205:
1202:
1197:
1195:Prince-elector
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:Title (German)
1181:
1136:count palatine
1110:The titles of
1106:
1105:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1002:
901:
898:
872:Justus Perthes
856:EbenbĂĽrtigkeit
817:
814:
806:letters patent
775:
772:
770:associations.
754:
753:
749:
748:
744:
743:
739:
738:
734:
733:
729:
728:
724:
723:
719:
718:
641:
640:
555:
553:
546:
540:
537:
478:" ("of the"),
412:
409:
397:
394:
378:capital crimes
210:letters patent
177:
174:
40:deutscher Adel
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2825:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2460:9781139456098
2456:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2399:(Berg, 1994).
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2352:on 2016-03-05
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2335:, p. 58.
2334:
2329:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:For example:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:3-11-008973-4
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Reichsgericht
2173:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:3-631-31779-4
2129:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:(in German).
2100:
2096:
2095:"Artikel 109"
2090:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1954:Reichsgericht
1950:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1929:Patricianship
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Prince-Bishop
1507:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:Erzherzog(in)
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1393:of the Empire
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1356:/Reichsgräfin
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049: –
1048:
1044:
1043:Find sources:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1021:This section
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:
965:
964:
959:
958:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
926:
921:
920:Niederer Adel
917:
916:
911:
910:Niederer Adel
907:
900:Niederer Adel
899:
897:
894:
889:
887:
881:
879:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
829:German Empire
826:
822:
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
792:
785:
781:
773:
771:
767:
764:
758:
751:
750:
746:
745:
741:
740:
736:
735:
731:
730:
726:
725:
721:
720:
716:
715:
714:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
696:Zsa Zsa Gabor
693:
689:
684:
679:
673:
669:
666:
661:
656:
650:
637:
634:
626:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
584: –
583:
579:
578:Find sources:
572:
568:
562:
561:
556:This section
554:
550:
545:
544:
538:
536:
534:
530:
529:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
448:
446:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
419:
410:
408:
405:
404:
395:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:German states
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
260:
258:
254:
250:
249:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:primogeniture
223:
221:
217:
216:
211:
206:
205:
200:
193:
192:
187:
182:
175:
173:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
132:
127:
126:
121:
117:
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93:anti-Catholic
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66:included the
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45:
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2708:Early Modern
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2019:
2015:
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2008:Scandinavian
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1994:
1982:
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1958:
1952:
1943:
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1826:/ Noble Lord
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1802:Reichsritter
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1030:Please help
1025:verification
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623:January 2021
620:
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560:verification
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342:
338:
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89:Centre Party
31:
29:
2775:Switzerland
2583:Netherlands
2521:(in German)
2512:(in German)
2503:(in German)
2333:Godsey 2004
2176:(in German)
2031:The prefix
1969:Der Spiegel
1964:(in German)
1695:/Burgravine
1618:/Markgräfin
1568:Grandmaster
1539:FĂĽrstpropst
1381:Burgraviate
1365:Grafschaft
1293:Margraviate
1277:FĂĽrstentum
1219:ReichsfĂĽrst
957:Hochgeboren
837:WĂĽrttemberg
710:non-noble.
517:(short for
97:Kulturkampf
2802:Categories
2745:Montenegro
2480:mediatized
2356:2015-08-06
2059:References
1834:Edler Herr
1809:Baron(ess)
1742:Rhinegrave
1391:Baron(ess)
1354:Reichsgraf
1257:Herzogtum
1204:Electorate
1145:Reichsgraf
1116:grand duke
1058:newspapers
934:(knight),
848:mediatised
796:Alter Adel
593:newspapers
523:cup-bearer
519:Mundschenk
456:of A-Town
431:von und zu
176:Principles
56:privileges
2735:Lithuania
2224:(1999).
1904:Feudalism
1783:Castellan
1718:Waldgrave
1565:Sovereign
1466:König(in)
1442:der Römer
1268:FĂĽrst(in)
1159:, lords (
1128:landgrave
1088:June 2023
906:Hochadel,
801:Briefadel
784:Briefadel
678:Salic law
521:, i.e., "
508:von Meyer
496:commoners
317:Baronesse
312:Kronprinz
297:Oldenburg
220:male line
215:Briefadel
199:male-line
2755:Portugal
2703:Medieval
2371:"reidh-"
2182:and the
1898:See also
1884:Edelfrei
1815:Freiherr
1789:Burgmann
1730:Raugrave
1693:Burgrave
1616:Markgraf
1406:Allodial
1150:Hochadel
1132:margrave
1120:archduke
974:Bismarck
952:Erlaucht
948:Hochadel
937:Freiherr
928:(lord),
886:Hochadel
864:Arenberg
844:Hochadel
827:and the
821:Hochadel
816:Hochadel
672:gender.
308:Erbprinz
151:nobility
64:nobility
18:Hochadel
2785:Galicia
2780:Ukraine
2760:Romania
2725:Ireland
2720:Iceland
2691:Ancient
2687:Greece
2683:Germany
2678:Georgia
2661:Finland
2651:Croatia
2641:Bohemia
2631:Armenia
2626:Albania
2578:Denmark
2573:Belgium
2440:excerpt
2438:(2008)
2142:In the
2033:Reichs-
1985:became
1763:/Gräfin
1253:Dukedom
1112:elector
1072:scholar
978:BlĂĽcher
860:comital
833:royalty
607:scholar
472:von dem
468:von der
364:. Most
265:Prussia
170:Austria
149:. The
50:of the
44:royalty
2770:Serbia
2765:Russia
2750:Poland
2696:Attica
2671:Empire
2666:France
2646:Bosnia
2598:Sweden
2588:Norway
2457:
2429:online
2287:Thus,
2194:
2130:
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2020:reidh-
2012:ridder
2010:title
2000:Ritter
1872:Junker
1847:Ritter
1584:Herzog
1440:Kaiser
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1361:County
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1140:prince
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480:zu der
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299:, and
236:Junker
204:Uradel
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36:German
2740:Malta
2730:Italy
2593:Spain
2320:(PDF)
2016:rīdan
2004:Dutch
1935:Notes
1861:/Edle
1859:Edler
1854:Noble
1756:(ess)
1754:Count
1601:FĂĽrst
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1297:March
1249:Duchy
1079:JSTOR
1065:books
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994:Pless
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963:FĂĽrst
925:Edler
794:, or
614:JSTOR
600:books
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470:" or
285:Hesse
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